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Journal articles on the topic 'Indigová'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Heine, Thomas, Carolin Großmann, Sarah Hofmann, and Dirk Tischler. "Indigoid dyes by group E monooxygenases: mechanism and biocatalysis." Biological Chemistry 400, no. 7 (June 26, 2019): 939–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2019-0109.

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Abstract Since ancient times, people have been attracted by dyes and they were a symbol of power. Some of the oldest dyes are indigo and its derivative Tyrian purple, which were extracted from plants and snails, respectively. These ‘indigoid dyes’ were and still are used for coloration of textiles and as a food additive. Traditional Chinese medicine also knows indigoid dyes as pharmacologically active compounds and several studies support their effects. Further, they are interesting for future technologies like organic electronics. In these cases, especially the indigo derivatives are of interest but unfortunately hardly accessible by chemical synthesis. In recent decades, more and more enzymes have been discovered that are able to produce these indigoid dyes and therefore have gained attention from the scientific community. In this study, group E monooxygenases (styrene monooxygenase and indole monooxygenase) were used for the selective oxygenation of indole (derivatives). It was possible for the first time to show that the product of the enzymatic reaction is an epoxide. Further, we synthesized and extracted indigoid dyes and could show that there is only minor by-product formation (e.g. indirubin or isoindigo). Thus, group E monooxygenase can be an alternative biocatalyst for the biosynthesis of indigoid dyes.
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2

Splitstoser, Jeffrey C., Tom D. Dillehay, Jan Wouters, and Ana Claro. "Early pre-Hispanic use of indigo blue in Peru." Science Advances 2, no. 9 (September 2016): e1501623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501623.

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Archaeological research has identified the use of cultivated cotton (Gossypium barbadense) in the ancient Andes dating back to at least 7800 years ago. Because of unusual circumstances of preservation, 6000-year-old cotton fabrics from the Preceramic site of Huaca Prieta on the north coast of Peru retained traces of a blue pigment that was analyzed and positively identified as an indigoid dye (indigotin), making it the earliest known use of indigo in the world, derived most likely from Indigofera spp. native to South America. This predates by ~1500 years the earliest reported use of indigo in the Old World, from Fifth Dynasty Egypt [ca. 4400 BP (before present)]. Indigo is one of the most valued and most globally widespread dyes of antiquity and of the present era (it being the blue of blue jeans).
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3

McClay, Kevin, Corinne Boss, Ivan Keresztes, and Robert J. Steffan. "Mutations of Toluene-4-Monooxygenase That Alter Regiospecificity of Indole Oxidation and Lead to Production of Novel Indigoid Pigments." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 9 (September 2005): 5476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.9.5476-5483.2005.

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ABSTRACT Broad-substrate-range monooygenase enzymes, including toluene-4-monooxygenase (T4MO), can catalyze the oxidation of indole. The indole oxidation products can then condense to form the industrially important dye indigo. Site-directed mutagenesis of T4MO resulted in the creation of T4MO isoforms with altered pigment production phenotypes. High-pressure liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the indole oxidation products generated by the mutant T4MO isoforms revealed that the phenotypic differences were primarily due to changes in the regiospecificity of indole oxidation. Most of the mutations described in this study changed the ratio of the primary indole oxidation products formed (indoxyl, 2-oxindole, and isatin), but some mutations, particularly those involving amino acid G103 of tmoA, allowed for the formation of additional products, including 7-hydroxyindole and novel indigoid pigments. For example, mutant G103L converted 17% of added indole to 7-hydroxyindole and 29% to indigoid pigments including indigo and indirubin and two other structurally related pigments. The double mutant G103L:A107G converted 47% of indole to 7-hydroxyindole, but no detectable indigoid pigments were formed, similar to the product distribution observed with the toluene-2-monooxygenase (T2MO) of Burkholderia cepacia G4. These results demonstrate that modification of the tmoA active site can change the products produced by the enzyme and lead to the production of novel pigments and other indole oxidation products with potential commercial and medicinal utility.
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4

Hong, Hyejin, Cassidy M. Conover, Dillon T. Hofsommer, Corey A. Sanz, and Robin G. Hicks. "Discovery and properties of a new indigoid structure type based on dimeric cis-indigos." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 18, no. 30 (2020): 5838–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ob01368d.

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Reactions of indigo with quinones in the presence of NaH leads to products containing two indigo subunits; one indigo is in a cis configuration and fused via its indole nitrogen atoms to a second indigo at the central C–C bond of the latter.
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5

Mohanty, Sulagna. "NATIVE, NATURE AND NEGOTIATION: AN ECO-LITERAL STUDY OF CONCILIATION OF PAST AND PRESENT WITH REFERENCE TO LESLIE SILKO’S NATIVE AMERICAN FICTION GARDENS IN THE DUNES." Kongunadu Research Journal 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj174.

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The indigenous cultures all over the world are strongly interwoven with a range of natural components. All these indigenous and aboriginal worlds including Native Americans are known for their holistic tradition as they love and revere a variety of ecological elements such as the Mother Earth, foliage, waterway, deep marine, and downpour. In the Native American fiction Gardens in the Dunes by Leslie Marmon Silko, the author weaves a spectacular narrative to convey the story of nature, home, mother, memory, exile, and return. Silko portrays this strong bonding while depicting the close relationship between Nature andvarious Native American characters. As the Native American culture believes in the deep bonding between its nature and its community members, their varied forms of farming and gardening become integral to their cultural identity. The recurrent recollections of Indigo’s mother, her Grandmother Fleet, Sister Salt, and above all, the image of the Old Garden represent the recreation and reconstruction of her cultural memory and its association with the Mother Nature. The protagonist Indigo’s love for gardens brings back the mythical memory of the Biblical ‘Garden of Eden’ which is the ‘Garden of God’ as described in the Book of the Genesis. The displacement of Indigo from her indigenous garden becomes a representation of the man’s dissociation from nature and Indigo’s homecoming to her native garden denotes man’s perpetual longing to reconcile with Mother Earth. Thus, this paper seeks to analyze the re-establishment of a negotiation between old and new, past and present and most importantly the man and the nature in the backdrop of colonization with reference to Gardens in the Dunes by Leslie Marmon Silko.
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6

Polborn, Kurt, Günther Lechner, Hans-Ulrich Wagner, Rudolf Gompper, Christoph Schmidt, and Wolfgang Beck. "Darstellung und Struktur von Ν,N′-Dimethylepindolidion / Preparation and Structure of Ν,N′-Dimethylepindolidione." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 47, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 1393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1992-1009.

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Methylation of epindolidione gives the Ν,N′-dimethyl derivative which was characterized by X-ray diffraction.Dibenzo[b,g][1,5]naphthyridin-6,12(5,11 H)-dione (Epindolidione) [1] sind Strukturisomere des Indigos. Die geringe Löslichkeit sowie - ähnlich wie in Indigo [2] - die tiefe Lage der NH-und CO-Valenzschwingungen von Epindolidion ist auf intermolekulare Wasserstoffbrücken zurückzuführen. Obwohl Epindolidion nur gelb ist, wurde die Verbindung von Lüttke und Klessinger als indigoider Farbstoff eingestuft [3]. In letzter Zeit fanden Epindolidione als potentielle Halbleiter [4] sowie für den Einbau in Peptide Beachtung [5]. Im Rahmen von Arbeiten über Naphthyridin-Derivate [6] sowie über Metallkomplexe von Farbstoffen [7] interessierte die Alkylierung bzw. Metallierung (Isolobal-Analogie [8]) von Epindolidion, die am N- oder (und) O-Atom erfolgen kann.
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7

Astari, Siti Fatimah, U’um Qomariyah, and Maharani Intan Andalas IRP. "PERILAKU TOKOH INDIGO DALAM NOVEL DANUR KARYA RISA SARASWATI : KAJIAN PSIKOLOGI SASTRA." Jurnal Sastra Indonesia 8, no. 1 (April 16, 2019): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jsi.v8i1.29952.

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Salah satu fenomena yang terjadi dalam kehidupan manusia adalah masalah kejiwaan sehingga berpengaruh terhadap perilakunya kepada orang lain. Hal itulah yang dialami tokoh Risa dalam novel karya Risa Saraswati yang berjudul Danur. Peristiwa-peristiwa yang dialami membuat tokoh Risa berperilaku sesuai dengan apa yang telah disaksikannya. Perilaku tokoh Risa dihadapkan pada konflik psikologis yang dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mendeskripsikan karakteristik tokoh utama sebagai seorang indigo, (2) mendeskripsikan tokoh indigo dalam merespon stimulus tokoh lain, (3) mendeskripsikan perkembangan kepribadian tokoh indigo dalam Danur karya Risa Saraswati. Pendekatan yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah psikologi sastra, yang dikhususkan pada psikologi behavior, yaitu teori yang membahas aspek perilaku dan perkembangan kepribadian. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diketahui bahwa, (1) terdapat karakteristik indigo pada tokoh Risa, meliputi: berkemauan keras, keras kepala, kreatif dengan bakat artistik pada musik, bertindak berdasarkan intuisi atau psikis, cenderung mengalami insomnia dan mimpi buruk, memiliki riwayat depresi dan pikiran- pikiran atau upaya bunuh diri, mencari persahabatan yang sejati, mendalam, dan bertahan lama. (2) perilaku tokoh Risa merupakan respon yang terbentuk dari stimulus yang dapat diterima oleh alat indra mata, telinga, dan mulut (3) perkembangan kepribadian Risa berkaitan dengan kelima sahabatnya. Hal tersebut terbukti pada peristiwa tokoh Risa sebelum mengenal kelima sahabatnya, mengenal, ditinggalkan dan bertemu kembali dengan kelima sahabatnya. One of the phenomena that occur in human life is a matter of psychological abuse so that the effect on their behaviour to others. That is experienced by a character in the novel by Risa Risa Saraswati entitled Danur. The events that make the character Risa behave in accordance with what she had. The behavior of the character Risa is exposed to psychological conflict that is affected by the environment. This research aims to (1) describe the characteristics of the main character as an indigo, (2) describe the indigo's character of stimulus respond to another, (3) describe the development of the personality of the characters in the works of Risa Saraswati. The approach was conducted in this research is the psychology literature, which specialized in psychology behavior, that is the theory that discusses aspects of behavior and the development of personality. Based on the results of the research, noted that, (1) there are characteristics of indigo on the character Risa, include: strong-willed, stubborn, creative with artistic talent in music, Act on intuition or psychic, are likely to experience insomnia and nightmares, have a history of depression and thoughts of suicide attempts, or looking for a true friendship, profound, and enduring. (2) the behaviour of the character Risa is a response that is formed from a Stimulus that can be accepted by the appliance senses eyes, ears and mouth (3) development of personality related to Risa's fifth bestfriends. this has proven by the condition when the character doesn't know yet her bestfriends, knows, left behind, and finally meet her fifth bestfriends again.
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8

Weaver, Afaa M., and George Elliot Clarke. "Gold Indigoes." African American Review 35, no. 3 (2001): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2903325.

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9

Ayla, Sridevi, Monika Kallubai, Suvarnalatha Devi Pallipati, and Golla Narasimha. "Enzymatic Textile Dyes Decolorization by In vitro and In silico Studies." Recent Patents on Biotechnology 13, no. 4 (October 25, 2019): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872208313666190625123847.

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Background:Laccase, a multicopper oxidoreductase (EC: 1.10.3.2), is a widely used enzyme in bioremediation of textile dye effluents. Fungal Laccase is preferably used as a remediating agent in the treatment and transformation of toxic organic pollutants. In this study, crude laccase from a basidiomycetes fungus, Phanerochaete sordida, was able to decolorize azo, antroquinone and indigoid dyes. In addition, interactions between dyes and enzyme were analysed using molecular docking studies.Methods:In this work, a white rot basidiomycete’s fungus, Phanerochaete sordida, was selected from forest soil isolates of Eastern Ghats, and Tirumala and lignolytic enzymes production was assayed after 7 days of incubation. The crude enzyme was checked for decolourisation of various synthetic textile dyes (Vat Brown, Acid Blue, Indigo, Reactive Blue and Reactive Black). Molecular docking studies were done using Autodock-4.2 to understand the interactions between dyes and enzymes.Results:Highest decolourisation efficiency was achieved with the crude enzyme in case of vat brown whereas the lowest decolourisation efficiency was achieved in Reactive blue decolourisation. Similar results were observed in their binding affinity with lignin peroxidase of Phanerochaete chrysosporium through molecular docking approach.Conclusion:Thus, experimental results and subsequent in silico validation involving an advanced remediation approach would be useful to reduce time and cost in other similar experiments.
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10

Lenz, Andreas, Christoph Schmidt, Annette Lehmann, Barbara Wagner, and Wolfgang Beck. "Metallkomplexe von Farbstoffen, VIII [1]. Ein- und zweikernige Palladium- und Platin(II)-Chelat-Komplexe mit dem Mono- und Dianion von Indigo und Indigoderivaten / Metal Complexes of Dyes, VIII [1]. Mono- and Dinuclear Palladium and Platinum (II) Chelate Complexes of the Mono- and Dianion of Indigo and Derivatives thereof." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 52, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 474–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1997-0408.

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Abstract A series of mono and bis N,O-chelate complexes 1-32 with the mono and dianion of indigo and indigo derivatives (R3P)(C1)M(L-H+) (M = Pd,Pt), (n3-allyl)Pd(L-H+), (Ph2C=NCH2CO2Et-H+)Pd(L-H+), (PhN=NPh-H+)Pd(L-H+), (C5H5)Fe(C5H3CH2NMe2)Pd(L-H+), [(R3P)(Cl)Pt]2(L-2H+), [(n3-allyl)Pd]2(L-2H+), [(C6H4CH2NMe2)Pd]2(L-2H+) with L = indigo, 4,4′-dichloro-, 6,6′-dichloro-, 6,6′-dibromo-, 6,6′-di-nBu-, 4,4′-dichloro-, 5.5′dibromo-, 5,5′, 6,6′-tetramethoxy-, 4.4′-di-S12H25-, 5,5′-di-SO3Na- indigo, indigo malonic ester and tetrahydro indigo have been prepared from chloro bridged metal complexes. In comparison to the free neutral indigo ligands the complexes show a high bathochromic shift in the VIS spectra (150-300 nm) which is mainly due to the anionic character of the coordinated indigo ligands. The structure of [(Et3P)(Cl)Pt]2(indigo-2H+) has been determined by X-ray diffraction.
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11

Rakhmawati, Erna. "INDIGO DALAM NOVEL SUPERNOVA AKAR KARYA DEE LESTARI: KAJIAN PSIKOLOGI SASTRA." EDU-KATA 6, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.52166/kata.v5i2.1779.

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The background of this research is many indigo events in the community and many indigo literary works. Indigo research in the “Indigo dalam Novel Supernova Akar Karya Dee Lestari:Tinjauan Psikologi Sastra,” first aims to find the description of the indigo abilities experienced by the characters, secodly to find the causes of indigo experienced by characters, and thirdly to find out the type of indigo experienced by characters in the Supernova Akar. The research includes qualitative descriptive research on data analysis techniques using textual analysis or text analysis. The subject of this study is a character in the Supernova Akar. The result of research that is narated by Dee lestari source are; 1)levitasi, 2) procegnition, 30 psicometri, 4) teleportasi, and 5) clayvoyance. Indigo causes experienced by characters in the Supernova Akar are; 1) a gift from God, 2) from offspring, and from training. The type of indigo experienced by characters in the Supernova Akar are; humanis and artis.
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12

Konarev, Dmitri V., Salavat S. Khasanov, Aleksey V. Kuzmin, Alexander F. Shestakov, Akihiro Otsuka, Hideki Yamochi, Gunzi Saito, and Rimma N. Lyubovskaya. "cis-Conformation of indigo in the coordination complex (indigo-O,O)(Cp*CrIICl)." Dalton Transactions 45, no. 43 (2016): 17095–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6dt03545k.

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The interaction of decamethylchromocene (Cp*2Cr) with indigo yields the complex (indigo-O,O)(Cp*CrIICl) (1). Indigo adopts an unusualcis-conformation in1, allowing the coordination of both indigo carbonyl groups to CrII.
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13

El Briga, C. "Indigo." Encyclopédie berbère, no. 24 (October 1, 2001): 3729–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1574.

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14

Dana, Robert. "Indigo." Iowa Review 38, no. 1 (April 2008): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.6428.

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15

Joudah, Fady. "Indigo." New England Review 38, no. 4 (2017): 168–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ner.2017.0116.

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16

Illing, Kurt-Hermann. "Indigo." Zeitschrift für Klassische Homöopathie 14, no. 01 (April 2, 2007): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-937403.

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17

Billiotte-Thieblemont, Nathalie. "Indigo." L'en-je lacanien 31, no. 2 (2018): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/enje.031.0185.

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18

Maahury, Mirella Fonda, Yusthinus Thobias Male, and Muhamad Abdulkadir Martoprawiro. "DFT Study of Leuco-Indigo and Indigo as Active Material in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell." Molekul 15, no. 2 (July 27, 2020): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2020.15.2.592.

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Computational study of natural indigo has been carried out to get the optimized structure and electronic properties of two indigo at different pH. It has been found that indigo has the potential to be applied as active material in the dye-sensitized solar cell. Computational calculations are performed using Density Functional Theory (DFT) with B3LYP functional and 6-31G(d,p) for ground state geometry optimization and Time Dependent-Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) for excited states single point calculation. All calculations are carried out in the gas phase. Geometry optimization results show that Indigo has a planar structure, whereas leuco-indigo structure is not planar. Leuco-indigo absorption wavelength is shorter than indigo. The density of HOMO and LUMO is spreading throughout the molecule. The density of electrons at LUMO extends to the anchoring group. Based on excitation energy, absorption wavelength, excitation composition, and HOMO-LUMO density, it can be concluded that indigo has the potential to be applied in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC)
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19

Nurmavianti, Stefani, Masyhuri Masyhuri, and Dwijdono Hadi Darwanto. "ANALISIS NILAI TAMBAH PEMANFAATAN INDIGOFERA SEBAGAI BAHAN PEWARNAALAMI BATIK TULIS DI KECAMATAN IMOGIRI KABUPATEN BANTUL." Agro Ekonomi 26, no. 1 (January 19, 2017): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jae.18037.

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Indigofera is one of natural dyes which is used in batik. Value added of agricultural products can incrase economic growth. The aims of this research were to: (1) determine the value added of indigo paste, batik tulis blue indigo, and blue combination; (2) determine the magnitude of average value added batik tulis blue indigo and blue combination; (3) determine the factors that influence to value added of batik tulis blue indigo and blue combination; (4) identify the obstaclesfaced by producers and how to overcome them. This research was conducted in Imogiri Subdistrict Bantul Regency. There were ten samples of batik tulis producers which was obtained by census method, while the producers of indigo paste were two samples which was obtained by snowball sampling. Then the data were analyzed using Hayami method, independent samples t-test, and multiple linear regression. The results showed that value added of indigo paste was low Rp1.643,00Ikg of leaves (38,66%), both batik tulis blue indigo and blue combination had high value added, they were Rp351. 713, 35/piece of plain cloth (68,39%) and Rp 399.428, 45/piece of plain cloth (70,23%). Be sides, natural dyes of textile also had value added in environment and health. The average of value added batik tulis blue indigo was lower than blue combination, but did not differ significantly. The factor that positive influenced significantly to value added ofblue indigo and blue combination batik tulis was price of batik. The factors that negative influenced significantly to value added of blue combination batik tulis were cost of indigo paste and other natural dyes. The factors that influenced to value added of batik tulis blue indigo and blue combination together were price of batik tulis that influenced positive significantly, cost of activation material that influenced negative significantly, and dummy colours influenced negative significantly. The main obstacles facing producers of batik tulis indigo and indigo paste were marketing, continuity of indigo paste, colouring techniques was difficult, a few profit, and the quality ofindigofera s leaves.
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20

Nurfaidah, Resti. "REFLEKSI ANAK INDIGO DALAM PEREMPUAN MENCARI TUHAN." METASASTRA: Jurnal Penelitian Sastra 1, no. 1 (December 8, 2017): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26610/metasastra.2008.v1i1.80-90.

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Anak indigo merupakan fenomena abad new age, abad millennium. Anak-anak tersebut kerapkali menunjukkan karakter yang cenderung aneh. Terkadang kehadiran mereka kerapkali menjadi bumerang bagi lingkungan sekitarnya, bahkan, mereka sering dicap sebagai anak berperilaku menyimpang. Terlebih lagi bagi orang tua yang tidak sabar cenderung membawa anak indigo ke pusat rehabilitasi mental. Salah satu sebab yang membedakan anak indigo dengan anak lainnya mereka senantiasa menunjukkan perilaku aneh. Padahal tanpa mereka sadari kebanyakan anak indigo memiliki intelegensi di atas rata-rata atau bahkan kemampuan yang belum tentu dimiliki anak sebayanya. Sementara itu, salah seorang psikoterapis senior di Indonesia mengatakan bahwa anak indigo merupakan anak abnormal karena terjadinya kerusakan pada sistem otak. Sehubungan dengan hal itu anak indigo harus mendapatkan penanganan yang tepat sejak awal dan mereka harus dianggap sebagai anak biasa. Berbeda dengan kondisi di negeri ini, Amerika menjadikan anak indigo sebagai asset yang sangat berharga. Di sana anak indigo dilibatkan dalam penanganan kasus kriminal. Semakin maraknya anak indigo tersebut, banyak penulis yang mengangkat hal itu ke dalam karya mereka. Salah satu di antaranya dapat kita temukan dalam novel Perempuan Mencari Tuhan yang ditulis oleh Yudhistira. Novel tersebut bercerita tentang konflik antara anak indigo dan lingkungan sekitarnya. Lingkungan tersebut menunjukkan sikap tidak berterima kepada anak indigo. Tokoh Garnet menjadi korban ketidakberterimaan atas kelebihan yang dimilikinya. Hal itu menimbulkan kekecewaan dalam diri Garnet dan ia tidak bisa menerima kondisi itu. Hal itu tanpa sengaja membawanya menuju pintu gerbang pencarian jalan menuju Tuhan. Sayang sekali Tuhan Mahakuasa yang ingin ia temui didapatinya di penghujung ajalnya. Novel tersebut sarat dengan penyampaian konflik antara lingkungan dan anak istimewa itu.
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21

Robl, Christian, Wolfgang Lüttke, and Wolfgang Beck. "Kristall- und Molekülstruktur von „Urindigo“ (4,4,4′,4′-Tetramethyl-2,2′-bipyrrolidinyliden-3,3′-dion) und die Strukturverwandtschaft zum Indigo." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 70, no. 9 (September 1, 2015): 643–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2015-0048.

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AbstractThe crystal structure of 4,4,4′,4′-tetramethyl-2,2′-bipyrrolidinyliden-3,3′-dione (3) („urindigo“ = primordial indigo) was determined by X-ray diffraction. The molecule has the trans-configuration as indigo itself. Within the parent group trans-(OC)(HN)C=C(CO)(NH) the distances and angles of 3 are very similar to that in indigo: C=C (136.6 pm), C–N (140.9 pm), C–C (145.6 pm), C=O (122.6 pm). The intramolecular N–H···O bonds in 3 and indigo are similar whereas the intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the former are substantially weaker. The latter observation finds its interesting parallel in the markedly smaller difference between the Vis absorptions of the gaseous and the solid primordial indigo in comparison to that of indigo. The present results support the early view by Lüttke and Klessinger that the trans-(OC)(HN)C=C(CO)(NH) fragment is the parent chromophor of indigo dyes.
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22

Ansori, Sofian, Sriatun Sriatun, and Pardoyo Pardoyo. "Modifikasi Zeolit Alam Menggunakan TiO2 sebagai Fotokatalis Zat Pewarna Indigo Carmine." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 19, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.19.2.68-71.

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Modifikasi zeolit alam menggunakan TiO2 sebagai fotokatalis zat pewarna indigo carmine telah dilakukan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk memodifikasi permukaan zeolit alam dengan TiO2 dan menggunakannya sebagai fotokatalis, menentukan pH optimum untuk degradasi senyawa pewarna indigo carmine, dan mengetahui pengaruh waktu degradasi indigo carmine. Zeolit alam diaktifasi dan kemudian dibuat menjadi zeolit-H. Zeolit-H kemudian direaksikan dengan TiCl4 dilanjutkan dengan kalsinasi pada suhu 450°C sehingga terbentuk zeolit-TiO2. Zeolit-TiO2 ini selanjutnya digunakan untuk mendegradasi indigo carmine dengan variasi waktu dan pH larutan. Hasil XRD menunjukkan bahwa terbentuk TiO2 pada zeolit yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai 2θ 17,42°; 24,99°; dan 29,96°. Hasil FTIR menunjukkan adanya bilangan gelombang pada 316,3 cm-1 yang mengindikasikan adanya TiO2 pada permukaan zeolit. Hasil degradasi indigo carmine menunjukkan bahwa semakin lama waktu degradasi semakin banyak indigo carmine yang terdegradasi oleh zeolit-TiO2 dan semakin asam pH indigo carmine semakin besar degradasinya.
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Charles Baker, Myron. "Response of Male Indigo and Lazuli Buntings and Their Hybrids To Song Playback in Allopatric and Sympatric Populations." Behaviour 119, no. 3-4 (1991): 225–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853991x00454.

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AbstractThe hybridizing semispecies indigo and lazuli buntings (Passerina cyanea, P. amoena) were studied in song playback experiments in allopatric and sympatric populations. In allopatry, males of both species responded strongly to conspecific and weakly to heterospecific songs. In sympatry, indigo, lazuli and hybrid males reacted equally and strongly to both indigo and lazuli songs. Alteration of song structures, by presenting indigo syllables in lazuli temporal pattern and lazuli syllables in indigo temporal pattern, showed that the response of allopatric indigo and lazuli males was determined primarily by syllabic (phonological) cues in the test songs and not by the temporal pattern. The overall pattern of male response in sympatry and allopatry provides some understanding of the observed degree of reproductive isolation between these species.
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Widyasmara, Natalia Indah, Florentina Kusmiyati, and Karno Karno. "Efek xenia dan metaxenia pada persilangan tomat ranti dan tomat cherry." Journal of Agro Complex 2, no. 2 (June 10, 2018): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/joac.2.2.128-136.

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Cherry tomato have various colour, shape and nutritious fruit. The aim of this research was to make population for genetic selection and to know about xenia and metaxenia effect on tomato crossing. The crossing was assigned in dialel crossing combination with Ranti tomato, Cherry tomato var. Grape, Red Pear and Indigo Rose as a crossing parents. The crossing combination was Ranti x Grape, Ranti x Red Pear, Ranti x Indigo Rose, Grape x Ranti, Grape x Red Pear, Grape x Indigo Rose, Indigo Rose x Grape, Indigo Rose x Ranti, Indigo Rose x Red Pear. Parameter measured were crossing ability, fruit set ability, fruit ripening age, seed number and fruit shape. The result showed that Grape x Red Pear crossing combination had the highest crossing ability and Indigo Rose x Red Pear had the highest fruit set ability. Xenia and metaxenia effects were showed in fruit ripening age, seed number and fruit shape. Genotype of Red Pear x Indigo Rose was found as superior genotype candidate for ripening age, seed number and had highest percentage of fruit shape alteration. Keywords : Hybridization, xenia, metaxenia, tomato, cherry tomato.
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Mauliza, Ika Natalia, Khabal Khuludt, and Hiqma Aurinda Pratiwi. "PEMANFAATAN MOLASE UNTUK PEMBUATAN LEUKO ZAT WARNA INDIGO." Texere 18, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 134–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.53298/texere.v18i2.51.

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Zat warna indigo dapat digunakan untuk mewarnai serat selulosa. Zat warna indigo tidak larut dalam air, sehingga harus diubah dalam bentuk leuko zat warna indigo menggunakan reduktor. Reduktor yang digunakan umumnya natrium hidrosulfit yang sensitif terhadap udara dan kelembaban. Reduktor yang dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif pengganti natrium hidrosulfit adalah molase. Molase merupakan limbah produksi gula tebu yang mengandung campuran glukosa dan fruktosa. Pembentukan leuko zat warna indigo menggunakan molase dilakukan dengan rasio zat warna dan molase 1:1 – 1:5 pada suhu 70oC selama 10 menit. Leuko zat warna yang dihasilkan kemudian digunakan untuk mencelup kain kapas. Molase yang digunakan memiliki kandungan gula pereduksi 17,1747%. Leuko zat warna diamati sifat kelarutan, potensial reduksi oksidasi, serta daya celup pada kapas. Penggunaan molase pada pembentukan leuko zat warna indigo berpengaruh terhadap kelarutan, potensial reduksi oksidasi, dan daya celup zat warna indigo yang makin baik seiring dengan pengingkatan rasio zat warna dengan molase. Kenaikan rasio molase pada pembentukan leuko, meningkatkan ketuaan warna dan kerataan warna hasil pencelupan. Penggunaan molase tidak berpengaruh terhadap ketahanan luntur warna terhadap pencucian dan gosokkan. Mutu leuko dan hasil pencelupan zat warna indigo yang diproses menggunakan molase lebih rendah dibandingkan pembentukan leuko zat warna indigo menggunakan glukosa murni.
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Lai, Chih-Chun, and Ching-Erh Chang. "A Study on Sustainable Design for Indigo Dyeing Color in the Visual Aspect of Clothing." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 3686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073686.

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Various colors of clothing originating from synthetic dyes are presently causing serious environmental pollution problems, whereas natural dyes extracted from indigo plants help to reduce harm to the environment and extend the sustainable use of clothing. This study focuses on the difference between indigo dyeing colors and the environment on the basis of sustainable design. This study surveyed 105 postgraduates and college students through repeated measurements of ANOVA. The results reveal that light colors are considered to conform to the sustainable spirit more than dark colors in different indigo shades. In fact, a recyclable light-colored indigo-dyed t-shirt is beneficial due to its reusability. Indigo-dyed fabric can be decomposed by a variety of microorganisms; however, light-colored indigo dyeing takes a shorter amount of time. Light-colored indigo dyeing is more resource-saving when considering dye, water and electricity costs. The results of the relationship between colors and environmental protection provide scheme references to consumers or industries for clothing collocation of different indigo dyeing colors for a series of blue clothing, and carry out the idea of sustainability and co-existence between clothing and natural resources.
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Fitriany, Dhinar Ajeng, Emzir Emzir, and Ninuk Lustyantie. "UNDERSTANDING INDIGO THROUGH NOVEL GERBANG DIALOG DANUR BY RISA SARASWATI: A Study of Psychology Literary." Humanus 17, no. 1 (March 4, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/humanus.v17i1.8682.

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The objective of this research is to acquire deep understanding about Indigo through novel, Gerbang Dialog Danur’s novel by Risa Saraswati. Danur means of water that comes out from the rotten corpse. This qualitative research was conducted using content analysis method. This research was analyzed through structural literary approach and psychology literary approach. The data were collected through documents, and data observations about Indigo in Gerbang Dialog Danur’s novel by Risa Saraswati. The result of this research revealed that abundance of Indigo and lack of Indigo were founded and described in Gerbang Dialog Danur’s novel by Risa Saraswati. Those results lead to implication that Indonesian literature educator can use Gerbang Dialog Danur’s novel by Risa Saraswati directly in the teaching of literature studies, especially for psychology literary. The findings lead to recommendation to Indonesian literature educator, literature researcher, novel reader, parents, and everyone generally.Keyword: Indigo children, novel, literature, psychology, teaching of literature MEMAHAMI INDIGO MELALUI NOVELGERBANG DIALOG DANUR KARYA RISA SARASWATI: Kajian Psikologi SastraAbstrakTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh pemahaman mendalam tentang Indigo melalui novel, yakni novel Gerbang Dialog Danur karya Risa Saraswati. Danur berarti air yang keluar dari mayat yang busuk. Penelitian kualitatif ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode analisis isi. Analisis penelitian dilakukan pendekatan psikologi sastra. Data dikumpulkan melalui studi pustaka, dan observasi data tentang Indigo dalam novel Gerbang Dialog Danur karya Risa Saraswati. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelebihan Indigo dan kekurangan Indigo ditemukan serta digambarkan dalam novel Gerbang Dialog Danur karya Risa Saraswati. Hasil penelitian ini dapat diimplikasikan oleh pengajar sastra Indonesia, yakni dengan menggunakan novel Gerbang Dialog Danur karya Risa Saraswati secara langsung pada proses pengajaran. Hasil penelitian ini direkomendasikan untuk para pengajar sastra Indonesia, pembaca novel, peneliti sastra, para orang tua, dan setiap orang pada umumnya.Kata kunci: anak Indigo, novel, sastra, psikologi, pengajaran sastra
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AGUSTIN, E. O., C. I. ORTAL, S. R. PASCUA JR, P. C. STA. CRUZ, A. T. PADRE, W. B. VENTURA, S. R. OBIEN, and J. K. LADHA. "ROLE OF INDIGO IN IMPROVING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF RAINFED LOWLAND RICE-BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS." Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 2 (April 1999): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479799002082.

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A long-term field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of indigo (Indigofera tinctoria) on the productivity of rainfed lowland rice-based cropping systems: rice–tomato, rice–tobacco or soyabean, rice–maize, and rice–garlic. Indigo was grown as an intercrop during the dry season and incorporated as green manure for wet season rice. Dry season crop yields were generally not affected by the indigo intercrop but indigo green manure had a positive effect on rice yields. At the same level of nitrogen (N) inputs, indigo-N produced higher yields than urea-N which may be due to high inorganic N losses.
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29

Septiani, Isse Liana, Abdul Rasyid Faiq Hadinata, Agus Bahtiar, Nana Suarna, and Nining R. "Analisa Kepuasan Mahasiswa Terhadap E-Learning Menggunakan Teknik Machine Learning." INFORMATICS FOR EDUCATORS AND PROFESSIONAL : Journal of Informatics 5, no. 2 (July 28, 2021): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.51211/itbi.v5i2.1521.

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: E-Learning merupakan salah satu media pembelajaan yang didukung oleh teknologi komputer dan jaringan internet yang didalamnya terdapat konten pembelajaran serta dapat diakses kapanpun dan dimanapun tanpa adanya keterbatasan jarak dan waktu. Kepuasan mahasiswa pada pembelajaran machine learning memiliki keterkaitan yang kuat. Semakin berkualitas penerapan pembelajaran di machine learning, maka semakin tinggi pula pencapaian kepuasan mahasiswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode algoritma naïve bayes classifier dengan menggunakan aplikasi rapidminer. Menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data kuantitatif dalam mengumpulkan data yang akan dijadikan sebagai sampel. Sumber data yang diperoleh dengan cara wawancara kepada pihak Biro Administrasi Akademik dan Kemahasiswaan (BAAK) STMIK IKMI Cirebon dan menyebarkan link kuesioner kepada responden yaitu mahasiswa kelas reguler sore secara online dengan menggunakan Google Form. Atribut yang digunakan pada data mining sistem pembelajaran mahasiswa kelas reguler sore antara lain: Ketersediaan Indigoes (A1), Penggunaan Indigoes (A2), Pengujian Indigoes (A3), Aktifitas Indigoes (A4), Kemudahan Indigoes (A5). Dari hasil pengolahan akan didapat hasil (Hasil Kepuasan) dan memperoleh klasifikasi tingkat kepuasan mahasiswa terhadap e-learning dimasa pandemic covid-19. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah ingin mengklasifikasikan tingkat kepuasan mahaiswa dengan penerapan data mining menggunakan algoritma naïve bayes classifier dalam mengetahui klasifikasi kepuasan mahaiswa dalam pembelajaran menggunakan e-learning dimasa pandemic covid-19. Pada penelitian ini diperoleh hasil tingkat akurasi sebesar 100%, recall 100% dan precision 100% dan hasil kepuasan mahasiswa terhadap e-learning dikategorikan “PUAS. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai tolok ukur dalam mengetahui tingkat kepuasan mahasiswa pada pembelajaran melalui e-learning dimasa pandemic yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap sistem pembelajaran mahasiswa.
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Lordko, Uthumporn, and Wipawee Grisanaputi. "The Establishment and Management of Indigo Weaving Groups in Sakon Nakhon Province of Thailand." GATR Global Journal of Business Social Sciences Review 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2020.8.3(4).

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Objective - The objectives of this research are to study the establishment and management of indigo weaving groups in Sakon Nakhon Province. Methodology/Technique – The study is comprised of qualitative research. The data was collected from focus group discussions with participants from the District Community Development Office of Sakon Nakhon Province and an in-depth interview with the villagers and members of indigo weaving groups. The data was analyzed using content analysis and descriptive analysis. Finding - The results indicate that indigo weaving groups have been established in a variety of ways such as the informal gathering of indigo-dyed weavers, more formal groups on the advice of local administrative organizations and on the recommendation of governmental organizations. The indigo weaving groups’ management consisted of many aspects including the group administration, production planning, producing, product development, marketing, public relations, financing, and accounting. Novelty - To reduce the fixed-cost of buying indigo dyes and to increase the depth of the colour, an indigo weaving group dyed its fabric by mixing indigo dye with Marsdenia tinctoria R. Br.. The study also found that traditional beliefs complicated the weavers’ decision making about the dyeing, especially the belief that colour does not bind to the fabric if the dyeing is performed on Buddhist Holy Days. Type of Paper: Empirical. JEL Classification: D00, O12, Z1, Z13. Keywords: Community Economy; Community Enterprise; Group Management; Indigo; Sakon Nakhon Province. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Lordko, U; Grisanaputi, W. 2020. The Establishment and Management of Indigo Weaving Groups in Sakon Nakhon Province of Thailand, Global J. Bus. Soc. Sci. Review 8(3): 170 – 180. https://doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2020.8.3(4)
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Sriatun, Sriatun, Kuwatno Kuwatno, and Suhartana Suhartana. "Elektrodekolorisasi Indigo Karmin Menggunakan Alumina dan Karbon Bekas." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 10, no. 3 (December 1, 2007): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.10.3.61-66.

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Dekolorisasi zat warna indigo karmin telah dilakukan dengan metode elektrolisis. Dalam metode ini telah diteliti pengaruh pH dan temperatur terhadap kemampuan dekolorisasi indigo karmin. Adanya elektrokoagulasi/elektroflokulasi disebabkan oleh kemampuan flok Al(OH)3 mengadsorb indigo karmin dan membentuk kompleks Al-indigo karmin. Flok Al(OH)3 dihasilkan oleh elektrolisis larutan dengan menggunakan alumunium bekas sebagai anoda dan karbon sisa baterai sebagai katoda. Elektrolisis dilakukan selama 150 menit dengan tegangan luar 12 Volt. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan dekorisasi terhadap indigo karmin oleh flok Al(OH)3 dipengaruhi oleh pH dan temperatur larutan. Kemampuan dekolorisasi minimum pada pH=6 dan akan meningkat pada kondisi basa dan asam. Persentase dekolorisasi maksimum pada temperatur ruang adalah 51,95% pada pH=14. Persentase dekolorisasi optimum adalah 98,33% pada temperatur 70oC pada pH=10.Kata kunci : elektrodekolorisasi, indigo karmin, alumunium
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32

Berdnikova, Daria V. "Design, synthesis and investigation of water-soluble hemi-indigo photoswitches for bioapplications." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 15 (November 22, 2019): 2822–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.15.275.

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A series of hemi-indigo derivatives was synthesized and their photoswitching properties in aqueous medium were studied. The dimethoxy hemi-indigo derivative with the best photochromic performance in water was identified as a promising platform for the development of photoswitchable binders for biomolecules. The synthetic approach towards the introduction of the alkylamino pendant to the dimethoxy hemi-indigo core was developed that allowed to obtain an RNA-binding hemi-indigo derivative with photoswitchable fluorescent properties.
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van Alphen, J. "On indigo. II. The ozonisation of indigo." Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 57, no. 9 (September 3, 2010): 911–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/recl.19380570902.

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34

Stockton, Carol M. "IndiGo and IndiGo Fluo UVA-C Spectrometers." Journal of Gemmology 37, no. 6 (2021): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.15506/jog.2021.37.6.555.

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35

Lordko, Uthumporn, and Wipawee Grisanaputi. "The Management of Indigo Weaving Groups in Sakon Nakhon Province of Thailand." 11th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 11, no. 1 (December 9, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2020.11(26).

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The objectives of this article were to study the establishment condition and management of indigo weaving groups in Sakon Nakhon Province. The study was a qualitative research. The data were collected by focusing group discussion from The Representative from The District Community Development Office of Sakon Nakhon Province, an in - depth interview with The Committee and members of Indigo Weaving Group, were analyzed the data using content analysis and descriptive analysis. The results indicated that Indigo weaving group has been established in a variety of formats such as the informal gathering of indigo dyed weavers, the promoting establishment of a group of local administrative organizations and establishing a group with recommendation by governmental organizations. The Indigo weaving groups' management consisted of many aspects including the group administration, production planning, producing, product development, marketing, public relations, financing and accounting. Keywords: Community Economy; Community Enterprise; Group Management; Indigo; Sakon Nakhon Province
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36

KUMAR, PRAKASH. "Planters and Naturalists: Transnational Knowledge on Colonial Indigo Plantations in South Asia." Modern Asian Studies 48, no. 3 (May 29, 2013): 720–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x12000017.

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AbstractThe knowledge of indigo culture that developed on indigo plantations in colonial Bengal was remarkably cosmopolitan in its borrowings. The protean knowledge that was assembled in the first plantations in the Caribbean in the mid-seventeenth century had roots in various peasant traditions on the Indian subcontinent and elsewhere in the world. French naturalists committed this knowledge to texts, making them legible and portable whilst the needs of European empires ensured the perfection of this knowledge on separate continents even as it picked up heterogeneous forms at numerous sites. The heterogeneity of the knowledge attached to the practice of indigo manufacture was reproduced on the Indian subcontinent when indigo was reinvented as a colonial commodity. European planters generously drew on the texts describing indigo-making that were easily available, as the practice of dye making continued to evolve in the colonial locality. Some surviving peasant traditions of indigo culture on the subcontinent also impinged on the evolving knowledge. Thus multiple logics rather than the single colonial logic lay beneath the development of colonial indigo plantations in Bengal. An understanding of the process requires attention to the global genealogies of this knowledge system.
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Porada, Jan H., and Dirk Blunk. "Phasmidic indigoid liquid crystals." Journal of Materials Chemistry 20, no. 15 (2010): 2956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b925049m.

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38

Zippelius, Timo, Arnd Hoburg, Bernd Preininger, Pauline Vörös, Carsten Perka, Georg Matziolis, and Eric Röhner. "Effects of Indigo Carmine on Human Chondrocytes In Vitro." Open Orthopaedics Journal 7, no. 1 (January 9, 2013): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874325001307010008.

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Joint infections following or accompanying superficious soft tissue infections are severe complication in orthopedic surgery. The use of intra-articular blue staining is a helpful method to visualize a fistula and to differentiate between superficial and intra-articular infections. Regarding this clinical implication data about the effects of indigo carmine, a frequently used blue staining substance, on cartilage is missing. The hypothesis of this study was that indigo carmine damages human chondrocytes in a time and concentration dependent manner. Human chondrocytes were isolated from donors with osteoarthritis who were treated with TKA. Cells were cultivated and treated with different concentrations of indigo carmine for 5 and 10 minutes. Morphologic damage was examined by light microscopy. Toxicity was quantified by counting vital cell number and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) expression. Analysis by light microscopy showed defected cell structure and loss of cell number after treatment with 100% indigo carmine for 10 minutes. Treatment with 10% and 1% indigo carmine showed no significant cell defects and loss of cells. Counting vital cell number showed loss of vital cells after treatment with 100% and 10% indigo carmine for 10 minutes. LDH expression was significantly increased after treatment with 100% indigo carmine. Toxic effects were shown after treatment with indigo carmine. Therefore, it should be used in 1:100 dilution. This is both, sufficient for visualizing a fistula in a possible clinical application and could be protective for chondrocytes.
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Lustyantie, Ninuk, Dhinar Ajeng Fitriany, and Emzir. "Studying the Indigo Child Types and How to Handle Them Based on the Novel Gerbang Dialog Danur Through Literary Psychology." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 7, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.5p.61.

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Starting from the phenomenon of Indigo children who seize the attention of the people in several countries, including in Indonesia, the uniqueness of Indigo children becomes distinctive for Indigo children compared with other children in general. The uniqueness of Indigo children can be described by authors in literary works, such as novels. In addition, the uniqueness of Indigo children revealed in a novel can be used as a renewal in teaching novels reviewed using the literary psychology approach. The study of psychology in literature is an important thing to do with the aim of developing a way of teaching literature. However, the study of psychology in literature is still very less. In addition, research on Indigo children in literary works has never been done. In dealing with this problem, qualitative research using content analysis method with a literary structural approach and literary psychology of novel entitled “Gerbang Dialog Danur” written by Risa Saraswati was conducted. The result of the research is the phenomenon of Indigo children described by the main character, that is Aku (Risa). In addition, this study also produced findings, namely the types of Indigo children and how to deal with them suggested in the novel. The results of this study conclude that Indonesian literary teachers, literary researchers, novel readers, parents, and the general public can use the novel Gerbang Dialog Danur by Risa Saraswati in the process of teaching literature, especially in the study of psychology.
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DE HASETH, CAREL, and FRANÇOIS VAN DER HOEVEN. "Sporen van een indigocultuur op Curaçao." Tijdschrift voor Historische Geografie 5, no. 3 (January 1, 2020): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/thg2020.3.008.hase.

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Traces of indigo cultivation on Curaçao During the 17th and 18th century indigo has been cultivated on the island of Curaçao. This article gives a description of the production of indigo using purpose- built basins and contains pictures of some of the indigobasins still to be found on the island.
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41

Konarev, Dmitri V., Leokadiya V. Zorina, Mikhail S. Batov, Salavat S. Khasanov, Akihiro Otsuka, Hideki Yamochi, Hiroshi Kitagawa, and Rimma N. Lyubovskaya. "Optical and magnetic properties of trans-indigo˙− radical anions. Magnetic coupling between trans-indigo˙− (S = 1/2) mediated by intermolecular hydrogen N–H⋯OC bonds." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 19 (2019): 7350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj00802k.

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Reduction of trans-indigo yields salt {cryptand[2.2.2](K+)}6{trans-indigo}7·5.5C6H4Cl2 (1). The trans-indigo˙− radical anions are bonded by intermolecular hydrogen N–H⋯OC bonds of 2.11–2.17 Å.
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42

Tan, Xiao Dong, Wei Xiong, Jin Zhang, Jie Xu, and Chang Hai Yi. "Indirect Electrochemical Reduction of Indigo and Dyeing." Key Engineering Materials 773 (July 2018): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.773.379.

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The method of electrochemical reduction utilizes electrons as agent to achieve the reduction of indigo, vat dyes and pollution emissions, as well as the recycling of electrolyte. In this study, Ca2+-Fe3+-triethanolamine (TEA) redox system was used as the mediator to achieve the indirect electrochemical reduction of indigo. The optimization of parameter was analyzed by reduction efficiency (RE) and current efficiency (CE). The result showed that indigo could be reduced by electrochemical method and the best optimization recipe was 20 g/L NaOH + 5 g/L Fe2(SO4)3 + 30 g/L TEA + 5 g/L Calcium gluconate + 3 g/L indigo in 1 A·dm-2 current density at 50°C. This work suggested that Ca2+-Fe3+-TEA redox system in reduction of indigo was an effective way with higher CE (75.9 %).
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Dua, Aditi, Kishor Chauhan, and Hilor Pathak. "Biotransformation of Indigo Pigment by Indigenously Isolated Pseudomonas sp. HAV-1 and Assessment of Its Antioxidant Property." Biotechnology Research International 2014 (November 17, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/109249.

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Chemical synthesis of indigo poses harsh environmental hazards and adverse human health effects. This necessitates an environment-friendly and producer-friendly approach for indigo production. The present study was thus significant as it reports an indigenously isolated potential indigo pigment producing culture identified as Pseudomonas sp. HAV-1 with noteworthy antioxidant property. The bioindigo pigment was characterized using various analytical techniques. The pigment production was enhanced from 412 μg mL−1 to 700 μg mL−1 by optimizing the growth parameters. Furthermore, the antioxidant property of indigo pigment is hitherto unexplored. This property can significantly append to its therapeutic potential. The bioindigo pigment produced by Pseudomonas sp. HAV-1 depicted 2.2 μM ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant property. More to the point, the present work addresses a footstep towards green production of indigo.
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Kikuchi, Mayu, Keisei Sowa, Kasumi Nakagawa, Momoka Matsunaga, Akinori Ando, Kenji Kano, Michiki Takeuchi, and Eiji Sakuradani. "Indigo-Mediated Semi-Microbial Biofuel Cell Using an Indigo-Dye Fermenting Suspension." Catalysts 11, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11091080.

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Aizome (Japanese indigo dyeing) is a unique dyeing method using microbial activity under anaerobic alkaline conditions. In indigo-dye fermenting suspensions; microorganisms reduce indigo into leuco-indigo with acetaldehyde as a reductant. In this study; we constructed a semi-microbial biofuel cell using an indigo-dye fermenting suspension. Carbon fiber and Pt mesh were used as the anode and cathode materials, respectively. The open-circuit voltage (OCV) was 0.6 V, and the maximum output power was 32 µW cm−2 (320 mW m−2). In addition, the continuous stability was evaluated under given conditions starting with the highest power density; the power density rapidly decreased in 0.5 h due to the degradation of the anode. Conversely, at the OCV, the anode potential exhibited high stability for two days. However, the OCV decreased by approximately 80 mV after 2 d compared with the initial value, which was attributed to the performance degradation of the gas-diffusion-cathode system caused by the evaporation of the dispersion solution. This is the first study to construct a semi-microbial biofuel cell using an indigo-dye fermenting suspension.
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45

Herschberg, Bob, and Jaap van den Herik. "Mood Indigo." ICGA Journal 18, no. 2 (June 1, 1995): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/icg-1995-18201.

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46

Ray, J. "Indigo Snake." Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 5, no. 2 (July 1, 1998): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isle/5.2.113.

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47

Doreian, Leeza. "Indigo Rising." Jung Journal 13, no. 3 (July 3, 2019): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19342039.2019.1632077.

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48

Fahnestock, Lee, and Anne Bragance. "Bleu Indigo." World Literature Today 61, no. 3 (1987): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40143326.

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49

Perkowitz, Sidney. "MOOD INDIGO." Sciences 33, no. 2 (March 4, 1993): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2326-1951.1993.tb03082.x.

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50

Taussig, Michael. "Redeeming Indigo." Theory, Culture & Society 25, no. 3 (May 2008): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276408090655.

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