Journal articles on the topic 'Indigenous peoples – Ecology – Northwest, Pacific'
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1
Gustas, Robert H., Iain McKechnie, Quentin Mackie, and Chris Darimont. "Estimating Volumes of Coastal Shell Midden Sites Using Geometric Solids." Advances in Archaeological Practice 10, no. 2 (May 2022): 200–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2022.9.
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AbstractCoastal shell midden deposits are a quintessential component of the archaeological record on the Pacific Northwest Coast. Despite their importance in informing the cultural and environmental histories of Indigenous peoples, research on shell middens has largely not sought to address the physical extent of these cultural deposits, which requires estimating shape, depth, and volume. Here, we present a new scalable geospatial model, designed to work with legacy survey data, for estimating midden volumes based on applying a regular geometric solid to sites with known extent and depth. We evaluate the accuracy of this technique using percussion core, total station, and lidar data from eight sites in Tseshaht territory on western Vancouver Island and three sites on the north coast of British Columbia (Canada). As part of the evaluation process of our results, we calculate uncertainty using subsurface core depth data and then compare generalized and modeled midden volume estimates. We demonstrate an accurate general model applied at the regional scale across a systematically surveyed landscape. This work presents the first landscape-scale measure of midden extents and volume within our study area, with relevance to historical ecology and settlement patterns.
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Moore, Nicole E., and Lynn Robinson. "The Role of Subduction Zone Processes in the Cultural History of the Cascade Region." Elements 18, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.18.4.246.
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The Cascadia subduction zone continuously shapes the landscape of the Pacific Northwest of North America and the cultures of its inhabitants. The impacts of subduction processes on Pacific Northwest societies and cultures are varied, but Native Americans and European settler cultures alike have described geological processes through oral histories and have relied on resources provided by the subduction zone. Indigenous peoples focus many aspects of their religious practices and art around the geohazards of the Cascadia region, and our melded modern cultures continue to take part in storytelling related to subduction zone hazards through movies and other forms of narration.
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Fan, Chien-Te, Tzu-Hsun Hung, and Chan-Kun Yeh. "Taiwan Regulation of Biobanks." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, no. 4 (2015): 816–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12322.
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Taiwan is an island country situated in the northwest Pacific, close to the southeast of China. The land area is about 36,000 square kilometers. The population of Taiwan is about 23 million, and it consists of the majority Han ethnic groups (it can be further divided into Ho-ló, Hakka, and Mainlander) and dozens of minority groups who are collectively called “Formosan,” an appellation for indigenous peoples in Taiwan. Formosans can be divided into Pingpu (plain-land indigenous peoples) and Gaoshan (mountain indigenous peoples) by their living area. In recent years, marriages between Taiwanese, Mainland Chinese, and Southeast Asians have increased significantly. Because of the genetic background of the Taiwanese people, it was thought to be highly beneficial for Taiwan to establish a biobank specifically designed for the Taiwanese population, as it would enable large-scale cohort studies to be carried out for common diseases occurring in Taiwan.
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Inglebret, Ella, D. Michael Pavel, and Tamara Lehr. "Connecting With Culture Through Middle School Environmental Curriculum." Perspectives on Communication Disorders and Sciences in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CLD) Populations 15, no. 1 (March 2008): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/cds15.1.12.
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Abstract Purpose: This article presents an approach for incorporating indigenous culture into language and literacy intervention for middle school students. The approach is centered on the use of environmental education curriculum. Method: Seven over-arching standards for effective pedagogy in facilitating the learning of indigenous students are discussed. These standards are based on 25 years of ongoing research at the Center for Research on Education, Diversity & Excellence (CREDE). Application of the standards is illustrated through use of the Shadow of the Salmon curriculum being developed by the Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission and Salmon Defense. This curriculum is grounded in the cultural beliefs, values, and traditions of indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest. Conclusion: Speech-language pathologists can draw from resources available through other disciplines, such as environmental science, to generate culturally responsive pedagogy and materials that promote language and literacy skills for students of indigenous background.
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Igler, David. "Captive-Taking and Conventions of Encounters on the Northwest Coast, 1789-1810." Southern California Quarterly 91, no. 1 (2009): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41172455.
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Captivity in a variety of forms frequently punctuated culture encounters in the early modern Pacific world. In few places was captivity more common than on the Northwest Coast, where a lively fur trade brought indigenous communities together with European and American traders. Between 1789 and 1792, the taking of captives and exchange of hostages was a strategy used to advantage by both native peoples and foreign ship crews. The captivity account of John Jewitt, 1803-1805, illustrates both the changing dynamics of the trade and of growing language vehicles of communication. The captivity accounts by both native and Russian chroniclers of the 1808-1810 Sv. Nikolai survivors demonstrate the complex motives and internal divisions among both elements. All of these cases draw attention to how many of the actors in the cultural contacts in the East Pacific Basin were "unfree," challenged in their status, and driven by competition in a short-lived market.
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Sliger Krause, Rose. "Untangling the Past." Journal of New Librarianship 8, no. 1 (May 17, 2023): 133–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33011/newlibs/13/15.
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The purpose of this article is to document an investigation into the unique book classification system developed by the Pacific Northwest Indian Center (PNIC), also known as the Museum of Native American Cultures (MONAC), which operated from the mid-1960s through the early 1990s in Spokane, Washington. The article will provide some background information on PNIC/MONAC and its library operation, describe the process of reviewing and evaluating the classification system, and offer analysis into the positive and problematic aspects of the classification system in relation to other classification systems developed for materials by and about indigenous peoples of North America.
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Weaver, Sean. "Co-existence and cultural difference: postcolonial ecology in the contemporary Pacific." Pacific Conservation Biology 4, no. 1 (1998): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc980011.
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The causes, symptoms and remedies of environmental disharmony in the contemporary Pacific are modern phenomena and need to be understood in their cultural context. This context is problematic for the integrity of the indigenous cultures of the Pacific and the prospect of ecological sustainability as a condition of culture. Modern dualistic and individualistic rationalities underpin environmental research and practice, which contribute to neo-colonialism through the subversion of the world views of indigenous peoples as part of conservation management. Such neo-colonialism is extended to the rest of nature where ecological salvation is delivered only if these environments and local people comply with modern environmental goals. A transformation in environmental research and practice is advocated where ethnographic analyses of modern institutions are subject to critical scrutiny in a socially and culturally enriched praxis of cultural ecology.
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Wright, Robin M. "‘Sparks of Kuwai’." Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 16, no. 1 (May 6, 2022): 50–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.20769.
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The spread of Covid-19 among the vulnerable indigenous populations of Amazonia has produced complex moral and spiritual issues that have demanded creative and cooperative solutions. The Baniwa indigenous peoples of the Northwest Amazon pin the spread of the pandemic on the failure of humans to observe respectful relations with the spirit-people of the environment. Ritual specialists typically believe that the pandemic is due to humans having violated the original instructions, remembered in initiation ceremonies and reinforced throughout a lifetime. Consequently, they further believe, the spirit-people of the environment retaliate by inflicting sicknesses, including the Covid-19 pandemic. To reverse the damage, a strong movement of healthcare led by indigenous women has promoted a revitalization of the use of herbal medicines together with healing practices and the traditional teachings of the initiation rites for men and women.
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Mitko, A. V., and V. K. Sidorov. "Identity of Canada in the Arctic region based on the Northwest Passage." Arctic XXI century. Humanities, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25587/svfu.2023.36.20.009.
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The Northwest Passage (NWP) is a sea route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. In fact, the NWP is a series of short routes passing through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Since all routes pass through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, the Canadian Government insists that these are the «internal waters» of the state. There are many controversies in this regard. The dispute between the United States and Canada over the legal status of the Northwest Passage has been the subject of political and popular debate for fifty years. According to Canada, the Northwest Passage is Canadian, and this issue is not even subject to discussion, so there are no disputes from Canada’s point of view. The article considers the problems of formation and prospects for the development of relations between states in the zone of the Northwest Passage in the Canadian Arctic. The relevance and demand of the transport route in the north of the Western Hemisphere, which is a direct competitor to the Northern Sea Route in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, are noted. The problems of the indigenous peoples of the Canadian Arctic are touched upon, as well as possible ways to solve them through the prism of the national identity of the Canadian state.
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Burney, Michael, Jeffery Van Pelt, and Thomas Bailor. "Native Cultural Resource Management in the Pacific Northwest: The Ctuir Tribal Historic Preservation Program and the Lake Humtepin Experience." Practicing Anthropology 20, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.20.3.h40r63q105463781.
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Cultural resource management (CRM) is nothing new in Indian Country. American Indians have always managed their natural and cultural resources with respect by remembering where we originated from—Mother Earth. Remembering those who came before us Native peoples inherit the responsibility to protect our traditional tribal way of life for generations to come. The Mid-Columbia River tribes known as the Umatilla Cayuse, and Walla Walla have been forced into many battles over land and resources since the passing of Lewis and Clark in 1805. Many of these battles have been simply to gain recognition as indigenous people who have the aboriginal right to manage those resources connecting us to our ancestral cultural heritage. This is a difficult task when simultaneously observing the desecration, or outright destruction, of aboriginal resources during the recent historic past.
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Johansen, Bruce. "Canoe Journeys and Cultural Revival." American Indian Culture and Research Journal 36, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicr.36.2.w241221710101249.
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For the state of Washington's one-hundredth birthday, in 1989, Native peoples there decided to revive a distinctive mode of transportation—long-distance journeys by canoe—along with an entire culture associated with it. Born as the "Paddle to Seattle," during the past two decades these canoe journeys have become a summertime staple for Native peoples as well as for thousands of non-Indians who follow the "pullers" in Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia. The Tribal Canoe Journey has become a metaphor for community, drawing peoples together over a large area. The annual Canoe Journey also represents a revival of indigenous culture and, to some extent, indigenous languages. The canoe journeys (and the land-based events associated with them) might be compared with powwows in other areas. The carving of canoes has been revived, along with the structures of canoe families that maintain them, along with songs, clothing, and other aspects of traditional culture. The Tribal Canoe Journey is neither a race nor a contest, although it is something of a feat of physical endurance, recalling a time when canoes were one of the central attributes of Coast Salish cultures. Canoes were vital for the gathering of much of people's food, the conduct of social relations, and the waging of war. Like many maritime peoples around the world, seaborne transport framed culture and invoked deep spiritual beliefs in life and death. Canoe culture also teaches respect for ancestors' survival skills to city-bred youth, forging bonds between generations. Young people are learning how to get along with others and how to stay clean and sober during journeys in which they represent their peoples. The young people also learn how to deal with conflicts that arise from living in close quarters and pulling canoes for hours at a time, day after day. The Tribal Canoe Journey thus revives culture while sustaining and improving modern Native life in the Pacific Northwest.
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Wilson, Amanda, Charles Z. Levkoe, Peter Andrée, Kelly Skinner, Andrew Spring, Sonia Wesche, and Tracey Galloway. "Strengthening Sustainable Northern Food Systems: Federal Policy Constraints and Potential Opportunities." ARCTIC 73, no. 3 (September 28, 2020): 292–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic70869.
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This paper explores how Canadian federal policy and frameworks can better support community-based initiatives to reduce food insecurity and build sustainable food systems in the North. Through an examination of the current state of food systems infrastructure, transportation, harvest, and production in the Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Nunavik, and Nunatsiavut, we argue in favour of a multi-sector approach that supports diversified food systems, including traditional/country food production and distribution, in a way that values and prioritizes community-led initiatives and Indigenous peoples’ self-determination and self-governance. The challenge of developing sustainable, northern food systems requires made-in-the-North solutions that are attuned to cultural, geographic, environmental, and political contexts. Recent policy developments suggest some progress in this direction, however much more work is needed. Ultimately, sustainable northern food systems must be defined by and for Northerners at community, local, and regional levels, with particular attention paid to treaty rights and the right to self-determination of First Nations and other Indigenous communities.
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Turner, Nancy J. "The ethnobotany of edible seaweed (Porphyra abbottae and related species; Rhodophyta: Bangiales) and its use by First Nations on the Pacific Coast of Canada." Canadian Journal of Botany 81, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-029.
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Porphyra abbottae Krishnamurthy is a nutritionally and culturally important species of red alga used by First Peoples of coastal British Columbia and neighbouring areas. This species, along with Porphyra torta and possibly others, is still harvested from wild populations in large quantities, dried and processed, and served in a variety of ways: toasted as a snack, cooked with clams, salmon eggs, or fish in soup, or sprinkled on other foods as a condiment. It is also a valued trade and gift item, especially on the central and northern coasts of British Columbia and Alaska. Common linguistic origin of the majority of names for this species among some 16 language groups in five language families indicates widespread exchange of knowledge about this seaweed from southern Vancouver Island north to Alaska. Coastal indigenous people have expressed concerns about potential commercialization of Porphyra and impacts from pollution and global climate change.Key words: Porphyra abbottae, Northwest Coast, traditional food, Aboriginal people, marine algae, edible seaweed.
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Ladd, Anthony E. "Feedlots of the Sea: Movement Frames and Activist Claims in the Protest over Salmon Farming in the Pacific Northwest." Humanity & Society 35, no. 4 (November 2011): 343–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016059761103500402.
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In the face of declining oceanic fisheries throughout the world, industrial aquaculture and corporate fish farming have become the fastest growing sector of the global food industry, accounting for nearly half of all the fish and shellfish consumed by humans today. Despite its contribution to food production, however, the rapid growth of aquaculture has launched an anti-fish farming movement composed of scientists, environmental NGOs, fishers, native peoples, and coastal residents who oppose the industry's negative socio-environmental effects on marine habitats, indigenous fish stocks and cultures, as well as commercial and recreational fisheries. This article examines the growing environmental controversy over the collapse of wild salmon populations and the rise of salmon farming production in the Pacific Northwest, as well as the negative impacts of the aquaculture industry on the region. Drawing on movement literature and documents, as well as interviews with local stakeholder activists in Washington State and British Columbia, I provide a qualitative analysis of the collective action frames of the anti-salmon farming movement and the degree to which the diagnostic, prognostic, and motivational frames identified in movement discourse are aligned with the individual frames of movement activists. I conclude with some sociological implications of these findings for the usefulness of frame analysis research, the dynamics of the protest over salmon farming, and the future direction of ocean aquaculture and wild salmon.
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Petrov, Alexander. "Aggravation of the Colonial Struggle in the Pacific Ocean in 1760—1770s." ISTORIYA 14, no. 10 (132) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840028746-9.
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The article is devoted to the struggle for colonies in the North Pacific in the context of the interaction between Russia, Great Britain and Spain in the second half of the 18th century, with an emphasis on the voyage of J. Cook to the coast of Alaska. The activity of Russia and the Western European powers related to the intensification of efforts in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean is considered. The article notes that the region studied by us has long attracted the attention of European countries. The factors that contributed to the development of the North-West of America are revealed. The authors show that it was a very complex and multifaceted process, in which various levels of state power, up to the emperors, participated. The importance of the initiative of private commercial companies in the colonization of territories is noted. The authors of the article draw attention to the fact that the expansion of the Spanish Empire became possible due to Madrid’s fears about the strengthening of Russia in the North Pacific. In turn, Great Britain carried out active intelligence activities, which resulted in a phase of military conflict at the end of the 18th century. On the basis of Russian and foreign documents introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the authors of the article try to show the validity of the fears of the Madrid court regarding Russian colonization, as well as the ambitions of London in this region. Promotion of Russia to the northwest of America was due to economic and political reasons. The access to the Pacific Ocean of Russian private structures was caused by the desire to collect yasak from the indigenous peoples, as well as to obtain furs, which were highly valued in world markets. The article notes the changes in the position of Great Britain, Spain and Russia in relation to the colonies in the 18th century. It is concluded that, in general, the policy of Spain and Great Britain was aimed at curbing the Russian advance in the Pacific Ocean. Russian-Anglo-Spanish relations in the Northwest Pacific at the end of the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century made a significant contribution to the subsequent active colonization of the North Pacific. The article was written using an interdisciplinary approach based on a wide range of sources from domestic and foreign archives.
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Wyllie de Echeverria, Victoria Rawn, and Thomas F. Thornton. "Using traditional ecological knowledge to understand and adapt to climate and biodiversity change on the Pacific coast of North America." Ambio 48, no. 12 (October 9, 2019): 1447–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01218-6.
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Abstract We investigate the perceptions and impacts of climate change on 11 Indigenous communities in Northern British Columbia and Southeast Alaska. This coastal region constitutes an extremely dynamic and resilient social-ecological system where Indigenous Peoples have been adjusting to changing climate and biodiversity for millennia. The region is a bellwether for biodiversity changes in coastal, forest, and montane environments that link the arctic to more southerly latitudes on the Pacific coast. Ninety-six Elders and resource users were interviewed to record Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) and observations regarding weather, landscape, and resource changes, especially as concerns what we term Cultural Keystone Indicator Species (CKIS), which provide a unique lens into the effects of environmental change. Our findings show that Indigenous residents of these communities are aware of significant environmental changes over their lifetimes, and an acceleration in changes over the last 15–20 years, not only in weather patterns, but also in the behaviour, distributions, and availability of important plants and animals. Within a broader ecological and social context of dwelling, we suggest ways this knowledge can assist communities in responding to future environmental changes using a range of place-based adaptation modes.
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Case, Michael J., John B. Kim, and Becky K. Kerns. "Using a Vegetation Model and Stakeholder Input to Assess the Climate Change Vulnerability of Tribally Important Ecosystem Services." Forests 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11060618.
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We demonstrate a generalizable approach for assessing climate change effects on tribally important ecosystem goods and services. Indigenous peoples may be highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because they rely on ecosystem goods and services, such as traditional foods, hunting, timber production, nontimber forest resources, and cultural resources. However, there are few assessments that have examined the potential impact of climate change on these goods and services and even less that examine ecological, socio-economic, and cultural resources in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Our approach uses four basic steps: (1) identify 78 tribally important ecosystem services (species and resources), (2) relate those ecosystem services with biologically relevant vegetation projections from a dynamic global vegetation model, (3) identify appropriate timeframes and future climate scenarios, and (4) assess future changes for vegetation types and ecosystem services. We then highlight how model uncertainty can be explored to better inform resilience building and adaptation planning. We found that more than half of the species and resources analyzed may be vulnerable to climate change due to loss of potential habitat, including aridland species and grazing quality. We further highlight our findings for tribally important species, huckleberries (genus Vaccinium) and bitterbrush (Purshia tridentate (Pursh) DC.), and show how this information can be applied to help inform resource management and adaptation planning. We have demonstrated a generalizable approach that identified tribally important ecosystem services and related them with biologically relevant vegetation projections from a Dynamic Global Vegetation Model. Although our assessment is focused in the Pacific Northwest, our approach can be applied in other regions for which model data is available. We recognize that there is some inherent uncertainty associated with using model output for future scenario planning; however, if that uncertainty is addressed and applied as demonstrated by our approach, it then can be explored to help inform resource management and adaptation planning.
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Barlow, Celeste M., Marlow G. Pellatt, and Karen E. Kohfeld. "Garry oak ecosystem stand history in Southwest British Columbia, Canada: implications of environmental change and indigenous land use for ecological restoration and population recovery." Biodiversity and Conservation 30, no. 6 (March 28, 2021): 1655–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02162-2.
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AbstractIn the Pacific Northwest of North America, endangered Garry oak ecosystems have a complex history that integrates effects of Holocene climate change, Indigenous land management, and colonial settlement during the Anthropocene. In western Canada, Garry oak and Douglas fir recruitment corresponds with the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA; ca. 1870), after the collapse of Indigenous populations but in some cases prior to European settlement. We examined establishment patterns at three sites in southwest British Columbia, each with different edaphic characteristics based on slope, exposure, and drainage. At our Somenos Marsh site on Vancouver Island, we see a clear relationship between Indigenous occupation, subsequent European settlement, and development of an oak woodland, indicating that Indigenous land management was important for development of many Garry oak ecosystems. However, at the Tumbo Cliff site (Tumbo Island, BC), shallow soil xeric conditions, regional climate, and periodic fire were likely drivers of stand and ecosystem development. Finally, at the deep soil Tumbo Marsh site, Garry oak established and grew quickly when conditions were favorable, following the early twentieth century conversion of a saltwater tidal flat into a freshwater marsh. Combining site level historical records, site characteristics, and dendrochronological data provides a greater understanding of the local and regional factors that shape the unique structures of Garry oak ecosystems at each site. This information can be integrated into restoration and fire management strategies for Garry oak ecosystems as well as elucidate the timing of European settler and climate change impacts on these ecosystems.
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Kaldy, James E. "Production Ecology of the Non-indigenous Seagrass, Dwarf Eelgrass (Zostera japonica Ascher. & Graeb.), in a Pacific Northwest Estuary, USA." Hydrobiologia 560, no. 1 (May 2006): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-9001-1.
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Kaldy, James E. "Production Ecology of the Non-indigenous Seagrass, Dwarf Eelgrass (Zostera japonica Ascher. & Graeb.), in a Pacific Northwest Estuary, USA." Hydrobiologia 553, no. 1 (January 2006): 201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-5764-z.
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Maier, Kris W. C., Neil J. Mochnacz, Robert Bajno, Andrew J. Chapelsky, Peter Rodger, and James D. Reist. "Range Extension of Northern Form Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma malma) to the Upper Arctic Red River Watershed, Northwest Territories, Canada." ARCTIC 74, no. 1 (March 16, 2021): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic72138.
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Northern form Dolly Varden is an anadromous char with significant ecological value found in high-gradient rivers of the Western Arctic. Because of declines in population abundance, Dolly Varden was recently designated as “Special Concern” under the federal Species at Risk Act. This species is also of great cultural and dietary significance to Indigenous Peoples of many communities in the Western Arctic; thus, expanding knowledge of the distribution, biology, and essential habitat is an important priority. We present results of a fisheries survey in the headwaters of the Arctic Red River, Northwest Territories, that focused on confirming the presence of Dolly Varden. Of 143 fish captured among 12 sampling locations, two were Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus), 33 were slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), and 108 were char identified using qualitative and quantitative morphological features. A subsample of 44 char voucher specimens were frozen whole and later identified using a linear discriminant function (LDF) based on meristic counts and morphological measurements, and a mitochondrial DNA genetic marker. LDF scores indicated that char collected in the Arctic Red River were northern form Dolly Varden. Genetic analysis showed that all but one char possessed mitochondrial DNA sequences common in northern form Dolly Varden from Canada. Our results confirm the presence of Dolly Varden in the Arctic Red River headwaters, extending the confirmed known distribution of this taxon in the Northwest Territories approximately 450 km south and 100 km east of previously delimited areas.
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Midgley, Jeremy J., and Karl J. Niklas. "Does disturbance prevent total basal area and biomass in indigenous forests from being at equilibrium with the local environment?" Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 5 (August 9, 2004): 595–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001816.
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Understanding the determinants of the amount of biomass in various forests is presently a global imperative because forests may (e.g. Phillips et al. 2002) or may not be carbon sinks (Clark 2002). Presently, the assumption for modelling and empirical studies is that forest biomass and net primary production (NPP) are in equilibrium. For example, Beerling & Woodward (2001) modelled world-wide plant biomass on the basis of how net primary productivity (NPP) and annual transpiration rates affect tree size. They predicted that the largest stands of organic carbon are in the wet tropics. Similarly, in a recent textbook, Chapin et al. (2002) indicate that amongst forests, tropical forests have the greatest biomass and greatest NPP. In contrast, Midgley (2001) drew attention to the negative correlation between basal area and disturbance rates in some tropical forests. Also, Enquist & Niklas (2001) demonstrated that biomass is not correlated with latitude. Indeed, many indigenous forests with exceptionally large total basal areas and thus total standing stem biomass occur in the cool-temperate areas. For example, the Pacific Northwest redwood and Tasmanian mountain-ash forests have a total basal area of 300+ m2 ha−1, which exceeds the mean of many tropical forests (i.e. 35 m2 ha−1) (see Midgley 2001 and references therein).
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Mavrodi, Olga V., Dmitri V. Mavrodi, James A. Parejko, Linda S. Thomashow, and David M. Weller. "Irrigation Differentially Impacts Populations of Indigenous Antibiotic-Producing Pseudomonas spp. in the Rhizosphere of Wheat." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 9 (March 2, 2012): 3214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.07968-11.
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ABSTRACTThis work determined the impact of irrigation on the seasonal dynamics of populations ofPseudomonasspp. producing the antibiotics phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (Phz+) and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (Phl+) in the rhizosphere of wheat grown in the low-precipitation zone (150 to 300 mm annually) of the Columbia Plateau of the Inland Pacific Northwest. Population sizes and plant colonization frequencies of Phz+and Phl+Pseudomonasspp. were determined in winter and spring wheat collected during the growing seasons from 2008 to 2009 from selected commercial dryland and irrigated fields in central Washington State. Only Phz+bacteria were detected on dryland winter wheat, with populations ranging from 4.8 to 6.3 log CFU g−1of root and rhizosphere colonization frequencies of 67 to 100%. The ranges of population densities of Phl+and Phz+Pseudomonasspp. recovered from wheat grown under irrigation were similar, but 58 to 100% of root systems were colonized by Phl+bacteria whereas only 8 to 50% of plants harbored Phz+bacteria. In addition, Phz+Pseudomonasspp. were abundant in the rhizosphere of native plant species growing in nonirrigated areas adjacent to the sampled dryland wheat fields. This is the first report that documents the impact of irrigation on indigenous populations of two closely related groups of antibiotic-producing pseudomonads that coinhabit the rhizosphere of an economically important cereal crop. These results demonstrate how crop management practices can influence indigenous populations of antibiotic-producing pseudomonads with the capacity to suppress soilborne diseases of wheat.
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Cote, D., JB Dempson, M. Piersiak, K. Layton, S. Roul, R. Laing, J. Angnatok, and I. Bradbury. "Using movement, diet, and genetic analyses to understand Arctic charr responses to ecosystem change." Marine Ecology Progress Series 673 (September 2, 2021): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13775.
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Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus are a commercially and culturally valued species for northern Indigenous peoples. Climate shifts could have important implications for charr and those that rely on them, but studies that evaluate responses to ecosystem change and the spatial scales at which they occur are rare. We compare marine-phase habitat use, long-term diet patterns, and trends in effective population size of Arctic charr from 2 areas (Nain and Saglek) of Nunatsiavut, Labrador, Canada. Tagged charr in both areas frequently occupied estuaries but some also used other habitats that extended to the headland environments outside of their natal fjords. Despite the relatively small distances separating these study areas (<200 km), we observed differences in habitat use and diet. Northern stocks (including Saglek) were more reliant on invertebrates than southern stocks (e.g. Nain), for which capelin and sand lance were important prey. The use of coastal headlands also varied, with Saglek charr occupying these environments more frequently than those from Nain, which only used these habitats in 1 year of the study. Long-term commercial catches also indicate that the tendency for Nain charr to stay within fjords varies annually and relates to capelin availability. Despite the demonstrated capacity to alter diet and habitat use to changing environmental conditions, notable declines in effective population size were associated with the regime shift of the 1990s in the northwest Atlantic. Collectively, these results demonstrate that behavioral plasticity of Arctic charr may be insufficient to deal with the large environmental perturbations expected to arise from a changing climate.
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Sandhi, Ramandeep Kaur, David Shapiro-Ilan, and Gadi V. P. Reddy. "Montana Native Entomopathogenic Nematode Species Against Limonius californicus (Coleoptera: Elateridae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 5 (August 2, 2020): 2104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa164.
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Abstract Wireworms are destructive soil inhabiting polyphagous pests in the Pacific Northwest and Intermountain region of the United States. Continuously increasing wireworm populations and damage in small grain crops such as spring wheat in Northern Great Plains has become a challenge for growers. Due to unavailability of effective control measures, alternative methods, including biological control agents such as entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are needed. Native/indigenous EPN species are expected to have better potential than exotic species to control the local insect pests. Two Montana native EPN species (Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) were tested against, Limonius californicus (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in laboratory and shade house studies. In the laboratory bioassay, two isolates of S. feltiae at the rate of 28,000 IJs/five larvae killed 48–50% of the insects within 4 wk. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora was not able to cause >30% L. californicus larval mortality. None of the two isolates of S. feltiae performed well against L. californicus when tested in different soil types. Similarly, two isolates of S. feltiae that were tested killed only 20–25% wireworms in a shade house trial that did not differ significantly from the control treatment. Four weeks after EPN treatment in the shade house trial, the percentage of wheat plant damage from L. californicus ranged from 30 to 40% in the presence of S. felitae, not differing statistically from control. These results suggest that S. felitae have limited potential in managing wireworm populations.
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Stuessy, Tod F., Daniel J. Crawford, and Josef Greimler. "Human Impacts on the Vegetation of the Juan Fernández (Robinson Crusoe) Archipelago." Plants 12, no. 23 (November 30, 2023): 4038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12234038.
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The human footprint on marine and terrestrial ecosystems of the planet has been substantial, largely due to the increase in the human population with associated activities and resource utilization. Oceanic islands have been particularly susceptible to such pressures, resulting in high levels of loss of biodiversity and reductions in the numbers and sizes of wild populations. One archipelago that has suffered from human impact has been the Juan Fernández (Robinson Crusoe) Archipelago, a Chilean national park located 667 km west of Valparaíso at 33° S. latitude. The park consists of three principal islands: Robinson Crusoe Island (48 km2); Santa Clara Island (2.2 km2); and Alejandro Selkirk Island (50 km2). The latter island lies 181 kms further west into the Pacific Ocean. No indigenous peoples ever visited or lived on any of these islands; they were first discovered by the Spanish navigator, Juan Fernández, in 1574. From that point onward, a series of European visitors arrived, especially to Robinson Crusoe Island. They began to cut the forests, and such activity increased with the establishment of a permanent colony in 1750 that has persisted to the present day. Pressures on the native and endemic flora increased due to the introduction of animals, such as goats, rats, dogs, cats, pigs, and rabbits. Numerous invasive plants also arrived, some deliberately introduced and others arriving inadvertently. At present, more than three-quarters of the endemic and native vascular species of the flora are either threatened or endangered. The loss of vegetation has also resulted in a loss of genetic variability in some species as populations are reduced in size or go extinct. It is critical that the remaining genetic diversity be conserved, and genomic markers would provide guidelines for the conservation of the diversity of the endemic flora. To preserve the unique flora of these islands, further conservation measures are needed, especially in education and phytosanitary monitoring.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 163, no. 2-3 (2008): 376–453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003690.
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Chris Ballard, Paula Brown, R. Michael Bourke, Tracy Harwood (eds); The sweet potato in Oceania; A reappraisal (Peter Boomgaard) Caroline Hughes; The political economy of Cambodia’s transition, 1991-2001 (Han Ten Brummelhuis) Richard Robison, Vedi Hadiz; Reorganising power in Indonesia; The politics of oligarchy in an age of markets (Marleen Dieleman) Michael W. Charney; Southeast Asian warfare, 1300-1900 (Hans Hägerdal) Daniel Perret, Amara Srisuchat, Sombun Thanasuk (eds); Études sur l´histoire du sultanat de Patani (Mary Somers Heidhues) Joel Robbins; Becoming sinners; Christianity and moral torment in a Papua New Guinea society (Menno Hekker) Mujiburrahman; Feeling threatened; Muslim-Christian relations in Indonesia’s New Order (Gerry van Klinken) Marie-Odette Scalliet; De Collectie-Galestin in de Leidse Universiteitsbibliotheek (Dick van der Meij) James Neil Sneddon; Colloquial Jakartan Indonesian (Don van Minde) James Leach; Creative land; Place and procreation on the Rai coast of Papua New Guinea (Dianne van Oosterhout) Stanley J. Ulijaszek (ed.); Population, reproduction and fertility in Melanesia (Dianne van Oosterhout) Angela Hobart; Healing performances of Bali; Between darkness and light (Nathan Porath) Leo Suryadinata (ed.); Admiral Zheng He and Southeast Asia (Roderich Ptak) Ruth Barnes; Ostindonesien im 20. Jahrhundert; Auf den Spuren der Sammlung Ernst Vatter (Reimar Schefold) Marie-Antoinette Willemsen; Een missionarisleven in brieven; Willem van Bekkum, Indië 1936-1998 (Karel Steenbrink) Marie-Antoinette Willemsen; Een pionier op Flores; Jilis Verheijen (1908-1997), missionaris en onderzoeker (Karel Steenbrink) Akitoshi Shimizu, Jan van Bremen (eds); Wartime Japanese anthropology in Asia and the Pacific (Fridus Steijlen) Lilie Roosman; Phonetic experiments on the word and sentence prosody of Betawi Malay and Toba Batak (Uri Tadmor) Jamie D. Saul; The Naga of Burma; Their festivals, customs, and way of life (Nicholas Tapp) K.S. Nathan, Mohammad Hashim Kamali (eds); Islam in Southeast Asia; Political, social and strategic challenges for the 21st century (Bryan S. Turner) Andrew Pawley, Robert Attenborough, Jack Golson, Robin Hide (eds); Papuan pasts; Cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples (Lourens de Vries) Leo Howe, The changing world of Bali; Religion, society and tourism (Carol Warren) Sarah Weiss; Listening to an earlier Java; Aesthetics, gender, and the music of wayang in Central Java (Andrew N. Weintraub) REVIEW ESSAY Terry Crowley: Four grammars of Malakula languages Crowley, Terry (ed. by John Lynch); The Avava language of Central Malakula (Vanuatu) Crowley, Terry (ed. by John Lynch); Tape: a declining language of Malakula (Vanuatu Crowley, Terry (ed. by John Lynch); Naman: a vanishing language of Malakula (Vanuatu) Crowley, Terry (ed. by John Lynch); Nese: a diminishing speech variety of Northwest Malakula (Vanuatu) (Alexandre Francois) REVIEW ESSAY -- ‘The folly our descendants are least likely to forgive us’: the end of nature in Southeast Asia? Michael R. Dove, Percy E. Sajise, Amity A. Doolittle (eds); Conserving nature in culture; Case studies from Southeast Asia Jeyamalar Kathirithamby-Wells; Nature and nation; Forests and development in peninsular Malaysia Celia Lowe; Wild profusion; Biodiversity conservation in an Indonesian archipelago John F. McCarthy; The fourth circle; A political ecology of Sumatra’s rainforest frontier Budy P. Resosudarmo (ed.); The politics and economics of Indonesia’s natural resources Jeffrey R. Vincent, Rozali Mohamed Ali; Managing natural wealth; Environment and development in Malaysia (David Henley) In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde no. 163 (2007), no: 2/3, Leiden
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Coughlan, Michael R., James D. Johnston, Kelly M. Derr, David G. Lewis, and Bart R. Johnson. "Pre-contact Indigenous fire stewardship: a research framework and application to a Pacific Northwest temperate rainforest." Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology 3 (June 26, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fearc.2024.1347571.
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Fire is a key disturbance process that shapes the structure and function of montane temperate rainforest in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). Recent research is revealing more frequent historical fire activity in the western central Cascades than expected by conventional theory. Indigenous peoples have lived in the PNW for millennia. However, Indigenous people's roles in shaping vegetation mosaics in montane temperate forests of the PNW has been overlooked, despite archaeological evidence of long-term, continuous human use of these landscapes. In this paper, we present a generalizable research framework for overcoming biases often inherent in historical fire research. The framework centers Indigenous perspectives and ethnohistory, leveraging theory in human ecology and archaeology to interpret fire histories. We apply this framework to place-based, empirical evidence of Indigenous land use and dendroecological fire history. Our framework leads us to conclude that the most parsimonious explanation for the occurrence of historical high fire frequency in the western Cascades is Indigenous fire stewardship. Further, our case study makes apparent that scholars can no longer ignore the role of Indigenous people in driving montane forest dynamics in the PNW.
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Turner, Nancy J. "From “taking” to “tending”: learning about Indigenous land and resource management on the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America." ICES Journal of Marine Science, September 14, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsaa095.
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Abstract Indigenous peoples have occupied the northwestern North American coast for at least 15 000 years—a time when much of the land was covered by a kilometre or more of ice and only patches of land were glacier free. Over the millennia, through difficult times and seasons of plenty, they have built up an immense body of local knowledge, practice, and belief—Indigenous, or Traditional Ecological Knowledge—enabling them to live well, learning about the plants and animals of terrestrial, aquatic, and marine environments on which they have depended, and how to harvest and process them into nutritious foods, healing medicines, and useful materials. Although it has been commonly assumed that these people, as so-called “hunter-gatherers”, were simply helping themselves to nature’s provisions, over decades of learning from Indigenous plant specialists and other knowledge holders as an ethnobotanist, I have come to see First Peoples as resource tenders and managers over countless generations. Their traditional land and resource management systems provide many lessons on how we humans can work with natural processes to ensure the well-being not only of ourselves but also of the species and habitats on which we rely.
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Suffridge, Christopher P., Kelly C. Shannon, H. Matthews, R. C. Johnson, C. Jeffres, N. Mantua, A. E. Ward, et al. "Connecting thiamine availability to the microbial community composition in Chinook salmon spawning habitats of the Sacramento River basin." Applied and Environmental Microbiology, December 12, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01760-23.
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ABSTRACT Thiamine deficiency complex (TDC) is a major emerging threat to global populations of culturally and economically important populations of salmonids. Salmonid eggs and embryos can assimilate exogenous thiamine, and evidence suggests that microbial communities in benthic environments can produce substantial amounts of thiamine. We therefore hypothesize that natural dissolved pools of thiamine exist in the surface water and hyporheic zones of riverine habitats where salmonids with TDC migrate, spawn, and begin their lives. To examine the relationship between dissolved thiamine-related compounds (dTRCs) and their microbial source, we determined the concentrations of these metabolites and the compositions of microbial communities in surface and hyporheic waters of the Sacramento River, California and its tributaries. Here we determine that all dTRCs are present in femto-picomolar concentrations in a range of critically important salmon spawning habitats. We observed that thiamine concentrations in the Sacramento River system are orders of magnitude lower than those of marine waters, indicating substantial differences in thiamine cycling between these two environments. Our data suggest that the hyporheic zone is likely the source of thiamine to the overlying surface water. Temporal variations in dTRC concentrations were observed where the highest concentrations existed when Chinook salmon were actively spawning. Significant correlations were seen between the richness of microbial taxa and dTRC concentrations, particularly in the hyporheic zone, which would influence the conditions where embryonic salmon incubate. Together, these results indicate a connection between microbial communities in freshwater habitats and the availability of thiamine to spawning TDC-impacted California Central Valley Chinook salmon. IMPORTANCE Pacific salmon are keystone species with considerable economic importance and immeasurable cultural significance to Pacific Northwest indigenous peoples. Thiamine deficiency complex has recently been diagnosed as an emerging threat to the health and stability of multiple populations of salmonids ranging from California to Alaska. Microbial biosynthesis is the major source of thiamine in marine and aquatic environments. Despite this importance, the concentrations of thiamine and the identities of the microbial communities that cycle it are largely unknown. Here we investigate microbial communities and their relationship to thiamine in Chinook salmon spawning habitats in California’s Sacramento River system to gain an understanding of how thiamine availability impacts salmonids suffering from thiamine deficiency complex.
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Dent, Lauren A., Jamie Donatuto, Larry Campbell, Marnie Boardman, Jeremy J. Hess, and Nicole A. Errett. "Incorporating Indigenous voices in regional climate change adaptation: opportunities and challenges in the U.S. Pacific Northwest." Climatic Change 176, no. 3 (March 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-023-03499-z.
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AbstractAs the impacts of climate change increasingly and disproportionately affect indigenous peoples, equitable approaches to regional climate change adaptation must center the voices, needs, and priorities of Indigenous communities. Although the tribal climate change principles identify actionable recommendations to address the unique needs of Indigenous peoples in the contexts of climate change adaptation efforts undertaken at the Federal level in the United States (U.S.), there has yet to be exploration of how such principles might be applied at the regional level. Through semi-structured qualitative interviews with 18 representatives from inter-Tribal organizations and non-Tribal organizations engaged in regional climate adaptation in the U.S. Pacific Northwest, this research sought to describe challenges faced by, and opportunities available to, non-Tribal entities when engaging with Tribes on regional climate adaptation initiatives. All respondents reported high levels of motivation to work with Tribes on climate adaptation and identified several perceived benefits of integrating Tribal partnerships and indigenous ways of knowing into regional climate adaptation initiatives. Respondents underscored the need for strong, trusted relationships that respect the sovereignty and priorities of Tribal nations to guide engagement. However, non-Tribal organizations’ own capacity constraints, perceived Tribal capacity constraints, and institutional cultures rooted in colonialism and structural racism were discussed as obstacles to meaningful engagement. As such, we identify an urgent need to prioritize sustained investments in both Tribal and non-Tribal actors’ partnership capacities and climate change adaptation capabilities to place Indigenous voices and needs at the forefront of regional climate change adaptation planning and implementation.
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Scheuerman, Richard D., Kristine Gritter, and Carrie Jim Schuster. "Collaborations with Tribal Elders for Sustainability Education." International Dialogues on Education Journal 2, no. 2 (September 13, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.53308/ide.v2i2.201.
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Environmental sustainability studies are enhanced through local and regional partnerships between academicians and curriculum developers with members of area First Nation communities who have lived sustainably since time immemorial. Recent collaborative efforts between Seattle Pacific University’s School of Education and Snake River-Palouse tribal elder Carrie Jim Schuster have led to the development of a one semester, secondary level integrated history, geography, literature, and science curriculum investigating the indigenous peoples and environment of the Pacific Northwest’s Columbia-Snake River system. Seven core principles of cultural and environmental sustainability are discussed that were formulated through this collaboration involving Northwest tribal elders.
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Carney, Molly, and Thomas Connolly. "Scales of plant stewardship in the precontact Pacific Northwest, USA." Holocene, May 6, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09596836241247307.
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Numerous oral histories and substantial ethnographic evidence illustrate how plant species, communities, and even landscapes were extensively managed and cared for by ancestral communities in the Pacific Northwest. Camas ( Camassia spp.) is one such cultural keystone plant, common from the Pacific Ocean to the Rocky Mountains, with numerous records describing its role as a staple food for many Northwest peoples. Supporting deep time archeological evidence for such management or stewardship practices, however, has remained elusive. In this paper we analyze archived collections of archeological camas bulbs from 11 sites across the Willamette Valley, Oregon to demonstrate people began preparing camas within earth ovens by approximately 8000 calendar years before present and deliberately harvesting sexually mature camas plants circa 3500 calendar years before present. We compare these findings with climatological, palynological, and fire history reconstructions to discuss stewardship strategies for camas and associated plant communities through time at the population, community, and landscape levels. These findings confirm and expand upon Indigenous knowledges as well as offer time-tested methods for cultural keystone conservationists seeking to revitalize traditional plant stewardship practices throughout this region and beyond. This “camas case study” also offers another example of a human-plant symbiotic relationship, expanding our knowledge of plant food pathways, processes, and mutualisms.
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Newell, Dianne C. "Renewing "That Which Was Almost Lost or Forgotten": The Implications of Old Ethnologies for Present-Day Traditional Ecological Knowledge Among Canada's Pacific Coast Peoples." International Indigenous Policy Journal 6, no. 2 (May 11, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2015.6.2.6.
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The pressure on traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) to solve socio-economic issues globally begs the question: What is the state of TEK today, given the economic, social, and cultural ruptures it has endured during the past 200 years? The author traces how historical collaborative work between ethnographic pairings of “insiders” and “outsiders” created partnerships between some prominent anthropologists and local Indigenous research collaborators. Indeed, most of the ground-breaking anthropological work of Franz Boas and others concerning Canada’s Pacific Northwest coast culture area depended on collaborations with George Hunt and other trained Indigenous field workers. Much of their long-standing fieldwork data collection and writings involved their female relatives and anonymous women’s collaboration, lending an accumulated, but unacknowledged, thoroughness to present-day TEK. Future policy concerning collaboration between non-Indigenous academics and Indigenous communities should take into account the lessons to be learned from these historical practices.
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Armstrong, Chelsey Geralda, Jennifer Grenz, Jennifer Zyp‐Loring, Jade LaFontaine, Leslie Main Johnson, and Nancy J. Turner. "Ethnoecological perspectives on environmental stewardship: Tenets and basis of reciprocity in Gitxsan and nłeʔkepmx (Nlaka'pamux) Territories." People and Nature, April 21, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10641.
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Abstract Local and Indigenous Peoples steward and protect a significant proportion of biologically diverse ecosystems globally. This fact is increasingly acknowledged by researchers and international organizations, offering both opportunities and challenges at the intersection of Indigenous and western knowledge production in the context of environmental management research and policy. Drawing on half a century of ethnoecological research and personal experiences in Gitxsan and nłeʔkepmx Territories in the Pacific Northwest of North America, this research considers the role of reciprocity as an inherent philosophy and tenet for successful environmental stewardship. Reciprocity is a legal responsibility and moral perspective that foregrounds many Indigenous worldviews. Such cultural drivers and obligations towards lands and biota appear to be unknown, marginalized or instrumentalized in mainstream and western science and policy. We conclude that fundamental elements of reciprocity may not be adequately blended or braided into western environmental management frameworks. As such, alternatives to blending include acknowledging sole proprietary and self‐determining rights for Indigenous Peoples to govern and steward lands outside of western infrastructures and value systems. This study raises critical questions about the feasibility of reconciling reciprocity with western environmental management practices and regulations. It explores the implications for Indigenous rights and sovereignty, and climate change mitigation. By addressing these complex issues, we contribute to ongoing discourse on the integration of Indigenous and western knowledge in environmental stewardship research, and the ethical, historical and cultural challenges that come with it. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
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English, Philina A., Candace M. Picco, Jessica C. Edwards, Dana R. Haggarty, Robyn E. Forrest, and Sean C. Anderson. "Spatial restrictions hinder avoidance of choke species in an Indigenous rights‐based fishery." People and Nature, November 20, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10554.
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Abstract Nutrient‐rich waters along the Pacific coast of North America support diverse fish communities that have helped sustain coastal peoples for millennia. Five Nuu‐chah‐nulth First Nations on the west coast of what is now known as Vancouver Island, Canada, hold constitutional Indigenous rights to conduct a multispecies community fishery, which includes Pacific Halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis). A 2009 court decision defined the extent of these Indigenous rights to be within 9 nm of the coast, thereby not fully recognizing the knowledge and authority of the traditional leadership and raising concerns about the potential for an increase in rockfish bycatch. Yelloweye Rockfish (Sebastes ruberrimus) are a potential ‘choke’ species for this fishery because the two species occupy similar depth ranges. A choke species is one that is caught incidentally while targeting other species and, if caught in excess of its quota limits, can trigger a halt to fishing on the target species. Guided by the insights of local Indigenous peoples and using both fishery‐independent survey and commercial longline catch data, we investigated the effects of fishing depth and spatial restriction on the relative catch weights of these two species using spatiotemporal models. We find evidence that a confined fishing area can limit opportunities for avoiding choke species. Specifically, fishing at depths deeper than 175 m, which occur outside the court defined area (CDA), would provide more opportunities for catching halibut while avoiding Yelloweye Rockfish than are currently available within the CDA. This Indigenous‐informed, analytical approach to a management problem is just one example of how Western scientists can engage in coproduction of knowledge with Indigenous peoples to transition from the ‘status quo’ towards a practice of ‘Two‐Eyed Seeing’ that more effectively balances Indigenous rights and species conservation. Policy implications: Our study highlights (1) the importance of considering choke species distributions and opportunities for their avoidance when implementing spatial harvest restrictions and (2) how related analytical and management decisions can benefit from being guided by the advice of Indigenous knowledge holders. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
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Damitio, William J., Shannon Tushingham, Korey J. Brownstein, R. G. Matson, and David R. Gang. "The Evolution of Smoking and Intoxicant Plant Use in Ancient Northwestern North America." American Antiquity, July 15, 2021, 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2021.39.
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Smoking pipes discovered in archaeological contexts demonstrate that Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest of North America have practiced smoking for over 4,500 years. Archaeometry and ancient residue metabolomics provide evidence for the association of particular plants with these artifacts. In this article, we synthesize recent research on ancient smoking and present current knowledge on the spatiotemporal distribution of smoking in the past. The presence of stone smoking pipes in the archaeological record is paired with our understanding of past plant use based on chemical residue analyses to create a picture of precontact smoking practices. Archaeological pipe data demonstrate that smoking was a widely distributed practice in the inland Northwest over the past several thousand years, but not on the coast. Distributional data—including positive and negative evidence from chemical residue studies—show that tobacco was an important smoke plant in the region as early as around 1,410 years ago and as far north as the mid-Columbia region. Ancient residue metabolomics contributes to a richer understanding of past use of specific plants through the identification of tobacco species and other indigenous plants, including Rhus glabra, Cornus sericia, and Salvia sp., as contributing to the chemical residues in ancient pipes.
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Reimer, Rudy. "Smaylilh or Wild People Archaeology." NEXUS: The Canadian Student Journal of Anthropology 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.15173/nexus.v20i1.207.
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The native peoples who inhabit the Pacific Northwest Coast and Interior Plateau possess oral traditions concerning cryptozoology, including the 'wild people' also known as Sasquatch or Bigfoot. For the Squamish Nation, these are Wild People, or "Smaylilh". Squamish historical accounts indicate that these Wild People and humans are, or once were, related. This common ancestry indicates long-standing co-habitation within Squamish territory. This paper deals with a number of examples of this, including stories or tales of brief encounters with Wild People. Encounter stories have been mapped and relate to the regional archaeological record. It is suggested that archaeological sites in remote or difficult to reach locations represent Smaylilh activities. In taking this approach, it is hoped that anthropological/archaeological theoretical concepts can be meshed with Indigenous, First Nation, perspectives.
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Carleton, Sean. "Settler Anxiety and State Support for Missionary Schooling in Colonial British Columbia, 1849 –1871." Historical Studies in Education / Revue d'histoire de l'éducation, April 28, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32316/hse/rhe.v29i1.4495.
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Indigenous peoples and settlers engaged in innumerable conflicts in the colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia between 1849 and 1871. The constant threat of violent Indigenous resistance to settler colonization in the Pacific Northwest—both real and imagined—produced feelings of anxiety for settlers, especially state officials, that shaped colonial strategy and statecraft. To buttress colonial security, the nascent state partnered with Christian missionaries in the hope that missionaries could use education to cultivate the goodwill of Indigenous peoples and train them to accept colonization. The state’s support for early missionary schooling in colonial British Columbia is examined in the context of settler anxieties regarding three instances of Indigenous resistance: a Lekwungen convergence at Fort Victoria in 1851, the Puget Sound War of 1855–56, and the 1864 Tsilhqot'in War. In different ways, settler anxiety over these conflicts acted as a catalyst, prodding the state to support missionary schooling as a financially expeditious way of trying to contain Indigenous resistance and safeguard colonial security. RÉSUMÉ Entre 1849 et 1871, les colonies de l’île de Vancouver et de la Colombie-Britannique sont le lieu d’innombrables con its entre les peuples autochtones et les colons. La menace constante — réelle et imaginaire — d’une résistance violente des Autochtones à la colonisation dans le nord-ouest du Pacifique a engendré un sentiment d’anxiété chez les colons, et en particulier chez les fonctionnaires de l’État, ce qui a façonné la stratégie et la gestion coloniale. Afin de renforcer la sécurité coloniale, l’État naissant s’est associé avec les missionnaires chrétiens dans l’espoir qu’ils utilisent l’éducation afin d’assurer la bienveillance des peuples autochtones et de les amener à accepter la colonisation. Cet article examine le soutien apporté par l’État aux premiers efforts d’enseignement missionnaire en Colombie-Britannique coloniale, dans le contexte des inquiétudes des colons par rapport à trois actes de résistance autochtone : un rassemblement Lekwungen au Fort Victoria en 1851, la guerre du Puget Sound de 1855–1856 et la guerre des Tsilhqot'in de 1864. À maints égards, l’inquiétude des colons alimentée par ces conflits a agi comme un catalyseur, poussant l’État à soutenir l’enseignement missionnaire dans l’espoir d’arriver à contenir la résistance autochtone et à assurer la sécurité coloniale à peu de frais.
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McLelland, Chrystin, and Haley Kennard. "Meaningful Engagement: Improving and Expanding Tribal Engagement in Federal Emergency Response in the Pacific Northwest." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2021, no. 1 (May 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689609.
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Abstract: The Northwest Region (the states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho) of the United States is home to 43 federally recognized treaty Tribes, who are resource co-managers within their traditional territories and have both decision-making power and sovereign legal rights. There is also a significant refinement and transportation of petroleum products (by rail, pipeline, and vessel) within this area and in our transboundary waters. In Washington alone, more than 20 billion gallons are moved through and across the state on an annual basis. The Northwest Area Committee (NWAC) and Region 10 Regional Response Team (RRT10), the federally mandated bodies which conduct oil pollution and hazardous materials spill response planning, are therefore robust and very active. Within the last decade, tribal engagement in the NWAC and RRT10 has expanded significantly; the RRT10 now has three official tribal members, and the NWAC has supported a Tribal Engagement Task Force for the past four years and is currently looking at transitioning it to a longer-term and more permanent sub-committee strategy. This presentation will discuss the following pieces of the efforts towards tribal engagement in the NWAC/RRT10: 1) The evolution of tribal engagement in the RRT10/NWAC and lessons learned from this process 2) A case study of the unique experience of the Makah Tribe's engagement with the greater response community including both becoming the first tribal member of the NWAC/RRT10 and the development of their memorandum of agreement with the US Coast Guard, and 3) Results from the 2019 Tribal Engagement Task Force's tribal feedback survey (sent out to all Tribes in the region) to identify barriers and strategies for improved meaningful tribal engagement. This reflects the commitment of the NWAC/RRT10 to improving tribal engagement by understanding; the results can not only inform partners in other regions but will inform the next phase of the NWAC/RRT10's approach to tribal engagement. The Northwest Area model for tribal engagement in oil spill planning, preparedness, and response is an important precedent for national and international engagement with Indigenous peoples in this arena.
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Slade, Erin, Iain McKechnie, and Anne K. Salomon. "Archaeological and Contemporary Evidence Indicates Low Sea Otter Prevalence on the Pacific Northwest Coast During the Late Holocene." Ecosystems, August 17, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-021-00671-3.
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AbstractThe historic extirpation and subsequent recovery of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) have profoundly changed coastal social-ecological systems across the northeastern Pacific. Today, the conservation status of sea otters is informed by estimates of population carrying capacity or growth rates independent of human impacts. However, archaeological and ethnographic evidence suggests that for millennia, complex hunting and management protocols by Indigenous communities limited sea otter abundance near human settlements to reduce the negative impacts of this keystone predator on shared shellfish prey. To assess relative sea otter prevalence in the Holocene, we compared the size structure of ancient California mussels (Mytilus californianus) from six archaeological sites in two regions on the Pacific Northwest Coast, to modern California mussels at locations with and without sea otters. We also quantified modern mussel size distributions from eight locations on the Central Coast of British Columbia, Canada, varying in sea otter occupation time. Comparisons of mussel size spectra revealed that ancient mussel size distributions are consistently more similar to modern size distributions at locations with a prolonged absence of sea otters. This indicates that late Holocene sea otters were maintained well below carrying capacity near human settlements as a result of human intervention. These findings illuminate the conditions under which sea otters and humans persisted over millennia prior to the Pacific maritime fur trade and raise important questions about contemporary conservation objectives for an iconic marine mammal and the social-ecological system in which it is embedded.
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Abate, Randall S. "Ocean Iron Fertilization and Indigenous Peoples' Right to Food: Leveraging International and Domestic Law Protections to Enhance Access to Salmon in the Pacific Northwest." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2817533.
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Carney, Molly, Shannon Tushingham, Tara McLaughlin, and Jade d'Alpoim Guedes. "Harvesting strategies as evidence for 4000 years of camas ( Camassia quamash ) management in the North American Columbia Plateau." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 4 (April 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.202213.
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One of the greatest archaeological enigmas is in understanding the role of decision-making, intentionality and interventions in plant life cycles by foraging peoples in transitions to and from low-level food production practices. We bring together archaeological, palaeoclimatological and botanical data to explore relationships over the past 4000 years between people and camas ( Camassia quamash ), a perennial geophyte with an edible bulb common across the North American Pacific Northwest. In this region throughout the late Holocene, people began experimenting with selective harvesting practices through targeting sexually mature bulbs by 3500 cal BP, with bulb harvesting practices akin to ethnographic descriptions firmly established by 1000 cal BP. While we find no evidence that such interventions lead to a selection for larger bulbs or a reduction in time to maturity, archaeological bulbs do exhibit several other domestication syndrome traits. This establishes considerable continuity to human intervention into camas life cycles, but these dynamic relationships did not result in unequivocal morphological indications of domestication. This approach to tracking forager plant management practices offers an alternative explanatory framework to conventional management studies, supplements oral histories of Indigenous traditional resource management and can be applied to other vegetatively propagated species.
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Cruz Coto, Octavio, Andrew Thurber, Sienna Reid, and Marco Hatch. "Indigenous sea gardens within the Pacific Northwest generate partial trophic niche and dietary fatty acid shifts in littleneck clams ( Leukoma staminea )." Ecology and Society 28, no. 2 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/es-14008-280208.
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Chila, Zander, Karen M. Dunmall, Tracey A. Proverbs, and Trevor C. Lantz. "Inuvialuit knowledge of Pacific salmon range expansion in the western Canadian Arctic." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, December 10, 2021, 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2021-0172.
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Rapid climate change is altering Arctic ecosystems and significantly affecting the livelihoods and cultural traditions of Arctic Indigenous peoples. In the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR), growing evidence suggests that climate change is altering marine environments. In this project we recorded and synthesized Inuvialuit knowledge of Pacific salmon. We used methods that are emergent in fisheries science to combine interview information with voluntary harvest data and better understand changes to salmon in the Arctic. We conducted 53 interviews with Inuvialuit fishers about the history of Pacific salmon harvest, how it has changed in recent decades, and concurrent changes to local environments and fish species. Our interviews show that historical, incidental salmon harvest in the ISR ranged from infrequent to common among western communities, but was rare or unprecedented among eastern communities. Participants in all six communities reported a recent increase in salmon harvest and attributed this shift to regional environmental change. Fishers were concerned that salmon would negatively affect their cultural traditions and preferred fish species. Given uncertainty about the effects of salmon on local fisheries, research on salmon in the Arctic, the likelihood of their establishment, and their potential to provide subsidies to Arctic freshwater ecosystems is vital.
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Fuller, Sascha, Tina Ngata, Stephanie B. Borrelle, and Trisia Farrelly. "Plastics pollution as waste colonialism in Te Moananui." Journal of Political Ecology 29, no. 1 (August 16, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/jpe.2401.
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Plastics pollution is a global, relational, integrated, and intersectoral issue. Here, we undertook narrative analysis of semi-structured interviews with nineteen key plastic pollution decision-makers. They offered a contextual lens to understand challenges facing Pacific Island (Te Moananui) nations in preventing plastics pollution. We build on the work of Ngata (2014-2021) and Liboiron (2014-2021) to situate the narrative analysis within a "waste colonialism" framework. We argue that plastics pollution as waste colonialism transcends environmental, policy, and industry concerns. "Indigenous political ecologies" of plastics pollution provide an understanding by which plastics pollution prevention can be examined at multiple scales. These include, at the international level: trade agreements and import dependency, donor aid and duplication, and transnational industry influence. At the local level: pressure from local plastics manufacturers, importers and suppliers, and barriers to accessing the latest science. Located within a global and regional context, our findings capture the systemic and long-standing impacts of colonialism on Indigenous responses to plastics pollution prevention and management, highlighting its effects on human and environment health and wellbeing. Sustainable solutions to plastics pollution for Te Moananui require the centering of its peoples and their deep, lived, and intergenerationally transmitted knowledges in the identification of challenges and solutions, the implementation of activities, and amplification of a shared regional voice.
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Nelson, Benjamin W., Murdoch K. McAllister, Andrew W. Trites, Austen C. Thomas, and Carl J. Walters. "Quantifying impacts of harbor seal Phoca vitulina predation on juvenile Coho Salmon in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia." Marine and Coastal Fisheries 16, no. 1 (February 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mcf2.10271.
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AbstractObjectiveCoho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch provide an important resource for recreational, commercial, and Indigenous fisheries in the Pacific Northwest. The goal of this study was to improve our understanding of how marine mammal predation may be impacting the survival and productivity of Coho Salmon in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Specifically, we quantified the impact of harbor seal Phoca vitulina predation on juvenile Coho Salmon during their first several months at sea. Early marine survival is believed to be the limiting factor for the recovery of Coho Salmon populations in this region.MethodsTo estimate the number of juvenile Coho Salmon consumed by harbor seals, we developed a mathematical model that integrates predator diet data and salmon population and mortality dynamics.ResultOur analysis estimated that harbor seals consumed an annual average of 46−59% of juvenile Coho Salmon between 2004–2016, providing the first quantitative estimate of seal predation in the Strait of Georgia.ConclusionMarine mammal predation on juvenile Coho Salmon is potentially a very important factor limiting survival and recovery of Coho Salmon in the Strait of Georgia.
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Giráldez, Arturo, and Analiese Richard. "“Soft Gold” Before the Gold Rush: Sea Otter Pelts in the “Competitive Expansion” of Merchant Capitalism and the Creation of a Pacific Ocean Economy." Historia Crítica, no. 89 (July 4, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.7440/histcrit89.2023.07.
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Objective/Context: In this article, we examine how Chinese demand for pelts—of sea otters and other marine mammals—fueled the eighteenth-century competitive expansion of European and later American merchants and explorers in the Pacific islands and along the Pacific coast of North America. Sea otter pelts were a commodity directly linked to the creation of a Pacific Ocean economy, and California’s colonization resulted from imperial dynamics to which this trade gave rise. Methodology: Using both primary and secondary sources, we examine how these merchants’ quest to supply the lucrative Chinese luxury market with furs—“soft gold”—brought them into contact with indigenous peoples whose livelihoods and commercial networks would also be recruited into this global market but on quite unequal terms and with devastating consequences. Originality: The growth of this Pacific trade throughout the eighteenth century fueled geopolitical rivalries that led to the colonization of California with a system of missions and military garrisons (presidios) and, eventually, to a new ecology as a result of plants and animals brought from New Spain before the Gold Rush and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Many, including Marx and Engels, have claimed that the Gold Rush contributed significantly to the dynamics of industrial capitalism; nevertheless, we argue that its conditions of possibility were laid out centuries earlier via the complex geopolitical and ecological connections through which this Pacific economy was articulated. Conclusions: During the eighteenth century, the Pacific’s products were extracted and commodified in circuits whose demand center was China. It is precisely the prior existence of these global markets—centered on silver and “soft gold,” or sea otter furs—that explains the presence of Europeans and Americans in California eager to prospect for the yellow metal in 1848.
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Christensen, Julia, Steven Arnfjord, Sally Carraher, and Travis Hedwig. "Homelessness across Alaska, the Canadian North and Greenland: A Review of the Literature on a Developing Social Phenomenon in the Circumpolar North." ARCTIC 70, no. 4 (December 3, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic4680.
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Over the past three decades, homelessness has become an area of significant social concern in Alaska, the Canadian North, and most recently, Greenland. These three geographical contexts show both similarities and contrasts, but no effort has yet been made to review the research literature on homelessness from these three regions or to highlight key themes or gaps in current knowledge. We reviewed the literature in order to 1) understand the current state of knowledge of the dynamics of homelessness in Alaska, the Canadian North (here including Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut), and Greenland and 2) conceptualize a northern geography of homelessness. The research literature identifies common themes across these contexts, which include chronic housing insecurity, overrepresentation of Indigenous peoples among those living homeless, and the significance of gendered experiences of homelessness. It identifies key interconnections between hidden homelessness and visible homelessness as the dynamics of urbanization in northern towns and cities reveal the social consequences of chronic housing insecurity in settlements. Across these northern regions, the high rates of chronic homelessness reflect the prevalence of northern housing insecurity and the lack of both adequate, appropriate support for people experiencing mental health or addiction problems and supportive or public housing options. Strategies that aim to diversify housing stock at various critical points along the housing spectrum are needed in northern regions, an idea that is promoted by Housing First and transitional housing programs in Alaska and the Canadian North.
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Johnston, James D., Micah R. Schmidt, Andrew G. Merschel, William M. Downing, Michael R. Coughlan, and David G. Lewis. "Exceptional variability in historical fire regimes across a western Cascades landscape, Oregon, USA." Ecosphere 14, no. 12 (December 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4735.
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AbstractDetailed information about the historical range of variability in wildfire activity informs adaptation to future climate and disturbance regimes. Here, we describe one of the first annually resolved reconstructions of historical (1500–1900 ce) fire occurrence in coast Douglas‐fir dominated forests of the west slope of the Cascade Range in western Oregon. Mean fire return intervals (MFRIs) across 16 sites within our study area ranged from 6 to 165 years. Variability in MFRIs was strongly associated with average maximum summer vapor pressure deficit. Fire occurred infrequently in Douglas‐fir forest stands seral to mountain hemlock or silver fir, but fire frequency was much shorter than predicted by theory in other forest types. MFRIs within Douglas‐fir stands seral to western hemlock or grand fir ranged from 19 to 45 years, and MFRIs in stands seral to Douglas‐fir ranged from 6 to 11 years. There was little synchrony in fire occurrence or tree establishment across 16 sites separated by 4 km. The lack of synchrony in fire suggests that large, wind‐driven fire events that are often considered to be characteristic of coast Douglas‐fir forests were not an important driver of succession in our study area during the last ~400–500 years. Climate was more arid than normal during fire years in most forest types, but historical fire in stands seral to Douglas‐fir was strongly associated with antecedent moisture and less strongly associated with drought. We interpret the extraordinary tempo of fire we observed in stands seral to Douglas‐fir and the unique climate pattern associated with fire in these stands to be indicative of Indigenous fire stewardship. This study provides evidence of far more frequent historical fire in coast Douglas‐fir forests than assumed by managers or scientists—including some of the most frequent fire return intervals documented in the Pacific Northwest. We recommend additional research across the western Cascades to create a comprehensive account of historical fire in highly productive forests with significant cultural, economic, and ecological importance.