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Journal articles on the topic 'Indirect evaporative cooling'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Mishra, Sakshi. "Direct and Indirect Evaporative Cooling Strategies: An Analysis." Journal of Advanced Research in Mechanical Engineering and Technology 08, no. 01 (April 22, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2454.8650.202101.

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Evaporative cooling can be understood as natural response of human body to effective climate control. It is the similar to the cooling principle that human body practices when moisture/ sweat vaporizes and cools off the skin. Needing less energy input, evaporative cooling is perfectly fit for uses in which decreasing high temperatures as well as energy consumption is the requisite. Evaporative cooling is an energy competent resolution for trades, where hot inside environments lead to low output, productivity and discontented employed workers. This could also upsurge the amount of faults and mishaps in the production lines. There are many technologies in place used in poultry, horticulture, swine and dairy industries such as in-duct direct evaporative cooling, exhaust air evaporative cooling, in-direct evaporative cooling and direct air evaporative cooling. In this paper, different evaporative cooling technologies have been discussed.

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2

Pendhari, Asiya S. "Indirect Evaporative Cooling: An Efficient and Convenient Energy System." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Mechanics and Computational Fluid Dynamics 07, no. 3&4 (November 6, 2020): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2349.7661.202006.

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Evaporative cooling is now an alternative method for the conventional air cooling method. This method does not only save energy but also protect the environment from global warming and hazardous gases. Thus this system is highly efficient and eco-friendly. Evaporative cooling system is further divided into two categories that are direct evaporative cooling system and an indirect evaporative cooling system. The direct evaporative cooling system is not much efficient due to high wet bulb temperature and moisture thus rather than using the direct evaporative cooling system the indirect evaporative cooling system is preferred. This paper discusses comparative studies of performance, working principles, material selection criteria’s and various methods. It also explains the performance under different weather conditions, hybrid structure to reduce the load on the further system. It summarises various aspects like wick attained aluminium sheet is the best material for IEC or counter-flow heat exchanger is effective than parallel-flow heat exchanger. It finally results that indirect evaporative cooling system is moisture free, very effective and environment savings. That can be used in various residential and commercial sectors effectively as an alternative for conventional energy-consuming system.

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3

Hashim, Rasha, Salman Hammdi, and Adel Eidan. "Evaporative Cooling: A Review of its Types and Modeling." Basrah journal for engineering science 22, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33971/bjes.22.1.5.

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Evaporative cooling is a widely used energy-saving and environmentally friendly cooling technology. Evaporative cooling can be defined as a mass and heat transfer process in which the air is cooled by the evaporation of water and as a result a large amount of heat is transferred from the air to the water and thus the air temperature decreases. Evaporative cooling is mainly used in many cooling technologies used in buildings, factories, agricultural in addition to it is used industrially in cooling towers, evaporative condensers, humidification, and humidity control applications. Evaporative cooling is divided into direct evaporative cooling and indirect evaporative cooling, as well as water evaporative cooling and air evaporative cooling. This paper reviews the most important developments and technologies in evaporative cooling that lead to lower energy consumption and provide suitable cooling comfort.

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4

Dinh, Khanh. "4827733 Indirect evaporative cooling system." Heat Recovery Systems and CHP 10, no. 1 (January 1990): ix. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0890-4332(90)90286-s.

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5

Winaya, I. Nyoman Suprapta, Hendra Wijaksana, Made Sucipta, and Ainul Ghurri. "An Overview of Different Indirect and Semi-Indirect Evaporative Cooling System for Study Potency of Nanopore Skinless Bamboo as An Evaporative Cooling New Porous Material." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 79, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.79.2.123130.

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The high energy consumption of compressor based cooling system has prompted the researchers to study and develop non-compressor based cooling system that less energy consumption, less environment damaging but still has high enough cooling performances. Indirect and semi indirect evaporative cooling system is the feasible non-compressor based cooling systems that can reach the cooling performance required. This two evaporative cooling system has some different in construction, porous material used, airflow scheme and secondary air cooling method used for various applications. This paper would report the cooling performances achieved by those two cooling system in terms of cooling efficiency, cooling capacity, wet bulb effectiveness, dew point effectiveness, and temperature drop. Porous material used in indirect and semi-indirect evaporative cooling would be highlighted in terms of their type, size, thickness and any other feature. The introduction of nanopore skinless bamboo potency as a new porous material for either indirect or semi-indirect evaporative cooling would be described. In the future study of nanopore skinless bamboo, a surface morphology and several hygrothermal test including sorption, water vapor transmission, thermal conductivity test would be applied, before it utilize as a new porous material for direct or semi indirect evaporative cooling.

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6

Wijaksana, Hendra, I. Nyoman Suprapta Winaya, Made Sucipta, and Ainul Ghurri. "An Overview of Different Indirect and Semi-Indirect Evaporative Cooling System for Study Potency of Nanopore Skinless Bamboo as An Evaporative Cooling New Porous Material." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 76, no. 3 (October 29, 2020): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.76.3.109116.

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The high energy consumption of compressor-based cooling system has prompted the researchers to study and develop non-compressor-based cooling system that less energy consumption, less environment damaging but still has high enough cooling performances. Indirect and semi indirect evaporative cooling system is the feasible non-compressor-based cooling systems that can reach the cooling performance required. These two evaporative cooling systems has some different in construction, porous material used, airflow scheme and secondary air-cooling method used for various applications. This paper would report the cooling performances achieved by those two-cooling systems in terms of cooling efficiency, cooling capacity, wet bulb effectiveness, dew point effectiveness, and temperature drop. Porous material used in indirect and semi-indirect evaporative cooling would be highlighted in terms of their type, size, thickness and any other feature. The introduction of nanopore skinless bamboo potency as a new porous material for either indirect or semi-indirect evaporative cooling would be described. In the future study of nanopore skinless bamboo, a surface morphology and several hygrothermal test including sorption, water vapor transmission, thermal conductivity test would be applied, before it utilizes as a new porous material for direct or semi indirect evaporative cooling.

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7

Cichoń, Aleksandra, Anna Pacak, Demis Pandelidis, and Sergey Anisimov. "Reducing energy consumption of air-conditioning systems in moderate climates by applying indirect evaporative cooling." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400019.

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This paper investigates the potential of applying an indirect evaporative cooler for heat recovery in air conditioning systems in moderate climates. The counter-flow indirect evaporative heat and mass exchanger is compared with commonly used recuperation unit in terms of achieved energy. The performance analysis of the indirect evaporative exchanger is carried out with original ε-NTU-model considering condensation from treated air. It was found that the indirect evaporative exchanger employed as a heat recovery device, allows to obtain higher performance than conventional recuperator. Additional energy savings potential is related with utilizing the potential of water evaporation to pre-cool the outdoor air. It is also stated that there is a high potential of reusing condensate that forms in product channels of the indirect evaporative exchanger and in the vapour-compression unit and delivering it to the working part of the indirect evaporative exchanger.

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8

Parashar, Vishal Kumar, and Aditya Singh. "INDIRECT EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEMS – A REVIEW." International Journal of Technical Research & Science 04, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30780/ijtrs.v04.i12.004.

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9

Shean Ti Teen and Keng Wai Chan. "Design and Study of Domestic Cooling System through Roof Ventilation Assisted by Evaporative Cooling." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 98, no. 1 (September 19, 2022): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.98.1.8291.

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This study shows the evaluation of the indirect evaporative cooling system beneath the roof that aims to reduce the cooling load in buildings. As the energy demand for space cooling increases over the years, the evaporative cooler that has lower energy consumption can be a green technology for space cooling compared with air-conditioning systems. An example of an evaporative roof cooling method that is commonly used is a rooftop sprinkler system. This study emphasizes the evaluation of the performances of an indirect evaporative cooler and rooftop sprinkler system in terms of temperature reduction and cooling capacity. The modelling is done by using the sol-air temperature to estimate the solar heat gain. Then, the cooling power of each system is calculated, and finally, the indoor temperature for the respective system can be determined. The finding shows that the temperature drop for the indirect evaporative cooler is 9.2°C, whereas for the rooftop sprinkler system, it is only about 4.4°C. The simulated cooling load of the indirect evaporative cooler for this test house can go up to 49.2W.

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10

Asemi, Hamidreza, Rahim Zahedi, and Sareh Daneshgar. "Theoretical analysis of the performance and optimization of indirect flat evaporative coolers." Future Energy 2, no. 1 (November 15, 2022): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.55670/fpll.fuen.2.1.2.

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External-cooling indirect evaporative coolers with different configurations and working air sources are incomprehensively analyzed and compared so far. This paper investigates the mechanism and theory of operation of indirect flat-panel evaporative coolers based on X-analysis. Then, based on the second law of thermodynamics analysis, the entropy production rate of the flat-plate heat exchanger of the cooler is calculated. As a result of this analysis, the optimal energy efficiency-evaporation efficiency and cooling capacity values are presented in terms of effective parameters in the design.

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11

Porumb, Bogdan, Paula Ungureşan, Lucian Fechete Tutunaru, Alexandru Şerban, and Mugur Bălan. "A Review of Indirect Evaporative Cooling Technology." Energy Procedia 85 (January 2016): 461–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.12.228.

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12

Zeitoun, Obida. "Two-Stage Evaporative Inlet Air Gas Turbine Cooling." Energies 14, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 1382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051382.

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Gas turbine inlet air-cooling (TIAC) is an established technology for augmenting gas turbine output and efficiency, especially in hot regions. TIAC using evaporative cooling is suitable for hot, dry regions; however, the cooling is limited by the ambient wet-bulb temperature. This study investigates two-stage evaporative TIAC under the harsh weather of Riyadh city. The two-stage evaporative TIAC system consists of indirect and direct evaporative stages. In the indirect stage, air is precooled using water cooled in a cooling tower. In the direct stage, adiabatic saturation cools the air. This investigation was conducted for the GE 7001EA gas turbine model. Thermoflex software was used to simulate the GE 7001EA gas turbine using different TIAC systems including evaporative, two-stage evaporative, hybrid absorption refrigeration evaporative and hybrid vapor-compression refrigeration evaporative cooling systems. Comparisons of different performance parameters of gas turbines were conducted. The added annual profit and payback period were estimated for different TIAC systems.

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13

Pacak, Anna, and William Worek. "Review of Dew Point Evaporative Cooling Technology for Air Conditioning Applications." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11030934.

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Indirect evaporative cooling has the potential to significantly improve the natural environment. It follows from a significant reduction in electricity consumption in the hot period, and hence lower operating costs for cooling systems. This paper presents the current state of knowledge and research directions on dew point indirect evaporative cooling. It was found that researchers focus on the development of dew point indirect evaporative coolers (DPIEC) by improving its design, geometry, water distribution, and new porous materials implementation. To evaluate the performance of new types of DPIEC, different methods are used by the scientists. Finally, optimized devices are studied in terms of their performance in different systems, like hybrid and desiccant systems, considering different climate conditions. Potential directions of development of evaporative technologies were indicated, such as increasing the coefficient of performance of solid desiccant evaporative cooling systems, developing novel geometry, and efficient water distribution, including development of porous materials.

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14

Wang, Yu Gang, Jia Ping Liu, and Huang Xiang. "Experimental Study of a Novel Indirect Evaporative Cooler." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 2547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.2547.

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Set up a test-bed, test the pre-cooling section, cooling section, and the units consist of them separately, then analysis the data. Within the experimental range, the best ratio of the secondary air volume and the primary air volume is 1.2 for the pre-cooling section, for the cooling section is 1.69. The outlet air temperature is below its wet bulb temperature for the units, and higher than its dew point temperature.

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15

Joudi, Khalid A., and Salah M. Mehdi. "Application of indirect evaporative cooling to variable domestic cooling load." Energy Conversion and Management 41, no. 17 (November 2000): 1931–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-8904(00)00004-2.

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16

Shah, Dhanish, Ishan Thakkar, Manish Ramavat, Praharsh Sheth, Yash Patel, and Digbijoy Sarkar. "Review on automatic vapour compression refrigeration indirect evaporative cooling-direct evaporative cooling hybrid air conditioner." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 402 (September 20, 2018): 012207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/402/1/012207.

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17

Rezaee, Vahid, and Arash Houshmand. "Feasibility Study Of Maisotsenko Indirect Evaporative Air Cooling Cycle In Iran." GeoScience Engineering 61, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gse-2015-0015.

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Abstract This paper presents energy and exergy analysis of air cooling cycle based on novel Maisotsenko indirect evaporative cooling cycle. Maisotsenko cycle (M-cycle) provides desired cooling condition above the dew point and below the wet bulb temperature. In this study, based on average annual temperature, The Iran area is segmented into eleven climates. In energy analysis, wet-bulb and dew point effectiveness, cooling capacity rate and in exergy analysis, exergy input rate, exergy destruction rate, exergy loss, exergy efficiency, exergetic COP and entropy generation rate for Iran's weather conditions in the indicated climates are calculated. Moreover, a feasibility study based on water evaporation rate and Maisotsenko cycle was presented. Energy and exergy analysis results show that the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth climates are quite compatible and Rasht, Sari, Ramsar and Ardabile cities are irreconcilable with the Maisotsenko cycle.

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18

Duan, Zhiyin, Changhong Zhan, Xingxing Zhang, Mahmud Mustafa, Xudong Zhao, Behrang Alimohammadisagvand, and Ala Hasan. "Indirect evaporative cooling: Past, present and future potentials." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16, no. 9 (December 2012): 6823–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.07.007.

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19

Liberati, Paolo, Stefano De Antonellis, Calogero Leone, Cesare Maria Joppolo, and Yakub Bawa. "Indirect Evaporative cooling systems: modelling and performance analysis." Energy Procedia 140 (December 2017): 475–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.11.159.

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20

Bozhenko, Mykhaylo, and Tatiana Izhevska. "Central Air Conditioning Systems with Partial Indirect Evaporative Cooling and Utilization of Cold and Heat of Ventilation Emissions." NTU "KhPI" Bulletin: Power and heat engineering processes and equipment, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-774x.2021.04.05.

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A promising trend in air conditioning systems is the use of indirect evaporative cooling, but in the classic version it is effective in dry and hot climates. For the need to maintain comfortable air parameters in public buildings, it is not possible to fully implement such a process in the conditions of Ukraine (the relative humidity of the outside air ranges from 63 to 75 %). The aim of the work is to increase the energy efficiency of air conditioning systems with standard equipment through partial evaporative cooling and use for cooling water in cooling towers of the air removed from the rooms during the warm season, and in the cold season - use of the exhaust air for preheating the supply air in heat exchanger. A corresponding system diagram was developed and computational studies of a direct-flow circuit and a circuit with recirculation were carried out for one of the educational buildings of the Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. According to the results of calculating the direct-flow circuit in the warm period, the energy efficiency of indirect evaporative cooling was 23.5 %. The annual amount of recovered heat of ventilation emissions for this scheme in the cold period was 3731 GJ / year, and the economic effect - 1473185 UAH / year. For a circuit with recirculation during a warm period, the greatest effect of indirect evaporative cooling is achieved with a recirculation rate of 10 %, and for the overall decrease in the cooling capacity of the air conditioner during this period the greatest impact is not indirect evaporative cooling, but recirculation. In the cold season, the greatest utilization effect is also achieved with a 10 % recirculation rate.

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21

Kim, MH, JH Kim, OH Kwon, AS Choi, and JW Jeong. "Energy conservation potential of an indirect and direct evaporative cooling assisted 100% outdoor air system." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 32, no. 4 (June 28, 2011): 345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624411402637.

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This study aims to present the fundamentals in which operation of a 100% outdoor air system integrates with indirect and direct evaporative cooling systems and to estimate its energy saving potential. The simulation of the proposed system is performed using a commercial equation solver program, and the annual operation energy saving potential with respect to a conventional variable air volume system is determined. This paper shows that significant operation energy savings (i.e. 21–51% less energy consumption) is possible principally by the pre-conditioning of supply air due to the waste heat recovery using the indirect evaporative cooler and the sensible heat exchanger units. By components, the proposed system shows a 16–25% less annual cooling coil load and an 80–87% reduced annual heating coil load with respect to the conventional variable air volume system, while there is no fan energy savings expected. Practical applications: This paper provides practical insight on how the evaporative cooling based 100% outdoor air system operates and how each essential component, such as the indirect evaporative cooler, cooling coil, direct evaporative cooler, heating coil and sensible heat exchanger should be controlled during the seasons for realising energy conservation benefits. The sequence of operation presented in this paper can be implemented to actual control logic.

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22

Li, Rui, Wenhe Zhou, Jianyun Wu, Jianxia Li, Xinyue Dong, and Juan Zhao. "Numerical method and analysis of a tube indirect evaporative cooler." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2021): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci201121198l.

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The tube indirect evaporative cooler is energy-saving and environmentally friendly, and its heat transfer mechanism still needs to be fully indicated, for which the numerical method is more suitable than the experiment. Because many numerical researches focusing on the tube indirect evaporative cooler are usually based on the simplified models, such as single tube model, single side model, one-dimensional and two-dimensional model, the further improvement is still needed. Meanwhile, the tube indirect evaporative cooler is always expected to supply more cooling air with lower temperature at lower cost of energy, but many present studies are focusing on the improvement of heat transfer only and ignoring the energy cost. This paper proposed a three-dimensional full-scale numerical model and method verified by the experimental data, by which, the energy output (primary air-cooling capacity) and quality (temperature of primary air outlet) at the resistance loss(resistance) of the tube indirect evaporative cooler are analyzed with the help of Fluent software.

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23

Kun, Fan, and Huang Xiang. "A Case Analysis of Application of Evaporative Cooling Air Conditioning of the Communication Equipment Room in Xi’an." Applied Mechanics and Materials 472 (January 2014): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.472.231.

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Introduced a communication equipment room in Xi'an transition season application tubular I/DEC (Indirect and Direct Evaporative Cooling) projects. The analysis the several modes optimized air handling units throughout the year. Finally, according to the operation of the evaporative cooling air conditioning system in the transitional seasons concluded.

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24

Chen, Min Lei, Xiao Long Liu, and Eric Hu. "Indirect Evaporative Cooling – An Energy Efficient Way for Air Conditioning." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 1198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1198.

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Invention and the widely use of air conditioning has improved people’s working and living conditions. However, it also consumes significant amount of energy, accounting for over 40% of total energy used in the buildings. Indirect evaporative cooling (IEC) is a relatively new kind of air conditioning mechanism developed. It is not only uses less energy comparing with traditional air conditioning, but also overcomes the weaknesses of a direct evaporative cooling (DEC) system. The weaknesses of DEC include humidifying the supply air and minimum temperature of supply air is not lower than wet bulb temperature.

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25

Mohammed, Ramy H., Mohamed El-Morsi, and Omar Abdelaziz. "Indirect evaporative cooling for buildings: A comprehensive patents review." Journal of Building Engineering 50 (June 2022): 104158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104158.

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26

Blanco-Marigorta, Ana M., Ana Tejero-González, Javier M. Rey-Hernández, Eloy Velasco Gómez, and Richard Gaggioli. "Exergy analysis of two indirect evaporative cooling experimental prototypes." Alexandria Engineering Journal 61, no. 6 (June 2022): 4359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.09.065.

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27

Jorissen, F., W. Boydens, and L. Helsen. "Validated air handling unit model using indirect evaporative cooling." Journal of Building Performance Simulation 11, no. 1 (January 16, 2017): 48–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19401493.2016.1273391.

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28

Stabat, Pascal, and Dominique Marchio. "Simplified model for indirect-contact evaporative cooling-tower behaviour." Applied Energy 78, no. 4 (August 2004): 433–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2003.09.004.

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29

Sibanda, Sipho, and Tilahun Seyoum Workneh. "Performance evaluation of an indirect air cooling system combined with evaporative cooling." Heliyon 6, no. 1 (January 2020): e03286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03286.

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30

Szaszák, Norbert, and Attila Juhász. "Experimental indirect evaporative air conditioning system - a possible implementation." MATEC Web of Conferences 367 (2022): 00021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236700021.

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This article presents the principle of operation of an experimental indirect evaporative cooling system which applies liquid desiccant solution as a drying agent. This mobile system is going to be built for the investigation of the effects of different working parameters (e.g. regenerating temperature of the desiccant salt-solution, air flow rates, solution flow rates, droplet size and mixing path length, etc.) on the produced cooled and dehumidified air, as well as the effects of the initial hot-air parameters (temperature and humidity) on the effectiveness (cooling and dehumidification rate) of the system. In this paper the basic mechanisms of both the direct and indirect evaporative cooling systems are presented with their advantages and disadvantages. It is shown how the solar energy by means of solar collector(s) can be utilized as an energy source of the regeneration of the diluted desiccant solution. Besides the 3D drawing and the parts of the experimental cooler and air dryer system will be presented and explained.

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31

Elgendy, E., A. Mostafa, and M. Fatouh. "Performance enhancement of a desiccant evaporative cooling system using direct/indirect evaporative cooler." International Journal of Refrigeration 51 (March 2015): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2014.12.009.

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32

Camargo, J. R., C. D. Ebinuma, and S. Cardoso. "THREE METHODS TO EVALUATE THE USE OF EVAPORATIVE COOLING FOR HUMAN THERMAL COMFORT." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2006): 09. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v5i2.61846.

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This paper presents three methods that can be used as reference for efficientuse of evaporative cooling systems, applying it, latter, to several Braziliancities, characterized by different climates. Initially it presents the basicprinciples of direct and indirect evaporative cooling and defines theeffectiveness of the systems. Afterwards, it presents three methods thatallows to determinate where the systems are more efficient. It concludesthat evaporative cooling systems have a very large potential to propitiatethermal comfort and can still be used as an alternative to conventionalsystems in regions where the design wet bulb temperature is under 24ºC.

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33

Al Horr, Yousef, Bourhan Tashtoush, Nelson Chilengwe, and Mohamed Musthafa. "Performance Assessment of a Hybrid Vapor Compression and Evaporative Cooling Fresh-Air-Handling Unit Operating in Hot Climates." Processes 7, no. 12 (November 21, 2019): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7120872.

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Evaporative cooling can be integrated into fresh-air-handling units, to reduce cooling demand. This study considers a hybrid fresh-air-handling unit which incorporates a vapor-compression cooling cycle and indirect evaporative cooling to condition an ambient primary airstream to a desired supply air state. The cooling effects of using various modes (vapor compression only; direct expansion with mist; direct expansion with water shower; and direct expansion with mist and water shower) are compared when the fresh-air-handling unit operates in harsh (hot and humid) climatic conditions experienced in Qatar. Experimental analysis is based on actual ambient conditions measured from August 2018 to July 2019. It is found that the best-performing wet mode of operation saves more than 60% of the energy required by a conventional direct expansion cooling system operating under the same ambient conditions. In hot, dry conditions, the coefficient of performance of the fresh-air-handling unit when using the indirect evaporative mode of operation is double the coefficient of performance when operating with direct expansion mode only.

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34

Sun, Tiezhu, Xiaojun Huang, Caihang Liang, Riming Liu, and Xiang Huang. "Prediction and Analysis of Dew Point Indirect Evaporative Cooler Performance by Artificial Neural Network Method." Energies 15, no. 13 (June 25, 2022): 4673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134673.

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The artificial neural network method has been widely applied to the performance prediction of fillers and evaporative coolers, but its application to the dew point indirect evaporative coolers is rare. To fill this research gap, a novel performance prediction model for dew point indirect evaporative cooler based on back propagation neural network was established using Matlab2018. Simulation based on the test date in the moderately humid region of Yulin City (Shaanxi Province, China) finds that: the root mean square error of the evaporation efficiency of the back propagation model is 3.1367, and the r2 is 0.9659, which is within the acceptable error range. However, the relative error of individual data (sample 7) is a little bit large, which is close to 10%. In order to improve the accuracy of the back propagation model, an optimized model based on particle swarm optimization was established. The relative error of the optimized model is generally smaller than that of the BP neural network especially for sample 7. It is concluded that the optimized artificial neural network is more suitable for solving the performance prediction problem of dew point indirect evaporative cooling units.

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35

Chávez, José Roberto García, Anaís Carrillo Salas, and Karina A. García Pardo. "Application of indirect evaporative cooling strategies for a warm-humid climate." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2042, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2042/1/012098.

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Abstract Energy consumption in buildings for air conditioning has augmented worldwide by the escalation in global warming. The application of passive cooling is a promising approach to mitigate this situation. The aim of this research was to assess and characterize the performance of indirect evaporative cooling strategies combined with other passive cooling techniques, applied in experimental modules, aimed at providing hygrothermal comfort. Results showed that the investigated strategies presented lower temperatures than the external conditions and the control module. The alternative that combined indirect evaporative cooling with thermal mass, solar protection, and night radiative cooling was the most promising, with a temperature reduction of 4.2 K, relative to the mean exterior temperature, and a decrease of 8.3 K of its maximum temperature relative to the maximum exterior temperature. An additional strategy was implemented in this alternative using a phase change material, that further reduced its temperature by 6.3 K, relative to the mean exterior temperature and a reduction of 11.5 K of its maximum temperature compared to the maximum exterior temperature. It is expected that these findings are applicable in actual buildings in warm-humid regions to reduce energy consumption for air conditioning, whilst improving hygrothermal comfort and health of occupants.

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Essa, Essa Ahmed, Qusay Kamil, and Noah Mohmmed. "Enhancement of evaporative cooling system in a green-house by geothermal energy." Open Engineering 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 752–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0362.

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Abstract Greenhouse is one of the most recent agricultural systems that provides an economic resource by increasing production and allowing crops to be grown all year. In Iraq, this approach encounters an impediment during the summer. As a result of the rapid rise in temperatures, greenhouses are becoming increasingly ineffective. In this season, it is unusable. A two-stage evaporative cooling system was used in this study, with one indirect evaporative cooling heat exchanger and three direct evaporative cooling pads. The performance of the proposed indirect–direct evaporative cooling (IDEC) unit with various settings was tested during the summer season in Kirkuk, with dry bulb temperatures ranging from 45 to 50°C. The results reveal that using groundwater increased the IDEC unit’s efficiency to 98.3%, compared to 67.5% when using direct evaporative cooling. When covering layers were used, solar intensity entering the greenhouse was lowered from 11.4% for a single layer to 28.4% for two layers with one layer of green mesh. In comparison to ambient circumstances and according to the parameters analyzed, the IDEC system employing groundwater results in a decrease in greenhouse temperature and an increase in greenhouse relative humidity. The IDEC unit was verified using TRANSYS software and experimental measurements from a test greenhouse. For the same ambient temperature, simulated and experimental findings revealed that the simulated temperature is lower than the experimental temperature. The percentage difference in greenhouse temperature between the TRANSYS simulation and experimental measurements reached a maximum of 9.43%.

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Mariotti, Marco, and Lorenzo Moro. "Indirect Evaporative Cooling Combined with Dehumidification in a MVHR System for Radiant Cooling." Energy Procedia 101 (November 2016): 448–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.11.057.

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Alhosainy, Ali Hammoodi Mahdi, and Issam Mohammed Ali Aljubury. "Two Stage Evaporative Cooling of Residential Building Using Geothermal Energy." Journal of Engineering 25, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2019.04.03.

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The weather of Iraq has longer summer season compared with other countries. The ambient temperature during this season reaches over 50 OC which makes the evaporative cooling system suitable for this climate. In present work, the two-stage evaporative cooling system is studied. The first stage is indirect evaporative cooling (IEC) represented by two heat exchangers with the groundwater flow rate (5 L/min). The second stage is direct evaporative cooling (DEC) which represents three pads with groundwater flow rates of (4.5 L/min). The experimental work was conducted in July, August, September, and October in Baghdad. Results showed that overall evaporative efficiency of the system (two coils with three pads each pad of 3cm) reach to 167 % with the temperature difference between ambient and supply is 26.2oC. While it reached 122.7% (one coil with three pads ) with the temperature difference between ambient and supply is 16OC and reduced to 84.88% and 84.36% for IEC and DEC respectively.

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Goswami, D. Y., G. D. Mathur, and S. M. Kulkarni. "Experimental Investigation of Performance of a Residential Air Conditioning System with an Evaporatively Cooled Condenser." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 115, no. 4 (November 1, 1993): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930051.

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This paper presents an experimental investigation of the use of indirect evaporative cooling process to increase the performance of an air-to-air vapor compression refrigeration system. The condenser of an existing 2.5 ton (8.8 kW) air conditioning system at the University of Florida’s Energy Park in Gainesville was retrofitted with a media pad type evaporative cooler, a water source, and a pump. The system performance was monitored without and with the evaporative cooler on the condenser. The data show that electric energy savings of 20 percent can be achieved by using an evaporatively cooled air condenser. The energy savings can pay for the cost associated with retrofitting the condenser in as little as two years.

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Kettleborough, C. F., D. G. Waugaman, and M. Johnson. "The Thermal Performance of the Cross-Flow Three-Dimensional Flat Plate Indirect Evaporative Cooler." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 114, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905939.

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Evaporative coolers consist of two main types: (a) the direct evaporative cooler in which water mixes with the air to be cooled; and (b) the indirect evaporative cooler in which water is sprayed into alternate passages cooling the secondary airflow, which in turns cools the primary flow which then passes to the building to be cooled. A three-dimensional numerical evaluation of the indirect cooler is given. Energy and mass balance equations are derived for the primary and secondary flows and the effectiveness is calculated for different variable inlet velocities and compared with experimental values.

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Sajjad, Uzair, Naseem Abbas, Khalid Hamid, Saleem Abbas, Imtiyaz Hussain, Syed Muhammad Ammar, Muhammad Sultan, et al. "A review of recent advances in indirect evaporative cooling technology." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 122 (March 2021): 105140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105140.

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Dirkes II, James V. "ENERGY SIMULATION RESULTS FOR INDIRECT EVAPORATIVE-ASSISTED DX COOLING SYSTEMS." International Journal of Energy for a Clean Environment 12, no. 2-4 (2011): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/interjenercleanenv.2012005806.

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Yang, Hongxing, Wenchao Shi, Yi Chen, and Yunran Min. "Research development of indirect evaporative cooling technology: An updated review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 145 (July 2021): 111082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111082.

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Zhang, Hongkuan, Hongting Ma, and Shuo Ma. "Investigation on indirect evaporative cooling system integrated with liquid dehumidification." Energy and Buildings 249 (October 2021): 111179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111179.

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Cui, Xin, Guosheng Jia, Yilin Liu, Sicong Zhang, Liwen Jin, and Xiangzhao Meng. "Performance analysis of a counter-flow indirect evaporative cooling system." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 268 (July 2, 2019): 012145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/268/1/012145.

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Stoitchkov, N. J., and G. I. Dimitrov. "Effectiveness of crossflow plate heat exchanger for indirect evaporative cooling." International Journal of Refrigeration 21, no. 6 (September 1998): 463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-7007(98)00004-8.

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De Antonellis, Stefano, Cesare Maria Joppolo, Calogero Leone, Paolo Liberati, and Samanta Milani. "Indirect evaporative cooling systems: an experimental analysis in summer condition." Energy Procedia 140 (December 2017): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.11.158.

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Al Horr, Yousef, Bourhan Tashtoush, Nelson Chilengwe, and Mohamed Musthafa. "Operational mode optimization of indirect evaporative cooling in hot climates." Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 18 (April 2020): 100574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2019.100574.

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Gasparella, A., and G. A. Longo. "Indirect evaporative cooling and economy cycle in summer air conditioning." International Journal of Energy Research 27, no. 7 (2003): 625–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.899.

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De Antonellis, Stefano, Cesare Maria Joppolo, Paolo Liberati, Samanta Milani, and Luca Molinaroli. "Experimental analysis of a cross flow indirect evaporative cooling system." Energy and Buildings 121 (June 2016): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.03.076.

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