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1
Latham, Andrew James. "Indirect Compatibilism." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20440.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis, I will defend a new kind of compatibilist account of free action, indirect conscious control compatibilism (or indirect compatibilism for short), and argue that some of our actions are free according to it. My argument has three components, and involves the development of a brand new tool for experimental philosophy, and the use of cognitive neuroscience. The first component of the argument shows that compatibilism (of some kind) is a conceptual truth. Contrary to the current orthodoxy in the free will literature, which is that our concept of free will is an incompatibilist concept - a concept according to which we have free will only if determinism is false - I will show that our concept of free will is in fact a compatibilist concept - a concept according to which we can have free will even if determinism is true - and I do so using a new experimental philosophy methodology inspired by two-dimensional semantics. Of course, even if our concept of free will is a compatibilist concept, this does not mean that there are any free actions in the world: the current empirical evidence from the brain sciences appears to show that there might be no, or very few, free actions in the world, even on many compatibilist understandings of what it would take for there to be free will. The second component of the argument addresses this concern by extending our understanding of compatibilism. Agents act freely either when their actions are caused by compatibilistically acceptable psychological processes, or are indirectly caused by those same processes. Hence the name of my account: indirect compatibilism. The final component of the argument defends my new account against some interesting objections and provides evidence from cognitive neuroscience that some of our actions count as free by the lights of indirect compatibilism.
2
Boismenu, Nicholas. "Indirect Measure." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3351.
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This paper is in support of my thesis exhibition “Indirect Measure” May 5th – June 3rd 2017, at the Reece Museum, located on the campus of East Tennessee State University. This document is an account of my examination into what constitutes art and the change in my perception of the utilitarian ceramic vessel during my research into the perceived difference between craft and art. Using broad definitions, I define what I believe art to be and how it is different from, and the same as craft.
3
Quaas, Johannes, Yi Ming, Surabi Menon, et al. "Aerosol indirect effects." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-186329.
Full textAbstract:
Aerosol indirect effects continue to constitute one of the most important uncertainties for anthropogenic climate perturbations. Within the international AEROCOM initiative, the representation of aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions in ten different general circulation models (GCMs)
is evaluated using three satellite datasets. The focus is on stratiform liquid water clouds since most GCMs do not include ice nucleation effects, and none of the model explicitly parameterises aerosol effects on convective clouds. We compute statistical relationships between aerosol optical depth (tau a) and various cloud and radiation quantities in a manner that is consistent between the models and the satellite data. cloud droplet number concentration (N d) compares relatively well to the satellite data at least over the ocean. The relationship between (tau a) and liquid water path is simulated much too strongly by the models. This suggests that the implementation of the second aerosol indirect effect mainly in terms of an autoconversion parameterisation has to be revisited in the GCMs. A positive relationship between total cloud fraction (fcld) and tau a as found in the satellite data is simulated by the majority of the models, albeit less strongly than that in the satellite data in most of them. In a discussion of the hypotheses proposed in the literature to explain the satellite-derived strong fcld–tau a relationship, our results indicate that none can be identified as a unique explanation. Relationships similar
to the ones found in satellite data between tau a and cloud top
temperature or outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) are simulated
by only a few GCMs. The GCMs that simulate a negative OLR - tau a relationship show a strong positive correlation between tau a and fcld. The short-wave total aerosol radiative forcing as simulated by the GCMs is strongly influenced by the simulated anthropogenic fraction of tau a, and parameterisation assumptions such as a lower bound on Nd. Nevertheless, the strengths of the statistical relationships are good
predictors for the aerosol forcings in the models. An estimate of the total short-wave aerosol forcing inferred from the combination of these predictors for the modelled forcings with the satellite-derived statistical relationships yields a global annual mean value of −1.5±0.5Wm−2. In an alternative approach, the radiative flux perturbation due to anthropogenic
aerosols can be broken down into a component over the cloud-free portion of the globe (approximately the aerosol direct effect) and a component over the cloudy portion of the globe (approximately the aerosol indirect effect). An estimate obtained by scaling these simulated clearand cloudy-sky forcings with estimates of anthropogenic tau a
and satellite-retrieved Nd–tau a regression slopes, respectively, yields a global, annual-mean aerosol direct effect estimate of −0.4±0.2Wm−2 and a cloudy-sky (aerosol indirect effect) estimate of −0.7±0.5Wm−2, with a total estimate of −1.2±0.4Wm−2.
4
Quaas, Johannes, Yi Ming, Surabi Menon, et al. "Aerosol indirect effects." Atmospheric chemistry and physics (2009) 9, S. 8697-8717, 2009. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13849.
Full textAbstract:
Aerosol indirect effects continue to constitute one of the most important uncertainties for anthropogenic climate perturbations. Within the international AEROCOM initiative, the representation of aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions in ten different general circulation models (GCMs)
is evaluated using three satellite datasets. The focus is on stratiform liquid water clouds since most GCMs do not include ice nucleation effects, and none of the model explicitly parameterises aerosol effects on convective clouds. We compute statistical relationships between aerosol optical depth (tau a) and various cloud and radiation quantities in a manner that is consistent between the models and the satellite data. cloud droplet number concentration (N d) compares relatively well to the satellite data at least over the ocean. The relationship between (tau a) and liquid water path is simulated much too strongly by the models. This suggests that the implementation of the second aerosol indirect effect mainly in terms of an autoconversion parameterisation has to be revisited in the GCMs. A positive relationship between total cloud fraction (fcld) and tau a as found in the satellite data is simulated by the majority of the models, albeit less strongly than that in the satellite data in most of them. In a discussion of the hypotheses proposed in the literature to explain the satellite-derived strong fcld–tau a relationship, our results indicate that none can be identified as a unique explanation. Relationships similar
to the ones found in satellite data between tau a and cloud top
temperature or outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) are simulated
by only a few GCMs. The GCMs that simulate a negative OLR - tau a relationship show a strong positive correlation between tau a and fcld. The short-wave total aerosol radiative forcing as simulated by the GCMs is strongly influenced by the simulated anthropogenic fraction of tau a, and parameterisation assumptions such as a lower bound on Nd. Nevertheless, the strengths of the statistical relationships are good
predictors for the aerosol forcings in the models. An estimate of the total short-wave aerosol forcing inferred from the combination of these predictors for the modelled forcings with the satellite-derived statistical relationships yields a global annual mean value of −1.5±0.5Wm−2. In an alternative approach, the radiative flux perturbation due to anthropogenic
aerosols can be broken down into a component over the cloud-free portion of the globe (approximately the aerosol direct effect) and a component over the cloudy portion of the globe (approximately the aerosol indirect effect). An estimate obtained by scaling these simulated clearand cloudy-sky forcings with estimates of anthropogenic tau a
and satellite-retrieved Nd–tau a regression slopes, respectively, yields a global, annual-mean aerosol direct effect estimate of −0.4±0.2Wm−2 and a cloudy-sky (aerosol indirect effect) estimate of −0.7±0.5Wm−2, with a total estimate of −1.2±0.4Wm−2.
5
Forgues, Frédéric. "L' actionnaire indirect." Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010334.
Full textAbstract:
Un tel intitulé n'est pas étranger à des nombreuses oreilles mêmes profanes car évoque le contrôle d'une société par une autre. La présente étude ne se limite cependant pas à cette hypothèse de travail. Il s'est d'abord agi de démontrer l'existence de l'actionnaire indirect. Il se définit comme la personne qui, en vertu d'un lien de droit, est en mesure d'exercer par le biais d'un intermédiaire tout ou partie des droits attachés à la qualité d'actionnaire, sans pour autant jouir de cette qualité. Il n'est pas actionnaire au sens traditionnel car n'est pas titulaire des actions. Comment, alors, traiter l'actionnaire indirect ? L'existence de cet actionnaire indirect contrevient au désir de transparence du capital formulé par les sociétés françaises. Aussi , le législateur a-t-il récemment doté ces sociétés d'un nouvel instrument de connaissance de celui-ci. Ensuite, l'existence d'un actionnariat indirect suscite des difficultés dans l'exercice des prérogatives attachées aux actions. L'examen de ces questions nous conduira à douter de la pertinence du concept de propriété des valeurs mobilières dans un système de détention indirecte d'actions.
6
Clunie, James Bruce. "Indirect short-selling constraints." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4467.
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In this thesis, I use two strategies of inquiry to further our understanding of indirect short-selling constraints. First, I interview a series of experienced market practitioners to identify their attitudes towards indirect constraints. I find little support for D’Avolio’s (2002) suggestions that short-selling is inhibited by managers’ fear of tracking error and by the cultural pressures of a society that can vilify short-sellers. However, I am able to introduce a new, social, indirect constraint to the literature – the perception that short-selling is a form of ‘trading’ as distinct from ‘investment’, and the consequent lack of acceptance amongst stakeholders that this engenders. This constraint reveals a divide between the attitudes of the academic community and parts of the institutional practitioner community on the subject of short-selling. However, interviewees argue that this indirect constraint is diminishing over time. This raises the prospect of markets in practice converging in behaviour towards the markets assumed in classical asset pricing models, and has implications for market efficiency. My second strategy of inquiry is to use a large, new stock lending database to explore three risk-related indirect constraints to short-selling. I examine ‘crowded exits’, a general class of liquidity problem, and find that these are associated with statistically and economically significant losses for short-sellers. I also examine ‘manipulative short squeezes’, a liquidity problem arising from predatory trading. Consistent with theory and the literature on the subject, I find that these are rare for larger, more liquid stocks. However, when they do occur, these events generate statistically significant losses for short-sellers. Finally, I build upon the work of Gamboa-Cavazos and Savor (2007) and investigate the response of short-sellers to losses. I find that short-sellers close their positions in response to accounting losses and not simply in response to rising share prices. This is consistent with short-sellers’ use of risk management tools that are designed to crystallize small losses. These serve to limit the risk of potentially unlimited losses and to reduce short positions at times of heightened synchronization risk. Stocks subject to shortcovering in this manner do not subsequently under-perform the market. My findings demonstrate that a sophisticated group of traders, strongly associated with price setting, does not suffer from the bias known as loss realization aversion.
7
Quaas, Johannes. "The aerosol indirect effect." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-189795.
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Global climate change is considered to be one of the most serious concerns of humankind (United Nations, 1992; United Nations, 2002). Anthropogenic greenhouse gases and aerosols impact considerably the energy balance of the Earth system, possibly provoking adverse effects on social, ecological, and economical equilibria. This is one of the main reasons why the understanding of the Earth’s climate system is of major
importance. If better predictions of the response of the climate system to anthropogenic perturbations were available, political decisions against negative impacts could be taken, and social adaptations to changed climate conditions would be possible.
8
Moore, Christopher G. "Indirect adaptive fuzzy controllers." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1992. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/250154/.
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Many classical control methods are based upon assumptions of linearity and stationarity of the process to be controlled. For the case of motion control of a land vehicle in an unstructured outdoor environment these assumptions do not hold, due to complex vehicle interactions with its surroundings and time--varying environmental conditions. The large number of possible future platforms leads to the desire to produce motion controllers which are generally applicable to a wide range of vehicles with little a priori knowledge of vehicle dynamics. Intelligent, self--learning, systems promise many of the desired features for such controllers. This thesis investigates the use of intelligent controllers for autonomous land vehicle motion control. A new class of fuzzy controller, the indirect adaptive fuzzy controller is proposed as a possible solution to this problem. This controller is then developed by combining on--line adaptive modelling with model causality inversion and on--line controller design. The resulting controller is an analogue of the indirect adaptive algebraic controller. A major advantages of this method is the separation of model convergence and control loops enabling the two aspects to be analysed separately. Demonstration of this work has been achieved by a series of simulation tests using a variety of vehicle models. A conventional front wheel steer road vehicle model has been used as well as two IFAC benchmark control problems (ship autopilot and passenger bus) to investigate the properties of the controller. To test the controller with realistic demand signals, a static rule-based piloting system has also been developed. These simulations have demonstrated i) the successful control of systems with little a priori vehicle knowledge ii) ability to adapt to continuous and sudden parametric changes in the process iii) good noise rejection properties iv) good disturbance rejection properties and v) ability to adapt to stationary loop non--linearities.
9
Weider, Erich. "Subjonctif et style indirect." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR20030.
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Cette these est divisee en deux parties : la premiere partie relate la situation du subjonctif en allemand, la seconde etant une monographie dialectale. Tout d'abord un certain nombre d'extraits d'ouvrages traitant du subjonctif en allemand sont cites et commentes. Ensuite la situation particuliere du sud du domaine germanophone est etudiee, principalement la suisse, l'alsace et le tyrol. La deuxieme partie se concentre sur un dialecte alsacien d'un village limitrophe de la suisse : neuwiller. Cette etude morpho-syntaxique releve les formes du subjonctif utilisees a une certaine epoque (fin du 19 eme siecle) et les replace dans le contexte du style indirect. Le style indirect dans ce dialecte, comme d'ailleurs dans la majeure partie de l'aire alemanique se distingue par l'emploi systematique du subjonctif<br>This thesis is divided in two parts : the first part relates the situation of the subjunctive in german, the second is a dialectal monographie. First, a good many excerpts of works about the subjunctive in german are quoted and annotated. Then, the special situation of the south of the german-speaking countries is studied, particularly switzerland, alsace and tyrol. The second part concentrates on an alsatian dialect of a village bordering on switzerland : neuwiller. This morpho-syntaxic study points out the forms of subjunctive used at a definite time (end 19th century) and replaces them in the context of the reported speech : the reported speech in this dialect, by the way in the greater part of the alemannic area, is marked off by the systematic use of the subjunctive
10
Barkley, Clayde Betts Mikel Olay Anthony. "Indirect pipe pressure measurement /." Click here to view, 2009. http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/mesp/12.
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Thesis (B.S.)--California Polytechnic State University, 2009.<br>Project advisor: Jim Meagher. Title from PDF title page; viewed on Jan. 20, 2010. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on microfiche.
11
Endriss, Cornelia, and Stefan Hinterwimmer. "Direct and indirect aboutness topics." Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1964/.
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We propose a definition of aboutness topicality that not only encompasses individual denoting DPs, but also indefinites. We concentrate on the interpretative effects of marking indefinites as topics: they either receive widest scope in their clause, or they are interpreted in the restrictor of an overt or covert Q-adverb. We show that in the first case they are direct aboutness topics insofar as they are the subject of a predication expressed by the comment, while in the second case they are indirect aboutness topics: they define the subject of a higher-order predication – namely the set of situations that the respective Q-adverb quantifies over.
12
López, Escarcena Rafael Sebastián. "Indirect expropriation in international law." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24852.
Full textAbstract:
The protection of aliens offers an international minimum standard of treatment. The main interference risked by foreign investors is the expropriation of their property. This may occur in two forms: as an outright taking or as measures having an equivalent effect. Changes in international economics and politics have placed the latter in the centre of legal debate. Indirect takings refer to those measures that are not openly expropriatory, but result in the deprivation of the property of an alien. Identifying the boundaries between them and non-compensable regulatory measures is the chief problem in this area of international law. While the issue is left unsolved by the conceptual analysis of indirect takings, two doctrines provide useful guidelines on it. The first one has been identified as the sole-effect doctrine. According to this position, the central factor in establishing whether an indirect taking has occurred is the result of the host-state measures on the affected property. The second position is the so-called police powers doctrine. Besides the effect on the alien’s property, this takes into account the purpose and the context of the respective measures. The present thesis investigates which of these doctrines conform to international law. For that purpose, it studies the protection of the property of aliens in the law of nations, as developed in the different international <i>fora</i> where the issue has been addressed, and the minimum standard of treatment on which it is based.
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D'Ambrosio, David B. "Multiagent learning through indirect encoding." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4930.
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Designing a system of multiple, heterogeneous agents that cooperate to achieve a common goal is a difficult task, but it is also a common real-world problem. Multiagent learning addresses this problem by training the team to cooperate through a learning algorithm. However, most traditional approaches treat multiagent learning as a combination of multiple single-agent learning problems. This perspective leads to many inefficiencies in learning such as the problem of reinvention, whereby fundamental skills and policies that all agents should possess must be rediscovered independently for each team member. For example, in soccer, all the players know how to pass and kick the ball, but a traditional algorithm has no way to share such vital information because it has no way to relate the policies of agents to each other. In this dissertation a new approach to multiagent learning that seeks to address these issues is presented. This approach, called multiagent HyperNEAT, represents teams as a pattern of policies rather than individual agents. The main idea is that an agent's location within a canonical team layout (such as a soccer team at the start of a game) tends to dictate its role within that team, called the policy geometry. For example, as soccer positions move from goal to center they become more offensive and less defensive, a concept that is compactly represented as a pattern. The first major contribution of this dissertation is a new method for evolving neural network controllers called HyperNEAT, which forms the foundation of the second contribution and primary focus of this work, multiagent HyperNEAT. Multiagent learning in this dissertation is investigated in predator-prey, room-clearing, and patrol domains, providing a real-world context for the approach.; Interestingly, because the teams in multiagent HyperNEAT are represented as patterns they can scale up to an infinite number of multiagent policies that can be sampled from the policy geometry as needed. Thus the third contribution is a method for teams trained with multiagent HyperNEAT to dynamically scale their size without further learning. Fourth, the capabilities to both learn and scale in multiagent HyperNEAT are compared to the traditional multiagent SARSAlambda] approach in a comprehensive study. The fifth contribution is a method for efficiently learning and encoding multiple policies for each agent on a team to facilitate learning in multi-task domains. Finally, because there is significant interest in practical applications of multiagent learning, multiagent HyperNEAT is tested in a real-world military patrolling application with actual Khepera III robots. The ultimate goal is to provide a new perspective on multiagent learning and to demonstrate the practical benefits of training heterogeneous, scalable multiagent teams through generative encoding.<br>ID: 029809867; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 150-173).<br>Ph.D.<br>Doctorate<br>Electrical Engineering and Computer Science<br>Engineering and Computer Science
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Morris, Rebecca Jane. "Indirect interactions in insect communities." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392402.
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da, Silva Milton Barbosa. "Indirect interactions structuring ecological communities." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4a093748-6192-4bbc-bf0f-854e909b47c0.
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Ecological communities are collections of species bound together by their influences on one another. Community structure, therefore, refers to the way in which these influences are organised. As a result, ecologists are mainly interested in the factors driving the structure, functioning, and persistence of communities. The traditional focus, however, has been on the feeding relationships among species (direct trophic interactions), whereas relationships mediated by a third species or the environment (indirect interactions) have been largely overlooked. I investigated the role of indirect interactions in structuring communities through a series of field experiments in a diverse assemblage of arthropods living on a Brazilian shrub species. I experimentally reduced the abundance of the commonest galler on the shrub and found that the perturbation resonated across the food web, affecting its structure and robustness. Since there was no potential for these effects to be propagated directly or indirectly via the documented trophic links, the effects must have spread non-trophically and/or through trophic links not included in the web. Thus, I investigated non-trophic propagation of effects in the system. I demonstrate that hatched galls of the commonest galler, which serve as habitat for other species, can mediate non-trophic interactions that feedback to the galler modifying its interactions with parasitoids and inquiline aphids. I performed further manipulative experiments, excluding ants, live galls and hatched galls, to reveal mechanisms for the non-trophic interaction modifications observed in this system. Finally, I explored how non-trophic interaction modification could affect the structure and stability of a discrete ecological community in the field. I investigated how the densities of certain pairs of groups relate to each other, and how their relationship changes in relation to a third group. Then, I assembled an "effect network" revealing, for the first time in an empirical community, a hidden web of non-trophic indirect interactions modifying the direct interactions and modifying each other. Overall, the thesis presents evidence that communities are strongly interconnected through non-trophic indirect interactions. This is one of the first empirical demonstrations of the context-dependent modification of interactions via non-trophic interactions. However, determining the mechanisms behind such interaction modifications may be unfeasible. Understanding how the observed effects relate to community structuring requires shifting our focus from bipartite interaction networks to a more holistic approach.
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El, Khoury Zaki. "Système indirect en climatisation automobile." ENSMP, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENMP1209.
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L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier un système de climatisation indirect innovant en climatisation automobile. Il s'agit de refroidir les parois de l'habitacle automobile. Pour ce faire, des panneaux caloducs souples ont été utilisés. Ces panneaux sont refroidis par un circuit secondaire utilisant l'eau comme fluide caloporteur. Une deuxième version d'un code de modélisation des caloducs souples plats "CALCUL" a été élaboré. Un travail supplémentaire est nécessaire pour réduire l'écart entre les prédictions théoriques et les valeurs expérimentales. Un code de calcul dynamique des circuits thermohydrauliques "PIC-SL" a été développé. Il a été validé par comparaison avec des cas limites admettant des solutions explicites. Il peut être utilisé pour une étude d'optimisation du circuit secondaire. Le système de climatisation indirect a été mis en oeuvre et testé sur un démonstrateur réalisé avec une Citroen Xsara Picasso. De essais ont été effectués à Séville en Espagne ainsi qu'en soufflerie. Des gains en températures de surfaces des panneaux caloducs ont été obtenus mais des améliorations sont nécessaires et possibles. Une modélisation simplifiée de l'habitacle ainsi que du confort thermique a été réalisée. L'étude de l'efficacité de refroidissement des parois telles que la planche de bord, le toit ainsi que les portes montre qu'il est nécessaie d'accroître la surface des parois refroidies.
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Carrolo, Raquel Sofia Da Costa. "Purchasing strategies for indirect services." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/9158.
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Mestrado em Engenharia e Gestão Industrial<br>Na área de compras, existem vários estudos e pesquisas sobre compras de
bens diretos com exemplos de aplicação em grandes empresas. Porém,
estudos em compras indiretas tem sido perdidos em esquecimento, o que se
torna contraditório, uma vez que todo o custo indireto é de extrema atenção.
Por forma a preencher esta lacuna na literatura, esta tese tem como principal
objectivo a abordagem à compra de serviços indiretos de uma empresa de
grande dimensão em Portugal. Desta forma, a abordagem do portfólio de
Kraljic foi utilizada por forma a avaliar os serviços indiretos bem como perceber
quais as estratégias a aplicar neste tipo de compras.<br>In the purchasing environment, there are several studies and researches on
purchasing of direct materials, with examples applied on big companies.
However, studies on indirect purchasing have been lost in oblivion, which turns
out to be contradictory, due to the very known fact that all indirect spend is of
extreme attention. In order to fill in this gap in the literature, this thesis has the
main goal of approaching the indirect spend on indirect services of a big
company in Portugal. To do so, Kraljic’s portfolio approach was used to assess
the indirect services as well as understand which purchasing strategies are to
be applied.
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Davidson, John C. "The indirect method of preaching." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1996. http://www.tren.com.
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Pasquier, Wilfried Nivet Marc-Henri. "Le collage indirect en orthodontie." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://castore.univ-nantes.fr/castore/GetOAIRef?idDoc=44636.
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Munkaila, Muhammed M. "Indirect object constructions in Hausa." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1990. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29020/.
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This is a study of the semantics and morpho-syntax of indirect object constructions in Hausa. Hausa is a Chadic language belonging to the Afroasiatic phylum. The phenomena are investigated from both descriptive and theoretical perspectives. The theory within which this investigation is developed is the Government and Binding framework (Chomsky 1981) and subsequent works. The study looks at the two different indirect object constructions in Hausa, 'Internal' and 'External' indirect object constructions. The properties of indirect object constructions and that of the indirect object markers are examined. It is shown that the indirect object markers used in the External indirect object constructions are independent prepositions capable of assigning Case and Theta-role to their NP complements, whereas the indirect object markers used in the Internal indirect object constructions are considered to be part of the verb. In this latter case the verb and the indirect object marker together are involved in determining the ultimate Theta-role of the indirect object NP. Internal indirect object constructions are most interesting and in which I focus my investigation. The properties of constructions are then considered with respect to two major approaches recently proposed within the theory, the Syntactic Incorporation approach of Baker (1985a, 1988a) and the Lexical Incorporation approach of Di Sciullo and Williams (1987). In this thesis it will be argued that the evidence from Hausa data favour the Lexical Incorporation approach. The behaviour of both the indirect object and direct object NPs with respect to Wh-movement, NP-movement and word order facts are discussed. It is shown that in Hausa Internal indirect object constructions, the indirect object NP is freely allowed to undergo Wh-movement. In contrast, the indirect object NP cannot undergo Wh- movement in English Internal indirect object constructions and Chichewa dative applicative constructions. However, the indirect object NP in Hausa cannot undergo NP- movement. I will argue that the syntactic behaviour of the direct object end indirect object NPs is assumed to be derived through the notion Head and Feature Percolation Convention as proposed in Di Sciullo and Williams (1987) and Lieber (1980) respectively. With regard to the kind of Case parameters that the indirect object constructions employ to satisfy the Case Filter requirement, I argue that, contrary to the standard view, the direct object NP in Hausa Internal indirect object constructions is not assigned am (inherent) accusative Case. Instead, using evidence from the pronominal systems of the language, I argue that the direct object NP receives a default nominative Case. The study also presents a general overview of the morpho-syntactic behaviour and semantic interpretation associated with certain Hausa verbs when they occur before indirect object constructions. Based on semantic and syntactic evidence, it will be argued that the pre-datival suffix /-r/ used by certain verb grades is not related to the causative morpheme /-r/, contrary to both Parsons (1971/72) and Frajzyngier (1985). Finally, the study compares the syntactic behaviour of NP complements in indirect object constructions with similar NP complements in Hausa morphological causative constructions. It will be argued that both the Internal Indirect object markers and the causative affix /-r/ are lexically incorporated to the verb. However, the two affixes differ with respect to the kind of argument they introduce.
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Zabriskie, Nathan Andrew. "NetLight: Cloud Baked Indirect Illumination." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7031.
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Indirect lighting drastically increases the realism of rendered scenes but it has traditionally been very expensive to calculate. This has long precluded its use in real-time rendering applications such as video games which have mere milliseconds to respond to user input and produce a final image. As hardware power continues to increase, however, some recently developed algorithms have started to bring real-time indirect lighting closer to reality. Of specific interest to this paper, cloud-based rendering systems add indirect lighting to real-time scenes by splitting the rendering pipeline between a server and one or more connected clients. However, thus far they have been limited to static scenes and/or require expensive precomputation steps which limits their utility in game-like environments. In this paper we present a system capable of providing real-time indirect lighting to fully dynamic environments. This is accomplished by modifying the light gathering step in previous systems to be more resilient to changes in scene geometry and providing indirect light information in multiple forms, depending on the type of geometry being lit. We deploy it in several scenes to measure its performance, both in terms of speed and visual appeal, and show that it produces high quality images with minimum impact on the client machine.
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Bowers, Prudence Ann. "Indirect intervention for preschool stutterers." PDXScholar, 1991. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4208.
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This study investigated the advisability of utilizing parents to provide treatment for their dysfluent preschoolers. It involved the development, implementation and evaluation of a specific treatment program involving indirect language stimulation techniques. The primary question asked was whether or not parents can be successful in significantly reducing or eliminating dysfluent speech in their children. The secondary question was whether or not parents can be trained successfully to provide treatment.
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Fedichkin, Fedor. "Excitons indirects dans les puits quantiques de la grande bande interdite." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT324/document.
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Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude expérimentale des excitons dans des puitsquantiques polaires fabriqués à partir de semi-conducteurs à large bande interdite. En raison de la structure de ces matériaux à cristaux wurtzite, les électrons et les trous sont séparés le long de l'axe de croissance du puits quantique, de sorte que les excitons peuvent être considérés comme des excitons indirects (IX) : ils forment une famille de quasi-particules bosoniques à longue durée de vie, dont le moment dipolaire est orienté selon l'axe de croissance du puits. Les IX sont considérés comme un système modéle pour l'étude des états collectifs dans les gaz quantiques bosoniques. Ils sont aussi prometteurs pour le développement de dispositifs excitoniques. Leur longue durée de vie, leur répulsion dipolaire, permettent aux IXs de se déplacer sur de grandes distances avant de se recombiner, ce qui offre la possibilité d'étudier le transport d'exciton par imagerie optique. Dans cette thèse, nous abordons le transport des IXs dans des puits quantiques de GaN/(Al,Ga)N et de ZnO/(Mg,Zn)O. Ce choix de matériau est motivé par l'énergie de liaison élevée des IXs ainsi obtenue. Elle est suffisamment élevée pour, en thèorie, stabiliser les IXs jusqu'à la température ambiante. Mais ce choix poseaussi un certain nombre de défis expérimentaux, car (i) le temps de vie radiatifdépend fortement de la densité d'excitons, ce qui rend la mesure de la densitéexcitonique très complexe ; (ii) la recombinaison non radiative activée thermiquement supprime le signal de photoluminescence excitonique à température ambiante ; (iii) la propagation excitonique coexiste avec une propagation photonique le long du plan du puit quantique, ce qui complique l'analyse ; (iv) il existe un fort champ électrique le long de l'axe de croissance, et aussi desuctuations dans l'épaisseur du puits quantique, ce qui crée un fort élargissement inhomogène de l'émission excitonique. Nous avons abordé toutes ces questions et nous démontrons dans ce travail que les excitons se propagent effectivement dans le plan du puits quantique. Nous arrivons à cette conclusion en combinant des expériences de micro-photoluminescence en régime continu avec des mesures de spectroscopie résolues en temps, et en comparant nos données expérimentales avec divers modèles numériques basés sur les équations dedérive et de diffusion. Dans du matériau de qualité, des puits GaN/(Al,Ga)N obtenus sur substrats GaN, nous avons observé une propagation à temprature ambiante sur plus de 10 µm, et sur plus de 20 µm à 4 K. Nos résultats suggérent que la propagation des excitons sous excitation à onde continue est facilitée par l'écrantage du désordre par les excitons. Néanmoins, la propagation excitonique est encore limitée par la diffusion des excitons sur les défautsiii plutôt que par la diffusion exciton-exciton. Ainsi, l'amélioration de la qualité des interfaces du puits quantique pourrait encore permettre une propagation excitonique sur de plus grandes distances<br>This thesis is devoted to experimental study of excitons in polar quantum wells(QWs) based on wide band-gap semiconductors. Due to wurtzite crystal structureof these materials, electron and hole are separated in the QW growth axis, sothat excitons can be considered as indirect excitons (IX), a family of long-living bosonic quasi-particles with dipole moment oriented along the QW growth axis. IX are considered as a model system for studies of collective states in quantum gases of bosons, and are also promising for the development of excitonic circuit devices. Long lifetimes and dipole repulsion allow IXs to travel over large distances before recombination providing the opportunity to study exciton transport by optical imaging. In this thesis we address IX transport in a set of GaN/(Al,Ga)N and ZnO/(Mg,Zn)O QWs. This choice of IX is motivated by high binding energy, and potential stability up to room temperature, but present a number of experimental challenges, including (i) dramatic dependence of the exciton radiative lifetime on the exciton density that makes exciton density measurement very complex, (ii) thermally activated nonradiative recombination that quenches exciton PL at room temperature,(iii) coexistence of photon propagation with exciton propagation along the QW plane, and strong inhomogeneous broadening of the exciton emission due to strong built-in electric field and the presence of both monolayeructuations of the QW thickness and the fluctuations of alloy composition in the barriers. We have addressed all these issues and demonstrated exciton propagation by combining continuous wave µ-photoluminescence and time-resolved spectroscopy measurements, supplemented by modelling of the exciton transport within drift-diffusion formalism. In the best quality GaN/(Al,Ga)N QWs grown on free-standing GaN substrates we achieved room-temperature propagation over ~10 µm and up to 20 µm at 4 K. Our results suggest that propagation of excitons under continuous-wave excitation is assisted by effcient screening of the in-plane disorder. Nevertheless, exciton propagation is still limited by the exciton scattering on defects rather than by exciton-exciton scatteringso that improving interface quality can boost exciton transport further
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Falk, Johan. "Direct and Indirect Real Estate in a Mixed-asset Portfolio : Is direct or indirect preferable." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102185.
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Studies carried out during the 2000’s have shown that securitized real estate has outperformed the direct real estate market with as much as up to 500 basis points on an annual basis during the 80’s and 90’s. Allocation to real estate among institutional investors has at the same time been at around 5%. Research conducted in the area during this period has suggested an allocation to real estate around 10% - 20% in a mixed-asset portfolio, depending on the specifics of the real estate. Securitized and direct real estate come with different benefits and different problems, such as a better inflation hedge and asset-liability frameworks but worse information transparency for direct real estate, but a higher liquidity, return (including volatility) and information transparency for securitized real estate market. This research shows that during the period 2000-2010 securitized real estate still outperforms direct real estate. The spread during the period is as much as 762 basis points per annum. The highest risk-adjusted return is given to the investor who invests between 21% - 30% depending on the specifics of the real estate. However, noticeable is that risk factors such as illiquidity, lower transparency and geographical could eventually give another perspective on the outcome of the risk-adjusted return.
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Kube, Jens. "Indirect imaging of cataclysmic variable stars." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2002/kube/kube.pdf.
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Young, James Scott. "Indirect measurement of the electrocaloric effect." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/242179.
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In August 2011 at the International Symposium on Integrated Functionalities in Cambridge, a whole session was devoted to the electrocaloric effect, which is undergoing a modest renaissance. Surprisingly, the various reports showed that the indirect method of measuring cooling (described in the following sections) did not usually agree with the direct method (actually measuring temperature change with a thermometer). However, there was no obvious systematic error: sometimes the indirect temperature change was larger and sometimes smaller. The discrepancies were beyond the experimental errors. The majority of the present thesis is dedicated to careful reexamination of some of the assumptions made in the indirect method, both during measurement and in the subsequent data analysis that leads to inferred temperature changes. Experimentally, I conclude that the most serious systematic error is likely to be the unwarranted assumption that polarization and field measurements, recorded in hysteresis loops that are traced within a millisecond or less, are all taken at the same temperature. In reality, the experience of the material during such loops is neither isothermal nor adiabatic. Other systematic errors relate to data analyses and are discussed in detail. In some ways, therefore, this thesis has a negative flavour. But it is not designed to criticise prior work. Rather, it is intended to discriminate between reliable experimental procedures and those less convincing. This is a line of research with important technology transfer possibilities, and hence the numerical values of electric cooling must be unusually reliable if we are to avoid unwise capital investment as a country.
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Stroinska, Maria Magdalena. "Indirect reference in German mathematical discourse." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24351.
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Orsvärn, Lukas. "Automatic spotlight distribution for indirect illumination." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för kreativa teknologier, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-3729.
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Context. Indirect illumination – the light contribution from bounce light in an environment – is an important effect when creating realistic images. Historically it has been approximated very poorly by applying a constant ambient term. This approximation is unacceptable if the goal is to create realistic results as bouncing light contributes a lot of light in the real world. Objectives. This thesis proposes a technique to use a reflective shadow map to place and configure spotlights in an environment to approximate global illumination. Methods. The proposed spotlight distribution technique is implemented in a delimited real time graphics engine, and the results are compared to a naive spotlight distribution method. Results. The image resulting from the proposed technique has a lower quality than the comparison in our test scene. Conclusions. The technique could be used in its current state for applications where the view can be controlled by the developer such as in 3D side scrolling games or as a tool to generate editable indirect illumination. Further research needs to be conducted to make it more broadly viable.<br>Indirekt illuminering är en viktigt effekt om en försöker skapa realistiska bilder. Den här uppsatsen föreslår en teknik där en reflektiv skuggkarta används för att placera och konfigurera strålkastare för att approximera indirekt illuminering. Tekniken kan användas i till exempel sidscrollande 3D spel eller för att skapa ett verktyg som kan användas för att skapa redigerbar indirekt illuminering. Vidare forskning krävs för att göra tekniken rimlig för flera användningsområden.
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Howell, Catherine Johnson. "Tolerance limits based on indirect measurements." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24862.
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Rott, Anja Sibylle. "Indirect interactions in host-parasitoid communities." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243731.
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Hoke, Carson S., William M. Grieshaber, Bradley M. Carr, and Edward M. Lopacienski. "Influence operations : redefining the indirect approach." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5611.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.<br>Across today's spectrum of contemporary warfare, the human terrain is routinely recognized as the center of gravity, but disconnects exists between how states or power holders seek to influence target audiences and how insurgents, terrorist groups, and similar nonstate actors fight to seize the population's cognitive terrain. Insurgents and nonstate actor threats increasingly seek the influence advantage through grassroots processes to subvert populations and establish asymmetric advantages against the United States and other state actors. U.S. policy recognizes the need to influence the behavior, perceptions, and attitudes of foreign audiences through an indirect approach, but its influence methods, in reality, remain tied to Cold War constructs unable to generate the desired effects needed for current/future threats. This thesis examines case studies of insurgent and nonstate actor influence operations to analyze their effects on the perceptions and attitudes of various disparate audiences at a grassroots level. The analysis then identifies methodology, vulnerabilities, and opportunities to engage these asymmetric threats within their own influence safe havens.
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Peters, Karsten, Philip Stier, Johannes Quaas, and Hartmut Graßl. "Aerosol indirect effects from shipping emissions." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-177632.
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In this study, we employ the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM-HAM to globally assess aerosol indirect effects (AIEs) resulting from shipping emissions of aerosols and aerosol precursor gases. We implement shipping emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2), black carbon (BC) and particulate organic matter (POM) for the year 2000 into the model and quantify the model’s sensitivity towards uncertainties associated with the emission parameterisation as well as with
the shipping emissions themselves. Sensitivity experiments
are designed to investigate (i) the uncertainty in the size distribution
of emitted particles, (ii) the uncertainty associated with the total amount of emissions, and (iii) the impact of reducing carbonaceous emissions from ships. We use the results from one sensitivity experiment for a detailed discussion of shipping-induced changes in the global aerosol system as well as the resulting impact on cloud properties. From all sensitivity experiments, we find AIEs from
shipping emissions to range from −0.32±0.01Wm−2 to −0.07±0.01Wm−2 (global mean value and inter-annual variability as a standard deviation). The magnitude of the AIEs depends much more on the assumed emission size distribution and subsequent aerosol microphysical interactions than on the magnitude of the emissions themselves. It is important to note that although the strongest estimate of AIEs from shipping emissions in this study is relatively large, still much larger estimates have been reported in the literature before on the basis of modelling studies. We find that omitting
just carbonaceous particle emissions from ships favours new particle formation in the boundary layer. These newly formed particles contribute just about as much to the CCN budget as the carbonaceous particles would, leaving the globally averaged AIEs nearly unaltered compared to a simulation including carbonaceous particle emissions from ships.
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Chudek, Matthew. "Negative indirect reciprocity : theory and evidence." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44851.
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Explanations of humans' evolutionary origins that invoke the ratchet of cumulative cultural learning must confront the `cooperative dilemma of culture'. Adaptive cultural knowledge is a widely shared but easily degraded public goodle knowledge and to deceive and manipulate each other. How did our ancestors avoid the temptation to hoard valuab, before the advent of complex social institutions? I present one possible solution: negative indirect reciprocity (NIR). I use a series of mathematical models to reason about how our ancient ancestors' dispositions to gainfully exploit one another could have supported more complex forms of cooperation, providing a foundation for our rapidly evolving corpus of shared cultural know-how. Together these models show how reputation-based, opportunistic exploitation can play a pivotal role in sustaining cooperation in small scale societies, even before the advent of complex institutions.
I also present two empirical tests of the assumptions made by these models. First, I measure contemporary reputational judgements in circumstances that the models predict are relevant. In the process I also map my participants' judgements to the full set of first and second-order reputation assessment rules described by indirect reciprocity theory. Second, I test whether a recently observed peculiarity of people's moral reasoning---our tendency to ascribe blame to those who profit from others suffering because of mere good fortune---is consistent with the constraints assumed by NIR. The results of both empirical studies support the assumptions made by NIR.
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Verbancsics, Phillip. "Effective task transfer through indirect encoding." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4716.
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An important goal for machine learning is to transfer knowledge between tasks. For example, learning to play RoboCup Keepaway should contribute to learning the full game of RoboCup soccer. Often approaches to task transfer focus on transforming the original representation to fit the new task. Such representational transformations are necessary because the target task often requires new state information that was not included in the original representation. In RoboCup Keepaway, changing from the 3 vs. 2 variant of the task to 4 vs. 3 adds state information for each of the new players. In contrast, this dissertation explores the idea that transfer is most effective if the representation is designed to be the same even across different tasks. To this end, (1) the bird's eye view (BEV) representation is introduced, which can represent different tasks on the same two-dimensional map. Because the BEV represents state information associated with positions instead of objects, it can be scaled to more objects without manipulation. In this way, both the 3 vs. 2 and 4 vs. 3 Keepaway tasks can be represented on the same BEV, which is (2) demonstrated in this dissertation.Yet a challenge for such representation is that a raw two-dimensional map is high-dimensional and unstructured. This dissertation demonstrates how this problem is addressed naturally by the Hypercube-based NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies (HyperNEAT) approach. HyperNEAT evolves an indirect encoding, which compresses the representation by exploiting its geometry. The dissertation then explores further exploiting the power of such encoding, beginning by (3) enhancing the configuration of the BEV with a focus on modularity. The need for further nonlinearity is then (4) investigated through the addition of hidden nodes. Furthermore, (5) the size of the BEV can be manipulated because it is indirectly encoded.; Thus the resolution of the BEV, which is dictated by its size, is increased in precision and culminates in a HyperNEAT extension that is expressed at effectively infinite resolution. Additionally, scaling to higher resolutions through gradually increasing the size of the BEV is explored. Finally, (6) the ambitious problem of scaling from the Keepaway task to the Half-field Offense task is investigated with the BEV. Overall, this dissertation demonstrates that advanced representations in conjunction with indirect encoding can contribute to scaling learning techniques to more challenging tasks, such as the Half-field Offense RoboCup soccer domain.<br>ID: 030646258; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 144-152).<br>Ph.D.<br>Doctorate<br>Computer Science<br>Engineering and Computer Science<br>Computer Science
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Zappi, Guillermo Daniel. "Indirect electrochemical oxidations in organic chemistry." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252698.
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Godard, Clément. "Indirect 3D reconstruction through appearance prediction." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10057490/.
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As humans, we easily perceive shape and depth, which helps us navigate our environment and interact with objects around us. Automating these abilities for computers is critical for many applications such as self-driving cars, augmented reality or architectural surveying. While active 3D reconstruction methods, such as laser scanning or structured light can produce very accurate results, they are typically expensive and their use cases can be limited. In contrast, passive methods that make use of only easily captured photographs, are typically less accurate as mapping from 2D images to 3D is an under-constrained problem. In this thesis we will focus on passive reconstruction techniques. We explore ways to get 3D shape from images in two challenging situations: 1) where a collection of images features a highly specular surface whose appearance changes drastically between the images, and 2) where only one input image is available. For both cases, we pose the reconstruction task as an indirect problem. In the first situation, the rapid change in appearance of highly specular objects makes it infeasible to directly establish correspondences between images. Instead, we develop an indirect approach using a panoramic image of the environment to simulate reflections, and recover the surface which best predicts the appearance of the object. In the second situation, the ambiguity inherent in single-view reconstruction is typically solved with machine learning, but acquiring depth data for training is both difficult and expensive. We present an indirect approach, where we train a neural network to regress depth by performing the proxy task of predicting the appearance of the image when the viewpoint changes. We prove that highly specular objects can be accurately reconstructed in uncontrolled environments, producing results that are 30% more accurate compared to the initialisation surface. For single frame depth estimation, our approach improves object boundaries in the reconstructions and significantly outperforms all previously published methods. In both situations, the proposed methods shrink the accuracy gap between camera-based reconstruction versus what is achievable through active sensors.
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Artyushkina, Olga. "Le discours indirect libre en russe." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040009/document.
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Le discours indirect libre (DIL) en russe contemporain est envisagé dans le double rapport qu’il entretient avec, d’une part, d’autres formes du discours rapporté et, d’autre part, les formes de représentation des pensées dans le texte narratif appelées ici « à effet de DIL ». L’étude établit une gradation du DIL, qui s’étend de la forme subordonnée jusqu’à la forme non subordonnée qui fusionnant avec le récit. Divers marqueurs sémantico-syntaxiques sont étudiés et comparés avec l’expression du DIL en français. Un panorama large du DIL subordonné est esquissé, qui met en évidence la nécessité du concept de continuum dans le système du discours rapporté. Pour identifier le DIL, nous proposons d’examiner si les paroles peuvent vraisemblablement faire l’objet d’une verbalisation et si celle-ci peut se présenter sous cette forme dans l’énoncé d’origine. Pour le DIL non subordonné, les marqueurs expressifs sont étudiés en comparaison avec les formes « à effet de DIL », avec lesquelles il est souvent confondu. La position centrale de la thèse consiste à dire que, dans le DIL, il existe toujours une trace de la présence du narrateur : si cette présence ne se trouve pas dans le choix des termes de l’énoncé rapporté, elle se signale dans la disposition de cet énoncé au sein du récit, par le jeu des énoncés primaires et/ou des connecteurs qui peuvent jouer un rôle définitoire dans la stratégie narrative du récit<br>Free indirect speech (FID) in Russian is compared, on the one hand, with other forms of reported speech and, on the other hand, with the representation of reported thought in narration. The dissertation draws up a gradation of FID. FID can be represented by subordinate and non-subordinate forms that can be integrated in the narration. Different semantic and syntactic markers in Russian are studied and compared with the markers in French. An outline of subordinate FID shows the necessity of the concept of continuum in the system of reported speech.The enunciation-centered description of FID is proposed : it is necessary to test if the utterance representing the reported speech or thought can be verbalised. If so, the test of transposition into the direct speech is implemented in order to discover whether or not this reported speech would be actually pronounced in the way it is reported. In the section which deals with non-subordinated FID, the expressive markers are studied and compared with other forms called « FID-effect forms », which are often confused with FID. The main point of the dissertation is about showing that FID always contains a trace of the narrator which can be seen in the choice of a term in the utterance, or by the disposition of the FID-utterance in the structure of the text. This trace can also be designated by the utterance clauses and (or) by the connectors that can have an important function in the narrative strategy of the text
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Penner, Joyce E., Johannes Quaas, Trude Storelvmo, et al. "Model intercomparison of indirect aerosol effects." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-186265.
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Modeled differences in predicted effects are increasingly used to help quantify the uncertainty of these effects. Here, we examine modeled differences in the aerosol indirect effect in a series of experiments that help to quantify how and why model-predicted aerosol indirect forcing
varies between models. The experiments start with an experiment
in which aerosol concentrations, the parameterization of droplet concentrations and the autoconversion scheme are all specified and end with an experiment that examines the predicted aerosol indirect forcing when only aerosol sources are specified. Although there are large differences in the predicted liquid water path among the models, the predicted aerosol first indirect effect for the first experiment is rather
similar, about −0.6Wm−2 to −0.7Wm−2. Changes to the autoconversion scheme can lead to large changes in the liquid water path of the models and to the response of the liquid water path to changes in aerosols. Adding an autoconversion scheme that depends on the droplet concentration caused a larger (negative) change in net outgoing shortwave radiation compared to the 1st indirect effect, and the increase varied from only 22% to more than a factor of three. The change
in net shortwave forcing in the models due to varying the autoconversion
scheme depends on the liquid water content of the clouds as well as their predicted droplet concentrations, and both increases and decreases in the net shortwave forcing can occur when autoconversion schemes are changed. The parameterization of cloud fraction within models is not
sensitive to the aerosol concentration, and, therefore, the response
of the modeled cloud fraction within the present models appears to be smaller than that which would be associated with model “noise”. The prediction of aerosol concentrations, given a fixed set of sources, leads to some of the largest differences in the predicted aerosol indirect radiative forcing among the models, with values of cloud forcing ranging from
−0.3Wm−2 to −1.4Wm−2. Thus, this aspect of modeling requires significant improvement in order to improve the prediction of aerosol indirect effects.
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Oswald, Elbrecht. "Indirect measurement of reactor fuel temperature." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4145.
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Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Regulators and designers of nuclear reactors regard knowledge of the pebble fuel
temperature as important, due to the role that it plays in maintaining structural
integrity and the production of neutrons. By using special fuel assemblies fitted
with measuring equipment it is possible to measure the fuel temperature in
stationary fuel reactors. This, however, is not possible in the pebble bed modular
reactor due to its dynamic core. Designers of the pebble bed modular reactor
have reserved special inspection channel borings inside the center reflector for
fuel temperature measurement. By means of optical fibers and interferometry,
the temperature can be measured inside such a channel. Currently the only way
to control the fuel surface and core temperature is by measuring the gas inlet
and outlet temperatures.
This thesis attempts to determine the pebble temperature by measuring the
temperature in a reflector channel. This is done by constructing an electrically
heated pebble bed experimental setup simulating a cutout section of a pebble
bed modular reactor core. An additional computational fluid dynamics simulation
of the experimental setup was also performed. This thesis also attempts to
determine if there is a measureable temperature peak that can indicate where a
pebble was in contact with the reflector surface. This could then be used in
future studies to determine the pebble fuel velocity as it moves down the reactor
core.
The computational fluid dynamics results were validated by experimental
measurements. In the computational fluid dynamics model and experimental
setup, it was found that there was indeed a measureable temperature difference
on the temperature gradient along the reflector wall. The heat being conducted
away from the pebble through the contact area can explain this. These
differences were only observed when the channel was moved closer to the pebbles and it is therefore advised that some redesigning of the channel should
be done if the in-core temperature is to be accurately interpreted by the
designers at PBMR (Pty) Ltd.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Reguleerders en ontwerpers van kern reaktore beskou die kennis van die korrel
brandstof temperatuur as belangrik. Dit is weens die rol wat die brandstof
temperatuur speel met die behoud van strukturele integriteit en die produksie
van neutrone binne-in die reaktor. Met behulp van spesiale brandstof montasies
toegerus met die meetings instrumentasie, is dit moontlik om die brandstof
temperatuur in stilstaande brandstof reaktore te meet. Dit is egter nie moontlik
in die korrel bed modulêre reaktor nie, as gevolg van sy dinamiese kern.
Ontwerpers van die korrel bed modulêre reaktor het spesiale kanale in die
binnekant van die middel reflektor vir brandstof temperatuur meeting
gereseveer. Deur middel van optiese vesel en interferometrie, kan die
temperatuur binne so 'n kanaal gemeet word. Tans is die enigste manier om die
brandstof-oppervlak temperatuur te berekern, net moontlik deur gebruik te
maak van die gemete gas inlaat-en uitlaat temperature van die reaktor.
Hierdie tesis poog om vas te stel of die korrel brandstof temperatuur deur die
meet van die oppervlak temperatuur in 'n reflektor-kanaal bepaal kan word. Dit
word gedoen deur 'n elektriese verhitte korrel bed eksperimentele opstelling te
bou wat 'n gedeelte van 'n korrel bed modulêre reaktor simuleer. 'n Bykomende
numeriese simulasie van die eksperimentele opstelling was ook uitgevoer.
Hierdie werk het ook probeer om vas te stel of daar 'n meetbare temperatuur
piek op die temperatuur profiel aandui kan word waar 'n korrel in kontak is met
die reflektor se oppervlak. Dit kan dan in toekomstige studies gebruik word om
te bepaal wat die korrel brandstof spoed was soos dit in die reaktor beweeg.
Die numerise simulasie uitslae was deur eksperimentele metings bevestig. In die
numerise simulasie model en die eksperimentele opstelling, is daar gevind dat
daar inderdaad 'n meetbare temperatuur verskil op die temperatuurgradiënt
teen die reflektor oppervlak is. Dit kan verduidelik word as gevolg van die hitte wat weg van die korrel gelei word deur middel van die kontak area. Hierdie
verskille was slegs waargeneem wanneer die kanaal nader aan die korrels geskuif
is en dit word as n aanbeveling aan PBMR (Pty) Ltd gemaak om sommige
herontwerpe aan die kanaal te doen indien die in-kerntemperatuur gemeet wil
word en akkuraat geinterpreteer wil word.
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Berger, Ulrich. "Learning to cooperate via indirect reciprocity." Elsevier, 2010. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3273/1/indirec_GEB_revised.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Cooperating in the Prisoner's Dilemma is irrational and some supporting mechanism is needed to stabilize cooperation. Indirect reciprocity based on reputation is
one such mechanism. Assessing an individual's reputation requires first-order information,
i.e. knowledge about its previous behavior, as it is utilized under image
scoring. But there seems to be an agreement that in order to successfully stabilize
cooperation, higher-order information is necessary, i.e. knowledge of others' previous
reputations. We show here that such a conclusion might have been premature.
Tolerant scoring, a first-order assessment rule with built-in tolerance against single
defections, can lead a society to stable cooperation. (author's abstract)
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Penner, Joyce E., Johannes Quaas, Trude Storelvmo, et al. "Model intercomparison of indirect aerosol effects." Atmospheric chemistry and physics (2006) 6, S. 3391-3405, 2006. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13845.
Full textAbstract:
Modeled differences in predicted effects are increasingly used to help quantify the uncertainty of these effects. Here, we examine modeled differences in the aerosol indirect effect in a series of experiments that help to quantify how and why model-predicted aerosol indirect forcing
varies between models. The experiments start with an experiment
in which aerosol concentrations, the parameterization of droplet concentrations and the autoconversion scheme are all specified and end with an experiment that examines the predicted aerosol indirect forcing when only aerosol sources are specified. Although there are large differences in the predicted liquid water path among the models, the predicted aerosol first indirect effect for the first experiment is rather
similar, about −0.6Wm−2 to −0.7Wm−2. Changes to the autoconversion scheme can lead to large changes in the liquid water path of the models and to the response of the liquid water path to changes in aerosols. Adding an autoconversion scheme that depends on the droplet concentration caused a larger (negative) change in net outgoing shortwave radiation compared to the 1st indirect effect, and the increase varied from only 22% to more than a factor of three. The change
in net shortwave forcing in the models due to varying the autoconversion
scheme depends on the liquid water content of the clouds as well as their predicted droplet concentrations, and both increases and decreases in the net shortwave forcing can occur when autoconversion schemes are changed. The parameterization of cloud fraction within models is not
sensitive to the aerosol concentration, and, therefore, the response
of the modeled cloud fraction within the present models appears to be smaller than that which would be associated with model “noise”. The prediction of aerosol concentrations, given a fixed set of sources, leads to some of the largest differences in the predicted aerosol indirect radiative forcing among the models, with values of cloud forcing ranging from
−0.3Wm−2 to −1.4Wm−2. Thus, this aspect of modeling requires significant improvement in order to improve the prediction of aerosol indirect effects.
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Kim, Jae Seung. "Complex modulus from indirect tension testing." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2002. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE1000133.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.E.)--University of Florida, 2002.<br>Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 96 p.; also contains graphics. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Ruzza, Alice. "Indirect Expropriation in International Investment Law." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368249.
Full textAbstract:
Regulating indirect expropriation in international investment law is a challenging task for investment tribunals. No universally agreed definition of the concept exists and international investment treaties (IITs) provide a defective legal framework––paralleled to that of expropriation tout court––to govern the issue. This work contributes to the discourse on indirect expropriation in international investment law by elaborating upon existing literature and scholarship and by examining judicial and arbitral decisions. It suggests an alternative interpretative framework useful to the analysis and decision of international expropriatory cases. To this end, the research adopts an inductive methodology. In light of the decisions of several international fora, the study examines the concept of property (Chapter IV), the concept of taking (Chapter V), the lawfulness or unlawfulness of expropriation (Chapter VI) and the concept of public purpose (Chapter VII) which are deemed as the constitutive elements of the customary international law definition of expropriation to which the concept of indirect expropriation is paralleled in international treaty-law (and practice).
The study begins with the analysis of the German and the American domestic experiences on takings in view of the influence that such constitutional and administrative systems have exerted on the development of international criteria and standards for deciding ‘international taking issues’. It is here argued that a comparative approach to indirect takings issues may shed light on current interpretative obstacles faced by arbitral tribunals, chief of which is the lack of an international consensus about the function of property at the international level.
A reconceptualization of indirect expropriation as unlawful de facto expropriation is advocated as a prospect for future developments. The adjective indirect is deemed superfluous and it is claimed that non-expropriatory interferences with property rights are to be sanctioned by means of other substantive standards of protection. Such reconceptualization aims at removing trivial categories and misleading labels thus far employed to describe indirectly expropriatory measures and suggests to focus on the actual variables at stake––compensable expropriation vis-à -vis non-compensable regulation by the host State. In addition, a degree of deference to host States is also advised for, to the extent that provisions in IITs are stipulated in a more specific manner that duly defines legitimate regulatory purposes and takes into account the consequences of a State’s unlawful conducts. This would reduce adjudicators’ discretion in the exercise of their interpretative powers.
This study cannot and aims not at answering the question concerning where to draw a dividing line between regulation and compensable (indirect) expropriation. This is deemed to remain a case-by-case decision of investment tribunals. Rather, by drawing from both international and national models, the proposed interpretative framework would reconcile or guide arbitral approaches to takings issues towards the development of an intelligible legal methodology.
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Ruzza, Alice. "Indirect Expropriation in International Investment Law." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2013. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/933/1/ARuzza_Indirect_Expropriation.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Regulating indirect expropriation in international investment law is a challenging task for investment tribunals. No universally agreed definition of the concept exists and international investment treaties (IITs) provide a defective legal framework––paralleled to that of expropriation tout court––to govern the issue. This work contributes to the discourse on indirect expropriation in international investment law by elaborating upon existing literature and scholarship and by examining judicial and arbitral decisions. It suggests an alternative interpretative framework useful to the analysis and decision of international expropriatory cases. To this end, the research adopts an inductive methodology. In light of the decisions of several international fora, the study examines the concept of property (Chapter IV), the concept of taking (Chapter V), the lawfulness or unlawfulness of expropriation (Chapter VI) and the concept of public purpose (Chapter VII) which are deemed as the constitutive elements of the customary international law definition of expropriation to which the concept of indirect expropriation is paralleled in international treaty-law (and practice).
The study begins with the analysis of the German and the American domestic experiences on takings in view of the influence that such constitutional and administrative systems have exerted on the development of international criteria and standards for deciding ‘international taking issues’. It is here argued that a comparative approach to indirect takings issues may shed light on current interpretative obstacles faced by arbitral tribunals, chief of which is the lack of an international consensus about the function of property at the international level.
A reconceptualization of indirect expropriation as unlawful de facto expropriation is advocated as a prospect for future developments. The adjective indirect is deemed superfluous and it is claimed that non-expropriatory interferences with property rights are to be sanctioned by means of other substantive standards of protection. Such reconceptualization aims at removing trivial categories and misleading labels thus far employed to describe indirectly expropriatory measures and suggests to focus on the actual variables at stake––compensable expropriation vis-à-vis non-compensable regulation by the host State. In addition, a degree of deference to host States is also advised for, to the extent that provisions in IITs are stipulated in a more specific manner that duly defines legitimate regulatory purposes and takes into account the consequences of a State’s unlawful conducts. This would reduce adjudicators’ discretion in the exercise of their interpretative powers.
This study cannot and aims not at answering the question concerning where to draw a dividing line between regulation and compensable (indirect) expropriation. This is deemed to remain a case-by-case decision of investment tribunals. Rather, by drawing from both international and national models, the proposed interpretative framework would reconcile or guide arbitral approaches to takings issues towards the development of an intelligible legal methodology.
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ESTEBAN, CABALA DOMINGO FRANCISCO. "Indirect Methods for Robot Skill Learning." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/951464.
Full textAbstract:
Robot learning algorithms are appealing alternatives for acquiring rational robotic behaviors from data collected during the execution of tasks. Furthermore, most robot learning techniques are stated as isolated stages and focused on directly obtaining rational policies as a result of optimizing only performance measures of single tasks. However, formulating robotic skill acquisition processes in such a way have some disadvantages. For example, if the same skill has to be learned by different robots, independent learning processes should be carried out for acquiring exclusive policies for each robot. Similarly, if a robot has to learn diverse skills, the robot should acquire the policy for each task in separate learning processes, in a sequential order and commonly starting from scratch. In the same way, formulating the learning process in terms of only the performance measure, makes robots to unintentionally avoid situations that should not be repeated, but without any mechanism that captures the necessity of not repeating those wrong behaviors. In contrast, humans and other animals exploit their experience not only for improving the performance of the task they are currently executing, but for constructing indirectly multiple models to help them with that particular task and to generalize to new problems. Accordingly, the models and algorithms proposed in this thesis seek to be more data efficient and extract more information from the interaction data that is collected either from expert’s demonstrations or the robot’s own experience. The first approach encodes robotic skills with shared latent variable models, obtaining latent representations that can be transferred from one robot to others, therefore avoiding to learn the same task from scratch. The second approach learns complex rational policies by representing them as hierarchical models that can perform multiple concurrent tasks, and whose components are learned in the same learning process, instead of separate processes. Finally, the third approach uses the interaction data for learning two alternative and antagonistic policies that capture what to and not to do, and which influence the learning process in addition to the performance measure defined for the task.
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Chevalier, François. "Le sénateur français, 1875-1995 : essai sur le recrutement et la représentativité des membres de la seconde chambre /." Paris : LGDJ, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb369702075.
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Palacio, Navarro Joaquim. "Indirect dark matter searches: MAGIC & CTA." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/462764.
Full textAbstract:
Després de dècades d'observacions, és evident que les partíicules del model estàndard són insuficients per explicar el fort desequilibri gravitacional observat a diverses regions astronòmiques,
de diferents escales cosmològiques, des de satèl·lits de la Via Làctia fins a cúmuls de galàxies.
Si bé és veritat que algunes teories suggereixen a una modificació de les lleis gravitacionals actuals, l'existència d'una partícula (o un grup de partícules) nova, interaccionant de forma feble amb les partícules del model estàndard està considerada com l'opció més viable. Estimacions recents prediuen que aquest tipus de matèria fosca és 4 vegades més present que la matèria del model estàndard, modelant així la formació de les grans estructures de l'univers al llarg de la vida d'aquest.
Un escenari general de la matèria fosca és el dels WIMPs, partícules genèriques massives, amb masses entre pocs GeVs i alguns TeV, interaccions de l'ordre de les interaccions dèbils del model estàndard, i o bé estables o amb temps de vida mitjana prou llargs. L'escenari WIMP ha estat llargament debatut, i té l'avantatja d'estar a l'abast dels instruments més potents construïts a la terra, proporcionant així possibles deteccions independents que podria validar el descobriment.
En particular em centro en cerques indirectes de matèria fosca, on s'espera que WIMPs anihilats o decaient emetin rajos gamma amb energies detectables per telescopis IACT, com per exemple els telescopis MAGIC, actualment operant des de La Palma o la futura xarxa de telescopis CTA.
El senyal esperat de rajos gamma d'aquesta matèria fosca pot ser moderadament extensa, comparada amb el camp de visió dels IACTs, cosa que afegeix certa complexitat a les cerques de matèria fosca realitzades per a aquests telescopis.
En aquesta tesi, he contribuït a l'esforç realitzat per MAGIC en cerques indirectes de matèria fosca a diferents nivells d'analisis. He desenvolupat una eina per gestionar volums massius de dades que són típicament generats per MAGIC, però també per tota la comunitat experimental de física d'altes energies. També he desenvolupat un MonteCarlo per a fonts extenses que s'ajusta a l'emissió esperada de la font, obtenint així les funcions correctes de resposta de l'instrument. Finalment, un mètode per a optimitzar la configuració d'apuntat durant les observacions de fonts moderadament extenses amb IACTs ha estat proposat. El mètode té en compte la resposta finita dels IACTs al llarg de tot el camp de visió per a proporcionar la distància òptima a la qual el telescopi ha d'apuntar a la font, així com, quina seria la regió d'integració més adient. Apliquem aquest mètode per primera vegada a cerques de matèria fosca en galàxies satèl·lits de la Via Làctia. També exposo la meva contribució al telescopi més gran que operarà a CTA, el LST, que dominarà la sensibilitat de cerques de WIMPs estàndard.
Límits a la secció eficaç i/o temps de vida mitjana són imposats mitjançant 60 hores d'observació de la galàxia Triangulum-II i 202 hores del cúmul de galàxies de Perseus. En ambdues cerques, fem ús del mètode de màxima versemblança, optimitzat per a la morfologia espacial i energètica del senyal esperat de rajos gamma. Obtenim sensibilitats a la secció eficaç de 3·10^{-26}~\cm^{3}\s^{-1} i
temps de vida mitjana de 0.3·10^{25}~\s, essent aquests els resultats més restrictius obtinguts amb MAGIC en cerques de WIMPs.<br>Decades of observational evidences have been accumulated to show that Standard Model (SM)
particles cannot totally explain the strong gravitational unbalance observed in several
astronomical regions, at all cosmological scales, from that of Milky Way (MW) satellite galaxies,
to that of Cluster of Galaxies (CGs). Although some theories argue for the modification of the gravitational laws, the existence of a new massive particle (or a set of them), interacting only weakly with SM particles, provides a preferred explanation. It is estimated that this form of Dark Matter (DM) roughly accounts for 4 times the amount of SM matter, therefore shaping the evolution of cosmic structures along the history of the Universe. A well-motivated general framework for DM is that of a Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP), generic massive particles with a mass range expected between few GeVs and few hundreds TeV, interaction strengths at the weak scale, and either stable or very long lived. The WIMP paradigm has been long debated, and has the advantage of being at reach by different of the top-class instruments of the current times, so that a putative discovery could be validated independently.
We focus on the indirect search of DM, where annihilating or decaying WIMPs are expected to emit gamma rays at energies detectable by Imaginc Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs),
as the currently operating MAGIC telescopes or the future Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA).
The expected DM signal can be moderate extended when compared to IACTs Field of View (FoV),
what challenges the performance of the \acrshort{dm} search of these instruments.
In this thesis, I contribute to the MAGIC ongoing efforts on indirect DM searches at different analysis levels. A tool for handling the massive data products generated by current high energy experiments is developed. More over, a tailored Monte Carlo (MC) for moderate extended sources is proposed as an upgrade of the current general MC for extended sources. Finally, a method to optimize the pointing strategy of IACTs while observing moderate extended sources taking
into account the off-axis performance of the instrument has also been developed and, implemented for the first time to indirect DM searches on highly DM dominated nearby dwarf Sphereoidal galaxies (dSphs). I also show my contribution to the largest telescope to be part of CTA, the Large Size Telescopes, that will dominate the CTA sensitivity for standard WIMP searches.
Constraints on the WIMP thermally averaged cross-section and/or decay life-time are put with 60~hours of data in the recently discovered dSph Triangulum-II and 202~hours on the Perseus CG.
On both searches, we apply a binned likelihood analysis optimized for the spectral and morphological features of gamma-ray signals of DM from annihilating or decaying WIMPs.
We reach sensitivities to the thermally averaged cross-section of 3·10^{-26}~\cm^{3}\s^{-1} and
decay life-times of 0.3·\times10^{25}~\s, being this the most constraining MAGIC results on WIMP searches.
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Dionysiou, Ioanna. "Dynamic and composable trust for indirect interactions." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2006/i%5Fdionysiou%5F072406.pdf.
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Tsang, Lai-kwan Candice. "Direct and indirect speech in Cantonese children." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36210055.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 1999.<br>"A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, May 14, 1999." Also available in print.
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Skålén, Fredrik. "Indirect Management Consulting : MBA thesis in marketing." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Business Administration and Economics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-226.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Indirect Management Consulting (IMC) is a new concept within organizational change management consulting. The basic principle is to make the client more active in the change effort compared to conventional management consulting where the consultant actively drives the change. With IMC, the client is provided with a tailored set of skills and methods that makes him able to lead a change project and to make sure that the new organization is sustained. The IMC-model is a combination of management consulting and e-learning, where the consultant has an indirect role in supporting the client.</p><p>This study has shown that the IMC-model increases the chance for successful change implementation by increasing knowledge and involvement of the managers in the client organization. A common problem with conventional consulting is that the new organization fails to persist some time after the change project has ended and when the consultants have left the organization. This is overcome by the IMC-model since it transfers necessary knowledge and tools to the client’s managers who then can drive the change as well as ensure sustainability long after the project itself is completed.</p><p>The IMC-model is more cost-efficient than conventional consulting since less involvement is required by the consultant and since the customization of the e-learning systems can be made efficient by modularization. The lower costs make it possible to compete with a lower overall price and the combination of high quality of the organizational change with low prices makes the IMC-model an attractive complement to conventional management consulting.</p><br><p>This study is a part of an evaluation of the potential of a new business concept within the field of management consulting. The study is written to give insight of the functionality of the concept as well as the market barriers that a new company can expect to encounter if it decides to start up a business based on the concept.</p><p>Indirect Management Consulting (IMC) is a new and unproven concept within change management consultancy and can in a simplified manner be described as a mix between e-learning and traditional management consultancy. The basic principle is that the client is given instructions and tools to be able to lead the change project by following a model similar to an e-learning program. The contents of the program are custom-built by a management consultant according to the needs of the change project. The consultant monitors the progress of the organizational change and adapts the model and gives feedback to the client as the project progresses. By following the IMC model, the client does the majority of the work while he does not require initial knowledge of change management since he is continuously provided with the information, tools and templates needed to analyze the organizational performance and implement the change successfully.</p><p>The functionality of the IMC concept was evaluated in two ways: First by comparing the contents of the IMC-model with existing change management theories in order to find out if the model covers the most critical aspects of the theories. Secondly, the market for the IMC model was analyzed mainly by using Porter’s five-force theory.</p><p>This study has shown that IMC can be an efficient method for implementing organizational change. Its efficiency comes from a number of sources, mainly related to the fact that the organization’s own managers have, compared to conventional management consulting, a high degree of involvement in the analysis of the organization and the implementation of the change. This in turn leads to better communication of the change plan and makes it easier to motivate employees to accept to the organizational change and make them feel a ‘sense of urgency’ for participating to successfully implement the project. The model was also found to make it easy for the manager to formulate a change strategy and to implement the change in a structured manner.</p><p>For the consulting company, IMC means that costs (and consequently prices) can be kept much lower than for conventional consultant services. One main reason is that the model does not have to be built from scratch for each client. The contents of the model are relatively easily adjusted to suit most types of organizational changes. A second reason for the lower cost is that time the consultant spends at the client’s offices is minimized or eliminated. This gives an advantage compared to conventional management consulting.</p><p>While the management consulting industry have relatively low entry barriers, that is however not equivalent that it is easy for a company to enter the market based on the IMC-model. A high quality of the services is crucial and, if that cannot be proven, the advantage of having a low price is diminished. It is therefore important for a new starter in this industry to have a portfolio of successfully implemented projects. For the IMC concept, this is problematic since the model is new and unproven. It can therefore be difficult to find the first clients and alternative entry strategies such as partnering or simply advocating a “non-profit” strategy for the first clients might be necessary.</p>