Academic literature on the topic 'INDIVIDUAL’s DECISION'
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Journal articles on the topic "INDIVIDUAL’s DECISION"
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Kurvers, R. H. J. M., S. M. Herzog, R. Hertwig, J. Krause, M. Moussaid, G. Argenziano, I. Zalaudek, P. A. Carney, and M. Wolf. "How to detect high-performing individuals and groups: Decision similarity predicts accuracy." Science Advances 5, no. 11 (November 2019): eaaw9011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw9011.
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Distinguishing between high- and low-performing individuals and groups is of prime importance in a wide range of high-stakes contexts. While this is straightforward when accurate records of past performance exist, these records are unavailable in most real-world contexts. Focusing on the class of binary decision problems, we use a combined theoretical and empirical approach to develop and test a approach to this important problem. First, we use a general mathematical argument and numerical simulations to show that the similarity of an individual’s decisions to others is a powerful predictor of that individual’s decision accuracy. Second, testing this prediction with several large datasets on breast and skin cancer diagnostics, geopolitical forecasting, and a general knowledge task, we find that decision similarity robustly permits the identification of high-performing individuals and groups. Our findings offer a simple, yet broadly applicable, heuristic for improving real-world decision-making systems.
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Ruth Eikhof, Doris. "Analysing decisions on diversity and opportunity in the cultural and creative industries: A new framework." Organization 24, no. 3 (May 2017): 289–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350508416687768.
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This article proposes a new conceptual framework for analysing diversity and opportunity in the cultural and creative industries as outcomes of specific decisions. It suggests the following three analytical foci: (1) the points at which decisions influence an individual’s opportunities for workforce participation and advancement; (2) individual workers as objects of decisions, in particular with respect to (a) an individual’s likelihood of being considered in a particular decision process in the first place and (b) what individuals present for decision makers to decide upon; and (3) the decision makers and the context of their decision making. Using this conceptual framework, this article reviews and synthesises existing evidence from academic and industry research to ascertain what is currently understood about the factors that influence decisions about workforce participation, promotion and admission into higher education, and which research gaps remain. By focusing on decisions, this article transcends current analysis of diversity and opportunity in the cultural and creative industries, which is largely concerned with how social and economic capital intersects with work and employment practices to shape workers’ opportunities. The article argues that a decision-making focus enables an important shift of perspective for understanding diversity and opportunity in the cultural and creative industries and how they might be improved.
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Sin, Yeonju, HeeYoung Seon, Yun Kyoung Shin, Oh-Sang Kwon, and Dongil Chung. "Subjective optimality in finite sequential decision-making." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): e1009633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009633.
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Many decisions in life are sequential and constrained by a time window. Although mathematically derived optimal solutions exist, it has been reported that humans often deviate from making optimal choices. Here, we used a secretary problem, a classic example of finite sequential decision-making, and investigated the mechanisms underlying individuals’ suboptimal choices. Across three independent experiments, we found that a dynamic programming model comprising subjective value function explains individuals’ deviations from optimality and predicts the choice behaviors under fewer and more opportunities. We further identified that pupil dilation reflected the levels of decision difficulty and subsequent choices to accept or reject the stimulus at each opportunity. The value sensitivity, a model-based estimate that characterizes each individual’s subjective valuation, correlated with the extent to which individuals’ physiological responses tracked stimuli information. Our results provide model-based and physiological evidence for subjective valuation in finite sequential decision-making, rediscovering human suboptimality in subjectively optimal decision-making processes.
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Zafar, Muhammad Zeeshan. "Individual’s Own Consent and External Support Shape Consumer Decision towards Healthy Packaged Food Intention." Revista Gestão Inovação e Tecnologias 11, no. 4 (July 10, 2021): 1980–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/revistageintec.v11i4.2248.
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Steiger, David M. "Decision Support as Knowledge Creation." International Journal of Business Intelligence Research 1, no. 1 (January 2010): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jbir.2010071703.
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The primary purpose of decision support systems (DSS) is to improve the quality of decisions. Since decisions are based on an individual’s mental model, improving decision quality is a function of discovering the decision maker’s mental model, and updating and/or enhancing it with new knowledge; that is, the purpose of decision support is knowledge creation. This article suggests that BI techniques can be applied to knowledge creation as an enabling technology. Specifically, the authors propose a business intelligence design theory for DSS as knowledge creation, a prescriptive theory based on Nonaka’s knowledge spiral that indicates how BI can be focused internally on the decision maker to discover and enhance his/her mental model and improve the quality of decisions.
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Lestari, Irna Puji, Wenang Ginanjar, and Ari Warokka. "MULTIDIMENSIONAL RISK AND RELIGIOSITY TOWARDS INDONESIAN MUSLIMS’ SHARIA INVESTMENT DECISION." Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance 7, no. 2 (April 21, 2021): 369–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v7i2.1321.
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The decision-making process for Sharia investment needs to consider the individual’s risk tolerance since every type of investment is closely attached to the risk-return trade-off. This study examines whether multidimensional risk tolerance and religiosity influence Sharia investment decisions. The study used 300 potential Muslim investors in Indonesia as the primary data source through an online survey with a convenience sampling method and analysed the data using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The results show that three multidimensional risks (risk propensity, risk attitude and risk capacity) have a significant effect on the Sharia investment decision. The research also tested the moderating effect of religiosity levels by performing Multi-Group Analysis (MGA) and found significant differences between risk propensity and sharia investment decisions among moderate and devout religious individuals.
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Cristina, Alejandra Daniela. "What Sways the Decision to Migrate? An Empirical Analysis of the Argentinean Case." Revista de Economía y Estadística 46, no. 1 (June 1, 2008): 7–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.55444/2451.7321.2008.v46.n1.3844.
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Labour mobility among different regions within a country is known as one of the mechanisms that can contribute to the adjustment of regional labour markets. This will only occur on the condition that the individual’s responses to labour earnings differentials are sensitive enough. This paper provides with empirical evidence for Argentina concerning the analysis of the individual’s decision to migrate, and in particular, the response of the individuals to regional wage differentials, based on individual data. A random effects logit for panel data models the migration decision. The real expected income was found to signigficantly influence the probability of migrating.
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Nardin, Luis G., Craig R. Miller, Benjamin J. Ridenhour, Stephen M. Krone, Paul Joyce, and Bert O. Baumgaertner. "Planning horizon affects prophylactic decision-making and epidemic dynamics." PeerJ 4 (November 8, 2016): e2678. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2678.
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The spread of infectious diseases can be impacted by human behavior, and behavioral decisions often depend implicitly on a planning horizon—the time in the future over which options are weighed. We investigate the effects of planning horizons on epidemic dynamics. We developed an epidemiological agent-based model (along with an ODE analog) to explore the decision-making of self-interested individuals on adopting prophylactic behavior. The decision-making process incorporates prophylaxis efficacy and disease prevalence with the individuals’ payoffs and planning horizon. Our results show that for short and long planning horizons individuals do not consider engaging in prophylactic behavior. In contrast, individuals adopt prophylactic behavior when considering intermediate planning horizons. Such adoption, however, is not always monotonically associated with the prevalence of the disease, depending on the perceived protection efficacy and the disease parameters. Adoption of prophylactic behavior reduces the epidemic peak size while prolonging the epidemic and potentially generates secondary waves of infection. These effects can be made stronger by increasing the behavioral decision frequency or distorting an individual’s perceived risk of infection.
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Walsh, Matthew M., Andrew M. Parker, Raffaele Vardavas, Sarah A. Nowak, David P. Kennedy, and Courtney A. Gidengil. "The Stability of Influenza Vaccination Behavior Over Time: A Longitudinal Analysis of Individuals Across 8 Years." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 54, no. 10 (May 2, 2020): 783–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaaa017.
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Abstract Background Seasonal influenza vaccination is an important behavior with significant individual and public health consequences, yet fewer than half of individuals in the USA are vaccinated annually. To promote vaccination adherence, it is important to understand the factors that affect vaccination behavior. Purpose In this research, we focused on one such factor, an individual’s vaccination history. We gathered longitudinal data to track and understand the relationship between an individual’s vaccination history and their current behaviors. Methods U.S. adults completed multiple surveys over an 8 year period, which asked about whether they had received the influenza vaccination during the previous flu season. We analyzed the data to determine the strength of the relationship between vaccination decisions across single-year and multiyear intervals. Additionally, we fitted two mathematical models to the data to determine whether individuals were better characterized as having a stable propensity to vaccinate or a stable propensity to repeat their previous decisions. Results Individuals exhibited highly consistent behavior across adjacent years, yet, across the complete extent of the longitudinal study, they were far more likely to repeat the earlier decision to vaccinate. Surprisingly, the results of the mathematical model suggest that individuals are better characterized as having a stable propensity to repeat their previous decisions rather than a stable propensity to vaccinate per se. Although most individuals had an extremely strong tendency to repeat the previous decision, some had a far weaker propensity to do so. Conclusions This suggests that interventions intended to increase vaccination uptake might be most impactful for those individuals with only a weak tendency to vaccinate or not to vaccinate.
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Zalafi, Zahratika, Bertina Sjabadhyni, and Helmi Suyanto. "Increasing ethical decision making through flexible work arrangement." Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi 4, no. 2 (October 21, 2019): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/pjpp.v4i2.3043.
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When faced with a particular ethical dilemma, individuals are expected to make ethical decisions through an ethical decision-making process (EDM). Today’s employees provide added value to organizations that implement flexible arrangements to support employee’s well being and work-life balance. This research was conducted through an online survey on 236 active employees with a minimum age of 22 years old in Indonesia. Likert scales were used to examine the effect of flexible work arrangements (FWA) mediated by work-life balance (WLB) on the level of EDM of individuals in organizations. The mediation results showed that FWA mediated by WLB significantly predicted an increase in individual’s EDM level (b = .359, SE = .116, 95% CI = .152 - .607). Positive implementation of FWA leads to balanced WLB which in turn increased the level of individual EDM.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "INDIVIDUAL’s DECISION"
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Nyström, Fredric, and Gustav Andersson. "Does the spouse influence the individual’s retirement decision? : A quantitative study among older people Sweden." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-88087.
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The main objective of our essay is to analyze the influence of the spouse on the partner’s retirement decision. Drawing on a large sample of older citizens and a combination of a postal survey and register data, we use standard econometric techniques to identify the impact of the spouse’s characteristics on the partner’s decision to retire. The results of our estimations show that cohabiting/married males’ decision to retire was negatively affected by their partners’ health condition. On the other hand, cohabiting/married women were more likely to retire if their partner had already retired.
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Li, Xiaofei. "Dynamic Goal Choice when Environment Demands Exceed Individual’s Capacity: Scaling up the Multiple-Goal Pursuit Model." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1493389920717575.
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James, Matthew King. "Utilizing agent based simulation and game theory techniques to optimize an individual’s survival decisions during an epidemic." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13636.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Industrial & Manufacturing Systems Engineering
Todd Easton
History has shown that epidemics can occur at random and without warning — devastating the populations which they impact. As a preventative measure, modern medicine has helped to reduce the number of diseases that can instigate such an event, nevertheless natural and man-made disease mutations place us continuously at risk of such an outbreak. As a second line of defense, extensive research has been conducted to better understand spread patterns and the efficacy of various containment and mitigation strategies. However, these simulation models have primarily focused on minimizing the impact to groups of people either from an economic or societal perspective and little study has been focused on determining the utility maximizing strategy for an individual. Therefore, this work explores the decisions of individuals to determine emergent behaviors and characteristics which lead to increased probability of survival during an epidemic. This is done by leveraging linear program optimization techniques and the concept of Agent Based Simulation, to more accurately capture the complexity inherent in most real-world systems via the interactions of individual entities. This research builds on 5 years of study focused on rural epidemic simulation, resulting in the development of a 4,000-line computer code simulation package. This adaptable simulation can accurately model the interactions of individuals to discern the impact of any general disease type, and can be implemented on the population of any contiguous counties within Kansas. Furthermore, a computational study performed on the 17 counties of northwestern Kansas provides game theoretical based insights as to what decisions increase the likelihood of survival. For example, statistically significant findings suggest that an individual is four times more likely to become infected if they rush stores for supplies after a government issued warning instead of remaining at home. This work serves as a meaningful step in understanding emergent phenomena during an epidemic which, subsequently, provides novel insight to an individual’s utility maximizing strategy. Understanding the main findings of this research could save your life.
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Alabèrnia, Segura Miquel. "Efectes de les diferències individuals i factors situacionals en escenaris morals basats en l’experiència amb valor de vida." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666739.
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La presa de decisions morals és entesa com un fenomen molt rellevant que ha despertat un gran interès en molt diversos camps d’estudi. Per exemple, s’ha estudiat des de camps com la filosofia i la psicologia fins a l’àmbit de la robòtica. Aquest interès en la moralitat no solament s’aprecia en l’amplitud de camps d’estudi interessats, sinó també en la permanent presència a través dels segles de filòsofs, pensadors i polítics entre altres, que han dedicat esforços a conceptualitzar i entendre aquest fenomen. Des de la psicologia s’ha despertat en els últims anys un gran interès en l’estudi de la moralitat. Aquest interès s’ha materialitzat en una gran quantitat de treballs que aporten nou coneixement a la comprensió de la moral/ètica.
Cal destacar que des de la psicologia l’estudi de la presa de decisions morals ha estat orientada en els últims anys cap a la identificació de les vies cerebrals que regulen les cognicions, emocions i conductes morals. Des de la neurociència, un dels instruments que més atenció han rebut són els escenaris sacrificials. La mateixa estructura d’escenari s’ha repetit en moltes versions del mateix, on s’ha canviat el contingut però sempre s’ha conservat l’essència del cèlebre dilema del tramvia. Per una part la inevitable mort d’éssers humans. D’altra la possibilitat de decidir i actuar per a escollir quants d’aquests moriran. Habitualment, s’enfronta la decisió de deixar morir a cinc persones o matar a una persona. Aquests tipus de dilemes els considerem en aquest treball com a dilemes sacrificials difícils. Les variables de personalitat que s’han estudiat com a relacionades amb la resposta en aquest tipus d’escenaris són dimensions molt amplies tals com la psicopatia o la humilitat.
En aquesta tesi utilitzem una aproximació diferent, ja que fem servir a més dels escenaris sacrificials, escenaris més propers a l’experiència i de demolició amb l’objectiu d’explorar diferències individuals i efectes dels factors situacionals en la resposta a aquests. A més, en els escenaris que utilitzem, no enfrontem en la mateixa decisió afavorir a cinc persones contra una assumint tàcitament que el valor de cinc persones és cinc vegades el valor d’una persona. En el present treball enfrontem el valor personal d’elements que han estat jerarquitzats d’acord amb el seu valor subjectiu utilitzant la Subjective Utilitarian Theory. Les diferències individuals que hem utilitzat per a realitzar aquesta tesi són variables més concretes del caràcter moral de les que s’han utilitzat prèviament com a predictors del caràcter moral utilitzant escenaris. En aquesta tesi proposem una àmplia varietat de mesures pròpies del caràcter moral com la integritat moral, la preocupació per les conseqüències futures i immediates, la propensió a experimentar culpa i vergonya, etc. A més, també hem inclòs variables més àmplies com les dimensions de personalitat de l’HEXACO, de la triada fosca i una aproximació a la intel·ligència fluida.
L’estructura d’aquesta tesi consta de dos estudis previs i un estudi principal: en el primer estudi previ “Buscant els ítems” identificàrem el valor personal dels ítems que utilitzarem en l’elaboració dels escenaris. En el segon estudi previ “Buscant els escenaris” elaboràrem escenaris estandarditzats tant de demolició, sacrificials i basats en l’experiència. Utilitzàrem una aproximació a través de l’awareness moral per a identificar les situacions basades en l’experiència més moralment dilemàtiques i properes a l’experiència d’una bateria de situacions extretes del joc Scruples. Posteriorment vàrem redactar els escenaris amb una estructura estandarditzada i vàrem incloure en els escenaris els elements amb valor personal seleccionats a través del primer estudi previ.
En l’estudi principal d’aquesta tesi vam aplicar un paradigma d’exclusió social (Cyberball) per a estudiar l’efecte d’un factor situacional com l’ostracisme en la presa de decisions moral. També administràrem una bateria de diferències individuals per a estudiar el caràcter moral dels participants amb una proposta de mesures específiques del caràcter moral i utilitzant avançades tècniques estadístiques, com l’anàlisi de perfils latents hem classificat als participants segons el seu caràcter moral en persones més morals, normals o menys morals. Finalment administràrem 18 escenaris morals (6 de demolició, 6 sacrificials i 6 basats en l’experiència) amb valor subjectiu a cada participant amb l’objectiu de capturar les respostes als mateixos d’acord amb dos criteris; l’afavoriment de l’element amb un elevat valor moral i el criteri deontològic. En els resultats d’aquest estudi trobem que el caràcter moral influeix en la presa de decisions en escenaris basats en l’experiència quan el criteri que seguim és deontològic i en els escenaris sacrificials quan és el criteri basat en el valor personal dels elements implicats el que tenim en compte i observem també una tendencia a la significació en els escenaris de demolició amb una grandària de l’efecte menor. La condició d’ostracisme per si mateix no presenta efectes en la presa de decisions moral en cap mena d’escenari mentre que la interacció entre el caràcter moral i l’ostracisme sí que mostra efectes en la presa de decisions moral en escenaris basats en l’experiència quan el criteri és l’afavoriment de l’element amb més valor personal implicat en l’escenari. A continuació, utilitzant les mesures proposades per a mesurar el caràcter moral presentem un sistema d’equacions estructurals del compromís moral amb un bon ajust relatiu del “Model de Schwartz: Good and Bad Apples”. Finalment es discutiran els resultats d’aquesta tesi i s’oferiran conclusions i recomanacions futures de recerca. També es presentaran limitacions rellevants d’aquest estudi.Moral decision-making is understood as a very important phenomenon that has aroused great interest in a wide variety of fields of study. For example, it has been studied in philosophy, psychology and even robotics. The interest in morality is not only appreciated in the scope of interested fields of study, but also in the permanent presence through centuries in many philosophers, thinkers, and politicians, among others, who have dedicated efforts to conceptualize and understand this phenomenon. In the field of psychology, a great interest in the study of morality has aroused in recent years. This interest has materialized in numerous works that bring new knowledge to the understanding of morality/ethics. It should be noted that in the field of psychology, the study of moral decision- making has been oriented towards the identification of the brain areas or connections that regulate moral cognition, emotion, and behavior in recent years. In neuroscience, sacrificial scenarios are one of the most important instruments. Thus, the same scenario structure, based on the famous trolley dilemma, has been repeated in many versions. On the one hand, in the trolley dilemma, we find the inevitable death of human beings. On the other hand, the possibility of choosing how many of them will die. Usually, there is always the same structure of decision: to let five people die or kill a person. These dilemmas are considered in the present thesis as difficult sacrificial dilemmas. Traditionally, the personality variables studied in relation to the response in this type of scenarios are very broad dimensions such as psychopathy or humility. In the present thesis, we use a different approach that includes everyday- based and demolition scenarios in order to explore individual differences and the effects of situational factors in their response. In addition, we do not present dilemmas where we take for granted that the value of five people is five times the value of a person. We take into account the subjective value given to different individuals depending on our relationship with them, hierarchized according to the Subjective Utilitarian Theory. In this thesis, we also propose a wide variety of measures of moral character such as narrow variables like moral integrity, concern for the future and immediate consequences, propensity to experience guilt and shame, etc. We have also included wider variables such as the HEXACO personality dimensions, the dark triad and an approximation to fluid intelligence. This thesis is structured with two previous studies and one main study. In the first previous study entitled “Searching for the items” we identified the personal value of the items that we will use to elaborate the scenarios. In the second previous study entitled “Looking for the scenarios”, we developed demolition, sacrificial and experience-based standardized scenarios. We used moral awareness measurement to identify moral dilemmas based on experience from the game Scruples. Later, we wrote the scenarios with a standardized structure, and included elements with personal value. In the main study of this thesis, we applied a paradigm of social exclusion (Cyberball) to study the effect of a situational factor such as ostracism in making moral decisions. We administered a battery of individual differences to study the moral character of the participants with a proposal of specific measures of moral character and using advanced statistical techniques, such as the analysis of latent profiles. We classified the participants according to their moral character in more moral, normal or less moral people. Finally, we administered 18 moral scenarios (6 demolition, 6 sacrificial and 6 experience-based) with subjective value to each participant in order to capture the responses to them according to two criteria; the favoring of the element with a high moral value and deontological criteria. In the results of this study we found that the moral character influences the moral decision-making in scenarios based on the experience when the criterion that we follow is deontological and in the sacrificial when we consider the personal value as the criteria of the elements involved. We also found demolition scenarios with a smaller size effect tend to be significant. We found no effect of ostracism in moral decision-making in our study. The interaction between moral character and ostracism showed effects on moral decision-making in scenarios based on experience when we considered the personal value of the elements involved. Then, using the measures proposed to measure the moral character we present a structural equation model with a good relative adjustment for moral commitment from Schwartz’s Good and Bad Apples model. Finally, the results of this thesis will be discussed and future research conclusions and recommendations will be offered. Limitations of this study will be presented too.
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Branco, Ana Marta Falua. "O efeito do estilo de tomada de decisão na performance individual." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20199.
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Mestrado em Gestão e Estratégia IndustrialA tomada de decisão assume um papel fulcral na gestão das organizações, sendo na maior parte das vezes considerada como o critério relevante na avaliação da performance individual. O presente estudo tem como primeiro objetivo identificar os estilos de tomada de decisão adotados pelos profissionais de gestão e treinadores de basquetebol portugueses. O segundo objetivo visa compreender se o estilo de tomada de decisão influencia a performance individual, consoante o contexto onde os indivíduos estão inseridos. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a performance individual é influenciada pelo estilo de tomada de decisão, nomeadamente existem diferenças na performance alcançada entre o estilo comportamental face ao analítico e parcialmente no estilo diretivo face ao analítico. Por outro lado, o contexto onde os decisores estão inseridos não afeta a relação entre o estilo de tomada de decisão do gestor/treinador e a sua performance individual.
Decision making plays a central role in the management of organizations and is often considered as the most significant criterion for performance evaluation. The main objective of this study is to define the decision-making styles adopted by public and private administration professionals and portuguese basketball coaches, as well as understanding if the decision-making style influences individual performance, considering the context in which variables are embedded. The results obtained in the present study show that the individual performance is influenced by the decision making style, namely there are differences in the performance achieved between the behavioral style towards the analytical and partially in the directive style against the analytical. The context in which decision makers are inserted does not change the correlation between the manager/coach's style and individual performance.
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Navarro, Martínez Daniel. "Essays on individual decision behavior." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/384621.
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La presente tesis se compone de cuatro capítulos independientes, unidos todos ellos en torno a la motivación común del estudio del comportamiento de decisión individual. El primer capítulo constituye la parte de la tesis escrita en español y en él puede encontrarse una extensa revisión de literatura previa relacionada con el carácter endógeno de las preferencias individuales. En el capítulo 2, se presenta un estudio de los fundamentos psicológicos de la conocida discrepancia entre disponibilidad a aceptar (DAA) y disponibilidad a pagar (DAP). En él se lleva a cabo lo que puede considerarse un experimento económico estándar en el ámbito de la disparidad DAA-DAP, introduciendo cinco elementos adicionales destinados a identificar procesos psicológicos clave en la aparición de la discrepancia. El capítulo 3 contiene un estudio experimental sistemático de la imprecisión en las preferencias individuales y la variabilidad estocástica en el comportamiento de decisión, basado en la evaluación de loterías individuales. Por último, en el capítulo 4, se presenta un estudio más reducido relacionado también con el componente estocástico en el comportamiento de decisión. En él se muestra cómo el alto grado de variabilidad presente en el comportamiento de decisión puede producir fuertes efectos de regresión hacia la media, que pueden distorsionar de manera crucial los resultados experimentales.
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Yamamoto, Shohei. "Essays on individual decision making." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669931.
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This thesis consists of three chapters exploring how individuals make decisions (mostly in relation to time), how decisions are influenced by subtle behavioral interventions called nudges, and under which circumstances the effectiveness of the nudges can change. The first chapter shows, in several online experiments and one field experiment in the context of a real market, that the endowment effect (or difference between buying and selling prices) systematically increases as transactions are delayed into the future. In the second chapter, present bias is studied in the gain and the loss domains in a two-stage incentivized experiment, which reveals that both domains show the bias but it is stronger in the loss domain. The third chapter studies how emotions affect the effectiveness of nudges in four experiments. However, emotions consistently failed to have an influence on the effectiveness of nudges, and the expected effects of the nudges themselves failed to replicate previous findings. These results raise doubts about the general effectiveness of some of the most prominent nudging tools.Esta tesis consta de tres capítulos que exploran cómo las personas toman decisiones (principalmente en relación con el tiempo), cómo las decisiones se ven influenciadas por sutiles intervenciones de comportamiento llamadas "nudges", y en qué circunstancias pueden cambiar la efectividad de las nudges. El primer capítulo muestra, en varios experimentos online y un experimento de campo en el contexto de un mercado real, que el efecto dotación (o diferencia entre los precios de compra y de venta) aumenta sistemáticamente a medida que las transacciones se llevan hacia el futuro. En el segundo capítulo, el sesgo hacia el presente ("present bias") se estudia en los dominios de las ganancias y de las pérdidas en un experimento incentivado de dos etapas, que revela que ambos dominios muestran el sesgo pero es más fuerte en el dominio de las pérdidas. El tercer capítulo estudia cómo las emociones afectan la efectividad de las nudges en cuatro experimentos. Sin embargo, consistentemente, las emociones no tuvieron influencia sobre la efectividad de las nudges, y los efectos de las nudges en sí no lograron replicar investigaciones previas. Estos resultados generan dudas sobre la efectividad general de algunas de las herramientas de "nudging" más prominentes.
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Gustafsson, Veronica. "Entrepreneurial decision-making : Individuals, tasks and cognitions." Doctoral thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, EMM (Entreprenörskap, Marknadsföring, Management), 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-177.
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The aim of the present study is to gain a deeper understanding of decision-making of individuals involved in the entrepreneurial process. It is achieved by comparing entrepreneurs with different level of expertise in contexts that are more or less entrepreneurship-inducing. The issues of learning and expertise – investigation of what entrepreneurial knowledge is and how it is applied – are also addressed. This is an attempt of a multidisciplinary study based on entrepreneurship theory and empirical research as well as cognitive psychology. The cognitive perspective provides a link between the entrepreneur and the new venture creation through focusing not on the personality traits, but on an individual’s cognitive behaviour. The study’s contributions to the field of entrepreneurship are as follows: Expert entrepreneurs do recognise the cognitive nature of the decision task and are able, to a high extent, to match their decision-making techniques with the nature of the task. It means that the entrepreneurial decision-making is not an inborn aptitude but a skill, which is expressed through the adaptable behaviour of experts. Novice entrepreneurs, however, do not possess this ability, even though they might acquire it in the course of their business lives. Thus, one of the most important implications of the study is the idea that adequate decision behaviour in entrepreneurial context can be taught and learned. To provide optimal methods of learning is a challenge faced by entrepreneurship education.
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Freitas, Taís Aparecida Vale. "O processo decisório frente à pressão do tempo: satisfação e variação dos estilos individuais de decisão." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/12570.
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The instigating pursuit to understand the human behavior, more precisely about the mechanisms involved in the decision-making process of a person, are the basic premise for the accomplishment of this study. Decisions are present in all ambits of people’s life, and the identification and understanding of the factors that can influence them have great importance. Thus, this study aimed to verify how individuals modify the decision process under time’s pressure. The reach of this objective occurred through a laboratory quasi-experiment using three different instruments to collect data. The first stage of the experiment was the choice of a notebook by using the decision support system Decisor (LÖBLER, 2005), the second stage consisted in answer the Feeling Questionnaire in Relation to the Purchase (LUCIAN, 2008) and the third one, answering the Decision Style Inventory (ROWE, 1998). The sample consisted in 178 undergraduate students, divided into 2 groups: the control group and the group submitted to time pressure. The most popular chosen notebook was Sony. It was observed the existence of prior knowledge of the brand and the use of Image Theory to explain that choice. The individual decision-making styles most found in the subjects submitted to the task were the analytical and the conceptual. The hypotheses were tested using the Mann Whitney U test and the chi-square test, however, they were unable to prove statistically the hypotheses. We suggest more studies to prove the existence of low satisfaction with choices made under time pressure.A instigante busca pela compreensão do comportamento humano, mais precisamente sobre os mecanismos envolvidos no processo decisório dos indivíduos, consistiu na premissa básica para a realização deste estudo. As decisões estão presentes em todos os âmbitos da vida dos indivíduos sendo de grande importância a identificação e compreensão dos fatores que podem influenciá-las. Assim, este estudo teve por objetivo verificar como os indivíduos modificam o processo decisório frente à pressão do tempo. O alcance desse objetivo ocorreu por meio de um quase experimento em laboratório utilizando três diferentes instrumentos de coleta de dados. A primeira etapa do quase experimento consistiu na escolha de um notebook utilizando o sistema de apoio à decisão Decisor (LÖBLER, 2005), a segunda etapa consistiu no preenchimento do Questionário de Sentimentos em Relação à Compra (LUCIAN, 2008) e a terceira no preenchimento do Decision Style Inventory (ROWE, 1998). A amostra foi composta por 178 alunos de graduação, divididos em 2 grupos: o grupo controle e o grupo submetido à pressão do tempo. O notebook mais escolhido pelos dois grupos foi o da marca Sony, observou-se a existência de conhecimento prévio da marca quanto à decisão de compra e também o uso da Teoria da Imagem para explicar a escolha. Os estilos individuais de decisão mais encontrados nos indivíduos submetidos à tarefa foram o analítico e o conceitual. As hipóteses foram testadas através do Teste U de Mann Whitney e do teste Qui-quadrado, contudo, as respostas obtidas nos testes não permitiram comprovar as três hipóteses estatisticamente. Sugere-se a realização de estudos mais aprofundados a fim de comprovar a existência de baixa satisfação com a escolha em decisões realizadas sob pressão do tempo.
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Caldwell, James. "Individual Reactions to Organizational Ethical Failures and Recovery Attempts: A Recovery Paradox?" Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3273.
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The vast majority of behavioral ethical research focuses on the antecedents of unethical behavior. Consequently, questions involving the consequences of organizational unethical behavior remain largely unanswered. Therefore, extant business ethics research largely neglects the impacts of organizational unethical behavior on individuals. Moreover, questions involving what organizations can do to correct or recover from having engaged in unethical behavior as well as individual responses to those efforts are also mostly ignored. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of unethical activity on employees and explore organizations that have failed ethically and their attempts at recovery. This study explores two issues. First, how do employees react to organizational unethical behavior (OUB) and to what extent are those reactions dependent on contextual and individual factors? Second, to what extent can organizations recover from the negative impacts of ethical failure? More specifically, is it possible for organizations that fail in their ethical responsibilities to recover such that they are paradoxically "better-off" than their counterparts that never failed in the first place? To explore these issues I review, integrate and draw upon the ethical decision-making and service failure recovery literatures for theoretical support. Empirical testing included two studies. The first was a field study using survey data acquired from the Ethics Resource Center (ERC) in which over 29,000 participants were asked about their perceptions of ethics at work. Second, a supplemental field study was conducted in which 100 employees rated the characteristics of unethical acts (e.g. severity). Results revealed a negative direct effect of severity and controllability of the OUB on perceptions of organizational ethicality and a negative direct effect of controllability of the OUB on organizational satisfaction. Ethical context moderated the relationship between OUB controllability and perceived organizational ethicality. Partial support was found for the moderating effects of ethical context on the relationship between OUB severity and perceived organizational ethicality. Results also supported an ethical failure recovery paradox.Ph.D.
Department of Management
Business Administration
Business Administration PhD
Books on the topic "INDIVIDUAL’s DECISION"
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Hand, Alison. Individual commitment to learning: Individuals' decision-making about 'lifetime learning'. Sheffield: Research Strategy Branch, Employment Department, 1994.
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1942-, Lindgren Björn, and Arne Ryde Symposium (19th), eds. Individual decisions for health. London: Routledge, 2002.
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Radford, K. J. Individual and Small Group Decisions. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2068-6.
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Stanulov, Nikolaĭ S. Rangova teorii͡a︡ za individualno i grupovo vzemane na reshenii͡a︡. Sofii͡a︡: Izd-vo na Bŭlgarskata akademii͡a︡ na naukite, 1989.
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Toplak, Maggie E., and Joshua Weller, eds. Individual Differences in Judgement and Decision-Making. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2017.: Psychology Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315636535.
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1939-, Castellan N. John, ed. Individual and group decision making: Current issues. Hillsdale, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1993.
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1939-, Castellan N. John, ed. Individual and group decision making: Current issues. Hillsdale, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1993.
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1939-, Castellan N. John, and American Psychological Association, eds. Individual and group decision making: Current issues. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1993.
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Khemka, Ishita, and Linda Hickson, eds. Decision Making by Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74675-9.
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Angelsen, Arild. Individual choice under uncertainty. Bergen, Norway: Chr. Michelsen Institute, Development Studies and Human Rights, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "INDIVIDUAL’s DECISION"
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Osborne, Martin J., and Ariel Rubinstein. "Equilibrium with prices and expectations." In Models in Microeconomic Theory, 187–202. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0362.13.
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In the models of markets we have discussed so far, equilibrium prices make the individuals’ decisions compatible. Each individual takes the prices as given when deciding on his action, and at the equilibrium prices the demand and supply of every good are equal. In this chapter, an individual’s behavior is affected not only by the prices but also by his expectations regarding other parameters. Each individual takes these expectations, like the prices, as given. In equilibrium, each individual behaves optimally, the supply and demand for each good are equal, and the expectations of individuals are correct. We present three models. In the first model, each individual chooses one of two bank branches. His decision is affected only by his belief about the expected service time in each branch. In the second model, potential buyers of a used car, who cannot observe the quality of the cars for sale, take into account their expectation of the average quality of these cars as well as the price. In the third model, the unit cost of catching fish depends on the total amount of fish caught. Each fisher makes his decision taking as given both the price of fish and his expectation about the unit cost he will incur.
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Osborne, Martin J., and Ariel Rubinstein. "Equilibrium with prices and expectations." In Models in Microeconomic Theory, 187–202. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0361.13.
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In the models of markets we have discussed so far, equilibrium prices make the individuals’ decisions compatible. Each individual takes the prices as given when deciding on her action, and at the equilibrium prices the demand and supply of every good are equal. In this chapter, an individual’s behavior is affected not only by the prices but also by her expectations regarding other parameters. Each individual takes these expectations, like the prices, as given. In equilibrium, each individual behaves optimally, the supply and demand for each good are equal, and the expectations of individuals are correct. We present three models. In the first model, each individual chooses one of two bank branches. Her decision is affected only by her belief about the expected service time in each branch. In the second model, potential buyers of a used car, who cannot observe the quality of the cars for sale, take into account their expectation of the average quality of these cars as well as the price. In the third model, the unit cost of catching fish depends on the total amount of fish caught. Each fisher makes her decision taking as given both the price of fish and her expectation about the unit cost she will incur.
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Isa, Rohayati Mohd, and John Williamson. "Factors Influencing an Individual’s Decision to Donate to a State University." In The Future of Educational Research, 35–52. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-512-0_4.
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Chazan, Barry. "What Is “Indoctrination”?" In Principles and Pedagogies in Jewish Education, 35–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83925-3_5.
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Abstract“Indoctrination” is a term which refers to the intent to impose ideas or beliefs upon people in areas that ultimately call for individual reflection, decision-making, and choice. It is a distasteful activity because it is aimed at limiting the individual’s ability to think and choose. Religious or moral education are not necessarily indoctrination and it is possible to create a Jewish education that is not indoctrination.
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Tsutsui, Yoshiro, Uri Benzion, and Shosh Shahrabani. "Economic and Behavioral Factors in an Individual’s Decision to Take the Influenza Vaccination in Japan." In Behavioral Economics of Preferences, Choices, and Happiness, 315–37. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55402-8_13.
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Deldoost, Mostafa Hosseini, and Mohammad Taghi Saeedi. "Investigating Role of Social Value Orientation in Individual’s Decision-Making Evidence from the Ultimatum Game." In Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics, 63–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71869-5_4.
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Himawan, Karel Karsten, and Edwin Adrianta Surijah. "Shifting the Privilege of Marriage: Empowering Voluntary Agency of the Individual’s Marriage Decision in Indonesia." In The Palgrave Handbook of Global Social Change, 1–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87624-1_95-1.
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De Masi, Alexandre, and Katarzyna Wac. "The Importance of Smartphone Connectivity in Quality of Life." In Quantifying Quality of Life, 523–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94212-0_23.
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AbstractMobile network connectivity enables individuals to use various Internet-based applications and is nowadays an integral part of the physical environment. More specifically, this connectivity shapes individuals’ modes of gathering information and their communication capabilities. In turn, this impacts the individual’s decision-making and, in the long term, may influence their health and quality of life (QoL). This chapter focuses on longitudinal modeling of the availability of mobile connectivity such as Wi-Fi and 3G or 4G for individuals living in the Geneva area (Switzerland). We analyze connectivity over 5 years (2015–2020) based on data collected from 110 mQoL (mobile QoL) Living Lab participants. The participants are from three different cohorts corresponding to distinct data collection periods (2015–2017, 2018–2019, 2020). We derive four features that quantify an individual’s connectivity level: the network access technology (Wi-Fi or cellular), signal strength, the overall data consumption (upload and download), and the participants’ mobility patterns while connected. We also compare the connectivity levels of the three cohorts over time. Our findings reflect the relations between mobile connectivity and the smartphone network activity of the mQoL study cohorts during their daily activities, which may impact their QoL. We summarize the results and conclude this chapter by exploring the different QoL technologies and services enabled by mobile connectivity. However, the effects of connectivity on specific QoL domains, such as psychological aspects (i.e., positive/negative feelings) or social relationships, should be investigated further.
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Karimi, Amir-Hossein, Julius von Kügelgen, Bernhard Schölkopf, and Isabel Valera. "Towards Causal Algorithmic Recourse." In xxAI - Beyond Explainable AI, 139–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04083-2_8.
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AbstractAlgorithmic recourse is concerned with aiding individuals who are unfavorably treated by automated decision-making systems to overcome their hardship, by offering recommendations that would result in a more favorable prediction when acted upon. Such recourse actions are typically obtained through solving an optimization problem that minimizes changes to the individual’s feature vector, subject to various plausibility, diversity, and sparsity constraints. Whereas previous works offer solutions to the optimization problem in a variety of settings, they critically overlook real-world considerations pertaining to the environment in which recourse actions are performed.The present work emphasizes that changes to a subset of the individual’s attributes may have consequential down-stream effects on other attributes, thus making recourse a fundamcausal problem. Here, we model such considerations using the framework of structural causal models, and highlight pitfalls of not considering causal relations through examples and theory. Such insights allow us to reformulate the optimization problem to directly optimize for minimally-costly recourse over a space of feasible actions (in the form of causal interventions) rather than optimizing for minimally-distant “counterfactual explanations”. We offer both the optimization formulations and solutions to deterministic and probabilistic recourse, on an individualized and sub-population level, overcoming the steep assumptive requirements of offering recourse in general settings. Finally, using synthetic and semi-synthetic experiments based on the German Credit dataset, we demonstrate how such methods can be applied in practice under minimal causal assumptions.
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Rapoport, Anatol. "Individual Psychology of Decision-Making." In Decision Theory and Decision Behaviour, 159–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7840-0_9.
Full textConference papers on the topic "INDIVIDUAL’s DECISION"
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van Beek, Anton. "A Decision-Centric Perspective on Evolving Cyber-Physical-Social Systems: Effectiveness, Group Value, and Opportunities." In ASME 2022 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-90161.
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Abstract In this paper, we view evolving cyber-physical-social systems (CPSSs) from a group decision-making perspective, introduce the group value concept as a potential approach to improve their effectiveness, and conclude by identifying a set of research directions for further scientific inquiry. An evolving CPSS is a system in which the digital and physical spaces adapt to changing interests in the social space. In this paper, we introduce the group value concept as an approach to balancing the interests of individuals in the social space and deciding how a CPSS should evolve. The advantages afforded by the group value concept are twofold: (i) it enables CPSSs to evolve along with the interests of the social space, and (ii) it provides transparency in the decision-making process that will improve public support. The group value is a stochastic function that is constructed by modeling the distributions of individual value functions and shares a similarity with utility-theory and normative models for group decision-making. Through analysis of the introduced framework, we show: (i) how the group value concept can be used to bring about evolving CPSSs, (ii) introduce the difference between utility theory and normative models for group decision-making, (iii) define the conditions under which the introduced evolving CPSSs framework is valid, and (iv) delineate a set of four research areas for further scientific inquiry. The motivation for delineating a set of additional research challenges comes from the observation that group decisions violate the conditions of logical decision-making that can only be satisfied for an individual’s decisions. Consequently, establishing an agent that controls the evolution of a CPSS needs to consider the consequences of violating these conditions on the effectiveness of the decision. Through continued research in the identified decision-centric research areas, evolving CPPSs can be established to address many societal challenges and will be more effective as they enjoy broader public support.
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Damato, Valeria, Pietro Campiglia, and Clara Bassano. "Artificial Intelligence Algorithms in Precision Medicine: a New Approach in Clinical Decision-Making." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002561.
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US National Institutes of Health described the precision medicine as ‘an emerging approach for disease treatment and prevention that takes into account individual variability in genes, environment and lifestyle for each person.’ In other words, on the basis of the definition, the precision medicine allows to treat patients based on their genetic, lifestyle, and environmental data. Nevertheless, the complexity and rise of data in healthcare arising from cheap genome sequencing, advanced biotechnology, health sensors patients use at home, and the collection of information about patients’journey in healthcare with hand-held devices unquestionably require a suitable toolkit and advanced analytics for processing the huge information. The artificial intelligence algorithms (AI) can remarkably improve the ability to use big data to make predictions by reducing the cost of making predictions. The advantages of artificial intelligence algorithms have been extensively discussed in the medical literature. In this paper based on the collection of the data relevant for the health of a given individual and the inference obtained by AI, we provide a simulation environment for understanding and suggesting the best actions that need to be performed to improve the individual’s health. Such simulation modelling can help improve clinical decision-making and the fundamental understanding of the healthcare system and clinical process.
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Borovcnik, Manfred. "The Role of Probability for Understanding Statistical Inference." In Bridging the Gap: Empowering and Educating Today’s Learners in Statistics. International Association for Statistical Education, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/iase.icots11.t6g1.
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Probability is the basis for intelligent actions and decisions in the face of uncertainty. That includes statistical inference as well as considerations of reliability, risk, and decision-making. Curricula have reduced approaches with respect to the nature of probability. With easy access to computer technology, simulation has become the predominant approach to teaching. Although simulation is an effective method to replace complicated mathematics, it reduces concepts to their frequentist part. This culminates in an approach to informal inference that makes probability and conditional probability redundant. However, the relevant properties of statistical inference require a comprehensive conception of probability to be shaped in the individual’s cognitive system.
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Öztopçu, Aslı. "The Role of Emotions in Economic Decision Making." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02259.
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Decision making points out to the consequences of past or future behaviors. An individual has to make decisions on all subjects throughout his life. An important part of these decisions are economic decisions. Individuals make decisions such as renting, buying, buying new goods, migrating, changing jobs, making investments, enterprise, choosing holidays, evaluating savings. Non-rational decisions are observed although individuals should make rational decision, according to mainstream economics.
In this study, the effects of the emotions that form the basis of psychology, such as time, option constraint, opportunities, risk taking, risk aversion, procrastination, rush, or uncertainty, inconsistency, intuitive movement, cognitive error in the decision-making process of individuals are discussed. For this purpose, the characteristics of decision-making process, individual effects of cognitive of emotions, individual decision making theorems in economic theory and behavioral economics literature are mentioned. It is thought that the role of emotions that shape behaviors should be known in the regulation of economic life that is determined according to human behavior.
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Hans, Atharva, Ashish M. Chaudhari, Ilias Bilionis, and Jitesh H. Panchal. "Quantifying Individuals’ Theory-Based Knowledge Using Probabilistic Causal Graphs: A Bayesian Hierarchical Approach." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22613.
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Abstract Extracting an individual’s knowledge structure is a challenging task as it requires formalization of many concepts and their interrelationships. While there has been significant research on how to represent knowledge to support computational design tasks, there is limited understanding of the knowledge structures of human designers. This understanding is necessary for comprehension of cognitive tasks such as decision making and reasoning, and for improving educational programs. In this paper, we focus on quantifying theory-based causal knowledge, which is a specific type of knowledge held by human designers. We develop a probabilistic graph-based model for representing individuals’ concept-specific causal knowledge for a given theory. We propose a methodology based on probabilistic directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) that uses logistic likelihood function for calculating the probability of a correct response. The approach involves a set of questions for gathering responses from 205 engineering students, and a hierarchical Bayesian approach for inferring individuals’ DAGs from the observed responses. We compare the proposed model to a baseline three-parameter logistic (3PL) model from the item response theory. The results suggest that the graph-based logistic model can estimate individual students’ knowledge graphs. Comparisons with the 3PL model indicate that knowledge assessment is more accurate when quantifying knowledge at the level of causal relations than quantifying it using a scalar ability parameter. The proposed model allows identification of parts of the curriculum that a student struggles with and parts they have already mastered which is essential for remediation.
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Hentea, Mariana. "Intelligent System for Information Security Management: Architecture and Design Issues." In InSITE 2007: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3055.
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The limitations of each security technology combined with the growth of cyber attacks impact the efficiency of information security management and increase the activities to be performed by network administrators and security staff. Therefore, there is a need for the increase of automated auditing and intelligent reporting mechanisms for the cyber trust. Intelligent systems are emerging computing systems based on intelligent techniques that support continuous monitoring and controlling plant activities. Intelligence improves an individual’s ability to make better decisions. This paper presents a proposed architecture of an Intelligent System for Information Security Management (ISISM). The objective of this system is to improve security management processes such as monitoring, controlling, and decision making with an effect size that is higher than an expert in security by providing mechanisms to enhance the active construction of knowledge about threats, policies, procedures, and risks. We focus on requirements and design issues for the basic components of the intelligent system.
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Toh, Christine A., and Scarlett R. Miller. "The Preferences for Creativity Scale (PCS): Identifying the Underlying Constructs of Creative Concept Selection." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-60414.
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Creativity is highly emphasized during the engineering design process, but prior research has shown that decision-making biases and individual attributes can affect perceptions and preferences for creativity. However, there is a lack of knowledge of how to measure creativity during concept selection, or about the factors that affect designers’ preferences for creative concepts in an engineering design context. As a first step in understanding what factors contribute to the promotion or filtering of creative concepts during concept selection, this study investigates the factors that can affect preferences for creativity through the development of a psychometric survey that assesses student designers’ preferences for creativity through Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The result of these analyses is the 23-item Preferences for Creativity Scale (PCS) that assesses an individual’s preference for creativity in engineering design on 4 major dimensions: (1) Team Centrality, (2) Risk Tolerance, (3) Creative Confidence/ Preference, and (4) Motivation. The results of these analyses provide a foundation for studying creativity in the design process and allow for future research that investigates the factors that influence creative concept selection in engineering design.
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Toh, Christine A., Arti H. Patel, Andrew A. Strohmetz, and Scarlett R. Miller. "My Idea Is Best! Ownership Bias and its Influence on Engineering Concept Selection." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46478.
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Concept selection is considered one of the most crucial components of the engineering design process because the direction of the final design is largely determined at this stage. One of the most widely utilized techniques for filtering designs during this process involves informal review meetings where team members identify the designs that most closely satisfy the design goals. While this is often seen as an efficient process, factors such as ownership bias, or an unintentional preference for an individuals’ own ideas, and team member personality attributes may impact an individual’s decision-making process. However, few studies have explored the impact of these factors on concept selection. Therefore, an empirical study was conducted with 37 engineering students in order to investigate the effect of these attributes on the selection or filtering of design concepts in engineering education. The results from this study show that personality impacts the proportion of ideas selected, and that male students tend to select more of their own ideas (ownership bias) than their female counterparts who more often select their team member’s concepts. These results add to our understanding of the factors that impact the team concept selection process and provide empirical evidence of the occurrence of ownership bias in engineering design education.
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Zheng, Xuan, and Scarlett R. Miller. "Uncovering Ownership Bias: The Influence of Idea Goodness and Creativity on Design Professionals’ Concept Selection Practices." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85964.
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Ownership bias is a type of decision making bias that leads to an individual’s tendency to prefer their own ideas over the ideas of others during the design process. While prior work has identified the existence of this effect in design professionals, this prior research failed to take into account the social effects of working in a team environment or to identifying the underlying impact of the characteristics of the idea set that impact the effects. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the existence of ownership bias and the factors underlying its existence through two design workshops with 45 design professionals from two engineering companies. Through the study, design professionals individually generated and selected ideas as part of a 2-hour team design challenge. The ideas were rated for their perceived future value through team consensus and for their creativity by expert ratings. The results suggest that design professionals only exhibited ownership bias for ideas that were assessed to have little to no future value in the design process by their team members (low in idea goodness) and the creativity of the ideas did not effect this relationship. However, professionals did show a preference for ideas with high usefulness and low uniqueness, demonstrating a potential bias against creative concepts regardless of ownership.
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Folomeeva, Tatiana V., and Ekaterina N. Klimochkina. "SOCIAL METACOGNITION IN THE PROCESS OF DECISION MAKING." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact057.
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"Individual metacognitions are responsible for monitoring and controlling our knowledge, emotions and actions, while social metacognitions are included in the process of monitoring and controlling each other’s knowledge, emotions and actions by group members. The distribution of metacognitive responsibilities among group members increases the visibility of individual metacognitive abilities. The study aimed to investigate the role of social metacognitions in the decision process of choosing current fashion trends: to compare how participants interact and social metacognitions influence their decisions in contradiction to the decisions made in individual work, where only individual metacognitions were available. The study consisted of several stages: starting from current trends analysis and follow up interviews, as well as, filling in individual journals. The last step was group work: discussion. The sample was 40 participants (M=24,35, Sd=2,27). Gathered data was processed through a descriptive qualitative analysis using the phenomenological method. Lack of knowledge or confidence to make a decision about which trends represent what is current in fashion in individual work, participants compensate with knowing about their own metacognition. Thus, in teamwork, these individuals’ level out limitations on knowledge or confidence by choosing the behaviour that can increase their knowledge. Choice of the behaviour strategy relies on individual metacognition. Therefore, teamwork provides individuals with additional resources as other team members, which increases the overall significance of work due to the contribution of individual metacognition. Social metacognitions help to distribute responsibilities among group members according to individual metacognitions. In group work, the visibility of individual metacognitions increases and favourably affects learning between participants, facilitates interaction and improves cognitive processes. Due to social metacognitions, participants who lack knowledge or confidence to make an individual decision solve their difficulties in a social situation, where limitations of individual metacognition are mitigated with social metacognitions."
Reports on the topic "INDIVIDUAL’s DECISION"
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Liu, Xian-Liang, Tao Wang, Daniel Bressington, Bróna Nic Giolla Easpaig, Lolita Wikander, and Jing-Yu (Benjamin) Tan. Influencing factors and barriers to retention among regional and remote undergraduate nursing students in Australia: A systematic review of current research evidence. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0087.
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Review question / Objective: To explore the attrition problems, influencing factors and barriers to retention among regional and remote nursing students who enrolled in the undergraduate programs in Australia. Condition being studied: Student retention concerns an individual’s commitment to an learning goal. Low student retention has been a long-standing issue for nursing programs and it is an important threat to the future nursing workforce. Attrition is measured by the number of students enrolled in the first year who do not complete their study in the following year. With the growth of online programs, the issue of high attrition raises concern for students enrolled in these programs. Moreover, the social context of students may influence positive motivation and affect their decision to stay in their nursing programs.
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Sticha, Paul J., C. M. Knerr, Robert A. Ramos, and Ani S. DiFazio. Modeling the Individual Enlistment Decision: Analysis of the Career Decision Survey. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada373970.
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Jolin, Annette. Closedmindedness as a predictor of individual decision-making behaviors. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2899.
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Heavner, D. Lee, and Lance Lochner. Social Networks and the Aggregation on Individual Decisions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8979.
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Smith, Edward E. Development and Application of a Model of Individual Decision Making. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada296500.
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Wallsten, Thomas S. Workshop on Information Aggregation in Group and Individual Decision Making. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada423004.
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Marold, Juliane, Ruth Wagner, Markus Schöbel, and Dietrich Manzey. Decision-making in groups under uncertainty. Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, February 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/361udm.
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The authors have studied daily decision-making processes in groups under uncertainty, with an exploratory field study in the medical domain. The work follows the tradition of naturalistic decision-making (NDM) research. It aims to understand how groups in this high reliability context conceptualize and internalize uncertainties, and how they handle them in order to achieve effective decision-making in their everyday activities. Analysis of the survey data shows that uncertainty is thought of in terms of issues and sources (as identified by previous research), but also (possibly a domain-specific observation) as a lack of personal knowledge or skill. Uncertainty is accompanied by emotions of fear and shame. It arises during the diagnostic process, the treatment process and the outcome of medical decision making. The most frequently cited sources of uncertainty are partly lacking information and inadequate understanding owing to instability of information. Descriptions of typical group decisions reveal that the individual himself is a source of uncertainty when a lack of knowledge, skills and expertise is perceived. The group can serve as a source of uncertainty if divergent opinions in the decision making group exist. Three different situations of group decisions are identified: Interdisciplinary regular meetings (e.g. tumor conferences), formal ward meetings and ad hoc consultations. In all healthcare units concerned by the study, only little use of structured decision making procedures and processes is reported. Strategies used to handle uncertainty include attempts to reduce uncertainty by collecting additional information, delaying action until more information is available or by soliciting advice from other physicians. The factors which ultimately determine group decisions are hierarchy (the opinion of more senior medical staff carries more weight than that of junior staff), patients’ interest and professional competence. Important attributes of poor group decisions are the absence of consensus and the use of hierarchy as the predominant decision criterion. On the other hand, decisions judged to be effective are marked by a sufficient information base, a positive discussion culture and consensus. The authors identify four possible obstacles to effective decision making: a steep hierarchy gradient, a poor discussion culture, a strong need for consensus, and insufficient structure and guidance of group decision making processes. A number of intervention techniques which have been shown in other industries to be effective in improving some of these obstacles are presented.
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Ouimet, Paige, and Geoffrey Tate. Learning from Coworkers: Peer Effects on Individual Investment Decisions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24058.
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Kennan, John, and James Walker. The Effect of Expected Income on Individual Migration Decisions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9585.
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Doshi, Prashant, and Adam Goodie. Individual Decision-Making in Uncertain and Large-Scale Multi-Agent Environments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada495454.
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