Relevant bibliographies by topics / Indirect strategy

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Indirect strategy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Indirect strategy"

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Clark, Joseph Roger. "Russia's Indirect Grand Strategy." Orbis 63, no. 2 (2019): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2019.02.002.

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Rothstein, Bo. "Fighting Systemic Corruption: The Indirect Strategy." Daedalus 147, no. 3 (July 2018): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00501.

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While attention to corruption and anticorruption policies has increased dramatically in research and in policy, the results of many anticorruption and so-called good-governance programs have so far been unimpressive. I argue that this lack of success can be explained by the reliance on a theoretical approach-namely, the “principal-agent theory”-that seriously misconstrues the basic nature of the corruption problem. In this essay, I contend that the theory of collective action is a more fruitful foundation for developing anticorruption policies. I suggest that policy measures based on a collective-action understanding of corruption will be much less direct-and ultimately more effective-than approaches derived from the principal-agent theory. Taking inspiration from military theorist Basil Liddell Hart's “indirect approach” strategy, I argue that decision-makers should focus on policies that change the basic social contract, instead of relying solely on measures that are intended to change incentives for corrupt actors.
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Carneiro Viana, Aline, Marcelo Dias de Amorim, Serge Fdida, and José Ferreira de Rezende. "An Underlay Strategy for Indirect Routing." Wireless Networks 10, no. 6 (November 2004): 747–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:wine.0000044033.02880.b7.

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Kalro, Arti D., Bharadhwaj Sivakumaran, and Rahul R. Marathe. "The ad format-strategy effect on comparative advertising effectiveness." European Journal of Marketing 51, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 99–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-11-2015-0764.

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Purpose Extant research on comparative advertising has focused only on “market leader” comparisons (a brand targeting the market leader), whereas in the marketplace, “multi-brand” comparisons are more prevalent (Kalro et al., 2010). Moreover, most research focuses on direct comparisons only. Hence, this research aims to investigate the interplay between comparison ad strategy (“market leader”/“multi-brand” comparisons) and comparison ad format (direct/indirect comparisons) on the effectiveness of comparative advertising. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses four 2 × 2 fully crossed factorial designs (comparison ad format: direct vs indirect and comparison ad strategy: market leader vs multi brand) with established and new brands in two categories: powdered detergents and smart phones. All studies were conducted in metropolitan cities of India. Findings By and large, the experiments indicated that direct (indirect) comparisons lowered (heightened) perceived manipulative intent and enhanced (reduced) attitude-toward-the-ad for multi-brand (market leader) comparisons. Practical implications Findings suggest that when advertisers use comparative advertising, they may use direct ads when using multi-brand comparisons and use indirect ones when using market leader comparisons. It could also be argued that when advertisers use multi-brand comparisons because of fragmentation in the marketplace, they may directly compare against these multiple brands. When advertisers need to compare against a market leader, they may do so indirectly. Originality/value This research is among the first to investigate multi-brand comparisons that are widely used in the industry and that too in the context of both direct and indirect comparison formats.
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Desker, Barry, and Kumar Ramakrishna. "Forging an indirect strategy in southeast Asia." Washington Quarterly 25, no. 2 (June 2002): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/01636600252820207.

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Di Cintio, Marco. "Knowledge and Export Modes: Which Export Strategy Boosts Firms Knowledge Acquisition?" Review of Economic Analysis 12, no. 4 (December 23, 2020): 461–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/rea.v12i4.1956.

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The aim of our research is to investigate whether the choice to export directly versus indirect export plays a role in the level of knowledge acquired by exporting firms. To the best of our knowledge, there is no empirical evidence in this stream of literature and our original contribution consists in considering the outcomes of learning-by-exporting in presence of export intermediaries. Thus, we study whether different export strategies may generate different unobservable productivity premia. In particular, we focused on 25 emerging Countries, and through a machine learning method, we evaluate how the level of knowledge acquired by firms would change if those who chose a specific strategy had instead chosen another one. Our results show that (1) the learning by exporting hypothesis is still valid when firms export indirectly; (2) direct exporters acquire more knowledge than indirect exporters; (3) under the same export strategy, Chinese exporters (direct and indirect) outperform other Asian exporters.
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Bhardwaj, Suvercha, Neetu Srivastava, Raki Sudan, and Bhaskar Saha. "LeishmaniaInterferes with Host Cell Signaling to Devise a Survival Strategy." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010 (2010): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/109189.

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The protozoan parasiteLeishmania spp.exists as extracellular promastigotes in its vector whereas it resides and replicates as amastigotes within the macrophages of its mammalian host. As a survival strategy,Leishmaniamodulates macrophage functions directly or indirectly. The direct interference includes prevention of oxidative burst and the effector functions that lead to its elimination. The indirect effects include the antigen presentation and modulation of T cell functions in such a way that the effector T cells help the parasite survive by macrophage deactivation. Most of these direct and indirect effects are regulated by host cell receptor signaling that occurs through cycles of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in cascades of kinases and phosphatases. This review highlights howLeishmaniaselectively manipulates the different signaling pathways to ensure its survival.
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Gaultney, Jane F. "Indirect Associations Between Self-Rated Alertness and Recall via Strategic and Nonstrategic Factors." American Journal of Psychology 135, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/19398298.135.1.04.

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Abstract Excessive daytime sleepiness is associated with reduced cognitive functioning in children and adolescents. The present study was an initial examination of direct and indirect associations between sleep and recall via strategic and nonstrategic memory processes in a sample of 66 participants from grades 1, 3, 5, and college. Stimuli varied in familiarity and presence of a strategy prompt. Strategy use during encoding and during recall were measured separately. The present study predicted that alertness would be associated with both strategic and nonstrategic factors related to memory, alertness would predict recall indirectly via strategic and nonstrategic factors (controlling for grade and gender), and this indirect path would be moderated by grade. The first 2 hypotheses were partially supported; the third was not. Self-reported alertness associated weakly with speed of tapping and with strategy use during encoding on the first trial (familiar words, no strategy cue). Analysis indicated an indirect effect via strategy use during encoding on Trial 1 but via speed of tapping on Trial 3. Tests of moderated mediation were not significant on any trial, indicating that the indirect pathways were not moderated by grade. Alertness may influence recall via strategic or nonstrategic processes, and its role may depend on familiarity and availability of strategy cues. Several proposed research directions are suggested for future exploration.
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Mansell, Justin R., and Michael J. Grant. "Adaptive Continuation Strategy for Indirect Hypersonic Trajectory Optimization." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 55, no. 4 (July 2018): 818–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.a34013.

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Sevostyanov, D. A., and I. E. Tolstova. "The strategy of indirect actions in educational technologies." Professional education in the modern world 11, no. 4 (February 26, 2022): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/2618-7515-2021-4-2.

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The article deals with modern educational technologies, analyzes approaches to their classification. In particular, it considers such a classification criterion as the features of cognitive activity management. It is noted that the cognitive activity management in a number of educational technologies can be characterized as a «strategy of indirect actions». The term of «indirect action strategy» was introduced by B.G. Liddell Hurt, an outstanding military theorist and historian. This term was previously used in military affairs and related to interstate relations, not in pedagogy. However, this term best describes goal setting in many educational technologies. As applied to educational technologies, the «indirect action strategy» is that the student consciously pursues one goal, but actually achieves another one. The goal that seems to the student to be the most significant in the educational process, in fact, is of a subordinate, service nature. This shows such a common property of hierarchical systems as the ability to form system inversions. In the case of system inversion, the lowest, subordinate element in the hierarchy takes on the dominant value, while remaining in its former low hierarchical position. In other words, there is a contradiction between the formal position of an element in the system and its actual role in it. For example, this situation develops when using game educational technologies. The learner, immersed in the learning game, does not perceive and is not aware of anything other than the game itself; however, in this game he acquires a number of important professional skills. This is due to the very nature of the game activity, in which it is not the external goal that is crucial, but the game process itself. A similar situation develops when using problem-based learning. The student solves the educational problem, which in the course of activity seems to him something very important. However, it is not the problem itself that is really important, but the competencies that the student acquires in the process of solving it. Similarly, the strategy of indirect actions is manifested in the application of the project method, as well as in the use of case study technology.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Indirect strategy"

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Furtado, Milão Joana FIlipa. "Utilizing cytotoxic lymphocytes for indirect shock-and-kill strategy in HIV-1 treatment." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk biokemi och mikrobiologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-449393.

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Despite the existence of a treatment, there is still not a cure for HIV-1 infection and there arearound 700 000 deaths per year from AIDS-related diseases. A major barrier for a cure is theestablishment of latent reservoirs that are impossible to distinguish from healthy cells and thuscan escape the immune system. One potential solution is called shock-and-kill strategy, whichaims to induce HIV-1 reactivation, exposing latently infected cells to the immune system andmaking them susceptible to cell death. In our lab, it was seen that when NK cells are stimulatedwith a pan-caspase inhibitor, they acquire the “shock” ability, but it is still unknown how. Inthis project, we observed that the supernatant from pan-caspase inhibitor-stimulated NK cellscan increase HIV-1 reactivation in two different latency models. Furthermore, the protein levelsof three HIV-1 suppressors were found to be increased in the same supernatant. For this reason,their effect in HIV-1 reactivation in latently infected cells was analysed. Although we did notobserve an increase in HIV-1 reactivation, the upregulation of these three proteins can be usefulin the clinical context. Since they are HIV-1 suppressors, their presence can prevent theinfection from spreading after latent cells are reactivated. Altogether, our results show that NKcells stimulated with a pan-caspase inhibitor are secreting a biological product that inducesHIV-1 reactivation. This indicates that there is a pathway in NK cells that can potentially beexploited in order for them to be able to induce HIV-1 reactivation.
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Hernandez, Erika. "Toward a holistic view of parents' discourse: Indirect communication as an emotion socialization strategy." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78133.

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Parents teach their children about emotions through a process called emotion socialization and one way that they can do so is through shared discussions about emotions. Research in developmental psychology indicates that parental emotion socialization strategies through discourse such as elaboration and labels and explanations are related to children's emotion understanding and social competence. In the current study, I apply the concept of indirect communication, which has been used in linguistics since the 1970s, to parental emotion socialization with preschool-age children (n= 55; 31 females, 24 males). I define indirect communication as parental speech in which the form and function of a subject-verb phrase do not match and examined relations of parental indirect communication to the previously established strategies in developmental psychology of elaboration and use of labels and explanations. To understand whether this type of communication may influence children's development, I also examined relations of indirect communication to preschoolers' emotion understanding and social competence. Results indicate that parental indirect communication during positive events was related to parental explanations during negative events. Parental indirect communication did not significantly predict children's emotion understanding or social competence, but showed a trend for the association between indirect communication during negative event discussions and children's nonstereotypical emotion understanding. However, the direction for this association was opposite than hypothesized. These results do not suggest consistency of indirect communication across positive and negative event discussions as an emotion socialization strategy.
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Kalita, Mausam. "Synthesis and labeling strategy for indirect detection of estrogen-derived DNA adducts using aqueous quantum dots." Diss., Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/7018.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Chemistry
Stefan Bossmann
Estrogen-derived DNA adducts in human could be the initiating step of breast and prostate cancer, as the scientific literature suggests. Previous studies demonstrated that 4-hydroxy-estrone (estradiol)-1-N3Adenine and 4-hydroxy-estrone (estradiol)-1-N7Guanine were the most abundant adducts found in urine of human subjects. Sensitive detection of these adducts in urine samples could lead to better breast and prostate cancer risk assessment. The standard adducts were synthesized and characterized by NMR and mass spectrometry. Since these adducts are not fluorescent at room temperature an aminomethyl (-CH2NH2) linker was introduced at the C-17 position for derivatization with fluorescence label. This linker allowed to attach highly fluorescent water soluble quantum dots (QDs) for indirect adduct detection. A direct gram-scale synthesis of highly fluorescent, photostable water soluble QDs was executed by developing a new class of 4,4’-bipyridinium salt based twin ligands with 85% and 15% of carboxylic acid and maleimide termini, respectively. These ligands not only stabilized the QDs in water but also provided versatile linkers for two labeling strategies. The twin ligands were afforded by a facile synthesis through SN2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Labeling of adducts was achieved via a covalent coupling between the (-CH2NH2) linker and the carboxyl (-COOH) terminal ligand on the QDs. However, ELISA experiments utilizing an IgM antibody didn’t reveal any measurable signal from adduct-QD complexes suggesting that one QD is bound to a large number of adducts through –COOH terminal ligands present on QD surface. To explore the binding capabilities of QDs in more detail, a maleimide terminal ligand (a twin partner on the QDs) was synthesized to explore the thiol (-SH) functionality of thiopyrene. Preliminary ELISA showed that these QDs gave detectable fluorescent signal originating from the [pyrene-S-QD] ̶ 8E11 monoclonal antibody (mAb) complex when QD was selectively excited at 470 nm. This clearly indicates that it is necessary to develop a strategy for a distinct 1:1 labeling procedure between QD and the adduct of interest. In addition, IgG (instead of IgM) antibodies should be developed for biosensor application. The latter could afford binding of mAb in upright position, leading to an increase in surface density of mAb and better detection limit.
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Lehmensiek, Michel [Verfasser]. "Restoration integrity, but not material or cementation strategy determined secondary caries next to indirect restorations in vitro / Michel Lehmensiek." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1194945376/34.

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Duncan, Barry Donald. "Primary school children at academic risk : a qualitative study of an educational psychology schools-based indirect service delivery strategy." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17028.

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Bibliography: pages 153-160.
This study aims to locally contextualize and critically evaluate a PARENT COUNSELLOR ASSISTANCE (PCA) programme implemented in a local primary school. The programme investigated the possibility of providing an appropriate schools-based indirect service in the form of a consultation and counsellor assistance programme. This included reflecting on a consultative role of the educational psychologist as being a more appropriate role in keeping with the demands for a new unitary educational dispensation in South Africa. The design and methodology of the study was informed by the C.I.P.P (Context, Input, Process and Product) evaluation model (Stufflebeam, 1971) employed to assist in the evaluation of educational programmes. It focussed on using systematic early detection and screening procedures to identify children academically at risk. Parent Counsellor Assistants trained in non-directive play therapy were then matched individually with these children and worked with them on a weekly basis over a period of seven months. The educational psychologist acted as consultant to the programme in line with an indirect service delivery strategy. Data was collected through recorded observations of meetings, discussions, feedback sessions, consultations, questionnaires and informal contacts. Connors Behaviour Rating Scales were periodically completed by various participants and the Parent Counsellor Assistants maintained diaries of play therapy sessions. Children's drawings were also used where possible, to reflect on any positive developmental indicators emerging. Data analysis attempted to document the autopoetic development of the programme as it unfolded within the structure of the CIPP model, and within essentially a systemic perspective. The findings were that the PCA programme was successfully implemented as an indirect service delivery strategy. Parents working in partnership with teachers, supervised by a consulting educational psychologist, were able to assist primary school children at academic risk in coping more adequately with their school life. The programme was written for educators and allied groups interested in finding new strategies to service the needs of a rapidly changing educational system in South Africa, specifically in respect of special education services. Parent based indirect service delivery models using educational psychologists as consultants seems an appropriate strategy to service these needs.
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Muse, Robert C. "Advising foreign forces force structure implications of the indirect approach to irregular warfare /." Quantico, VA : Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2008. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA491120.

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Sutton, Ciara. "Foreign indirect investment in the venture capital industry : a study of foreign limited partners' impact on venture capital firms in Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Institute of International Business (IIB), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-507.

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Makubalo, Gcobisa. "Improving indirect purchasing competitiveness in manufacturing firms through strategic purchasing." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1653.

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The advent of the global financial recession, its impact on the economy with respect to market turbulence and the increase in customer demands have put organisations under intense pressure to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of their operations. By virtue of it not being business as usual in the business arena, organisations are forced to constantly devise strategies that are geared towards growth, transformation and continuous improvement. This cuts across all spheres of organisational structures, which means that every division has a role to play.
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Minic, Dimitri. "Contourner la lutte armée : la pensée stratégique russe face à l’évolution de la guerre, 1993-2016." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUL045.

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Cette thèse s’intéresse au processus de démilitarisation de la guerre dans la pensée stratégique russe entre 1993 et 2016. Si d’importantes recherches ont été menées sur l’application des stratégies indirectes russes dans les pays post-soviétiques et occidentaux, l’analyse de leurs racines conceptuelles et des stratèges militaires qui les produisent fait encore défaut, freinant ainsi non seulement l’identification des concepts et notions réellement utilisés par les théoriciens militaires russes, mais la compréhension des logiques profondes qui structurent la pensée stratégique russe post-soviétique. Fondée sur l’examen de la littérature militaire russe, encore peu explorée par la recherche, des documents de doctrine et des discours d’officiels militaires et politiques russes, cette thèse d’histoire s’appuie par ailleurs sur un examen biographique des principaux officiers supérieurs et généraux du pays, ainsi que des civils proches de l’état-major général et du ministère de la Défense russes. Au-delà d’une analyse des concepts, notions et débats par lesquels les théoriciens militaires russes ont tenté de comprendre les caractéristiques d’une guerre moderne de moins en moins centrée sur la lutte armée, cette thèse explore les cadres cognitifs de ces stratégistes, faits de croyances et de perceptions qui, bien que souvent négligées dans le contexte militaire russe post-soviétique, sont une clé de compréhension essentielle des changements doctrinaux et institutionnels militaires russes entre 1993 et 2016
This thesis focuses on the process of demilitarization of war in Russian strategic thought between 1993 and 2016. While significant research has been carried out on the implementation of Russian indirect strategies in post-Soviet and Western countries, the analysis of their conceptual roots and of the military strategists who produce them is still lacking. Consequently, both the identification of the concepts and notions actually used by Russian military theorists, and the understanding of the underlying logics which structure post-Soviet Russian strategic thought, are hampered. Based on an analysis of Russian military literature, still hardly explored by research, on doctrinal documents and speeches by Russian military and political officials, this thesis in history also draws on a biographical examination of the main flag and field officers of the country, as well as civilians close to the Russian General Staff and the Russian Defense Ministry. This thesis goes beyond an analysis of the concepts, notions and debates by which Russian military theorists have tried to understand the characteristics of a modern war, which is less and less focused on armed struggle. It explores the cognitive frameworks of these strategists, comprised of beliefs and perceptions which, although often overlooked in the post-Soviet Russian military context, are key to an essential understanding of the Russian military doctrinal and institutional changes between 1993 and 2016
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Blomberg, Niklas. "Gerillakrigföring, ett luftmaktsteoretiskt komplement inom defensiv luftmakt?" Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-7524.

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Warden har en generell och beprövad teori om hur man når framgång med luftmakt. Många menar dock att den defensiva delen av teorin behöver kompletteras för att bättre omhänderta små staters perspektiv. I teoribildning om asymmetriska krig, pekar teorin på att den svagare parten kan nå framgång om man använder en motsatt strategi i förhållande till sin motståndare. Defensivens motsatta strategier indelas i direkt och indirekt krigföring. Denna studie avser att specifikt undersöka om gerillakrigföring kan komplettera Wardens generella luftmaktsteori inom defensiv luftmakt, vilket är ett outforskat område. Gerillakrigföringens framgångsfaktorer utgör grund för en kompletterande förklaring till Wardens generella luftmaktsteori och leder till undersökningens hypotes. Hypotesens giltighet prövas med en fallstudie av serbernas respons på Nato:s Operation Allied Force 1999. Hypotesen påstår att ”om luftöverlägsenhet kan bytas mot tid, då kan man nå framgång med defensiv luftmakt”. Tid är gerillans övergripande framgångsfaktor och skapas genom överlevnadsförmåga och taktiskt initiativ. Resultatet påvisar att Wardens generella teori om defensiv luftmakt kan kompletteras och breddas till att även omfatta fler handlingssätt med indirekt strategi. Specifikt tillförs faktorer för att kunna väga överlevnadsförmåga och begränsad offensiv som ett komplement till att enbart luftöverlägsenhet leder till framgång med defensiv luftmakt.
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Books on the topic "Indirect strategy"

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Ellerman, David P. The indirect approach. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2000.

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1966-, Holt Robin, ed. Strategy without design: The silent efficacy of indirect action. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Chia, Robert C. H. Strategy without design: The silent efficacy of indirect action. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Chia, Robert C. H. Strategy without design: The silent efficacy of indirect action. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Chia, Robert C. H. Strategy without design: The silent efficacy of indirect action. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Renaud, Jean-Pierre. Chemins obliques, ou, Stratégies indirectes. Paris: Editions JPR, 1998.

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R, Dorn William, ed. Managing indirect spend: Enhancing profitability through strategic sourcing. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2012.

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Stahel, Albert A. Indirekte Strategie: Der Westen und Gorbatschow. Zürich: Presdok AG, 1989.

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Nardone, Giorgio. The evolution of family patterns and indirect therapy with adolescents. London: Karnac Books, 2007.

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Giannini, Raffaello, ed. Il vino nel legno. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-897-2.

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I boschi hanno fornito e forniscono prodotti e servigi essenziali per la sopravvivenza della popolazione umana che possono identificarsi in valori di uso diretto e indiretto. Il volume presenta le strategie di gestione tese ad associare l’uso sostenibile degli ecosistemi forestali con la valorizzazione dei prodotti della filiera foresta-legno attraverso informazioni puntuali sulle caratteristiche e sulla ‘disponibilità’ reale della produzione della massa legnosa dei boschi presenti nel territorio del Chianti Classico, con interesse per quella dei soprasuoli di castagno e di quelli a prevalenza di roverella. Particolare attenzione è stata dedicata alla produzione di doghe per vasi vinari volendo riproporre una tradizione antica di specificità del territorio chiantigiano.
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Book chapters on the topic "Indirect strategy"

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Furfaro, Angelo, Pasquale Pace, Andrea Parise, and Lorena Molina Valdiviezo. "Modelling and Simulation of a Defense Strategy to Face Indirect DDoS Flooding Attacks." In Internet and Distributed Computing Systems, 263–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11692-1_23.

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Bonfim Duarte, Fábio. "Clitic doubling in Brazilian Portuguese as a DOM strategy." In Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 85–104. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.280.04bon.

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This article shows that clitic doubling in Brazilian Portuguese is possible if the direct and indirect objects correspond to a first or a second person pronoun. We posit that the clitics are required whenever the doubled object carries a familiar [topic] feature, whose presence depends on the semantic properties of the nominal item. We postulate that the clitics are merged in the head Do to value the uninterpretable φ-feature of the head Do and the uninterpretable topic feature of the object. This proposal entails that there is a transfer of the topic feature from Ko to Do, which explains why the clitic is spelled out on the head of DP. We claim that the phenomenon of clitic doubling can be viewed as a side effect of differential object marking. This mechanism contrasts with typical DOM in Romance languages in the sense that it does not licence a preposition in a prenominal position.
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Röth, Leonce. "Pathway Analysis, Causal Mediation, and the Identification of Causal Mechanisms." In Texts in Quantitative Political Analysis, 123–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12982-7_6.

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AbstractThis chapter presents the systematic analysis of causal mechanisms from the perspective of pathway analysis as an essential complement to conventional approaches to causation. It builds on the evidence that credible causal identification defies design-based strategies such as randomization or linear mediation analysis unless their research designs are supported by reliable mechanistic knowledge. The chapter reasons that the reliable causal identification of a mechanism requires the concept of ‘natural indirect effect’ and a double-nested counterfactual strategy. It discusses the empirical quantification of causal mechanisms and its underlying assumptions, offers empirical examples that clarify them, and reviews the conditions and limits of the strategy.
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Liu, Hongchen, Hailong Yu, and Lishan Sun. "Modulation Strategy to Reduce Common-Mode Voltage for Three-to-Five Phase Indirect Matrix Converter." In Intelligent Computing for Sustainable Energy and Environment, 28–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37105-9_4.

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Dimitrov, Roumen. "Indirect discourse." In Strategic Silence, 107–15. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315657851-10.

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Le, Van-Tien, and Hong-Hee Lee. "A Fault Tolerant Strategy Based on Model Predictive Control for Full Bidirectional Switches Indirect Matrix Converter." In Intelligent Computing Methodologies, 271–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26766-7_25.

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Dimitrov, Roumen. "The ladder of indirect communication." In Strategic Silence, 95–106. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315657851-9.

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Zinke-Wehlmann, Christian, Julia Friedrich, and Vanita Römer. "Power to the Network: The Concept of Social Business and Its Relevance for IC." In Contributions to Management Science, 201–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52881-2_11.

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AbstractThe concept of IC puts the employee, in its potential role as crowdsource, Campaign Owner or initiator into focus. This reflects the emancipatory and participatory principle that goes hand in hand with the concept of Social Business. The basic idea of Social Business is not to link the business success of a company exclusively to its management capabilities or the business plan, but to understand and value the individual stakeholder as part of a successful enterprise network. For Social Business, value is not exclusively understood as business value; rather, the perspective is expanded to include social added value, in the sense that the value of the work for the employee, society or the environment is considered as an indirect corporate goal. Thus, Social Business is defined as a framework or strategy that uses digital social networks (enterprise social networks) with the primary goal of generating social, ecological and economic benefits. This article introduces the Social Business reference model, which supports the adoption and implementation of the outlined strategy and contrasts it to the ICU Model in order to identify the strengths as well as weaknesses of both models.
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Thepjatri, Nate, Bruce Ramshaw, Sathyaprasad C. Burjonrappa, and Robert C. Fitzgibbons. "Indirect Inguinal Hernia." In The SAGES Manual of Strategic Decision Making, 487–94. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76671-3_38.

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Thelandersson, Fredrika. "Social Media Sadness: Sad Girl Culture and Radical Ways of Feeling Bad." In 21st Century Media and Female Mental Health, 157–207. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16756-0_5.

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AbstractThis chapter turns to social media platforms and looks at the figure of the sad girl as she emerged online as an indirect response to a popular culture overtly focused on happiness. It discusses how she appeared on primarily Tumblr and Instagram, exploring the general sad girl discourses on these platforms as well as some examples that received extra attention. These include the artist Audrey Wollen and her sad girl theory, the girl group Sad Girls Y Qué, the Instagram club Sad Girls Club, the social media brand My Therapist Says, and prominent Instagram accounts. Here I look at the critical and acritical tendencies within the figure, acknowledging both the potentially subversive aspects of the activist-oriented sad girls and the more commercialized versions of popular sad girls. This chapter explores how Tumblr sad girls might be seen as resting in sadness; how relatability is employed as a political strategy by some Instagram sad girls; the ambivalence of normalization; and the limits of using commercial social media platforms for meaningful social action.
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Conference papers on the topic "Indirect strategy"

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Abaza, Hussein, Yvan Beliveau, and Jim Jones. "Dehumidification Through Indirect Nighttime Ventilation." In ASME 2001 Solar Engineering: International Solar Energy Conference (FORUM 2001: Solar Energy — The Power to Choose). American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sed2001-107.

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Abstract Natural ventilation is an important passive cooling strategy. Using cool night air can cool the building structure and lower air conditions energy consumption. However, there are obstacles in using this cooling strategy, including high relative humidity, pollution, limitations in the thermal storage of the building, and low nighttime air temperature. This paper investigates energy savings by indirect ventilation to pre-cool buildings and reduces humidity. The nighttime ventilation strategy is based on optimizing the use of direct and indirect natural ventilation through an air-to-air heat exchanger. This strategy has been tested at the Beliveau House in Blacksburg, Virginia. Simulation results suggest that the indirect ventilation strategy at the Beliveau House reduces inside relative humidity on hot humid summer days by 20%, and the total summer cooling load by 38% when compared to the existing condition.
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Hossein Kamali Ardakani, Amir Mousavinia, Alireza Jahangiri, and Ahmad Radan. "Sawtooth switching strategy implementation for Indirect Matrix Converter." In 2012 3rd Power Electronics, Drive Systems & Technologies Conference (PEDSTC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pedstc.2012.6183319.

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Hadiati, Chusni, and R. Handoyo. "Wangsalan as an indirect communication strategy in Banyumasan." In Proceedings of First International Conference on Culture, Education, Linguistics and Literature, CELL 2019, 5-6 August, Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.5-8-2019.2289783.

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Badawi, Hassan El, Mariane Comte, Florence Azais, Vincent Kerzerho, Serge Bernard, and Francois Lefevre. "Which metrics to use for RF indirect test strategy?" In 2019 16th International Conference on Synthesis, Modeling, Analysis and Simulation Methods and Applications to Circuit Design (SMACD). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smacd.2019.8795302.

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Guo Liang, Xu aiguo, and Xie shaojun. "Research on indirect current control strategy for grid-connected inverter." In 2008 3rd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciea.2008.4582822.

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Tian-yuan, Tan, Jiang Qi-rong, Li Gang, and Lai Yu-xiang. "Comparison of Direct and Indirect Current Control Strategy for DSTATCOM." In 2006 International Conference on Power System Technology. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpst.2006.321895.

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Prasad Panda, Swayambhu, and Rahul Sharma. "Indirect Power Control Strategy for PV System connected to Grid." In 2020 First IEEE International Conference on Measurement, Instrumentation, Control and Automation (ICMICA). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmica48462.2020.9242865.

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Igney, J., and M. Braun. "Space vector modulation strategy for conventional and indirect matrix converters." In 2005 IEEE 11th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/epe.2005.219448.

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Quoc-Hoan Tran, Tae-Won Chun, and Hong-Hee Lee. "Fault tolerant strategy for inverter stage in indirect matrix converter." In IECON 2013 - 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iecon.2013.6699919.

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Petre, E., D. Selisteanu, and D. Sendrescu. "An indirect adaptive control strategy for a lactic fermentation bioprocess." In 2010 IEEE International Conference on Automation, Quality and Testing, Robotics (AQTR 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aqtr.2010.5520893.

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Reports on the topic "Indirect strategy"

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Author, Not Given. Biomass Indirect Liquefaction Strategy Workshop Summary Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1220286.

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Anderson, Neil E. An Indirect Strategy for Sanctuary Defeat: Addressing Pakistan's Regional Security Concerns. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada539154.

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Henn, Soeren J., Gauthier Marchais, Christian Mastaki Mugaruka, and Raúl Sánchez de la Sierra. Indirect Rule: Armed Groups and Customary Chiefs in Eastern DRC. Institute of Development Studies, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.011.

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This paper leverages a novel panel dataset covering the histories of 306 chiefs and 256 episodes of village governance and taxation by armed groups in 106 villages in eastern DRC in order to analyse the relationship between the governance of armed groups and the power of rural chiefs. The paper devises a strategy to measure chiefs’ power, as well as the governance and taxation arrangements established by armed groups along several dimensions. We find that, when chiefs are powerful, armed groups are less likely to adopt direct rule and more likely to adopt indirect rule governance arrangements. We also find that the use of direct rule increases with an armed group’s tenure.
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Padhye, Suyash, Isaiah Mwamba, Kyubyung Kang, Samuel Labi, and Makarand Hastak. Safety, Mobility, and Cost Benefits of Closing One Direction of the Interstate in Rural Areas During Construction Work. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317345.

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With specific regard to interstates in the rural area, Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) has expressed a need for research that sheds light on this Maintenance of Traffic (MOT) issue so the agency [INDOT and the contractor] can make informed decisions regarding the crossover sections versus the closure in one direction with detour roads. A number of studies have investigated the advantages and disadvantages of various MOT strategies; however, there is no specific study that can help INDOT traffic engineers and design engineers make decisions by comparing direct and indirect benefits of crossovers and detours (full lane closures). This research examined the advantages and disadvantages of entirely closing one direction of traffic over traditional work zone techniques (such as partial lane closure through median crossover) from the perspectives of the agency, road users, and the community. In the case of full closure, the study (a) examined the alternative MOT strategies and best practices through an extensive literature review and survey of agencies (b) investigated risk, benefit, and costs associated with selected detour routes (c) validated the identified critical factors through case studies in Indiana and at other states, and (d) implemented best practices in an expected project to evaluate the safety, mobility, and cost benefits of closing one direction. Through the literature review and four case studies, eleven KPIs for MOT strategy developments were identified. This study prioritized these KPIs through the survey questionnaire. The top five KPIs are (1) safety, (2) mobility, (3) budget constraint, (4) project duration, (5) complexity of project sites. Based on these KPIs and other findings presented in Section 4.3.3, this study has proposed a comparison tool for predetermined MOT strategies in the form of a flow-chart. This tool is followed by the scores or weights associated with each KPI. These scores are normalized—i.e., the most important KPI which is safety, has the maximum weightage 1 and rest of the KPIs are weighed relatively. INDOT has a set of editable documents which are references for making MOT decisions. This proposed flow-chart tool will “walk” the INDOT team through the use of these spreadsheets corresponding to the identified KPIs through this study. It will be at the discretion of the INDOT team as to which KPIs are relevant to the situation at hand. Therefore, the flow-chart tool is flexible to incorporate the dynamic nature of MOT strategy selection.
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Gottlieb, Yuval, Bradley Mullens, and Richard Stouthamer. investigation of the role of bacterial symbionts in regulating the biology and vector competence of Culicoides vectors of animal viruses. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7699865.bard.

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Symbiotic bacteria have been shown to influence host reproduction and defense against biotic and abiotic stressors, and this relates to possible development of a symbiont-based control strategy. This project was based on the hypothesis that symbionts have a significant impact on Culicoides fitness and vector competence for animal viruses. The original objectives in our proposal were: 1. Molecular identification and localization of the newly-discovered symbiotic bacteria within C. imicola and C. schultzei in Israel and C. sonorensis in California. 2. Determination of the prevalence of symbiotic bacteria within different vector Culicoides populations. 3. Documentation of specific symbiont effects on vector reproduction and defense: 3a) test for cytoplasmic incompatibility in Cardinium-infected species; 3b) experimentally evaluate the role of the symbiont on infection or parasitism by key Culicoides natural enemies (iridescent virus and mermithid nematode). 4. Testing the role(s) of the symbionts in possible protection against infection of vector Culicoides by BTV. According to preliminary findings and difficulties in performing experimental procedures performed in other insect symbiosis systems where insect host cultures are easily maintained, we modified the last two objectives as follows: Obj. 3, we tested how symbionts affected general fitness of Israeli Culicoides species, and thoroughly described and evaluated the correlation between American Culicoides and their bacterial communities in the field. We also tried alternative methods to test symbiont-Culicoides interactions and launched studies to characterize low-temperature stress tolerances of the main US vector, which may be related to symbionts. Obj. 4, we tested the correlation between EHDV (instead of BTV) aquisition and Cardinium infection. Culicoides-bornearboviral diseases are emerging or re-emerging worldwide, causing direct and indirect economic losses as well as reduction in animal welfare. One novel strategy to reduce insects’ vectorial capacity is by manipulating specific symbionts to affect vector fitness or performance of the disease agent within. Little was known on the bacterial tenants occupying various Culicoides species, and thus, this project was initiated with the above aims. During this project, we were able to describe the symbiont Cardinium and whole bacterial communities in Israeli and American Culicoides species respectively. We showed that Cardinium infection prevalence is determined by land surface temperature, and this may be important to the larval stage. We also showed no patent significant effect of Cardinium on adult fitness parameters. We showed that the bacterial community in C. sonorensis varies significantly with the host’s developmental stage, but it varies little across multiple wastewater pond environments. This may indicate some specific biological interactions and allowed us to describe a “core microbiome” for C. sonorensis. The final set of analyses that include habitat sample is currently done, in order to separate the more intimately-associated bacteria from those inhabiting the gut contents or cuticle surface (which also could be important). We were also able to carefully study other biological aspects of Culicoides and were able to discriminate two species in C. schultzei group in Israel, and to investigate low temperature tolerances of C. sonorensis that may be related to symbionts. Scientific implications include the establishment of bacterial identification and interactions in Culicoides (our work is cited in other bacteria-Culicoides studies), the development molecular identification of C. schultzei group, and the detailed description of the microbiome of the immature and matched adult stages of C. sonorensis. Agricultural implications include understanding of intrinsic factors that govern Culicoides biology and population regulation, which may be relevant for vector control or reduction in pathogen transmission. Being able to precisely identify Culicoides species is central to understanding Culicoides borne disease epidemiology.
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Trotz, Ulric, Murray Simpson, and Daniel Scott. Climate Change's Impact on the Caribbean's Ability to Sustain Tourism, Natural Assests and Livelihoods. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008840.

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In this technical note, the authors present the effects of climate change on tourism development in the Caribbean, focusing on sea level rise and approaches to sustainability managing climate change impacts. For government and business decision makers in the tourism sector, climate change is a new strategic reality. Increasingly, institutional investors, banks, and insurance companies seek information on the material risks associated with climate change - driven by regulations at national and international levels, physical impacts on business, and the indirect consequences of regulation on business trends, such as changes in the demands for goods and services.
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Nagabhatla, Nidhi, Panthea Pouramin, Rupal Brahmbhatt, Cameron Fioret, Talia Glickman, K. Bruce Newbold, and Vladimir Smakhtin. Migration and Water: A Global Overview. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/lkzr3535.

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Global migration has been increasing since the 1990s. People are forced to leave their homes in search of safety, a better livelihood, or for more economic opportunities. Environmental drivers of migration, such as land degradation, water pollution, or changing climate, are acting as stronger phenomena with time. As millions of people are exposed to multiple water crises, daily needs related to water quality, lack of provisioning, excess or shortage of water become vital for survival as well for livelihood support. In turn, the crisis can transform into conflict and act as a trigger for migration, both voluntary and forced, depending on the conditions. Current interventions related to migration, including funding to manage migration remain focused on response mechanisms, whereas an understanding of drivers or so-called ‘push factors’ of migration is limited. Accurate and well-documented evidence, as well as quantitative information on these phenomena, are either missing or under-reflected in the literature and policy discourse. The report aims to start unpacking relationships between water and migration. The data used in this Report are collected from available public sources and reviewed in the context of water and climate. A three-dimensional (3D) framework is outlined for water-related migration assessment. The framework may be useful to aggerate water-related causes and consequences of migration and interpret them in various socioecological, socioeconomic, and sociopolitical settings. A case study approach is adopted to illustrate the various applications of the framework to dynamics of migration in various geographic and hydrological scenarios. The case studies reflect on well-known examples of environmental and water degradation, but with a focus on displacement /migration and socioeconomic challenges that apply. The relevance of proxy measures such as the Global Conflict Risk Index, which helps quantify water and migration interconnections, is discussed in relation to geographic, political, environmental, and economic parameters. The narratives presented in the Report also point to the existing governance mechanisms on migration, stating that they are fragmented. The report examines global agreements, institutions, and policies on migration to provide an aggerated outlook as to how international and inter-agency cooperation agreements and policies either reflected or are missing on water and climate crises as direct or indirect triggers to migration. Concerning this, the new directives related to migration governance, i.e., the New York Declaration and the Global Compact for Migration, are discussed. The Report recommends an enhanced focus on migration as an adaptation strategy to maximize the interconnectedness with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It calls for the migration discourse to look beyond from a preventative and problematic approach to a perspective emphasizing migration as a contributor towards achieving sustainable development, particularly SDGs 5, 6, 13, and 16 that aim strengthening capacities related to water, gender, climate, and institutions. Overall, the synthesis offers a global overview of water and migration for researchers and professionals engaged in migration-related work. For international agencies and government organizations and policymakers dealing with the assessment of and response to migration, the report aims to support the work on migration assessment and the implementation of the SDGs. The Report may serve as a public good towards understanding the drivers, impacts, and challenges of migration, for designing long-term solutions and for advancing migration management capabilities through improved knowledge and a pitch for consensus-building.
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Caparini, Marina. Multilateral Peace Operations and the Challenges of Epidemics and Pandemics. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/awyk9746.

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This paper provides a broad overview of how multilateral peace operations have responded to cholera and Ebola epidemics and the HIV/ AIDS and Covid-19 pandemics over the past 20 years. Such public health crises can be especially lethal in fragile and conflict-affected areas. Peace operations possess resources and capacities that enable them to contribute in varying ways to state and humanitarian responses. Multilateral peace operations have acted to protect the health of peacekeepers and to prevent peacekeepers from spreading infectious diseases. They have also directly provided security to health and humanitarian personnel, health services and supplies to some non-mission personnel and local communities, and communications capacities to dispel dis/misinformation and inform local populations about health measures. Another area where peace operations have given indirect support to epidemic/ pandemic response measures is by offering political engagement, coordination, training and material support to host state actors as well as supporting the rule of law and capacity building of local security and police personnel. The paper concludes by considering arguments against and in favour of more strategic involvement of peace operations in future epidemics and pandemics.
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Pexas, Georgios, Ilias Kyriazakis, and Bob Doherty. The Future of Animal Feed. Food Standards Agency, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.gzi586.

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The feed-food competition for environmental and economic resources raises increasing concerns about the production and supply of protein for the global livestock sector. Risks to food-security and approaching deadlines for global sustainable development, means exploring the potential for alternative protein feeds is imperative. However, as the use of alternative feeds for livestock production is still at its infancy, it is critical that potential direct or indirect food safety risks are evaluated before implementation at commercial scales. This Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) offers a lens that focuses on the potential opportunities and threats of such alternatives for the sustainability and food safety of the global livestock sector. Four potential alternative protein sources for livestock feeds are identified and evaluated through this REA: genetically modified / engineered protein crops and alternative cultivation methods cellular agriculture former foods, food waste and industry by-products and waste streams animal by-products and insects Through this analysis, a strategic policy roadmap and research agenda are synthesised to facilitate higher-level policy making, supporting local solutions for global sustainable development and a more food-secure future. The four broad directions for policy making and research the REA proposes are: decoupling protein production from fossil fuel developing sustainable economic strategies for alternative proteins at a subnational level supporting circular livestock feed solutions further enhancing the feed and food regulatory system
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Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka, Erik Fridell, Jaakko Kukkonen, Jana Moldanova, Leonidas Ntziachristos, Achilleas Grigoriadis, Maria Moustaka, et al. Environmental impacts of exhaust gas cleaning systems in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea area. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361898.

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Description: Shipping is responsible for a range of different pressures affecting air quality, climate, and the marine environment. Most social and economic analyses of shipping have focused on air pollution assessment and how shipping may impact climate change and human health. This risks that policies may be biased towards air pollution and climate change, whilst impacts on the marine environment are not as well known. One example is the sulfur regulation introduced in January 2020, which requires shipowners to use a compliant fuel with a sulfur content of 0.5% (0.1% in SECA regions) or use alternative compliance options (Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems, EGCS) that are effective in reducing sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions to the atmosphere. The EGCS cleaning process results in large volumes of discharged water that includes a wide range of contaminants. Although regulations target SOx removal, other pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals and combustion particles are removed from the exhaust to the wash water and subsequently discharged to the marine environment. Based on dilution series of the Whole Effluent Testing (WET), the impact of the EGCS effluent on marine invertebrate species and on phytoplankton was found to vary between taxonomic groups, and between different stages of the invertebrate life cycle. Invertebrates were more affected than phytoplankton, and the most sensitive endpoint detected in the present project was the fertilisation of sea urchin eggs, which were negatively affected at a sample dilution of 1 : 1,000,000. Dilutions of 1: 100,000 were harmful to early development of several of the tested species, including mussels, polychaetes, and crustaceans. The observed effects at these low concentrations of EGCS effluent were reduced egg production, and deformations and abnormal development of the larvae of the species. The ecotoxicological data produced in the EMERGE project were used to derive Predicted No Effect Concentration values. Corresponding modelling studies revealed that the EGCS effluent can be considered as a single entity for 2-10 days from the time of discharge, depending on the environmental conditions like sea currents, winds, and temperature. Area 10-30 km outside the shipping lanes will be prone to contaminant concentrations corresponding to 1 : 1,000,000 dilution which was deemed harmful for most sensitive endpoints of WET experiments. Studies for the Saronikos Gulf (Aegean Sea) revealed that the EGCS effluent dilution rate exceeded the 1 : 1,000,000 ratio 70% of the time at a distance of about 10 km from the port. This was also observed for 15% of the time within a band of 10 km wide along the shipping lane extending 500 km away from the port of Piraeus. When mortality of adult specimens of one of the species (copepod Acartia tonsa) was used as an endpoint it was found to be 3-4 orders of magnitude less sensitive to EGCS effluent than early life stage endpoints like fertilisation of eggs and larval development. Mortality of Acartia tonsa is commonly used in standard protocols for ecotoxicological studies, but our data hence shows that it seriously underestimates the ecologically relevant toxicity of the effluent. The same is true for two other commonly used and recommended endpoints, phytoplankton growth and inhibition of bioluminescence in marine bacteria. Significant toxic effects were reached only after addition of 20-40% effluent. A marine environmental risk assessment was performed for the Öresund region for baseline year 2018, where Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs) of open loop effluent discharge water were compared to the PNEC value. The results showed modelled concentrations of open loop effluent in large areas to be two to three orders of magnitude higher than the derived PNEC value, yielding a Risk Characterisation Ratio of 500-5000, which indicates significant environmental risk. Further, it should be noted that between 2018-2022 the number of EGCS vessels more than quadrupled in the area from 178 to 781. In this work, the EGCS discharges of the fleet in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, the English Channel, and the Mediterranean Sea area were studied in detail. The assessments of impacts described in this document were performed using a baseline year 2018 and future scenarios. These were made for the year 2050, based on different projections of transport volumes, also considering the fuel efficiency requirements and ship size developments. From the eight scenarios developed, two extremes were chosen for impact studies which illustrate the differences between a very high EGCS usage and a future without the need for EGCS while still compliant to IMO initial GHG strategy. The scenario without EGCS leads to 50% reduction of GHG emissions using low sulfur fuels, LNG, and methanol. For the high EGCS adoption scenario in 2050, about a third of the fleet sailing the studied sea areas would use EGCS and effluent discharge volumes would be increased tenfold for the Baltic Sea and hundredfold for the Mediterranean Sea when compared to 2018 baseline discharges. Some of the tested species, mainly the copepods, have a central position in pelagic food webs as they feed on phytoplankton and are themselves the main staple food for most fish larvae and for some species of adult fish, e.g., herring. The direct effect of the EGSE on invertebrates will therefore have an important indirect effect on the fish feeding on them. Effects are greatest in and near shipping lanes. Many important shipping lanes run close to shore and archipelago areas, and this also puts the sensitive shallow water coastal ecosystems at risk. It should be noted that no studies on sub-lethal effects of early 19 life stages in fish were included in the EMERGE project, nor are there any available data on this in the scientific literature. The direct toxic effects on fish at the expected concentrations of EGCS effluent are therefore largely unknown. According to the regional modelling studies, some of the contaminants will end up in sediments along the coastlines and archipelagos. The documentation of the complex chemical composition of EGCS effluent is in sharp contrast to the present legislation on threshold levels for content in EGCS effluent discharged from ships, which includes but a few PAHs, pH, and turbidity. Traditional assessments of PAHs in environmental and marine samples focus only on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) list of 16 priority PAHs, which includes only parent PAHs. Considering the complex PAHs assemblages and the importance of other related compounds, it is important to extend the EPA list to include alkyl-PAHs to obtain a representative monitoring of EGCS effluent and to assess the impact of its discharges into the marine environment. An economic evaluation of the installation and operational costs of EGCS was conducted noting the historical fuel price differences of high and low sulfur fuels. Equipment types, installation dates and annual fuel consumption from global simulations indicated that 51% of the global EGCS fleet had already reached break-even by the end of 2022, resulting in a summarised profit of 4.7 billion €2019. Within five years after the initial installation, more than 95% of the ships with open loop EGCS reach break-even. The pollutant loads from shipping come both through atmospheric deposition and direct discharges. This underlines the need of minimising the release of contaminants by using fuels which reduce the air emissions of harmful components without creating new pollution loads through discharges. Continued use of EGCS and high sulfur fossil fuels will delay the transition to more sustainable options. The investments made on EGCS enable ships to continue using fossil fuels instead of transitioning away from them as soon as possible as agreed in the 2023 Dubai Climate Change conference. Continued carriage of residual fuels also increases the risk of dire environmental consequences whenever accidental releases of oil to the sea occur.
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