Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Indice de qualité de l'air intérieur'
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Miranda, Cavalcante Neto Luiz. "Dynamic indicator of individual exposure to air quality based on multi-sensor measurements : a tool for personalized prevention." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024MTLD0009.
Full textRecent developments in gas sensing technology have made the use of microsensors popular for a large variety of applications, such as the analysis of quality of food products, odor nuisances, and air pollution monitoring in the ambient and in the indoor air. Notably, metal-oxide-based gas sensors (MOX sensors) have dominated the market for off-the-shelf gas sensor due to their miniaturization, cost-effectiveness, and availability. Despite that, MOX sensors are usually not used individually to measure a single gas as they are notoriously known to be sensitive to a large number of parameters, including multiple gases at the same time, as well as being prone to drift in their measurement during their lifetime. The solution to that is that is most applications, these sensors are grouped in clusters (sometimes called electronic noses) containing different models of MOX sensors capable of measuring different species of gases with different levels of sensitivity and, with proper data treatment in the form of a pattern recognition algorithm, they can provide valuable information about the sample presented to them. For indoor air quality (IAQ) applications, these clusters of MOX sensors are typically used to measure concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)in the indoor air, with results sometimes comparable to analytical laboratory equipment. In this thesis, we study which type of information these clusters of sensors can provide to us, specifically in IAQ applications and how we can convey this information to the occupant of a monitored indoor environment in the form of a dynamic individual IAQ index, hence the title of the thesis. The chosen approach was, at first, to study the number of degrees of freedom of a system containing multiple MOX sensors using a dimensional analysis tool (the intrinsic dimensionality, or ID, of the system) to try to find an ideal configuration for an IAQ monitor to. To do so, multiple datasets were analyzed, which contained different IAQ situations. We ended up developing our own dataset containing reproductions of 10 different day-to-day indoor activities monitored by a large number of MOX sensors. During the analysis of this dataset, we realized that the ID can also be an important indicator of the state of the air pollution in the monitored indoor environment, so after further exploring the effects of the performed activities in the ID of the system, a paper was published with the findings of this study
Cony, Louis. "Élaboration et développement d’un indice de la qualité sanitaire de l’habitat : outil de quantification de la « favorabilité » à la santé." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS002.
Full textWithout lessening the importance of outdoor air quality (especially in areas with heavy road traffic or near industrial sites...) or transport (such as confined underground spaces) in people's exposure to air pollutants, considering the exposure of occupants to pollutants in their dwellings is essential since people spend around 80% of their time there. The first step of this work consisted in defining a reduced number of pollutants to be considered inside the dwellings through a prioritization process consisting in comparing the levels of exposure to the different pollutants in relation to their health reference values. The analysis of the existing single and multi-pollutant indices led to the definition of a new multi-pollutant index, called ULR-IAQ, which was used as the main indicator in the rest of the study. The second chapter was dedicated to the development of the numerical tool necessary to reproduce the various and varied situations that can be encountered in dwellings. The objective here was to reproduce the transport of pollutants from outdoor to indoor, indoor sources of pollutants as well as the main physical phenomena (pollutant transfers between the different rooms, variation in air relative humidity, deposition of particles, filtration...) for the evaluation of the concentration levels of the target pollutants defined in the previous chapter. Thus, a simulation environment combining energy, airflow and pollutant transport for multizone buildings has been developed by coupling TRNSYS and CONTAM software. Finally, an analysis of the elements impacting the IAQ of dwellings was developed in the last chapter. The goal here was not only to observe the influence of certain parameters but also to quantify and prioritize, through the ULR-IAQ index calculation, the pollutants, their sources, the systems as well as the actions that can be taken by the occupants to improve the IAQ of their dwellings
Molle, Romain. "Exposition des voyageurs aux polluants de l’air dans les autobus : caractérisation des sources et des transferts." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1127.
Full textThis study can increase knowledge about the travelers' exposure to air pollution inside buses through measures based representative of rolling stock (Agora Long, Agora Standard), the air change rate, air outdoor quality and traffic parameters. The experiments were performed by studying the distribution of pollutants in the cabin, a subject little discussed in the literature. Some sources of pollution such as the material emissions and the transfer of bus exhaust in the cabin are quantified (self-pollution). As part of this approach, an unprecedented campaign was conducted to quantify the maximum and minimum self-pollution for both types of bus. In real traffic conditions, the pollutant concentrations (NO2, PM2.5, particle number concentration between 0.02-1µm) are higher in the instrumented buses compared to outdoors. Moreover the lowest concentrations of NO2 have been measured in the front of the cabin compared to the rear, the localization of exhaust pipe and the engine. This overexposure was explained by a self-pollution higher in the rear of the cabin compared to the front (0.13% against 0.05% in adverse conditions). Finally the influence of the material emissions, traffic, door openings, the wind speed on the pollutant concentrations inside buses have been demonstrated
Molle, Romain. "Exposition des voyageurs aux polluants de l’air dans les autobus : caractérisation des sources et des transferts." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1127.
Full textThis study can increase knowledge about the travelers' exposure to air pollution inside buses through measures based representative of rolling stock (Agora Long, Agora Standard), the air change rate, air outdoor quality and traffic parameters. The experiments were performed by studying the distribution of pollutants in the cabin, a subject little discussed in the literature. Some sources of pollution such as the material emissions and the transfer of bus exhaust in the cabin are quantified (self-pollution). As part of this approach, an unprecedented campaign was conducted to quantify the maximum and minimum self-pollution for both types of bus. In real traffic conditions, the pollutant concentrations (NO2, PM2.5, particle number concentration between 0.02-1µm) are higher in the instrumented buses compared to outdoors. Moreover the lowest concentrations of NO2 have been measured in the front of the cabin compared to the rear, the localization of exhaust pipe and the engine. This overexposure was explained by a self-pollution higher in the rear of the cabin compared to the front (0.13% against 0.05% in adverse conditions). Finally the influence of the material emissions, traffic, door openings, the wind speed on the pollutant concentrations inside buses have been demonstrated
Cohas, Michel. "Contribution à l'amélioration de la qualité de l'air intérieur des locaux d'habitation." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066087.
Full textSendi, Aymen. "Nez électronique communicant pour le contrôle de la qualité de l'air intérieur." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30245.
Full textMeasuring indoor air quality is a relatively recent need. Humans spend more than 90% of their time in a closed environment that contains several gaseous pollutants. The existence of such gaseous contaminants in the indoor air as well as short or long term exposure to these pollutants can causes many respiratory problems and several chronic diseases. Studies show that the indoor air quality has an impact on well-being and productivity. VOCs (volatile organic compounds) such as acetaldehyde and formaldehyde are strongly presented in indoor air. This type of pollutants come from materials used in interior design (computer equipment, furniture, paints, fabrics, floors, etc.). We can also found in close envirements many others contaminants such as CO2, CO, and NO2 which come from urban pollution, intensive use of location and poor ventilation. Offices, meeting rooms, classrooms and practical work rooms in universities and / or schools are therefore potentially polluted. In a densely occupied and poorly ventilated room, the measurement of the VOC/CO2 rate may exceed the regulatory thresholds. These gaseous pollutants in the air in high concentrations, due to lack of sufficient ventilation and air quality control, can cause drowsiness and decreased productivity. Measuring and monitoring indoor air quality is therefore essential to ensure a better quality life in workspaces. This thesis is being carried out within the framework of the neOCampus GIS (scientific interest group), led by Paul Sabatier University and dedicated to the development of an innovative, connected and sustainable campus for a better quality life for users. We are interested by the development of micro-gas sensors MOS (metal oxide sensors) and the indoor air quality monitoring in offices, classrooms and meeting rooms. The objective of this study is to control these pollution levels in order to correct them through measures to ventilate the premises. Making a decision about how to correct air quality is an essential step in the process. For example: regulating ventilation in a room if the authorized threshold is exceeded for the identified pollutants. As part of this work, we produced prototypes of miniaturized multi-gas sensors integrated with their electronic card in a witness room and capable of detecting levels of indoor air pollution. These prototypes include a multi-sensor cell (with 4 independent cells), proximity electronics allowing the control and recovery of data from these cells, an IOT (internet of things) type communication module based on the LoRA protocol allowing send to the "Cloud NeoCampus", remotely and wirelessly, an indoor air quality status signal. This multi-sensor is based on semiconductor sensors based on nanostructured metal oxides synthesized at the LCC (coordination chemistry laboratory). [...]
César, William. "Outils numériques et technologiques pour l'analyse de la qualité de l'air intérieur." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1010/document.
Full textThe goal of this thesis is the development of technological and numerical tools for the monitoring of indoor air quality. That comprises the design of miniaturized sensors capable of detecting a large number of pollutants, and the development of inverse models allowing the reconstruction of pollutant sources from concentration measurements. In this work we present the realization of a micro-gas chromatograph, miniaturized chemical-analysis system fabricated with silicon-based MEMS technology. The separation column can separate multiple volatile organic compounds in less than a minute. The integrated thermal conductivity detector, based on a 4-points measurement technique coupled with an original temperature control circuit, can detect compounds separated in the column. In order to improve the performances of such micro-chromatographs, stochastic injection techniques have been developped. We have shown that these techniques easily allow to reduce the detection noise by an order of magnitude so that low-concentrated pollutants can be detected. We also observed that it is possible to follow in real time the mean evolution of the concentration with such techniques. We finally developped an original multiplexing technique that allows to monitor multiple sample streams simultaneoulsy with a single sensor. Finally, this work is completed by the development of 2D inverse models that allow, from data measured by micro-chromatographs placed in a room, to reconstruct pollutant sources, concentration fields or airflow patterns. Those models are based on an optimal control approach and use the resolution of Navier-Stokes and diffusion-advection equations with the finite element method. POD orthonormal basis are used for the regularization of the problem
Demazeux, Coralie. "Performance énergétique et qualité de l'air intérieur : quelles responsabilités des professionnels du bâtiment ?" Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1058.
Full textBuildings have long been considered closed-in self-protected environments. Today, however, numerous scientific innovations show how they affect climate, energy and health related issues. By trying to reduce their impact on these issues, the law is made more complex, new obligations are created. As it happens, the way the law takes into account energy efficiency and indoor air quality affects building professionals liability. This liability covers several levels of responsibility depending on the legal status of the individual looking to institute the proceedings, whether it be the public sphere or a professional cocontractant. Thus professional liablility may be a result, unique, successive, or cumulative, of state control as well as civil responsability, and more specifically of contract law. This doctoral thesis looks to determine whether the numerous foundations and levels of responsibility enable us to sanction unfulfilled obligations, thus improving buildings'energy and sanitary efficiency
Diallo, Thierno Mamadou Oury. "Impact des polluants gazeux du sol sur la qualité de l'air intérieur des bâtiments." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LAROS416/document.
Full textTransfer of soil gas pollutants (Radon, VOC) into buildings can cause significant health risks. However, analytical models used today to estimate health risks associated with these pollutants contain many uncertainties which can lead to poor risk assessment. Initially, the main objective of this thesis is to contribute to the improvement of these models for risk assessment. Secondly, we propose the development of air flow model for passive Sub slab Depressurization Systems (SDS) design used to protect buildings. The improvement of models focused on the inclusion of the main phenomena of convection and diffusion at building/soil interface, taking into account different types of building substructures. The first improvement concerns the assessment of convection phenomenon through the development of analytical models to quantify air flow rates entering through many kinds of building substructures: floating slab, bearing slab, crawl space and basement. Buildings with buried walls and substructures with a sub slab gravel layer are also treated. A methodology taking into account the presence of cracks, holes and singular leakages of the slab is also proposed. The second improvement of the models is the inclusion of coupled transfer of convection and diffusion near foundations. A numerical study allowed a better understanding of the behavior of pollutants at soil / building interface. Based on this understanding, semi-empirical laws for estimating soil gas pollutants entry rate into buildings are proposed. The various models developed have been validated numerically using a CFD model and experimentally with data from the literature when available. The impact of building substructure on pollutant transfer has been highlighted. A first application of the model is illustrated by their integration into a multizone simulation code to study the impact of these transfers on indoor air quality. Finally, the work ends with the development of a model for designing passive sub slab depressurization systems. The design model developed is validated with in situ experimental data. Preliminary applications using this model focused at first on the impact of meteorological conditions (stack effect, wind) on the sub slab system running. At second, the impact of ventilation strategies on sub slab depressurization performance is studied. Thus, we see the potential interest of this model to test the effective running of passive sub slab depressurization systems in given configuration
Akoua, Aké Ahiman. "Appréciation de l'efficacité de la ventilation pour l'étude de la qualité de l'air intérieur." La Rochelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LAROS119.
Full textAn efficient ventilation system provides a good indoor air quality by eliminating air pollutants and ensuring a satisfactory air renewal. Unlike most research works that deal with test cells with controlled boundary conditions, our study focuses on ventilation efficiency in a real environment. In situ experiments are performed and provide the boundary conditions necessary for CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) computations. Using CFD for predicting indoor air quality in a real environment is thus analyzed. The influence of permeability on numerical predictions quality is shown. Unfortunately, it is difficult to quantify accurately the air leakages and their airflow rates. Our study proposes a simplified model that includes air infiltration rates in the CFD computations, and that yields satisfactory results. A critical analysis of ventilation efficiency indices is then performed. It is shown that it is currently impossible to evaluate the air change efficiency ( ) in an occupied zone. Concerning the air pollutants removal effectiveness, it is shown that the usual index is not suited to ventilation systems with variable airflow rates. For such cases, a new formulation of this index is given. The ratio between the airflow rate and the nominal airflow rate of the ventilation system is also taken into consideration. A coupled analysis of this new index and of this airflow rate ratio enables us to assess the air pollutants removal effectiveness while considering the energetic cost of ventilation. We finally show that there is no universal index. The choice of the index depends on the pollutant, on the pollutant's concentration, and on the airflow rate. A tool of decision-making aid is thus proposed in order to evaluate the air pollutants removal effectiveness for various ventilation systems. This tool is flexible and rather simple to use
Castanet, Sophie. "Contribution à l'étude de la ventilation et de la qualité de l'air intérieur des locaux." Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAL0112.
Full textThe present study deals with indoor climate. It is mainly based on an experimental work. This presentation falls into 4 parts. The first part is a literature survey which allowed us to determine 4 entries to vary and 3 parameters to assess our tests. As parameters, we chose: the ventilation type (either mixing or displacement ventilation), the exhaust position, the air supply temperature and the air change rate. To assess the different configurations, we selected temperature and concentration efficiencies. In the mean time, in order to take thermal comfort into account, we decided to calculate the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV). In the second part, we present the experimental set-up. Then, measurements of temperature and velocity of the air and concentration of tracer gas allowed us to notice that, on the whole, in terms of efficiency, results are quite close one to each other and close to unity. In terms of thermal comfort, we obtained a slight feeling of coolness which, globally, is satisfying according to normative criterion. More precisely, 4 main results came out: Concerning the ventilation type, displacement ventilation is better than mixing ventilation without affecting thermal corn fort. Among mixing ventilation configurations, it appeared that, according to temperature and concentration efficiency values, distinction mainly depended on temperature difference between supply and occupancy zone. In addition, the exhaust position was not the most relevant parameter. Finally increasing air change rate did improve neither efficiencies nor thermal comfort. We then compared our measurements to results obtained with a zonal model. The model appeared to be very good at predicting thermal indoor climate but as it does not take gas diffusion into account, it cannot be efficient to describe tracer gas concentration fields
Nicolas, Mélanie. "Ozone et qualité de l'air intérieur : interactions avec les produits de construction et de décoration." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00134593.
Full textUn banc d'exposition contrôlée a été mis au point pour étudier les interactions entre l'ozone et seize produits de construction et de décoration fréquemment rencontrés dans les environnements intérieurs. Pour tous les matériaux testés, une disparition d'ozone significative, comprise entre 8% pour une peinture glycérophtalique et 89% pour un lambris en pin brut, a été observée. Des vitesses apparentes de dépôt de l'ozone sur les matériaux variant de 0,003 à 0,158 cm•s-1 ont été calculées. Les émissions des matériaux sont modifiées en présence d'ozone. Certains composés sont détectés en concentrations inférieures (styrène, alcènes C12) tandis que d'autres sont retrouvés en concentrations nettement supérieures, notamment des aldéhydes (formaldéhyde, acétaldéhyde, benzaldéhyde, C5 à C10), des cétones et des acides carboxyliques. Lors d'essais conduits sur un lambris en pin, la prédominance des mécanismes hétérogènes dans la disparition d'ozone a été mise en évidence, la contribution des réactions en phase homogène étant estimée entre 5 et 20 %.
L'impact de la pollution photochimique sur la qualité de l'air intérieur a été étudié durant les étés 2003 et 2004 dans la maison expérimentale MARIA du CSTB. Il apparaît que la pollution extérieure (NO, NO2 et O3) est complètement transférée dans la pièce par le système de ventilation. Près de 80% à 95% de l'ozone est éliminé à l'intérieur de la pièce, témoignant ainsi de la présence d'importants puits d'ozone. Des sous-produits réactionnels ont été identifiés, en particulier le formaldéhyde, l'hexaldéhyde, le benzaldéhyde et le nonanal. Il apparaît que la réactivité en phase hétérogène prédomine sur les réactions en phase gazeuse, bien que des réactions d'ozonolyse d'alpha-pinène aient été observées dans la pièce. Les variations quotidiennes des concentrations intérieures de l'ozone et de certains composés (formaldéhyde, hexaldéhyde) soulignent le rôle de la réactivité chimique et des paramètres environnementaux (surtout la température) sur les émissions de certains matériaux, et donc sur leurs concentrations dans l'air intérieur.
Un modèle simple de prédiction des concentrations intérieures de polluants a été mis au point. Les prévisions sont réalisées d'après les concentrations extérieures des polluants et intègrent la réactivité en phase homogène et en phase hétérogène. Pour NO, les données simulées et réelles sont quasiment identiques tandis que le modèle surestime les concentrations intérieures de NO2, probablement du fait de l'absence de prise en compte du dépôt de NO2 sur les surfaces intérieures. Les prévisions des concentrations intérieures d'ozone sont très satisfaisantes.
Dutheil, de la Rochère Aliénor. "Matériaux nanocomposites sur supports céramiques pour l'assainissement de l'air intérieur." Thesis, IMT Mines Alès, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EMAL0011.
Full textIn developed countries, people spend more than 85% of their time in enclosed areas. Yet, air can carry pathogenic microorganisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Legionella pneumophila. In this context, the microbiologic quality of indoor air is an issue of common interest. Air treatment technologies for the microbial disinfection of indoor air do exist. However, most of them need external energy inputs and some do produce harmful compounds (nanoscale powders, ozone) when used. Therefore, the main goal of this thesis is to develop new antimicrobial materials for the disinfection of indoor air. These materials shall not need any energetic assistance and shall not release harmful compounds. To achieve this goal, this thesis focused on functionalizing the surface of macroscopic alumina beads. Several active compounds have been studied: manganese dioxide for its oxidizing properties, zinc oxide for its crystalline structure allowing the synthesis of nanoscale blades for the mechanical disruption of microorganisms and silver for its well-known antimicrobial ability. To assess the germicidal properties of these new materials, new test units have been designed. In particular, this thesis explored the use of tests units working in dynamic conditions with ambient air to evaluate the germicidal ability of materials in lifelike conditions
Al, Hallak Mohamad. "Etude de la contamination fongique de l'air et des matériaux et de l'aérosolisation pour l'amélioration de la qualité de l'air intérieur." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSES011.
Full textIndoor air pollution is an important cause of diverse health problems for occupants including respiratory diseases, allergic symptoms, cancers, and cardiovascular problems. People spend 80-90% of their time indoors emphasizing the importance of understanding the main causes of indoor air pollution and finding suitable solutions to improve indoor air quality. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported in 2009 that biological pollution is one of the main causes of the degradation of indoor quality. In humid indoor environments, fungi can grow and develop on almost all building materials. Upon their development on surfaces, they produce particles such as spores, toxins or volatile organic compounds, and other metabolites that can be aerosolized. The release of particles from surfaces as well as their characteristics is dependent on different factors including the type and age of microorganisms on the surface, material properties, and environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, air velocity). Based on their sizes and their duration of availability in the indoor air, they can be inhaled by occupants, leading to serious health risks as they may penetrate different depths in the respiratory system. To respond to these issues, this work aimed to investigate the relations that may exist between microorganisms, especially fungi, present on surfaces and airborne particles contaminating the indoor air (In situ and in the lab). It would provide a clearer vision of fungal contamination in the indoor environment and would be helpful during investigating methods for controlling the growth of fungi indoors. In addition, investigations on the performances of selected photocatalysts and glycerol esters as antimicrobial products for reducing microbial contamination on surfaces in the laboratory were achieved. Initially, an In situ sampling campaign was held in a visibly contaminated house in Southern France. Surface sampling from contaminated materials and indoor airborne sampling were carried out. Then, DNA analysis for samples was carried out by Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI). This part aimed to check the relationship, if any, between fungal contamination on surfaces and airborne contamination. Then, experiments on the antifungal and antibacterial activities of photocatalytic products and the antifungal activity of glycerol esters were carried out under different experimental conditions. This part aimed to test their efficiency as antibacterial/antifungal products that may be applied as additives in paints or coatings. The tests carried out in this part were preliminary tests in aqueous solutions and the impact of different conditions on the efficiency of each product was evaluated. The efficiency of three photocatalysts (TiO2, ZnO, Au-decorated ZnO) as antimicrobial products under light intensities close to real-life indoor conditions. The efficiencies of Undecylenic Acid (UA) and of three glycerol esters, formed upon esterification of Glycerols with UA, as antifungal products were evaluated. The last part of this study aimed to investigate the relationship between surface contamination and airborne contamination under controlled conditions (mainly airflow and relative humidity). A new experimental device was settled, design and validation of an experiment protocol that permit to determine the quantitative correlation between surface contamination and airborne contamination were carried out. The impact of different experimental parameters on the aerosolization of particles from contaminated surfaces into air was evaluated. The validation of this experimental protocol was important and brought attention to different tests that will be investigated in the near future
Bouilly, Jérôme. "Etude de l'impact de la pollution particulaire sur la qualité de l'air intérieur en site urbain." La Rochelle, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LAROS106.
Full textThe present study concerns the relationship between the outdoor particle pollution and the pollution inside a ventilated building in urban site. The main goal is to evaluate and improve prediction tools in order to better assess people exposure to particle pollution. After a first part dedicated to the state of the art of solid particles physics, we present two experimental studies. The first one aims to evaluate the particle deposition in ventilated ducts and the second one is focused on the particle behaviour inside a ventilated room. Results show that the ventilation strategy has a great influence on particle deposition, and therefore the limits of global approach models. The last part is dedicated to the development of a particle dispersion numerical model. This model, by determining the particle trajectories in the three dimensions space, allows a better prediction of the indoor particle air quality
Marchand, Caroline. "Incidences des teneurs en aldéhydes mesurées dans l'air intérieur et extérieur sur des patients sujets à l'asthme." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2005/MARCHAND_Caroline_2005.pdf.
Full textIn this work, gaseous aldehydes concentrations were quantified by a conventional DNHP-derivatization method, with active sampling, followed by liquid chromatography coupled to UV detection. Different environments in the Strasbourg area (east of France) were quantified: outdoor, indoor and intermediate environments such as public spaces (shopping centre, libraries, train station, etc. ), vehicle inside and underground parking garage. As part of indoor measurements, a case/control study, including asthmatics, was realised in 162 dwellings. Finally, a standardized human exposure chamber to formaldehyde (FA) was developped et used for a biomedical study on the effect of FA on allergen bronchial response in asthmatics sensitized to mites. The obtained results have shown that FA and acetaldehyde (AA) are the most abundant aldehydes in outdoor and intermediate environments. In homes, hexanal has been also detected. Indoor/outdoor ratios of both FA and AA (about 13 and 8 respectively) confirm the existence of indoor aldehyde sources in residential homes. The cross-sectional study by asthmatics and controls has underlined that FA levels are similar for asthmatics and controls (respectively 32. 6 and 31. 7µg m-3, p = 0. 696). However, statistical tests made on the asthmatic group have highlighted that allergic and asthmatic patients are particularly sensitive to levels of FA exposure higher than 50 µg m-3. Besides, the biomedical study has demonstrated that exposure to low levels of FA (100 µg m-3 for 30 minutes) enhances significantly the bronchial response to mite allergen in sensitised asthma patients. The effect of the measured gaseous aldehydes concentrations was also discussed in term of exposure potential dose to these compounds for different 'exposure cases' and the corresponding integrated exposures have been compared with the values given in the current guidelines
Morati, Nicolas. "Système de détection ultra-sensible et sélectif pour le suivi de la qualité de l'air intérieur et extérieur." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0200.
Full textToday the air is polluted by many chemicals, which are in the form of a complex mixture that is difficult to identify. These marker gases include carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). It has therefore become imperative to design detection systems that are inexpensive, but at the same time highly sensitive and selective, in order to monitor air quality in real time. Metal Oxide gas sensors (MOX) can meet these requirements. They are used in portable and low cost gas detection devices. Very sensitive, stable and with a long lifespan, MOX sensors suffer from an inherent lack of selectivity, which can be overcome by integrating artificial intelligence. This thesis is concerned with the implementation of gas identification methods based on the analysis of experimental data. The objective is to discriminate three pollution marker gases: CO, O3, and NO2, with a single sensor, under real conditions of use, i.e. in the permanent presence of a concentration of these gases in the humid ambient air. For this, we use a tungsten oxide (WO3) gas sensor patented by IM2NP laboratory and operated under a worldwide license by the company NANOZ.A complete experimental database was created from a protocol based on temperature modulation of the sensitive layer. From this database, we implemented two different feature extraction methods: the computation of temporal attributes and the wavelet transform. These two methods were evaluated on their gas discrimination capacity thanks to the use of several families of classification algorithms, such as support vector machines (SVM), decision trees, K nearest neighbours, neural networks, etc
Rizk, Malak. "Développement, validation et mise en œuvre sur le terrain d’une méthode de caractérisation in-situ des processus de sorption des composés organiques volatils par les matériaux de construction." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10074/document.
Full textIndoor air quality IAQ is a main concern attracting more researches since its impact on environment and human health is becoming obvious. Besides the diversity of pollutants indoors, several processes may affect IAQ. While the major part of IAQ models still limited on the parameters describing the pollutants emissions and their transport by air flow, the reactivity phenomena and the sorption of pollutants on surfaces are still poorly characterized on the field scale. In addition, the representativeness of sorption parameters derived from laboratory experiments to predict indoor air concentrations on the field, is still a source of uncertainties. Therefore, it is particularly interesting to evaluate sorption parameters of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) on the surface of building materials, using a representative method of field conditions, to better predict VOCs concentrations indoors. The main objective of this thesis is to develop a new method to characterize in-situ VOCs sorption processes on indoor surfaces, by coupling a Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) with a proton transfer mass spectrometer (PTR-MS). The methodology developed and characterized in the laboratory, was compared to the method used in literature on the laboratory scale and based on larger emission test chambers. The new method was used on the field during two intensive field campaigns conducted in an energy efficient college. Sorption parameters of a large number of VOCS were determined for the main surfaces as well as their spatial and temporal variability. Using this transportable, fast and non-destructive method, derived sorption parameters could be used as data inputs to an indoor air model, to well predict VOCs concentrations indoors
Olea, Lelia Letitia. "Influence de la pollution extérieure sur la qualité de l'air intérieur : rôle des fissures dans le transfert de particules solides." La Rochelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LAROS287.
Full textIndoor air quality is a major factor as nowadays people spend most of their time in buildings being exposed to the indoor level of pollution. This dissertation explores a well-defined subject, namely, the particle penetration through buildings cracks. The rate of pollutant entry through a leakage can be expressed by means of a penetration factor. Being a function of species, leakage path properties or pressure drop over the crack, the penetration factor states the level of outdoor particles found indoors. After presenting the studies which had evaluated penetration factor for airborne particles based mainly on experimental evidence, we introduced our two research directions: the experimental one developed at LEPTIAB laboratory, followed by a numerical part using a commercial code (StarCd). The objective of the experimental part was to advance a new method capable of determining the cracks’ penetration factor. The research purpose was accomplished using an authors’ built in laboratory device which allowed an independent evaluation of the parameters determining penetration factor variations. The parameters are separated into two groups, those which are related to the crack, as its dimensions or position by respect to the flow direction and the external parameters, as the pressure drop or particle’s diameter. For the experimental studies, the system complexity increased in succeeding phases. We first started with rectangular cracks and after passed to real building envelope elements which allow airborne particles infiltration. The second part of this research proposes a numerical study capable of clarifying some details that are not obvious out of the experimental results. The numerical part conceived using a commercial code type CFD, aims to describe the particles’ trajectories, particles’ deposition positions, or to quantify the crack entrance effect. In the end, we can conclude that the crack entrance strongly influences the particle penetration factor. The conclusions highlight the major findings from this dissertation and outline the potential future research directions based on infiltrations through buildings’ cracks
Chen, Longwen. "Etude Expérimentale de la décharge couronne pour le traitement de l'air intérieur : COV et particules." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAA022/document.
Full textIndoor air quality has become a public health issue because of the increased time spent in indoor environments and confined spaces. The goal of this work is to develop processes using corona discharge to treat chemical gaseous and particulate pollutants in indoor air. The first part of the work concerns the degradation of chemical gaseous pollutants present in very low concentrations in indoor air. The coupling of a corona discharge and a catalyst is implemented to degrade toluene under conditions representative of the indoor air. Tests were carried out under a range of operating and environmental conditions. This study demonstrates the very good efficiency of the corona discharge for toluene with very low specific density. Optimal operating conditions are identified and reaction mechanisms are proposed following the identification of the main reaction products. However, the generations of by-products, ozone and NOx, which can be hazardous compounds, have to be taken into account. The combination of corona discharge with catalysis seems as a promising way to ensure the suitability and the safety of non-thermal plasma as an indoor air cleaner. Different catalysts based on transition metal oxides (MnOx/Al2O3) are synthesized and then modified by grafting modifying agents. Their efficiency for ozone and NOx elimination is quantified in the presence of different water vapor contents. The second part concerns the particle collection by electrostatic precipitation. Three processes are studied; they combine an ionization stage and a collection stage. The ionization is ensured either by a wire-plate electrostatic precipitator (ESP) or by needles brought to a potential of a few kilovolts. The collection efficiency is measured in the range of 10 nm to 20 μm according to different operating parameters (voltage, polarity, velocity, geometrical parameters, particle concentration, humidity, etc.). The needles have a slightly lower efficiency than the ESP but present a very low production of ozone and a lower energy consumption. The parametric study makes it possible to dimension, to optimize the geometry of the process and to define the best operating conditions
Tiffonnet, Anne-Lise. "Contribution à l'analyse de la qualité de l'air intérieur : influence des transports de composés organiques volatils (COV) entre les parois et l'ambiance." La Rochelle, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LAROS043.
Full textRenouard, Mathilde. "Vers de nouveaux matériaux poreux pour l’adsorption d’odeurs de l'air habitacle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPSLS019.
Full textThe impact of indoor air pollution is the most pronounced among humans, since about 90% of the time is spent indoors (home, workplace, vehicle ...). The origin of this pollution is partly due to the release of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) that induces various health issues or olfactory discomfort when they are breathed in high concentration or during a prolonged period. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) appear as very promising materials for their capture. Indeed, their high degree of modularity allows to design the adequate structure and composition according to the targeted application.This Ph.D. project aims at studying the key physico-chemical properties required for MOFs to efficiently adsorb VOCs originating especially from car passenger compartment. The study involved the set-up of two analytical experimental protocols. The first one allowing a selection of materials that are further in-depth analyses by the second one, and coupled with a theoretical study for VOC-MOF interactions modeling. The performance of a series of ten MOFs was therefore evaluated against three typical VOCs under various conditions: pure component, mixture, humidity conditions, under dynamic and static states. Key parameters of the MOFs were thus identified for the efficient capture of VOCs (aromatic spacer, Lewis’s acidity, Bronsted acidity...)
Ramalho, Olivier. "Vers une métrologie olfactive de la qualité de l'air intérieur : correspondances entre les données de l'analyse sensorielle, de l'analyse chimique et d'un "nez électronique"." Paris 7, 1999. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00102579.
Full textFathallah, Houssem Eddine. "Conception d'un système temps-réel de surveillance de l'exposition aux polluants de l'air intérieur : application au formaldéhyde." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0100.
Full textFormaldehyde is classified as a "high priority" pollutant in the indoor air quality. Because of its health effects, the emerging French regulation (Action 7 of PNSE2) requires the measurement of formaldehyde in public places (schools, kindergartens etc.) from 2017. However, no device on the market is able to provide accurate measurements in real time and at low cost. This thesis forms part of the ANR project CAPFEIN (réseau de CAPteurs de FormaldEhyde intelligents pour la surveillance de l'air Intérieur) whose purpose is to develop a "smart Formaldehyde sensor". The thesis objective is to design a real-time monitoring system of human exposure to formaldehyde, and more generally to indoor air pollutant. The sensors must be equipped with a communication interface to automatically collect measurements at different points of the environment to be monitored. Two monitoring systems have been developed. The first is Designed with commercial off-the-shelf component and a centralized architecture based on the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT). The second was designed from the CRAN and corresponds to the development of a solution based on a distributed approach. A smart badge has been developed. It can monitor exposure levels to each cardholder. The major constraints of this work consist on the ability to locate people in an indoor environment and the ability to optimize the algorithms in terms of memory space and power consumption. For the optimization part, the moving average exponential weighting methods have been implemented and evaluated. Both prototypes were tested in buildings of CRAN and showed interest
Masson, Jean-Baptiste. "Sigfried 2 : modèles de mélange censurés et autres méthodes statistiques pour la contribution d'indicateurs spatialisables de la qualité de l'air intérieur dans les logements français." Compiègne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012COMP2003.
Full textThis Ph. D. Thesis is part of the CIRCE program (Cancer, regional and cantonal environmental inequalities) which aims at comparing maps of cancer occurrence with maps of environmental quality on the French territory. Our specific goal is to build geographic maps of the indoor air quality inside the homes, that are compatible with this approach. We adopted a two-step method: first, build typical profiles of indoor air pollution, then assess these classes’ local frequencies in predefined zones. In the first step, we developed an extension of classical clustering methods, based on Gaussian mixture models and the EM algorithm, to the case of (deterministically) censored data. In the second step, we used non-parametric discrimination tools based on binary decisions trees (CART). Unfortunately, the resulting trees have a very high prediction error rate. Even if known significant associations can be found between indoor pollution and some characteristics of the building and its occupants, it seems very hard to predict the profile, or even a single pollutant’s concentration, from those characteristics. However, our methodology has numerous advantages: simplicity of use, distinct steps enabling a steady control of the results, flexible choice of the variables, availability of a prediction error rate
Fortain, Aude. "CARACTERISATION DES PARTICULES EN GARES SOUTERRAINES." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00294977.
Full textLa première partie de ce travail présente un état de l'art des connaissances de la pollution particulaire dans les gares souterraines. Les particularités chimiques et des concentrations par rapport à l'air extérieur sont mises en avant, ainsi que l'intérêt d'étudier les concentrations en nombre.
La deuxième partie est consacrée à la caractérisation des particules durant une dizaine de jours d'exploitation ainsi qu'à l'étude de la faisabilité de mesures Lidar dans une enceinte ferroviaire. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence des particularités chimiques et des concentrations suivant différentes périodes ainsi que l'intérêt du Lidar pour étudier le transport des particules dans un tel volume.
La troisième partie a permis d'étudier trois sources spécifiques à une gare, la ventilation, les voyageurs et les trains en s'intéressant plus particulièrement aux concentrations en nombre de chaque source. En fonction des scenarii d'étude, nous avons pu mettre en évidence un apport particulier de chaque source.
Enfin une quatrième partie a permis d'étudier l'application d'un modèle global pour calculer les évolutions des concentrations en gare et de mettre en évidence les difficultés rencontrées pour déterminer certaines données d'entrée.
Les perspectives quant à la connaissance de sources, à la surveillance de la qualité de l'air et la modélisation sont présentées en conclusion.
Dénes, Bejat Timea. "CONTRIBUTION EXPERIMENTALE ET NUMERIQUE A L'ETUDE DU DEPOT DES PARTICULES FINES DANS LES CAVITES VENTILEES." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00270909.
Full textGross, Alexandre. "Vers une maitrise de l'impact réel des choix de conception sur la qualité de l'air intérieur des bâtiments tout au long de leur vie." Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU3029/document.
Full textOne of the challenges for improving the indoor air quality of buildings is to adopt good practices, especially in the selection of materials during design phases. To this end, decision-making / design tools are essential in support of these good practices to achieve global control of indoor air quality.In the building sector, there is currently no operational tool to estimate the indoor air quality in building. Work is underway on this theme, but they encounter a lack of information on the behavior of materials when they are associated and subject to normal conditions of use.The purpose of this thesis was therefore to evaluate the behavior of materials (source or sink) with respect to contamination with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and formaldehyde when they are evaluated alone under standardized conditions selected for health labeling, but also when they are implemented in construction projects (impact of the change of scale and the effect of assembly). The developed methodology has therefore combined material-scale and room-scale testing to acquire input data to a model for concentration prediction and assessment of the respective contributions of different processes (primary emissions, exchanges at air / interior surfaces interfaces, ...) to internal contamination by VOCs.A first part of this work consisted of laboratory evaluation of VOC and formaldehyde exchanges at the material-air interface for a selection of construction and decoration materials. The primary emissions were determined according to the ISO 16000-9 standard method and a passive sampling method based on solid-phase emission / micro-extraction (SPME) (DOSEC-SPME device) and the effect of the assembly of materials and components on indoor air quality has been studied. The adsorption / desorption constants of formaldehyde on the selected materials were then determined by an innovative methodology. These constants, as well as emission data, have been collated into a database to serve as criteria (or indicators) for the selection of IAQ-compliant materials.In a second part, the results obtained under laboratory conditions were compared with those obtained under real-world conditions on a scale of a part in a study of several months in order to highlight the impact of the change of scale.The last part of this thesis consisted in developing an IAQ prediction model integrating previously determined adsorption / desorption data. Ultimately, the database and the model are intended to constitute management tools to guide the choice of materials, configuration and use of a building with a view to reducing emissions at the source VOC in the indoor air
Fathallah, Houssem Eddine. "Conception d'un système temps-réel de surveillance de l'exposition aux polluants de l'air intérieur : application au formaldéhyde." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0100.
Full textFormaldehyde is classified as a "high priority" pollutant in the indoor air quality. Because of its health effects, the emerging French regulation (Action 7 of PNSE2) requires the measurement of formaldehyde in public places (schools, kindergartens etc.) from 2017. However, no device on the market is able to provide accurate measurements in real time and at low cost. This thesis forms part of the ANR project CAPFEIN (réseau de CAPteurs de FormaldEhyde intelligents pour la surveillance de l'air Intérieur) whose purpose is to develop a "smart Formaldehyde sensor". The thesis objective is to design a real-time monitoring system of human exposure to formaldehyde, and more generally to indoor air pollutant. The sensors must be equipped with a communication interface to automatically collect measurements at different points of the environment to be monitored. Two monitoring systems have been developed. The first is Designed with commercial off-the-shelf component and a centralized architecture based on the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT). The second was designed from the CRAN and corresponds to the development of a solution based on a distributed approach. A smart badge has been developed. It can monitor exposure levels to each cardholder. The major constraints of this work consist on the ability to locate people in an indoor environment and the ability to optimize the algorithms in terms of memory space and power consumption. For the optimization part, the moving average exponential weighting methods have been implemented and evaluated. Both prototypes were tested in buildings of CRAN and showed interest
Koufi, Lounes. "Simulation thermo-aéraulique de la ventilation et du transport de polluants dans des cavités : application à la qualité de l'air intérieur et au confort thermique." Thesis, Artois, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ARTO0210/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with the numerical prediction of heat and mass transfer impact on the air quality and thermal comfort within either ventilated or not cavities filled with pollutants. Indeed, ventilated areas are first modeled to be as ventilated cavities in a first approximation.To carry out this study, we adopt a numerical model based on solving equations governing momentum, heat and mass transfer. The first part of this thesis is dedicated to some generalities on ventilation, air quality and thermal comfort and the bibliographic review of previous works. The adopted approach is described in Chapter 2. It is based on the Boussinesq approximation. The RNG k-ε model is used to handle turbulence. The finite-volume method (FVM) is used to discretize of the set of equations, and the pressure-velocity coupling is achieved via the SIMPLEC algorithm. In the second part, we consider the thermal convection and thermosolutal convection in closed cavities. The main aim is a) to validate the considered model by comparing our results with those of literature, and b) to investigate influence of the thermal Rayleigh number and the buoyancy ratio. Our findings indicate that the model accurately predicts heat and mass transfer.Then, we apply this approach to the case of two-dimensional ventilated cavities subjected to temperature and concentration gradients. The indices of air quality and ventilation efficiency are calculated and discussed. We end this work by analyzing the influence of ventilation on the quality of indoor air in a three-dimensional room in transient regime. This investigation covers different scenarios from the simple flow mechanical ventilation which aims to find the best configuration in terms of efficiency and quality of indoor air
Verriele-Duncianu, Marie. "Nature et origines des composés organiques volatils et odeurs présents dans un habitacle de véhicule : impact des pièces automobiles sur la qualité de l'air intérieur." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10205.
Full textThe car air quality (CAQ) inside the passenger compartment is a subject of growing interest among manufacturers concerned with ensuring a healthy car interior and a pleasant olfactory ambiance in their vehicles. The CAQ is nowadays evaluated for innocuity of the compounds emitted into the cabin towards the respiratory tract and the skin, but also for the odorous synergy of the mixture of compounds. The variety of materials and the confinement level of new cabins are the factors behind car indoor pollution. The primary aim of this work is to increase knowledge about the emission sources of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and odors, but also to assess their impact on the CAQ. Numerous VOC sampling and analysis techniques and odor evaluation methods have been implemented. The impact of each car part on the CAQ was assessed, firstly, using model calculations to determine the contributions of each car part to ambient VOC levels (Chemical Mass Balance) and secondly, by multivariate analysis of sensory profiles of car parts and cabin assembly. Finally, linking chemical and sensory data and GC-Olfactometry analysis allowed for identification of chemical families involved in car cabin smells
Tran, Clarisse. "Synthèse et étude de matériaux nanoporeux fonctionnalisés pour l'émission contrôlée de composés organiques dans l'air." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS014/document.
Full textIndoor air pollution is now recognized as a public health issue. Since 2012, the regulations have required the labelling of construction and furnishing materials with regard to the emission of volatile pollutants. Although there are many methods for measuring pollutant emissions, there is no standard reference emissive material for indoor air pollutants that would allow for comparison and validation of emission measurements. The objective of this work is to produce reference emissive materials by using porous materials with pore sizes tailored to the doped target pollutant with controlled release in pollutant concentration over time. The materials studied are inorganic or hybrid organic-inorganic polymers synthesized by sol-gel in the form of monolithic blocks or deposited on solid substrates (glass or textile). Various microporous and/or mesoporous materials have been doped with toluene and naphthalene pollutants by exposure to the latters’ saturated vapour for varying periods of time (2 hours to several days). The influence of the size of the pores of the material on the release of the pollutant has been studied. The kinetic monitoring of the spontaneous release of pollutants is carried out in two independent modes. A 1st static mode involves an optical measurement of the absorption spectrum of the gaseous pollutant in the UV as a function of time. In the 2nd mode, the dynamic air-sweeping release of the doped material placed in a standard FLEC cell is carried out with continuous measurement of the pollutant concentration by gas chromatography. We have shown that it is possible to produce materials with controlled porosity with narrow pore size distributions over the 0.8 to 12 nm domain. Further, by choosing judiciously the porous matrix and doping time and controlling the experimental conditions of release (temperature, humidity), we can impose the rate of release of the pollutant. The emission velocity ranges from 30 µg.m-3.h-1 (class A+) to 8.104 µg.m-3.h-1 (class C) for toluene and from 2.6.103 to 2.6.104 µg.m-3.h-1 for naphthalene. These results indicate that these materials can be used for a wide range of pollutants
Raut, Jean-Christophe. "Synergie expérimentale impliquant la mesure lidar pour la caractérisation optique et microphysique de l'aérosol : applications à la qualité de l'air et au transfert radiatif." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00323901.
Full textGandolfo, Adrien. "Incidence de la chimie hétérogène des oxydes d'azote sur la qualité des atmosphères intérieures : impacts des nanoparticules de TiO2 dans les peintures." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0337/document.
Full textIn order to improve building energy consumption, new constructions reduce air exchange rate by including better insulation and adding controlled ventilation. However, this energetic advantage participates in increasing the concentration of indoor pollutants and can be the cause of adverse effects on the occupants’ health. A possible solution to this issue is to use the photocatalysis principle/theory as an innovating technique for air remediation. The aim of this study is to optimize photocatalytic materials containing titanium dioxide (TiO2) in order to reduce the concentrations of indoor air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) without the generation of emerging contaminants such as nitrous acid HONO. Over the course of this Ph.D., effects of different photocatalytic paints, tested under simulated and real conditions were studied. Laboratory experiments showed an effective elimination of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) up to 4 times higher with a photocatalytic paint than with a standard paint, the most important parameters influencing NO2 elimination being nanoTiO2 quantity built-in the paint, light intensity, and temperature. This study also highlights the heterogeneous formation of nitrous acid (HONO) during the photocatalysis of NO2, reactivity yields range from 4 % to 20 % of used NO2. During a scale one study in a model room, a significant concentration of HONO was measured. Those observations reveal yet not fully elucidated mechanisms for the indoor formation of this compound
Blondeau, Patrice. "Caractérisation et modélisation des transports de polluants dans les environnements intérieurs." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de La Rochelle, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00351567.
Full textJoblin, Yaël. "Elaboration d'un microsystème d'analyse de l'air destiné à la détection rapide d'un développement fongique dans les espaces clos." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00696618.
Full textTobon, Monroy Ana Maria. "Etude de la potentialité du développement de micro-organismes sur des matériaux d'isolation bio-sourcés et conventionnels utilisés dans la rénovation de batiments : impacts sur la qualité de l'air intérieur." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IMTA0185.
Full textIn an ecological and environnemental transition contexte, enhacing building energy efficiency has become a major objectif for the society. One possible solution to reach this goal is the use of bio-based insulation materials in building retrofitting and new low energy constructions. However, as they are hygroscopic, it is important to avoid humidity accumulation within these materials because it may promote mould growth and influence volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions from materials, degradating indoor’s air quality. This thesis aimed to asses the potentiality of bio-based and conventional insulation materials to mould growth and to study VOC emissions from non-contaminated and contaminated materials. The results showed a variety of responses from the materials to mould growth. Regarding VOC emissions, the studied materials are low emissive when it comes to reglamentary compounds but other VOC are emitted from these materials. In adittion, an influence of high relative humidity on VOC emission was observed. Therafter, 15 microbial VOC (mVOC) associated with Aspergillus niger growth, were identified
Vignau-Laulhere, Jane. "Développement du préleveur passif pour la mesure du formaldehyde dans l'air en vue d'améliorer le diagnostic dans les environnements intérieurs." Thesis, Pau, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PAUU3006/document.
Full textSince 2001 and the creation of a French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), indoor air quality has become a major public health issue. It is the subject of a regulatory framework that continues to evolve in recent years. Two recent decrees, in France, foresee the implementation of the labeling of building materials according to their emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (decree n°2011-321, 23/03/2011) and the survey of air concentration of two pollutants (benzene and formaldehyde) with guide values in public buildings (n°2011-1728, 2/12/2012). Today, the analytical method used to measure formaldehyde concentration in air consists in a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) sampling cartridge which is analyzed by liquid chromatography after solvent extraction. This method is time consuming, expensive and complicated to perform. The company Ethera develops and markets specific, sensitive sensors for detection and measurement of formaldehyde with passive or active samplers. This sensor is based on a nanoporous matrix containing Fluoral-P (4-amino-3-penten-2-one), which selectively reacts with formaldehyde to produce a colored compound the 3,5-diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine (DDL). DDL is detected at 420nm by optical reading and the difference of the optical density measured before and after exposition of the sensor is directly proportional to the concentration of formaldehyde in air. The purpose of this thesis is to improve the performance of passive samplers. The different phases of the development of passive samplers are studied (design, evaluation in environmental chamber) with different approaches and methodologies. In fact, two axis of study are considered: a theoretical approach and laboratory tests. Theoretical approach will be implemented to optimize a passive sampler or for sizing a new one based on the study of theoretical sampling rates. Laboratory tests will allow to assess metrological parameters of passive samplers (detection limit, sensitivity, repeatability, linearity…) and to estimate effects of exposure factors (temperature, relative humidity, concentration levels …)
Ramalho, Olivier. "Vers une métrologie olfactive de la qualité de l'airintérieur. Correspondances entre les données del'analyse sensorielle, de l'analyse chimique et d'un"nez électronique"." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00102579.
Full textperçue, ou l'impact des différentes sources, en particulier les revêtements de sols et de murs. L'utilité d'un
système multi-capteurs à ce titre paraît intéressante devant la lourdeur d'une évaluation sensorielle comprenant
plusieurs individus préalablement entraînés.
Afin de comprendre l'information issue du réseau de capteurs polymères conducteurs utilisés, leur réponse à
10 émissions de peintures fréquemment utilisées en ambiances intérieures a été confrontée aux évaluations
d'intensité d'odeurs des mêmes échantillons effectuées par 13 sujets (méthode des équivalences olfactives) et à
leur composition analytique respective. Trois espaces de réponses ont été construits à partir des différentes
matrices de résultats (10 peintures pour 13 sujets, 28 capteurs et 27 variables analytiques) traitées par analyse
factorielle des correspondances. Devant la dépendance des échantillons entre eux, l'espace olfactif quantitatif ne
présente que trois dimensions, dont la principale caractérise une sensation trigéminale confirmée par la présence
d'aldéhydes en fortes concentrations au niveau des échantillons glycérophtaliques. Cette dimension est la seule
retenue au niveau de l'espace d'interaction des capteurs avec les peintures, et la principale dans l'espace
analytique déterminé. La classification des peintures dans l'espace monodimensionnel des capteurs, ou dans la
première dimension de l'espace analytique, suit celle d'un individu anosmique spécifique, dont la seule présence
fait basculer le nombre de classes de peintures dans l'espace olfactif de 2 à 3. Il vient renforcer la nécessité de la
prise en compte des différences interindividuelles dans la caractérisation de l'odeur.
Un espace à quatre dimensions, réunissant l'ensemble des données, a été construit après retrait des
échantillons présentant un caractère trigéminal, par transformations des données en rangs. Les cinq groupes de
variables constitués sont supposés correspondre à des propriétés distinctes ligand-récepteur olfactif. Des
similitudes de classification des peintures ont été trouvées entre des capteurs et certains sujets, indiquant des
mécanismes de réponses proches. Ce type de démarche apporte des éléments sur la structure des récepteurs
olfactifs humains et à plus long terme sur le nombre de classes de récepteurs.
L'insuffisante prise en compte de la globalité de l'information sensorielle par les capteurs, impose la nécessité
d'une hybridation des technologies des capteurs et l'intégration de nouveaux systèmes plus sensibles basés sur la
spectrométrie de masse. Une répétition de capteurs identiques permettrait par ailleurs une convergence du signal
assurant une stabilité et un gain de sensibilité non négligeable. De mêmes conclusions peuvent être tirées de la
méthode analytique choisie, nécessitant une multiplication des systèmes de prélèvements différents et des
systèmes séparatifs élaborés couplés à une évaluation olfactive des effluents pour espérer identifier et quantifier
tous les composés odorants.
De tels progrès sont nécessaires pour espérer modéliser un jour le traitement de l'information olfactive par
des techniques de reconnaissance de formes élaborées
Pretot, Pierre-Emmanuel. "Air quality improvement in closed or semi-closed areas with a minimal energy consumption." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ECDN0023.
Full textAir quality is a key factor regardinghuman health. Indoor air pollutants are numerousand have different characteristics and behavior.Solutions to treat these pollutants already existbut energy consumption or maintenance are keypoints and optimization for each case is required.In this PhD thesis, simulation methods areproposed for this with real time simulation astarget.Based on literature review, particles linked withtrain activity are the main problematic insidesubterranean train stations. Due to its specificity,they are treated separately from other indoorvolumes and a 1D approach is used here. Basedon a differential equations set using physicalparameters like air and train velocities, the dailyparticles concentrations for different particlessize classes are well reproduced for two studycases. The 1D discretization allow then toimplement depollution solutions along theplatforms for evaluation. The method givespretty good results compared to measurementsand each configuration is evaluated in less thana minute.An FFD method allowing transient simulations isthen evaluated for other indoor environments.The main objective here is to evaluate theairflow modelling accuracy for a real timesimulation. Indeed, pollutant behavior highlydepends on airflow. After a first evaluation, theFFD method using coarse mesh grid seems tobe accurate enough based on comparison withstandard Computational Fluid Dynamics to beused as tool for optimization of depollutionsolution but deeper analysis is needed
Angulo, Shadia. "Emissions of terpenes from the use of essential-oil-based household products under realisatic condition : impact on indoor air quality." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MTLD0023.
Full textEssential oils, as natural fragances, are frequently used in green marketed housecleaning products and air fresheners. Nonetheless, they contain volatile and reactive chemical species. This thesis investigates the emissions of essential-oil-based household products under real consumer use patterns to assess their impacts on indoor air quality. The experimental approach allows an integrated assessment of the estimation of the terpene emissions from 10 selected essential-oil-based household products in experimental chambers at different scales ; from micro-chamber to the 40m3 experimental room. Regarding essential-oil-based cleaning products, contrasted concentration levels are evidenced for terpenes species related to the application process and use purpose of these products. Morover, long-term increase of formaldehyde concentrations are noticed after the application of these products that might be related to secondary sources. Concerning the indoor diffusion of tea tree oil, contrasted concentration levels and kinetics are evidenced depending on the mechanism of diffusion used. Concentrations can exceed by more than one order of magnitude the recommanded Critical Exposure Level (CEL). It is noticed that the relative contribtions of individual terpenes is the gas phase vary all along the diffusion process, for any investigated diffusion device. Finally, essential-oil-based household products have to be seriously envisaged as versatile anfdsignificant sources of VOCs since they might induce indoor concentrations of terpenes exceeding exposure limits established by the European Union and the United States
Micolier, Alice. "Développement d’une méthodologie d’évaluation cohérente et intégrée de l’impact des choix de conception sur la qualité de l’air intérieur et les performances énergétiques et environnementales des bâtiments résidentiels." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0380.
Full textThe construction sector is undergoing a profound transformation driven by energy and environmental concerns. The design solutions proposed to meet these objectives must not compromise indoor air quality (IAQ). Despite the major public health risks associated with this issue, design actors lack tools to assess the performance of the design solutions in terms of IAQ. This thesis aims to address this challenge by proposing a consistent and integrated methodology for evaluating the health, energy and environmental performance of building design solutions. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been identified as a relevant methodology for integrating into a standardised methodological framework the evaluation of the building performance in terms of IAQ, energy and environment through common impact metrics.In order to better characterise the impacts generated by indoor air pollution and energy consumption during the operational phase of the building, we developed a numerical model coupling heat and mass transfers in the building envelope. This model evaluates the emission of pollutants from building materials (inventory) until their fate in indoor environments (transport) as a function of the temperature. The integration of this model into the LCA allowed us to quantify the impact of different construction materials on the indoor and outdoor environment of the building and to compare them with the impacts generated during their production and end of life phase. The results obtained show the sensitivity of this model to behaviour-driven parameters.The occupant has a major role in the problem of IAQ and its consideration is a key element to quantify occupants’ exposure to indoor pollutants with fewer uncertainties. We developed an agent-based model simulating human behaviour within residential buildings using an advanced cognitive architecture that integrates both the deliberative and social behaviour of occupants. By coupling the pollutant transport model with the human behavioural agent model, we explored to which extent the exposure to indoor pollution is sensitive to the occupants' lifestyle and the occupants' behaviour influences the fate of pollutants in indoor environments. This is a preliminary step in estimating a confidence interval of the simulation results, paving the way for a performance guarantee process in terms of IAQ
Nasreddine, Rouba. "Développement d'une méthode analytique et d'un microanalyseur miniaturisé pour la détection des BTEX dans l'air." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAF010.
Full textBTEX are very widespread indoor air pollutants. Their harmful effects on human health had led the legislator to set thresholds in order to limit the population exposure. The aim of this thesis is to develop a sensitive, accurate and fast analytical method based on a measurement device. Therefore, the device implemented is a miniaturized gas chromatography (GC) equipped with a mini photo ionization detector dedicated to BTEX detection in indoor air in near-real time. The miniaturized GC is very portable with a very low gas consumption which enhances its autonomy over a long period. Its operation mode is based on air sampling inside a sample loop which is connected to a six port valve. The injection over a heated analytical column is ensured by switching the valve position before detection by a photo ionization detector. This novel device was used in real conditions during two field campaigns conducted in an energy efficient college. This study focused on the temporal monitoring of indoor air pollutant concentrations including BTEX. The results obtained with our miniaturized device for BTEX were compared to those given by other techniques known as reference techniques. These field campaigns have therefore enabled us to validate the analytical performances, the robustness and the autonomy of this novel analytical method
Guo, Fangfang. "Development of a model for controlling indoor air quality." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAH011/document.
Full textThis study consisted in the study of indoor air quality with INCA-Indoor model, and especially the development of a fast methodology to identify the most sensitive parameters influencing indoor air quality. The methodology is based on a sensitivity program INCA-Indoor-D, which was built to identify the most important parameters affecting pollutant concentrations. With measurement data from MERMAID (2014-2015), it is intended to continue to evaluate the INCA-Indoor model, which was used to analyze the indoor air quality of a low energy building. The first application of the sensitivity program INCA-Indoor-D is performed to develop a comprehensive sensitivity analysis of indoor [OH] with respect to diverse parameters. Sensitivity has been settled with a classification of the parameters. The results in this study provide useful information about roles of different processes controlling indoor air quality and the effects of different parameters on indoor pollutant concentrations
Blocquet, Marion. "Étude radicalaire de la chimie de l'atmosphère, de l'air intérieur et de la combustion "basse température" par détection de OH et HO2 par technique optique de fluorescence induite par laser - FAGE (Fluorescence Assay by Gas Expansion)." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10196/document.
Full textOH and HO2 radicals are major reactive species in many environments and the chemical processes in which they are involved are numerous and complex. In the atmosphere, OH is the main oxidant during the day and HO2 is strongly linked to it. OH has also been measured recently in indoor air; highlighting the presence of a rapid reactivity and therefore a potential source of secondary pollutants in buildings. In combustion, OH and HO2 are also important for the reactivity. To better understand chemical processes involving these radicals and consequently the formation of pollutants in these fields of application, the mobile device FAGE (Fluorescence Assay by Gas Expansion) has been used in this thesis. This technique allows characterizing OH and HO2 by combining concentration and lifetime (OH reactivity) measurements with a high sensitivity, selectivity and temporal resolution. It is based on the detection of OH and HO2 radicals by Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) at a high repetition after gas expansion. It is adapted for OH reactivity measurements by the coupling of a photolysis cell (pump-probe FAGE). A field campaign, performed on the Lille 1 campus, allowed the study of the variation of the reactivity in an urban environment. Two field campaigns were performed in indoor air to both measure OH reactivity and quantify OH and HO2. The FAGE device was also used for the first time in the field of combustion chemistry, by coupling it to a Jet-Stirred Reactor (JSR)
Forthomme, Audrey. "Caractérisation du comportement des aérosols microbiens dans les réseaux de ventilation d'espaces occupés." Phd thesis, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00782957.
Full textKanama, Najwa. "Prise en compte de l’environnement urbain sur le choix et le dimensionnement des systèmes de ventilation dans les logements : Impact des transferts de pollution de l’extérieur vers l’intérieur du bâtiment." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Chambéry, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024CHAMA004.
Full textTo ensure good indoor air quality, ventilation usually dilutes pollutants. However, for buildings located near sources of pollution, filtration and air purification systems is essential to reduce the transfer of pollutants from the outside to the inside, and also constitute an energy transition lever. interesting to the extent that they allow to limit the losses of energy. Thus, this thesis proposes to study how to model the transfers of air from the outside to the inside of a building, taking into account its local external environment, and in particular the meteorology as well as the levels of external pollution, in order to evaluate the ability of different ventilation, filtration and air cleaning systems to ensure healthy indoor air. This PhD thesis will take place in two different types of environments: one is residential buildings, including two studies on single low-energy house and multifamily social retrofit buildings. The second environment studied is renovated school classrooms. The study on a low-energy house allowed to collect performance indicators for indoor air quality by studying diverse pollutants. This study was characterized by a finer spatial and temporal discretization than the majority of studies and continuous measurements for all the parameters studied, which allowed the study of many performance indicators that allow for a better evaluation of health effects and a better understanding of the transfer of pollutants between rooms and with the outdoor. Then, this thesis will be based on an analysis of unprecedented experimental data collected in 69 renovated social housing units located in Lyon near a tunnel and a high traffic motorway and equipped with various ventilation systems and real-time instrumentation. the quality of the indoor air. It will also include school-based measurements, exploratory sensitivity analysis and a numerical study of building-level performance of various ventilation, filtration and air cleaning processes
Allab, Yacine. "Evaluation expérimentale des performances des systèmes de ventilation dans le bâtiment : efficacité de ventilation et confort thermique." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENAM0046/document.
Full textThe performance of a system must be well defined, attainable and above all measurable. This is not the case today for ventilation. On the one hand ventilation performance is usually declined on energy efficiency considerations or simply on a rough estimation of ventilation rates. The performance related to thermal comfort and IAQ are addressed separately through dedicated evaluation tools. On the other hand, the existing evaluation tools today are nowadays limited in their practical applications for in situ measurements, in particular in the case of natural and mixed ventilation. The aim of the present thesis is to examine the existing experimental technics, at full scale building in order to propose improvements on evaluation methods and commissioning protocols. The present thesis deals with ventilation performance taking into account ventilation efficiency as intrinsic performance and thermal comfort as overall performance.The first part is devoted to the in situ assessment of intrinsic ventilation performance (ventilation rates, mean age of air, and air exchange efficiency), based on decay tracer gas techniques. After a theorical analysis of the various performance indexes and their corresponding measurement techniques, an experimental study was carried out in a classroom under different ventilation strategies (mechanical, natural & mixed mode). The analysis proved the importance of the application of the tracer gas decay on ventilation rates accuracy with in particular a strong influence of measurement times and used tracer gas concentration. A methodology has been adapted and tested for the measurement of the air exchange efficiency in natural and mixed mode ventilation, by avoiding measurements in exhaust vents (a technique usually used and advocated by current standards).The second part is devoted to in situ assessment of thermal comfort under different ventilation strategies. Different methods, standards and evaluation techniques were tested and compared with occupants’ perception. The results demonstrated the presence of several inadequacies during the implementation of existing methods and standards. Mainly, it concerns the inadequacy of static methods (PMV PPD) for thermal comfort assessment in the presence of fluctuating thermal conditions, even with mechanical ventilation. Uncertainty analysis related to measurement errors has demonstrated the incoherence of current standards in the classification of comfort categories
Stratigou, Evdokia. "Identification and characterisation of physicochemical processes controlling indoor concentrations of submicron aerosols and volatile organic compounds." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MTLD0007/document.
Full textThis thesis improves the scientific knowledge on the origin, behavior and fate of gas and particle-phase pollutants indoors under unoccupied unfurnished conditions. A first campaign provided a complete description of the physical processes controlling the indoor concentrations. Using well quantified parameters (air exchange rate, penetration factor and deposition rate), a mass balance model provided insights for the particle budget closure. The results showed that when indoor sources are not significant, a careful characterization of the abovementioned parameters allows to estimate PM2.5 and PM10 in a satisfying manner from outdoor data. However the PM1 fraction shows a significantly higher variability due to physicochemical transformations. Subsequently, a second intensive campaign was performed to investigate volatile organic compounds (VOC) and PM1 chemical composition in real time. A strong increase in VOC concentrations was observed when outdoor air penetrates indoors, especially oxygenated VOC which exhibited a significant dependence on relative humidity, while the changes observed for particles once indoors depend on their chemical composition and diameter, showing a decrease from 20% for submicron particles up to, 86% for large ones (>5. µm). The investigation of ammonium neutralization revealed an excess of ammonium indoors and outdoors, which is attributed to organic- in addition to inorganic-bonded ammonium nitrate. The latter showed a stronger dependency on temperature gradient from outdoors to indoors, revealing stronger thermal decomposition once indoors. In summary, the indoor environment acts mainly as a continuous emission source of VOCs, while the opposite trend is observed the particles due to possible transformations that can occur even under the simplest conditions, with no occupants and no furnishing
Stratigou, Evdokia. "Identification and characterisation of physicochemical processes controlling indoor concentrations of submicron aerosols and volatile organic compounds." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MTLD0007.
Full textThis thesis improves the scientific knowledge on the origin, behavior and fate of gas and particle-phase pollutants indoors under unoccupied unfurnished conditions. A first campaign provided a complete description of the physical processes controlling the indoor concentrations. Using well quantified parameters (air exchange rate, penetration factor and deposition rate), a mass balance model provided insights for the particle budget closure. The results showed that when indoor sources are not significant, a careful characterization of the abovementioned parameters allows to estimate PM2.5 and PM10 in a satisfying manner from outdoor data. However the PM1 fraction shows a significantly higher variability due to physicochemical transformations. Subsequently, a second intensive campaign was performed to investigate volatile organic compounds (VOC) and PM1 chemical composition in real time. A strong increase in VOC concentrations was observed when outdoor air penetrates indoors, especially oxygenated VOC which exhibited a significant dependence on relative humidity, while the changes observed for particles once indoors depend on their chemical composition and diameter, showing a decrease from 20% for submicron particles up to, 86% for large ones (>5. µm). The investigation of ammonium neutralization revealed an excess of ammonium indoors and outdoors, which is attributed to organic- in addition to inorganic-bonded ammonium nitrate. The latter showed a stronger dependency on temperature gradient from outdoors to indoors, revealing stronger thermal decomposition once indoors. In summary, the indoor environment acts mainly as a continuous emission source of VOCs, while the opposite trend is observed the particles due to possible transformations that can occur even under the simplest conditions, with no occupants and no furnishing