Journal articles: 'Indirect strategy'

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Clark, Joseph Roger. "Russia's Indirect Grand Strategy." Orbis 63, no. 2 (2019): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2019.02.002.

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Rothstein, Bo. "Fighting Systemic Corruption: The Indirect Strategy." Daedalus 147, no. 3 (July 2018): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00501.

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While attention to corruption and anticorruption policies has increased dramatically in research and in policy, the results of many anticorruption and so-called good-governance programs have so far been unimpressive. I argue that this lack of success can be explained by the reliance on a theoretical approach-namely, the “principal-agent theory”-that seriously misconstrues the basic nature of the corruption problem. In this essay, I contend that the theory of collective action is a more fruitful foundation for developing anticorruption policies. I suggest that policy measures based on a collective-action understanding of corruption will be much less direct-and ultimately more effective-than approaches derived from the principal-agent theory. Taking inspiration from military theorist Basil Liddell Hart's “indirect approach” strategy, I argue that decision-makers should focus on policies that change the basic social contract, instead of relying solely on measures that are intended to change incentives for corrupt actors.

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Carneiro Viana, Aline, Marcelo Dias de Amorim, Serge Fdida, and José Ferreira de Rezende. "An Underlay Strategy for Indirect Routing." Wireless Networks 10, no. 6 (November 2004): 747–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:wine.0000044033.02880.b7.

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Kalro, Arti D., Bharadhwaj Sivakumaran, and Rahul R. Marathe. "The ad format-strategy effect on comparative advertising effectiveness." European Journal of Marketing 51, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 99–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-11-2015-0764.

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Purpose Extant research on comparative advertising has focused only on “market leader” comparisons (a brand targeting the market leader), whereas in the marketplace, “multi-brand” comparisons are more prevalent (Kalro et al., 2010). Moreover, most research focuses on direct comparisons only. Hence, this research aims to investigate the interplay between comparison ad strategy (“market leader”/“multi-brand” comparisons) and comparison ad format (direct/indirect comparisons) on the effectiveness of comparative advertising. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses four 2 × 2 fully crossed factorial designs (comparison ad format: direct vs indirect and comparison ad strategy: market leader vs multi brand) with established and new brands in two categories: powdered detergents and smart phones. All studies were conducted in metropolitan cities of India. Findings By and large, the experiments indicated that direct (indirect) comparisons lowered (heightened) perceived manipulative intent and enhanced (reduced) attitude-toward-the-ad for multi-brand (market leader) comparisons. Practical implications Findings suggest that when advertisers use comparative advertising, they may use direct ads when using multi-brand comparisons and use indirect ones when using market leader comparisons. It could also be argued that when advertisers use multi-brand comparisons because of fragmentation in the marketplace, they may directly compare against these multiple brands. When advertisers need to compare against a market leader, they may do so indirectly. Originality/value This research is among the first to investigate multi-brand comparisons that are widely used in the industry and that too in the context of both direct and indirect comparison formats.

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Desker, Barry, and Kumar Ramakrishna. "Forging an indirect strategy in southeast Asia." Washington Quarterly 25, no. 2 (June 2002): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/01636600252820207.

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Di Cintio, Marco. "Knowledge and Export Modes: Which Export Strategy Boosts Firms Knowledge Acquisition?" Review of Economic Analysis 12, no. 4 (December 23, 2020): 461–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/rea.v12i4.1956.

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The aim of our research is to investigate whether the choice to export directly versus indirect export plays a role in the level of knowledge acquired by exporting firms. To the best of our knowledge, there is no empirical evidence in this stream of literature and our original contribution consists in considering the outcomes of learning-by-exporting in presence of export intermediaries. Thus, we study whether different export strategies may generate different unobservable productivity premia. In particular, we focused on 25 emerging Countries, and through a machine learning method, we evaluate how the level of knowledge acquired by firms would change if those who chose a specific strategy had instead chosen another one. Our results show that (1) the learning by exporting hypothesis is still valid when firms export indirectly; (2) direct exporters acquire more knowledge than indirect exporters; (3) under the same export strategy, Chinese exporters (direct and indirect) outperform other Asian exporters.

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Bhardwaj, Suvercha, Neetu Srivastava, Raki Sudan, and Bhaskar Saha. "LeishmaniaInterferes with Host Cell Signaling to Devise a Survival Strategy." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010 (2010): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/109189.

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The protozoan parasiteLeishmania spp.exists as extracellular promastigotes in its vector whereas it resides and replicates as amastigotes within the macrophages of its mammalian host. As a survival strategy,Leishmaniamodulates macrophage functions directly or indirectly. The direct interference includes prevention of oxidative burst and the effector functions that lead to its elimination. The indirect effects include the antigen presentation and modulation of T cell functions in such a way that the effector T cells help the parasite survive by macrophage deactivation. Most of these direct and indirect effects are regulated by host cell receptor signaling that occurs through cycles of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in cascades of kinases and phosphatases. This review highlights howLeishmaniaselectively manipulates the different signaling pathways to ensure its survival.

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Gaultney, Jane F. "Indirect Associations Between Self-Rated Alertness and Recall via Strategic and Nonstrategic Factors." American Journal of Psychology 135, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/19398298.135.1.04.

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Abstract Excessive daytime sleepiness is associated with reduced cognitive functioning in children and adolescents. The present study was an initial examination of direct and indirect associations between sleep and recall via strategic and nonstrategic memory processes in a sample of 66 participants from grades 1, 3, 5, and college. Stimuli varied in familiarity and presence of a strategy prompt. Strategy use during encoding and during recall were measured separately. The present study predicted that alertness would be associated with both strategic and nonstrategic factors related to memory, alertness would predict recall indirectly via strategic and nonstrategic factors (controlling for grade and gender), and this indirect path would be moderated by grade. The first 2 hypotheses were partially supported; the third was not. Self-reported alertness associated weakly with speed of tapping and with strategy use during encoding on the first trial (familiar words, no strategy cue). Analysis indicated an indirect effect via strategy use during encoding on Trial 1 but via speed of tapping on Trial 3. Tests of moderated mediation were not significant on any trial, indicating that the indirect pathways were not moderated by grade. Alertness may influence recall via strategic or nonstrategic processes, and its role may depend on familiarity and availability of strategy cues. Several proposed research directions are suggested for future exploration.

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Mansell, Justin R., and Michael J. Grant. "Adaptive Continuation Strategy for Indirect Hypersonic Trajectory Optimization." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 55, no. 4 (July 2018): 818–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.a34013.

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Sevostyanov, D. A., and I. E. Tolstova. "The strategy of indirect actions in educational technologies." Professional education in the modern world 11, no. 4 (February 26, 2022): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/2618-7515-2021-4-2.

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The article deals with modern educational technologies, analyzes approaches to their classification. In particular, it considers such a classification criterion as the features of cognitive activity management. It is noted that the cognitive activity management in a number of educational technologies can be characterized as a «strategy of indirect actions». The term of «indirect action strategy» was introduced by B.G. Liddell Hurt, an outstanding military theorist and historian. This term was previously used in military affairs and related to interstate relations, not in pedagogy. However, this term best describes goal setting in many educational technologies. As applied to educational technologies, the «indirect action strategy» is that the student consciously pursues one goal, but actually achieves another one. The goal that seems to the student to be the most significant in the educational process, in fact, is of a subordinate, service nature. This shows such a common property of hierarchical systems as the ability to form system inversions. In the case of system inversion, the lowest, subordinate element in the hierarchy takes on the dominant value, while remaining in its former low hierarchical position. In other words, there is a contradiction between the formal position of an element in the system and its actual role in it. For example, this situation develops when using game educational technologies. The learner, immersed in the learning game, does not perceive and is not aware of anything other than the game itself; however, in this game he acquires a number of important professional skills. This is due to the very nature of the game activity, in which it is not the external goal that is crucial, but the game process itself. A similar situation develops when using problem-based learning. The student solves the educational problem, which in the course of activity seems to him something very important. However, it is not the problem itself that is really important, but the competencies that the student acquires in the process of solving it. Similarly, the strategy of indirect actions is manifested in the application of the project method, as well as in the use of case study technology.

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Sitompul, Risna Hairani, and Siti Berlian Harahap. "Strategi Direct Fundraising dengan Koin LAZISNU Padangsidimpuan." Journal of Islamic Social Finance Management 2, no. 2 (February 7, 2022): 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24952/jisfim.v2i2.5012.

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ABSTRACT Fundraising strategy is a strategy carried out by an institution to raise funds such as the strategy carried out by LAZISNU Padangsidimpuan City in increasing ZIS fund receipts, which is useful for knowing the implementation of fundraising at LAZISNU. This study uses a qualitative approach with the type of field research. Sources of data in the form of primary data and secondary data. Collecting data with the method of observation, interviews and documentation. The data analysis technique used descriptive analysis method. The data validity technique was using triangulation, namely source triangulation and method triangulation. The results showed that LAZISNU Padangsidimpuan City implemented several strategies to raise funds. The fundraising strategy implemented by LAZISNU Padangsidimpuan City uses 2 methods, namely Direct Fundraising and Indirect Fundraising. Direct Fundraising consists of several programs, namely Zakat Pickup Service, Personal ZIS, Direct Mail, Nusantara Coin Movement and LAZISNU Glass Box, while the Indirect Fundraising method is carried out with the Socialization program. Keywords : Fundraising, Zakat, LAZISNU ABSTRAK Strategi Fundraising merupakan strategi yang dilakukan oleh sebuah lembaga untuk menghimpun dana seperti strategi yang dilakukan oleh LAZISNU Kota Padangsidimpuan dalam meningkatkan penerimaan dana ZIS, yang berguna untuk mengetahui implementasi fundraising pada LAZISNU. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian lapangan (field research). Sumber data berupa data primer dan data sukunder. Pengumpulan data dengan metode observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif. Teknik keabsahan data dengan menggunakan triangulasi yaitu triangulasi sumber dan triangulasi metode. Hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa LAZISNU Kota Padangsidimpuan menerapkan beberapa strategi guna menghimpun dana. Strategi fundraising yang diterapkan oleh LAZISNU Kota Padangsidimpuan menggunakan 2 metode yaitu Direct Fundraising dan Indirect Fundraising. Direct Fundraising terdiri atas beberapa program yaitu Layanan Jemput Zakat, Personal ZIS, Direct Mail, Gerakan Koin Nusantara dan Kotak Kaca LAZISNU, sedangkan untuk metode Indirect Fundraising dilakukan dengan program Sosialisasi. Kata Kunci : Fundraising, Zakat, LAZISNU

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Lei, Zhibin, and Issra Pramoolsook. "Written Supervisory Feedback Strategies on Bachelor’s Theses: Chinese EFL Supervisors’ Beliefs and Practices." rEFLections 27, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 162–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.61508/refl.v27i2.247274.

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This study investigated the beliefs and practices of Chinese EFL supervisors regarding their written supervisory feedback strategies for undergraduate English majors’ bachelor’s thesis drafts at a Chinese public university. Qualitative data obtained from semi-structured interviews with six EFL supervisors and the text analysis results of the written feedback strategies used in six sets of first, second and third bachelors’ thesis drafts showed matches between the supervisors’ stated and actual written feedback strategies both in general and in different draft stages. In general, the supervisors believed in using an indirect strategy, and they provided written feedback indirectly in practice. For different draft stages, the supervisors believed in prioritizing indirect strategy in initial drafts and direct strategy in later drafts. In practice, they provided written feedback more indirectly for the first and second drafts, but they did so more directly for the third draft. These findings contrast with the literature and point towards some pedagogical recommendations.

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Isnaini, Zulfa Destia, and Laili Etika Rahmawati. "Strategi Tindak Tutur Ekspresif Dalam Tayangan Mata Najwa Series “Gaduh Tiga Periode”." Diglossia: Jurnal Kajian Ilmiah Kebahasaan dan Kesusastraan 13, no. 2 (May 21, 2022): 92–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.26594/diglossia.v13i2.2674.

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Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan strategi tindak tutur langsung dan strategi tindak tutur tidak langsung dalam tayangan Mata Najwa series “Gaduh Tiga Periode”. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Data penelitian ini menggunakan wujud tuturan data lisan yang disampaikan oleh penutur dalam acara Mata Najwa series “Gaduh Tiga Periode”.Teknik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik simak dan catat. Selanjutnya teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian yakni menggunakan metode padan. Metode padan yang diterapkan dalam penelitian ini yakni menggunakan metode pragmatis. Berdasarkan Hasil penelitian ini strategi yang digunakan dalam tayangan mata najwa series gaduh tiga periode yakni 10 strategi tindak tutur langsung dan 11 strategi tindak tutur tidak langsung. Strategi yang paling banyak digunakan dalam tayangan mata najwa yakni strategi tindak tutur tidak langsung. Banyaknya tuturan mata najwa yang disampaikan menunjukkan penggunaan strategi langsung tidak lepas dari Najwa Shihab sebagai pembawa acara mata najwa yang tegas dalam berbicara. Kata kunci : Mata Najwa, Strategi Tindak Tutur, Tuturan. Abstract This study aims to describe the direct speech act strategy and indirect speech act strategy in the Mata Najwa series "Gaduh Tiga Period". This research uses descriptive qualitative research. The data of this study used the form of speech data delivered by speakers in the Mata Najwa series "Gaduh Tiga Period". The technique used in this study used listening and note-taking techniques. Furthermore, the data analysis technique used in the research is using the equivalent method. The matching method applied in this research is using the pragmatic method. Based on the results of this study, the strategies used in the Mata Najwa series gaduh show for three periods, namely 10 direct speech act strategies and 11 indirect speech act strategies. The most widely used strategy in eye najwa shows is the indirect speech act strategy. The number of mata najwa utterances conveyed shows that the use of direct strategy cannot be separated from najwa shihab as the presenter of the najwa mata show who is firm in speaking. Keywords:Mata Najwa, Speech Act Strategy, Speech.

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Arifuddin, Muhammad. "CONSISTENCYEFFECTIVENESSOFARGUMENTATION STRATEGY INDIRECT INSTRUCTION MODEL TO IMPROVESTUDENTPROBLEM SOLVING SKILL." International Journal of Advanced Research 6, no. 7 (July 31, 2018): 1222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/7478.

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Milinski, Manfred, Dirk Semmann, Theo C. M. Bakker, and Hans-Jürgen Krambeck. "Cooperation through indirect reciprocity: image scoring or standing strategy?" Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 268, no. 1484 (December 7, 2001): 2495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2001.1809.

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Blundel, Richard. "Strategy without design: the silent efficacy of indirect action." Business History 52, no. 6 (October 2010): 1022–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2010.517009.

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Heil, Martin. "Caterpillar feeding impairs an indirect defence: costs or strategy?" Functional Ecology 26, no. 5 (May 29, 2012): 999–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.02011.x.

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Aisyah, Muniaty. "The Survival Strategy of Indonesian Retailers in A Pandemic." International Research Journal of Business Studies 16, no. 2 (December 15, 2023): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21632/irjbs.16.2.179-188.

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Transmart, a retail business network in Indonesia, has adopted new survival strategies during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research analyzes whether the health protocol service quality and advertising affect consumers’ intention and decision to shop at Transmart during the pandemic directly and indirectly. A primary data set of 112 samples was analyzed using path analysis with the convenience sampling method. The findings show that the health protocol service quality and advertising directly affect consumers’ intention and decision to shop at Transmart during the pandemic and that consumers’ intention is an intervening variable that mediates both indirect effects.

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Anggraini, Suci, and Tofan Dwi Hardjanto. "Making Promises in the TV Series <em>Gilmore Girls</em>." Lexicon 8, no. 2 (April 24, 2022): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/lexicon.v8i2.72788.

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This study investigates the speech act of promising found in the first five episodes of the TV series Gilmore Girls (2000). It categorizes utterances containing promises based on the directness strategies. The direct promising strategy is identified using the IFID of the speech act of promising, that is the performative verb promise, while the indirect promising strategy is identified and categorized into 10 types of indirect promising strategy proposed by Ariff and Mugableh (2013): pure promise, discourse conditional, tautological-like expression, body-part expression, self-aggrandizing expression, time expression, courtesy-like expression, swearing expression, adjacency pair, and false promise. The results show that the most commonly used strategy was the indirect promising strategy (94.3%) as the characters in the series tend to make promises casually by not using the performative verb promise. Then, pure promise strategy is the most frequently used type of indirect promising strategy (31.3%). In addition, there are two distinctive types of indirect promising strategies found in the TV series, i.e., hidden promise and sarcastic promise strategies. This finding suggests that there are many other ways to make promises besides using the performative verb, promise and the modal verb will since the context of the conversations sometimes indicates future acts that a speaker commits to doing.

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Li, Cunhe, Cunshan Zhang, Jian Liu, and Dunxin Bian. "A High-Performance Indirect Torque Control Strategy for Switched Reluctance Motor Drives." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (February 15, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6618539.

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This paper proposes a high-performance indirect control scheme for torque ripple minimization in the switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive system. Firstly, based on the nonlinear torque-angle characteristic of SRM, a novel torque sharing function is developed to obtain the optimal current profiles such that the torque ripple is minimized with reduced copper losses. Secondly, in order to track current accurately and indirectly achieve high-performance torque control, a robust current controller is derived through the Lyapunov stability theory. The proposed robust current controller not only considers the motor parameter modeling errors but also realizes the fixed frequency current control by introducing the pulse width modulation method. Further, a disturbance-observer-based speed controller is derived to regulate the motor speed accurately, and the load torque is considered an unknown disturbance. The simulations and experiments on a 1.5 kW SRM prototype are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed high-performance indirect torque control strategy. Results verify the superiority of the proposed strategy with respect to the torque ripple suppression, system efficiency, and antidisturbance.

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Belkhaoui, Samir, Lassaad Lakhal, Faten Lakhal, and Slaheddine Hellara. "Market structure, strategic choices and bank performance: a path model." Managerial Finance 40, no. 6 (June 3, 2014): 538–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-07-2013-0183.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop and test a conceptual model of bank performance. Design/methodology/approach – The papers build a system of causal relationships between market structure, strategic choice and bank performance using the path analysis method. The sample includes commercial banks from 11 emerging countries. Findings – Results show that market structure has a positive and indirect effect on bank performance, and that market share has a positive and direct effect on bank performance. Strategic variables related to risk taking and diversification affect directly and indirectly bank performance. The indirect effect occurs via market share. The results suggest that the mediating role played by the strategic choice in the relationship between market structure and performance is complete. Originality/value – The contribution of this paper is threefold. The first one is to develop a conceptual model to explain bank performance. The model includes simultaneously direct and indirect causal relationships between market structure, strategic choice and bank performance. The second one is the use of the path analysis method to estimate the direct and indirect relationships. The third one is related to the sample including commercial banks in emerging markets.

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Vaillancourt, Tracy. "Do human females use indirect aggression as an intrasexual competition strategy?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1631 (December 5, 2013): 20130080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0080.

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Indirect aggression includes behaviours such as criticizing a competitor's appearance, spreading rumours about a person's sexual behaviour and social exclusion. Human females have a particular proclivity for using indirect aggression, which is typically directed at other females, especially attractive and sexually available females, in the context of intrasexual competition for mates. Indirect aggression is an effective intrasexual competition strategy. It is associated with a diminished willingness to compete on the part of victims and with greater dating and sexual behaviour among those who perpetrate the aggression.

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Mialon, Hugo M., and Sue H. Mialon. "Go Figure: The Strategy of Nonliteral Speech." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 5, no. 2 (May 1, 2013): 186–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.5.2.186.

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We develop a model of figurative or indirect speech, which may convey a meaning that differs from its literal meaning. The model yields analytical conditions for speech to be figurative in equilibrium and delivers a number of comparative statics results. For instance, it predicts that the likelihood of figurative speech is greater if the benefit to the listener of correctly understanding the speaker is greater. We then apply the model to analyze particular forms of indirect speech, including terseness, irony, and veiled bribery. Interestingly, the model provides a novel argument for the effectiveness of laws that strictly punish attempted bribery. (JEL D83, K42, Z13)

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Spring, Martin, and Luis Araujo. "Indirect capabilities and complex performance." International Journal of Operations & Production Management 34, no. 2 (January 28, 2014): 150–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-01-2011-0034.

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Purpose – The paper argues that indirect capabilities – the ability to access other organizations' capabilities – are an important and neglected part of firm strategy in procuring complex performance (PCP) settings, and that this is especially so if these settings are treated as genuinely complex, rather than merely complicated. Elements of indirect capabilities are identified. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This is a theoretical paper, drawing on complexity notions and Penrose's analysis of endogenous innovation to drive a disequilibrium-oriented discussion of the capabilities required by firms in a PCP setting. Findings – Six inter-related elements of indirect capabilities are proposed and discussed: IT infrastructure, boundary management practices, contracting, interface artefacts, valuing others' capabilities and relating direct to indirect capabilities. These are important in PCP settings and in other operations and supply settings characterised by complexity. Originality/value – This paper reconsiders the way complexity has been treated in the PCP literature and develops an extended discussion of the notion of indirect capabilities. It potentially provides the basis for an operations and supply strategy more attuned to the demands of shifting inter-organizational networks.

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Elita, Radhia. "Strategi Menyampaikan Keinginan Kalam Bahasa Jepang: Kajian Hairyo Hyougen." JURNAL ARBITRER 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2013): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ar.1.1.75-87.2013.

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In interaction, there must be some variations occur due to the variation of social status or age. This might be brought about by situation and condition in communication process. For example is when delivering the desires to ask for time or to ask for dating. Offering tea is one strategy to exprees the desire in Japanesse culture. Indirect speech act commonly well-known as indirect culture (kansetsusei) is a kind of distinctive way of Japanesee people. This indirect speech act is also called kansetsuteki hatsuwa koui. The indirect speach act in airyo hyougen is a strategy used to save interlocutor's face.

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Kim, Hee Ho, and 김미 화. "Optimal Indirect Hedging and Price Conditions." Journal of Derivatives and Quantitative Studies 14, no. 1 (May 31, 2006): 61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jdqs-01-2006-b0003.

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This study examines the indirect hedging strategy and its price ccndition against exchange risk for the export firms which can not directly hedge due to non-existence of appropriate futures market for the export market currency. The export firms would manipulate their mark-up rate as real hedging against exchange risk in the incomplete export market. Real options tend to reduce the uncertainty of an export profit curve in nonlinear manner and thus, substitute for the financial hedging. As a result, the optimal hedging strategy for the firms exporting to the incomplete market is an under hedge combining short futures and long put. The long put is a substitute with short futures and required to cover the nonlinear risk of export profit derived by real options. Indirect hedging would increase the expected profit by reducing risk, while a sufficient and necessary condition for the optimal indirect hedging depends on exchange volatility and a magnitude of put premium relative to an expected excercise loss.

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Myers, Ransom A., Susanna D. Fuller, and Daniel G. Kehler. "A fisheries management strategy robust to ignorance: rotational harvest in the presence of indirect fishing mortality." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 2357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f00-250.

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We develop a simple theoretical model of yield and spawning stock biomass per recruit for the American sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus), which appears to have high indirect fishing mortality when harvested with dredges, i.e., mortality caused by the act of fishing that does not result in landings. The age at and degree to which individuals are affected by the indirect mortality are unknown, and it does not appear possible to develop a robust harvest strategy with yearly harvests unless indirect fishing mortality is well quantified. We show that there could be substantial benefits to a rotational harvest strategy for sessile species with high indirect fishing mortality. First, the strategy appears to be robust to ignorance about indirect fishing mortality and results in equal or better yields than a yearly harvest across a wide range of indirect fishing mortalities. Second, under most conditions, a higher spawning stock biomass is maintained. Third, rotational management is more easily enforced, as it does not require specifying a narrow range of fishing mortality in order to maximize yield.

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XIN, Yizhong, Ruonan LIU, and Yan LI. "Strategy for Improving Target Selection Accuracy in Indirect Touch Input." IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E103.D, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 1703–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2019edp7218.

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Zhao, Long, Feng Sha, Yun Li, and Jianbin Zhang. "Synthesis of polyurethane based on indirect utilization strategy of CO2." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 9, no. 4 (August 2021): 105309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105309.

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Thomas, Timothy. "Russia’s Military Strategy and Ukraine: Indirect, Asymmetric—and Putin-Led." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 28, no. 3 (July 3, 2015): 445–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518046.2015.1061819.

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Brimley, Shawn, and Vikram Singh. "Stumbling into the Future? The Indirect Approach and American Strategy." Orbis 52, no. 2 (January 2008): 312–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2008.01.009.

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Hua, Ye, Lina Bao, and Xiaobo Wu. "The product-selling strategy under direct and indirect value identification." Journal of Cleaner Production 279 (January 2021): 123591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123591.

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William, Anthony D., and Yuichi Kobayashi. "Synthesis of Tetrahydrocannabinols Based on an Indirect 1,4-Addition Strategy." Journal of Organic Chemistry 67, no. 25 (December 2002): 8771–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo020457m.

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Lukyanovich, N. V., and S. N. Silvestrov. "The Strategy of Indirect Approach in the U.S. Foreign Policy." World of new economy 17, no. 3 (November 27, 2023): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2023-17-3-18-31.

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The essence of the strategy of indirect approach (SIA), the definition and notion of which was introduced into the scientific discourse in the mid‑20th century by the English historian B.G. Liddell Hart, is that the main consideration in it was given not to the military force factors, as it had been previously in history, but to alternative options for subduing a hostile state. Nowadays, according to many American scientists and experts, SIA should be used primarily in the preparation of war, and therefore it has switched from the purely military sphere to other areas of state activity — economy, culture, ideology, etc. Nowadays, one of the types of the SIA of the United States is the so-called proxy war, in which military actions of the allied state are the final stage of gradual inclusion of another country into the zone of American influence through alternative methods.

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Cattel, Y. C., W. J. G. Paardekooper, M. Van Ven, and A. van Esdonk. "Tax Considerations for the European Unions Digital Single Market Strategy." Intertax 44, Issue 6/7 (June 1, 2016): 513–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2016041.

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In this article, the authors analyse the EU concept of the Digital Single Market from an Indirect Tax and Direct Tax perspective. The analysis will focus on the current status quo and will discuss the recently proposed EU plans to design robust Indirect Tax and Direct Tax rules, as well as regulations for the future. The authors propose ideas and solutions that can be taken into account by the Commission and various stakeholders in an open debate to optimize the legislation for all parties involved. These ideas share the same common ground for Indirect Tax and Direct Tax. Where deemed necessary, the authors include Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) initiatives as well.

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Adisaputra, Buyung Renaldy, Haryanto Atmowardoyo, and Kisman Salija. "Learning Strategies Used by Good EFL Adult Learners: a Case Study on University Students in Pare-Pare." ELT Worldwide: Journal of English Language Teaching 5, no. 2 (November 22, 2018): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/eltww.v5i2.7333.

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This research aimed to find out the good EFL adult learners learning strategies in acquiring the foreign language and how the learning strategies affect the leaners achievement at Universitas Muhammadiyah Parepare. The method used in this research was qualitative method. The instrument were an interview and audio recorder. The participant of the research were the graduate students of Universitas Muhammadiyah Parepare within the age of 25-65 as one of the criteria of adult learners. The result of the research showed that the learning strategies applied by the learner were direct and indirect strategy. Direct strategy covered memory related strategy, cognitive strategy and compensatory strategy while metacognitive strategy, affective strategy and social strategy were included in indirect strategy.

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Sanjaya, I. Nyoman Suka, and Anak Agung Raka Sitawati. "THE EFFECT OF GRAMMATICAL ACCURACY AND GENDER ON INTERLANGUAGE REQUEST STRATEGY." TEFLIN Journal - A publication on the teaching and learning of English 28, no. 2 (July 9, 2017): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.15639/teflinjournal.v28i2/212-235.

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The present study was aimed at examining whether grammatical accuracy and gender were significant predictors of the use of request strategy (direct or indirect). Participants were 39 seventh semester students (29 males and 10 females) majoring in an International Business Management program at a public higher education institution in Bali. Their English proficiency levels ranged from pre-intermediate to intermediate. The participants were asked to write an e-mail based on a situation carefully designed so as to necessitate the use of indirect strategy. Grammatical accuracy was operationalized as an average score per T-unit. The head act of each request was coded as either direct or indirect, and the binary logistic regression was conducted on the data with significance level being set at p < .05. The results revealed that neither grammatical accuracy (Wald = 0.72, df = 1, p = 0.40) nor gender (Wald = 0.67, df = 1, p = 0.41) was a significant predictor of a request strategy use. The use of request strategy could not also be predicted from the interaction of grammatical accuracy and gender, Wald = 0.66, df = 1, p = 0.42. These results indicate that the odds for using indirect strategy are similar regardless of the level of grammatical accuracy and gender.

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Steil, Janice M., and Jennifer L. Hillman. "The Perceived Value of Direct and Indirect Influence Strategies:." Psychology of Women Quarterly 17, no. 4 (December 1993): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1993.tb00655.x.

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In this study, we assessed the generalizability of the Western preference for direct versus indirect influence strategies and its relation to participant sex, perceptions of participant power, and concerns for politeness among a sample of 138 American, 41 Japanese, and 44 Korean female and male college students. Regardless of cultural group or participant sex, direct strategies were reported as first choice strategies, whereas indirect strategies were cited as strategies of last resort. Participant power, not participant sex, was predictive of the students' reported strategy use. Although the American, Japanese, and Korean students were more similar than different on measures of perceived power and frequency of strategy use, concerns for politeness were reflected in the Japanese and Korean students' less confrontational strategy style.

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Doi, Maksimilianus, Fransiskus Maria Separ, and Febe F. Irawati Wanggai. "The Effect Of Indirect Coded Versus Indirect Non-Coded Corrective Feedback On Improving Students’ Grammatical Accuracy Of EFL Writing Class." EDUKATIF : JURNAL ILMU PENDIDIKAN 3, no. 2 (April 21, 2021): 619–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31004/edukatif.v3i2.365.

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The aimed at investigating the effectiveness of indirect coded CF and indirect non-coded CF on improving grammatical accuracy at the fourth semester students of English Literature Study Program Flores University in 2013/2014. This research was quasi-experiment with pre-test-post-test non-equivalent design. As the sample, 54 students in three intact classes with 18 students of each class were randomly assigned to three groups; indirect coded CF, indirect non-coded CF, and control groups. Free writing was the major source of data. The scoring scheme adopted based on the five categories; content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanics. The instrument reliability was assessed by the inter-rater technique. ANCOVA was to analyze data continued by post-hoc Scheffe. The upshots denote that (1) indirect-coded CF and indirect non-coded CF have a significant difference of effectiveness on grammatical accuracy in the second draft with self editing strategy: (2) indirect coded CF is more effective than indirect non-coded CF, and that of control group in the second draft with self-editing strategy; (3) indirect coded CF and indirect non-coded CF have a significant different in a new draft; (4) indirect coded CF is more effective than indirect non-coded CF, and that of control group in a new draft

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Ahmed, Samara, and Hiyam Yousif Mahmoud. "A Pragmatic Study of Indirect Warning in Boris Johnson's Speeches on COVID 19." Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities 29, no. 9, 2 (September 30, 2022): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jtuh.29.9.2.2022.25.

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This study investigates how the prime minster of the United Kingdom employs language to express indirect warning in his speeches in order to warn his citizens to avoid corona virus infections , It aims to detect the act of warning embedded in his rhetoric through linguistic manipulation, and its impact on the audience so, the study aims the following Therefore, it hypothesizes the following: 1-The speech act of warning is constructed by the declarative sentences more than the other forms in Johnson's speeches. 2- Felicity Conditions are perfectly applied on the selected speeches. 3-Indirect warning is more currently occurred than direct one. 4-The hint strategy is more frequently occurred in the selected data than the conditional one as an indirect warning strategy. Speech Act Theory deals with the meaning of language use which is stated in terms of how the speaker manipulates the utterance to make the hearers infer the intended meaning. So, the data analysis will be dealt pragmatically. Therefore ,the study will try to answer the following questions: 1-Indirect warning has certain basic strategies to deal with. So, the study will concentrate on these strategies. 2-Does indirect Speech Act be more frequently used than direct one? 3-which strategy is more frequently used in expressing the indirect warning? The study arrives at these conclusions: (1) All the hypotheses have been approved, (2) He never uses the questioning strategy as indirect one in the whole speeches, (3) He employs the indirect speech act of warning more than the direct one in order to force the audience to infer his intended meanings when he delivers his speeches, and (4) The speech act of warning in Johnson's speeches is used to direct people either to do beneficial action or avoid doing bad actions.

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Erdogan, Berrin, Aysegul Karaeminogullari, Talya N. Bauer, and Allison M. Ellis. "Perceived Overqualification at Work: Implications for Extra-Role Behaviors and Advice Network Centrality." Journal of Management 46, no. 4 (October 4, 2018): 583–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206318804331.

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In this study, we hypothesized that perceived overqualification would interact with person-organization fit (P-O fit) to predict extra-role behaviors toward coworkers (organizational citizenship behaviors targeting others [OCBI] and voice) and indirectly relate to advice network centrality. We collected data from 332 municipality services employees reporting to 41 supervisors in Istanbul, Turkey, across three timepoints and from three different sources. Tests of our model provided partial support for our predictions. Results revealed that perceived overqualification had negative main effects on OCBI and interacted with P-O fit to affect voice. Further, P-O fit moderated the indirect effects of perceived overqualification on advice network centrality such that there were significant negative indirect effects via OCBI only when P-O fit is low. Implications for the overqualification, perceptions of fit, and social network literatures are discussed.

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Aini, Erin Nur, Ika Nurhayani, and Hamamah Hamamah. "Tindak Tutur Joko Anwar yang Mengancam dan Strategi Kesantunan Tidak Langsung terhadap Livi Zheng dalam Acara Q&A: Belaga “Hollywood” di Metro TV." LINGUA : Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 17, no. 1 (February 24, 2020): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/lingua.v17i1.624.

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This study aims to investigate the speech acts used by Joko Anwar who threatened live Zheng and politeness strategies in the Q&A program: BELAGA“HOLLYWOOD”. A descriptive method with document analysis is used in this study. The results of this study are found five forms of speech acts namely assertive, directive, commissive, expressive and declarative threatening Livi Zheng. Assertive speech acts in the form of complaining are more often used by Joko Anwar when threatening the face or self-image of Livi Zheng. To reduce the threat, indirect politeness strategies or off-record strategies are used by Joko Anwar. Speech with sarcastic messages or criticisms is conveyed with indirectly meaning, this politeness strategy is chosen so that communication can still be carried out without breaking the cooperative relationship between the speaker and the speech partner. This study shows that although there are threats in the speech delivered, with the indirect politeness strategy is also used to maintain the face or self-image in public.

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Rebollar, Eria A., Stephen J. Simonetti, William R. Shoemaker, and Reid N. Harris. "Direct and Indirect Horizontal Transmission of the Antifungal Probiotic Bacterium Janthinobacterium lividum on Green Frog (Lithobates clamitans) Tadpoles." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 8 (February 12, 2016): 2457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.04147-15.

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ABSTRACTAmphibian populations worldwide are being threatened by the disease chytridiomycosis, which is caused byBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis. To mitigate the effects ofB. dendrobatidis, bioaugmentation of antifungal bacteria has been shown to be a promising strategy. One way to implement bioaugmentation is through indirect horizontal transmission, defined as the transfer of bacteria from a host to the environment and to another host. In addition, direct horizontal transmission among individuals can facilitate the spread of a probiotic in a population. In this study, we tested whether the antifungal bacteriumJanthinobacterium lividumcould be horizontally transferred, directly or indirectly, in a laboratory experiment usingLithobates clamitanstadpoles. We evaluated the ability ofJ. lividumto colonize the tadpoles' skin and to persist through time using culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. We also tested whether the addition ofJ. lividumaffected the skin community inL. clamitanstadpoles. We found that transmission occurred rapidly by direct and indirect horizontal transmission, but indirect transmission that included a potential substrate was more effective. Even thoughJ. lividumcolonized the skin, its relative abundance on the tadpole skin decreased over time. The inoculation ofJ. lividumdid not significantly alter the skin bacterial diversity ofL. clamitanstadpoles, which was dominated byPseudomonas. Our results show that indirect horizontal transmission can be an effective bioaugmentation method. Future research is needed to determine the best conditions, including the presence of substrates, under which a probiotic can persist on the skin so that bioaugmentation becomes a successful strategy to mitigate chytridiomycosis.

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Tran, T. Thao, Jessica R. Panella, Juan R. Chamorro, Jennifer R. Morey, and Tyrel M. McQueen. "Designing indirect–direct bandgap transitions in double perovskites." Materials Horizons 4, no. 4 (2017): 688–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7mh00239d.

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Ageeva, Yu. "Communicative Strategy of Self-Presentation in Russian Business Discourse." Scientific Research and Development. Modern Communication Studies 11, no. 4 (August 10, 2022): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2587-9103-2022-11-4-41-46.

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The paper analyzes verbal patterns of communicants in the discourse of recruitment. The need to examine patterns and rules of communicative behavior of job applicants highlights the relevance of the study. Its results will enable predicting the success of communication during a job interview and, as a result, in employment. The purpose of the author is to identify and analyze the main and unique verbal tactics of interviewees implemented within the self-presentation as a basic strategy of job candidates. This strategy is represented by a scheme that includes a list of direct and indirect self-presenting actions. The basic method of the study is an integrative discourse analysis undertaken as part of linguistic pragmatics. The goal of the study, characteristics of its object and subject justify the selection of this approach. The outlined indirect self-presenting actions of the job candidate include the request for communicatively meaningful information and productive self-criticism by which the applicant can demonstrate professionalism and interest in obtaining a position. The prevalence of indirect self-presenting tactics in the Russian-language recruitment discourse demonstrated for the first time by the study, is linked primarily to the specifics of the Russian mentality and business environment. The materials and findings of the study may be utilized in further linguistic studies and are important for recruiters and all potential applicants.

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Ustyantseva, A. E. "Indirect Communication as an Indispensable Communicative Strategy in American Political Discourse." Вестник Московского государственного лингвистического университета. Гуманитарные науки, no. 3 (2022): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.52070/2542-2197_2022_3_858_104.

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Gibson, Bryan, and Elizabeth Oberlander. "Wanting to appear smart: Hypercriticism as an indirect impression management strategy." Self and Identity 7, no. 4 (October 2008): 380–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298860701668986.

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Wang, Rutian, Zhefu Zhong, Jiawei Zhang, and Weiquan Wang. "Carrier‐based PWM control strategy for three‐level indirect matrix converter." IET Power Electronics 12, no. 8 (June 28, 2019): 1964–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2018.5030.

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Newmyer, Jacqueline. "Oil, Arms, and Influence: The Indirect Strategy Behind Chinese Military Modernization." Orbis 53, no. 2 (January 2009): 205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2009.01.010.

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Dombrovsky, Leonid A., Victoria Timchenko, and Michael Jackson. "Indirect heating strategy for laser induced hyperthermia: An advanced thermal model." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 55, no. 17-18 (August 2012): 4688–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.04.029.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Indirect strategy'

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