Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Indic influences'

Beyond the Binary explores the intersection of gender with cross-cultural identity in composer Reena Esmail's professional life and choral music. This intersection manifests in her musical style, which accesses the resonant spaces between Western and Indian classical music. I argue that it is through the convergence of Esmail's gender identity with her cross-cultural identity that her compositions challenge gender norms and break down perceived barriers between East and West, inviting her listeners into an intersectional feminist space. This project synthesizes musicological, theoretical, and ethnographic methods, and is meant as a starting point for choral musicians and scholars to consider cultural difference and its impact on choral music. What begins as a consideration of social themes within Esmail's life and work culminates in a practical musical analysis and performance practice guide to aid conductors in preparation of Esmail's music. The compositions discussed are I Rise: Women in Song (2016), Take What You Need (2016), TaReKiTa (2016), Tuttarana (2014), and This Love Between Us: Prayers for Unity (2016).

Thesis advisor: Robert J. Starratt
A qualitative case study of three high schools was conducted to identify and profile school practices employed in educating a traditionally low-achieving subpopulation in northeast India. By the considerably higher than average retention and graduation rates among their students who come from indigenous tribal communities, these schools stand out as effective. The study was centered on the following research questions: 1) What were the teaching practices that characterize three high schools with successful records of graduating (upwards of 100%) indigenous Northeast India tribal students? 2) How were these successful schools affected by the school leadership? A body of related literature provided the theoretical rationale and informed the researcher in collecting data, doing analysis, and processing interpretation. The researcher reviewed specific categories of literature focused on the following: dropout influences, effective teaching practices, school leadership, indigenous tribal life contexts, spirituality, and worldview of the peoples of Northeast India. The findings indicated that these three schools with low dropout rates reflected authentic and effective teaching practices that were student-friendly and based on a coherent mix of various principles of learning, instructional strategies, classroom management, and the personal dedication of the teaching faculties. Furthermore, the schools tried to create an atmosphere of social connectedness and community, based on the values of the indigenous people of that area. The school leadership was proactive in an effort to sustain the sense of community through a variety of school activities and cooperation with parents. The researcher found that the ethos of the schools motivated students to focus on their studies in view of a better economic future. A contextualized pedagogy that took into account the background and learning styles of a wide variety of students helped the students to focus on their learning in the various academic disciplines. Pedagogical practices that promoted academic achievement in concert with indigenous values sustained the interest of the students and moved them to actively involve themselves in the life of the school. The leadership provided the necessary vision and direction to make the objectives and goals of the school understood and obtainable. The visible presence of the principal and his/her affirming interaction also helped to maintain the motivation of the community on all levels of operation. The findings of this research have implications for educational practice, policy, teacher preparation and school leadership in the context of rural India
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2009
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Educational Administration and Higher Education

This dissertation highlights the influence of the extension of Empire in India on Enlightenment in Scotland. It argues, consistently, that an ever increasing contact with the Eastern parts of Empire over the eighteenth century created productive tensions between the personal, material and intellectual worlds of the Edinburgh literati. Scottish thinkers stood in close contact to one another and congregated in the Select Society and the Poker Club. Beyond the domestic boundaries, they had practical and personal interests in contemporary events in the East Indies. All had relatives or acquaintances in India and were all correspondents of Sir John Macpherson, Governor-General of India (1785-6). The dissertation shows that a revision of civic humanism on the one hand and scientific Whiggism on the other, found their main dilemma in “luxury” and “despotism” respectively. Both of these concepts were intrinsically connected with the perception of India at the beginning of the eighteenth century. One of the outcomes of the literati’s personal and intellectual engagement with India was the different solutions for the regulation of Empire. Ferguson, following the tradition of civic humanism, argued for the importance of civic virtue in order to maintain Empire. His thoughts stood in stark contrast to Smith, Hume and particularly Robertson. Vigour, instead of civic virtue, needed to be developed and strengthened. No monolithic canon of how Empire could be sustained was developed by these men, but all were involved in squaring the circle of improvement through Empire. The constant interplay between domestic, cosmopolitan and imperial spheres suggests that Enlightenment had an imperial nature, which is highlighted in relation to the literati’s particular investigation of “luxury” and “despotism” and their positive perception of Nabobs. Moreover, the dissertation emphasises that Edinburgh associations can not only be viewed as pillars of Enlightenment in Scotland, but also as networks and the gateways to Empire from at least the 1760s. The evidence assembled suggests that men like Ferguson and Robertson were active players in a world which was intellectually and practically shaped by Empire.

Media exercises incredible influence on the public; in India media appears to interfere with court proceedings. The purpose of this mixed-methods quasi-experimental study was to explore the effect of media trials on the Indian criminal justice system and to examine the relationship between court verdicts and media trials in India. The narrative policy framework was used to guide the study. Qualitative data were gathered from a variety of sources, including the court cases and the related verdicts reported by the media as media trials from 2005 to 2015. Subsequently, interviews were also conducted to collect qualitative data. Quantitative data were sourced from a survey using Likert scales. Survey and interview data were collected from 450 India-based practicing attorneys. Qualitative data were coded and themes developed. Quantitative data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation analysis. Findings indicated that media interference affects the Indian criminal justice system, often adversely. Findings may be used to help public policy making bodies formulate media guidelines about reporting crime and the justice system in India. Findings may also be used to bolster public confidence in the judicial system in India.

Dans quelle mesure le projet colonial est-il fondé sur la modernité qui structure les représentations européennes de l''Inde? C'est l'argument que nous développons en conclusion de cette analyse de l'altérité indienne. Son architecture est en réalité plus complexe, fluctuante et ambigue͏̈ comme nous le démontrons au cours de cette exploration. Les représentations pré-coloniales de l'Inde sont en effet loin d'être monolithiques. Elles sont en premier lieu structurées par la binarité identité-altérité : l'Inde est d'abord construite en fonction des problématiques qui agitent l'Europe philosophique et politique. Cette logique identitaire inclut d'autres mécanismes qui renvoient tour à tour à des schémas utopiques et à des modèles antiques. Cette dialectique ne rend pas compte d'une troisième construction de la vision de l'Inde plus globalement idiosyncrasique. Ces schémas se systématisent à partir de la prise de pouvoir de l'East India Company au Bengale sans toutefois se réduire à une dichotomie dominant-dominé. Car si la fin du Company Raj tente d'offir une scientificité des représentations qui ouvre la voie à une lecture et à une gestion coloniale de l'Autre, elle ne parvient pas à occulter les phénomènes d'hybridité. Ce concept post-moderne constitue en définitive l'essentiel de l'héritage colonial
By focussing primarily on the precolonial vision of India, this research offers an alternative perspective on colonial representations, as well as new contributions to the concept of otherness. It is argued that the 17th century european perception of India differs from colonial constructions, which is partly due to new power relations and the assertion of modernity. Representations are thus placed into several broad categories reflecting europe's quest for a political, social and religious identity. As a result, india is, either perceived as Europe's alter ego or its radical Other. There is nevertheless a third way which is seen to disrupt the rigid binarism of representations, as a new paradigm emerges to subsume otherness. With the East India Company's accession to the diwani of Bengal, the english attemppted to redefine their imperial identity and their power relations. Yet, the distinction between the reformist's ideals of assimilation and the orientalists' respect for indian culture was often very slight. The drive towards conciliation and the tension between differences and similitarities would eventually open up an area of hybridity, in which both the indian and english elite borrowed from each other's symbols and values. After the rebellion of 1857, the british were to adopt a radical approach to alterity, which would offer systematic and manageable representations of colonial subjects. Indo-English hybridity remains visible in post-colonial icons, however, whereas music and literature keep reinventing its complex architecture

This project is a comparative study of three elementary schools in India and two elementary schools in Sweden. The purpose of this project is to study if Indian and Swedish students have the possibility to have influence on their English lessons. The research involves values conveyed in the socialisation and their consequences for student influence, democracy and society in the two countries.

National and international research and literature concerning socialisation, language didactics, democracy and student influence were used as a foundation of this study. Furthermore, the study investigates the Swedish and the Indian curricula, and makes use of observations of English lessons, questionnaires and interviews with teachers in both countries. The method for this research is qualitative with some features of quantitative research and based in the method of Grounded theory.

The results of this project is that the teachers in both countries controlled the students in different ways during the lessons and practiced student influence only when letting the students choose between preselected materials. Exclusion, inclusion and the hidden curriculum were aspects that appeared, which are likely to teach the students about their individual values in society. The lack of student influence consequently leads to the students being discouraged to be partaking citizens. Instead, the students will learn to follow the rules of society, be loyal to authorities and to carry established values with them and thus reproduce the society in each country and make it remain the same.

With the increasing trend of globalization, the impact of globalization has lead to a fast changing environment the boundaries for business is diminishing day by day so is the movement of people between different countries and cultures. The requirements of multinational organizations like expansion plans in international market has continuingly increased the need to understand the cultural dimensions of different countries to achieve better results. Therefore the companies are required to understand a national culture’s impact on areas like communication in multicultural teams in different countries which has a high degree of effect on team performance. So our research question revolves around this topic as “How does culture influence communication in multi cultural teams”. This thesis makes an attempt to investigate the influence of national cultures on communication in project teams in China and India by focusing on construction industry based on a number of factors including Hofstede’s (1980) cultural dimensional framework. The researchers intend to explore the cultural factors having major impact on communication in multicultural project teams of both countries. Throughout our research and study, useful lessons on national cultures impact on communication can be drawn for multicultural project team in China and India. It can provide a better insight for the project teams to have concern for and understand why people from different countries and cultures react or respond to various situations in a different manner, giving high emphasis to communication process.

To support our thesis a total of 12 semi-structured interviews were conducted with managers in different companies from construction sector. An empirical qualitative research using semi-structured interviews was conducted from a total of 12 project team members from multinational companies in China and India based on their experiences on cultural influence on team communication when working in project teams. The research revealed that there are significant differences and similarities in communication styles of Chinese and Indian teams, and the differences are mostly attributed to have strong links with cultural aspects. Specially with increasing economical changes the traditional patterns of behavior in communication are changing with time. The results also addressed number of similarities; especially in both the countries, culture continues to dominate most aspects of communication. The major implication is that the knowledge of the cultural differences and similarities would facilitate better team performance. Therefore, by keeping in mind the importance as well as the impact of various national cultures and presenting each member with a better understanding and knowledge about social background of the team mates within the multicultural teams, arguments and conflicts arise due to misconception and pre-judgment can be reduced. Hence it will increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the teams working in multicultural environment.

What conditions give rise to and nurture ethno-nationalist terrorist movements in India? Specifically, can geography create grievances and be beneficial in a terrorist campaign? I investigate how geography prevented historical development in certain locations in India. I theorize that rugged geographic features prevented economic, social, and political development. Underdevelopment and isolation created grievances in the population. Aggrieved groups then utilized the same geographic features that prevented development to launch effective terrorist campaigns. I conduct a district level analysis of terrorism in India using statistical and GIS analysis. I supplement the analysis with case studies from the Indian states of Uttarkhand, Tamil Nadu, and Assam. I also include a case study from Nigeria to demonstrate the applicability of my theory outside of Asia. I find that geographic features, specifically forested terrain, and proximity to international borders impeded development and increased the likelihood of terrorism.

Cette thèse traite de la stratégie du parti communiste d'Inde (communist party of India, cpi) de 1936 à 1964, stratégie qui visait à la fois à répondre aux exigences de la situation nationale et aux directives du mouvement communiste international présidé par le parti communiste d'Union Soviétique (pcus). L'insertion du CPI sur la scène politique indienne fut donc malaisée ; de même son unité n'était-elle qu'artificielle ; c'est ainsi que les conflits sino-indien et sino-soviétique aggravèrent les antagonismes au sein du parti indien et le conduisirent a la scission (le 4 avril 1964).

The present thesis, entitled "Indian Muslim Perceptions of the West during the Eighteenth century", deals with Muslim images of the West at the turn of the eighteenth century as they were formulated in the minds of Indian Muslim intellectuals. It examines the modalities of experience and categories of knowledge of the West as they were perceived by Muslim scholars who had come into contact with the contemporary West. The main purpose of the present enquiry is to analyze the origins and the nature of such perceptions as were articulated in their writings. With the expansion of British political power in the sub-continent in the late eighteenth century Britain came to be identified with Europe as a whole in the minds of our intellectuals. The Indian intelligentsia's experience of the contemporary Western civilization became in fact its experience of the British society and culture. Extensive quotations from the writings of the authors under consideration are often used to illustrate the principal arguments in this essay. The thesis is based on relatively unexplored source-material which comprises Persian manuscripts in the Bodleian Library in Oxford and the British Library in London. Our writers' perceptions of the Western civilization concentrate on various aspects of European and, particularly, British culture such as social life, religion, political ideas and institutions and scientific and technological developments. The present study also attempts to assess the impact of an alien culture on various socio-economic levels in Indian society, especially since Muslims had largely lost a centralised political control over India. The declining Muslim intelligentsia accepted uncritically the impact of the new and powerful culture but the new knowledge presented in their writings was not significantly implemented in their society; rather, the indigenous society was overwhelmed by the new culture that was imposed upon it and gave in to it and its attraction.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Feb. 17, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Maternal and Child Health in the School of Public Health." Discipline: Maternal and Child Health; Department/School: Public Health.

Indie studios, which used to have a challenging time creating and releasing games, are on the rise. In the past, these studios have had a hard time getting their hands on useable tools. Indie developers at the time had to work with basic tools in order to create games less technologically advanced. This created a gap between triple-A and indie studios that, at the time, was widely disregarded. This stands as the lens for our study. We begin by conducting a prestudy that looks at the statistics behind games on steam. After this we form our interview questions and conducted both standardized open-ended interviews as well as surveys. The data collected suggest that there is a correlation between the availability of ease-of-use tools and content created. In our discussion we bring forth ideas about how this may help reduce the knowledge gap, and nurture the online innovation democracy.

Indian Influence in Swahili architecture. The goal of this article is to establish a synthesis of current knowledge on the contribution of the Indian world in Swahili architecture, from the islamisation to the sultanate of Zanzibar. By Indian world, we designate Pakistan and modern India, more precisely coastal regions of Sind, Gujerat and Deccan. Indians have participated at the creation of Swahili urbanism since the eighth century and have acted on the evolution of this architecture. To apprehend the role of India in the Swahili architecture, we will divide our comment in three areas: religious, civilian and military. With an historical introduction to the relationships between Africa and India.

The Indian Government's open policy on satellite television is attracting a plethora of American-based Charismatic television ministries in India. This thesis based primarily on an ethnographic study of church and Hindu community leaders, together with a subsidiary historical-comparative analysis, shows that Charismatic pastors are more positive about Charismatic televangelism than non-Charismatic pastors. Both groups of pastors however, have strong reservations on issues like fundraising, dress code and western dancing. The high-caste Hindus are resistant to any form of Christian evangelism including televangelism. Besides caste, class, language and gender, televangelism faces cultural barriers in reaching Indians. The prosperity, success and healing doctrines of Charismatic teaching. appeal to Hindus from the middle to lower level economic classes for whom these TV messages may be a means of achieving their material goals through a new form of "sanskritisation". Concerns have also been expressed, that these Hindus who are attracted tu Charismatic teievangelism are espousing a form of 'popular Christianity', a faith that focuses on personal fulfilment rather than personal holiness and accountability within the life of the church. A case study of the 'global' televangelism program Solutions, showed that it was generally well-received although both Hindus and Christians found culturally disjunctive elements in both the message as well as in the underlying aspects of the message such as dress code and culture. While some Hindus welcomed their own understanding of the 'syncretistic Christ', in the program, other Hindus took exception to the portrayal of the 'exclusive Christ'.

With globalization and modernization, increasingly people are influenced by multiple cultures. This paper examines the case of two authors, Mark Tully and Ruskin Bond, who were born in India shortly before India's Independence (1947). Both had British parents, but one considers himself Indian while the other has retained his British identity. The focus of this paper is how and why this difference has occurred and how it has influenced their writing. Both Tully and Bond write short stories about India and Indians, particularly the small towns and villages. Their reasons for writing, however, are very different. Tully writes to achieve social change, while Bond writes because he loves to write.

With increasing globalization, researchers are beginning to document the changing patterns of family life in collectivistic societies undergoing rapid economic development, such as India. With these changes, expectations of romantic relationships are also shifting as individuals re-calibrate their gender roles and attitudes towards romantic relationships to meet the challenges of modern society. Yet, not enough is known about the younger generation of collectivist youth and their evolving romantic habits and preferences. Therefore, the overarching goal of this thesis was to gain a more comprehensive understanding of cultural and familial influences in selecting a marital partner, maintaining a relationship, endorsing romantic beliefs, and anticipating future difficulties in marital life. In collectivist cultures, families tend to be characterized by respect for parental authority and strong, interdependent ties. Do these aspects of collectivism exert countervailing pressures on mate choices and relationship quality? In Study 1, I tested my predictions on a British sample by dividing participants into high or low collectivist groups based on their heritage cultural background, whereas in Study 2 I recruited participants from India and the United States. In both studies, I found that collectivism was associated with greater acceptance of parental influence over mate choice, thereby driving relationship commitment down, but collectivism was also associated with stronger family ties (referred to as family allocentrism), which drove commitment up (Study 2). Along similar lines, Study 1 found that collectivists’ greater acceptance of parental influence on mate choice contributed to their reduced relationship passion, whereas Study 2 found that their greater family allocentrism may have enhanced their passion. Study 2 also revealed that collectivists may have reported a smaller discrepancy between their own preferences for mates high in warmth and trustworthiness and their perception of their parents’ preferences for these qualities because of their stronger family allocentrism. However, their higher tolerance of parental V influence may have also contributed to a smaller discrepancy in their mate preferences versus their perceptions of their parents’ preferences for qualities signifying status and resources. Studies 3 and 4 moved away from familial dynamics and took a closer look at the cultural values of collectivism and gender role ideology. Previous studies have established that Indians tend to be greater in collectivism and gender role traditionalism than Americans. The purpose of Studies 3 and 4 was to examine whether these differences explained further cultural differences in romantic beliefs, traditional mate preferences, and anticipation of future difficulties in marital life. Results for both studies revealed that Indians reported greater collectivism than Americans and, in turn, held stronger romantic beliefs. Additionally, Indians’ greater collectivism, endorsement of more traditional gender roles and benevolent sexism in part predicted their preferences for a marital partner possessing traditional characteristics. Collectivism and gender role traditionalism accounted for Indians’ heightened concerns about encountering future difficulties in marital life in Study 3, while in Study 4 only collectivism explained these concerns. Overall, the results from these four studies shed light on the processes underlying cultural differences in relationship attitudes and preferences, and point to the need for greater cultural awareness and sensitivity to the diversity that exists in relationship functioning across societies.

This thesis examines the diplomatic, military and economic interventions of three external state actors – namely, India, China and the United States – during Nepal’s peace process (2005-2015). It identifies three critical junctures in Nepal’s peace process that were likely to be influenced by external interventions: the Comprehensive Peace Accord (CPA) 2006, the Constituent Assembly (CA) Elections 2008, and the Constitution of Nepal 2015. Introducing an external intervention typology framework, this research identifies and compares the specific nature of the interventions undertaken by each of the three external actors at each of the three critical junctures. By examining the wide range of intervening measures used by India, China and the US, it finds that the relative influence wielded by each actor varied at each juncture: while India was more influential than China and the US during negotiations over the CPA, it was the least influential actor during the Constitution promulgation phase. Similarly, while China and the US failed to influence the peace process outcomes during the first critical juncture, their interventions corresponded with the peace process outcomes during the third critical juncture. Thus, although each of the three external actors influenced the peace process at particular junctures, none were influential enough to alter the trajectory of the peace process in its entirety, either positively or negatively. This thesis thus argues that in cases such as that of Nepal, a relatively small state which is subject to the competing interests of great powers and big neighbours can exercise agency, defy external powers’ interventions that do not serve the interests of peace, and shape the trajectory of its own peace process. It demonstrates that at each of the three critical junctures, domestic political actors were able to capitalise on strategic competition between India, China, and the US, to achieve the support of at least one of these external actors. Similarly, local actors were also able to resist interventions that appeared to be against domestic peace process initiatives, by gaining the backing of one or more of the intervening state’s strategic competitors. That is, domestic political actors were able to lead and control the peace process by using the complex geopolitical context and the competing strategic interests of great powers and neighbours to their advantage. With extensive interviews of influential politicians, diplomats, bureaucrats and/or scholars from Nepal, India, China and the United States, this thesis not only produces a comprehensive, in-depth, and original research study on external interventions in Nepal’s peace process, but it also offers insights on how a small power can gain agency to tackle major powers and big neighbours to lead and protect its peace process, especially when the civil war country has a complex geopolitical milieu and competing strategic interests of big powers and neighbours.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Govt & Int Relations
Griffith Business School
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The exploratory research in this thesis analyses the influence of culture and politics on accounting change since independence. A theoretical framework is proposed within which historical studies of the influence of culture and politics on accounting and accounting change may be undertaken. In this framework, the accounting system is viewed as part of the whole social system in the country of study, providing information for decision making and providing a tool for economic and social development. Culture affects all the social systems in the country, including the accounting system and the outcome of the process for accounting change is affected by political processes. Using the framework, accounting changes in India are broken down into three phases, a source phase, a diffusion phase and a reaction phase. In the source phase, change to the accounting system is set in motion, usually from outside the accounting system. The diffusion phase of any change looks at how change is dispersed and accommodated within the system and the reaction phase of any accounting change looks at how the accounting system is modified subsequent to the diffusion phase. The diffusion phase and the reaction phase encompass both intra-system activity, activity between the different components of the accounting system and trans-system activity, activity between the accounting system and its neighbouring systems and both types of activity determine the outcome of any change. The framework is used to analyse key changes to the accounting system in India from independence in 1947 through to 1998. The source of accounting change is usually seen to coine from outside the accounting system in India and relates mainly to the social and economic development of India. In both the diffusion and reaction phases, intra-system activity takes place between the main regulatory authorities within the accounting system which are identified to be government institutions and proCessional accounting institutes. Trans-system activity too takes place in both the diffusion and reaction phases and the main social systems influencing the accounting system are identified to be the economic system, the political system, the tax system, the financial system, the corporate system and the international system. Culture, both nation-specific cultural values such as hierarchy and collectivism and universal cultural values of high power distance, low individualism, low uncertainty avoidance and high masculinity, affect all social systems and all three phases of the change. Culture is seen to influence the accounting system and accounting change in India with strong Government involvement in accounting, the extensive use of statutory legislation to promulgate accounting change, accounting regulated by both statutory legislation and an accounting profession and accounting change initiated for social and economic reasons. In addition, the accounting values seen in the Indian accounting system are uniformity, secrecy with some transparency and conservatism with some optimism, which are as expected, based on the cultural values of India. The process of accounting change is seen to be political with government involvement in accounting, accounting regulations promulgated through the parliamentary system and accounting change being the outcome of interactions, both formal and informal, between the main parties interested in accounting, identified to be government regulatory institutions, professional accounting institutes, the corporate sector and parliament. The theoretical framework is shown to be helpful in the analysis of both culture and politics on accounting change in India.

This thesis examines how regional-level factors combined with firm-level factors influence innovation in an emerging economy – India. Past literature has shown that differences in both country contexts and firm-level factors influence innovation. The bulk of this literature tended to focus on developed economies. The handful of studies that have considered contextual differences have studied these at the country-level or within regional blocks such as regions of Europe or Africa. There is a paucity of research, which investigates how differences in state-level factors within a single country combined with firm-level factors influence innovation within firms. Therefore, it is an open question whether the findings derived from developed economies and country-level studies apply equally to emerging economies, particularly at the state level within a single country. Thus, there is a gap in the literature regarding our understanding of the impact of combined state- and firm-level factors on innovation within a single country. This thesis aims to contribute to a better understanding of how state and firm-level factors drive innovation in India, an emerging economy. India is selected because it is a fast-growing emerging economy that is increasingly being integrated into the globalized world economy and thus understanding how these factors influence innovation in an emerging economy would complement the literature that focuses on developed countries. Moreover, India is a huge country with substantial varieties in resources, capabilities, institutions (both formal and informal institutions) as well as ethnic, religious, and cultural varieties. Contextually, these state-level differences are quite different from regions in the developed world where institutional differences tend to be relatively consistent (less varieties). Thus, the insights generated from this study of the Indian context complement prior research by identifying the state and firm factors that combine to drive firm-level innovation. This study also extends the innovation literature by focussing on state-level differences within a single emerging economy, for which there is limited research. The findings could also have practical managerial and policy implications. From a policy perspective, policymakers in India can get a deeper understanding of the relevant factors that influence firm-level innovation so that they can direct policy and resources to promote innovation in their respective states. From a managerial perspective, managers can also get a better understanding of strategies and investments they should take to enhance innovation within their firms. This study is based on data gathered from various sources including the World Bank Enterprise Survey and several sources from within India (Indiastat.com, NCAER State Investment Potential Index, India Innovation Index). The World Bank Enterprise Survey provides firm-level data while state-level data were obtained from the other reputable sources in India. The data were analyzed using logistic regression and multi-level modeling, given that firms are nested within states, thus, we can simultaneously model the micro and macro levels to assess the relevance of the regional context. The results of this study show that regional factors such as regulatory quality, corruption, and rule of law barriers negatively influence innovation in firms that invest in internal R&D to promote innovation. The results also show that regions that devote a higher proportion of their gross domestic product to innovation achieve higher levels of innovation. Further, regions that have higher levels of human capital stock (more skilled workers) and export technology tend to be more innovative. At the firm level, investments in both internal and external R&D and those that have highly experienced managers are more innovative than their peers. These results suggest that governments and policymakers can increase innovative activities of firms by providing a highly skilled labor force, invest heavily in R&D, reduce corruption, regulatory quality, and the rule of law barriers. For firm-level managers, this study indicates that higher levels of managerial capability and greater investments in both internal and external R&D can enhance the technical and innovative capabilities (absorptive capacity) of their firms. This may result in a competitive advantage through increased innovation.

This study explores the attitudes of India’s urban middle class consumers towards ethical foods, while also understanding what influenced these attitudes. It revealed a range of diverse attitudes towards ethical foods, many of which were unique to Indian culture. While globalisation is transforming urban consumption habits, India’s consumers are also retaining their traditional values which, in turn, have influenced these attitudes. Against the backdrop of change, this study highlighted the role and significance of sustainable consumption in urban India.

With the publication of his tract Christian Devotedness in 1825, Anthony Morris Groves joined a growing network of Protestants in the United Kingdom who aspired to follow the teaching of Christ and the example of his apostles in a more literal fashion than was common in the churches of their day. Seceding from the Anglican communion in 1828, he adopted a consciously non-denominational identity. With little interest in buildings, services, finances, organisation, training or ceremony, he developed an essentially primitivist ecclesiology, regarding the principles and practice of the early churches in the New Testament as a model to be followed by every generation. A number of Groves's closest friends became leading figures in circles soon to be known as Brethren, or Plymouth Brethren. After leaving Britain in 1829, his ongoing influence in this movement was mediated largely through his brother-in-law George Mtiller, and is reflected in the principles adopted by the latter in his church leadership and in his support of missionaries for more than half a century. One of those influenced by Miiller was the young Hudson Taylor, whose financial support during his early years came almost entirely from Groves's personal friends among the Brethren. It was overseas that Groves himself spent most of his adult life, and in India that we see the clearest practical outworking of his ecclesiology in a cross-cultural context. Identifying weaknesses in existing missionary institutions, he offered an alternative strategy for appointing missionaries, creating churches, maintaining practical unity and stimulating indigenous leadership. His missiological ideas stand in contrast to the consensus of his day, and also to the methods of indigenisation advocated some fourteen years later by Henry Venn and Rufus Anderson. Indeed, he might be described as the first major primitivist among mission strategists, and as such was an early forerunner of Roland Alien. Groves encouraged young Indian Christians to ignore Western church tradition and to follow, as closely as possible, the teaching and practice of Christ and his apostles. He advocated the liberty of indigenous Christians to take responsibility without reference to foreign organisations, the freedom of missionaries and Indian believers to seek guidance and provision directly from God, the sending of evangelists by congregations, the gathering of converts into new congregations, the development of local leadership in the course of active Christian service, and the partnership of industrialist and evangelist in frugal living "by faith" for the extension of the gospel. He viewed education, commerce and medicine as aids to evangelising rather than civilising. Above all, Groves wished to simplify the missionary task of the Church. Where his contemporaries envisaged the creation by one institution (a foreign mission) of another institution (a national church), he drew no distinction between mission and church. And rather than projecting an eventual shift from foreign government, support and propagation to self-government, support and propagation, he would start with no organised government, support or propagation at all, expecting these to develop naturally as local believers helped one another develop their own spiritual abilities and ministries. With no organisation to oversee, no buildings to maintain, no salaries to pay, his emphasis from the start was on the freedom of local converts to meet together without foreign supervision, and to preach the gospel to their own people without being trained, authorised or paid to do so. The influence of Groves on his own and subsequent generations has been seriously underrated. This may be attributable partly to the opposition he encountered during his own lifetime, partly to the commercial failures that clouded his final years, and partly to the inaccessibility of his own writings and works about him. Described twenty years ago as a "neglected missiologist", and largely unknown today, his significance might seem somewhat negligible, but to Groves we can trace back ideas that stimulated the birth of a new generation of missions following what have been called "faith principles". These included Brethren initiatives in many countries in addition to numerous interdenominational "faith missions" inspired by the example of Hudson Taylor. With some justification, Groves has been called the "father of faith missions". Nevertheless, his idea of using the New Testament as a practical manual of missionary methods was taken up with greatest effect not by Anglo-American missionaries but by the leaders of some remarkable indigenous movements. Notable among these was his own disciple John Christian Arulappan and, at a later date, Bakht Singh and Watchman Nee, all of whom had direct or indirect links with him. Our research concludes that the primitivist missiology of Anthony Norris Groves exerted a significant radical influence on Protestant mission in the nineteenth century, and indeed to the present day, for his ideas find many points of contact with current missiological thinking.

Nous avons vérifié l’influence de la présentation d’un indice émotionnel sur les processus de rappel chez l’homme. Une approche analytique a permis de mettre en évidence une facilitation du rappel épisodique suite à la présentation d’indices émotionnels. Les résultats montrent que le rappel peut être facilité par des indices émotionnels partageant la même valence que l’événement à rappeler et que le processus déclenché par la présentation d’un indice de rappel émotionnel est automatique. Les conséquences de ces résultats sont 1) qu’un contexte initialement neutre acquiert incidemment la valence émotionnelle d’un événement auquel il est associé 2) qu’un événement qui a acquis une valence émotionnelle est évalué automatiquement et déclenche un processus facilitant la récupération et 3) qu’il existe un nouveau type de rappel, jamais exploré chez l’homme : le rappel émotionnel. Dans une approche lésionnelle de différentes pathologies neurologiques, nous avons proposé un test neuropsychologique. Les données obtenues nous ont permis de proposer un modèle anatomo-fonctionnel et indiquent que l’émotion est un bon moyen pour favoriser la mémoire et la récupération des informations dans certaines pathologies.

Plus de 130 millions de femmes sont portées disparues dans le monde pour cause de sélection en fonction du genre. La plupart d'entre elles ont été avortées de manière sélective, ont été l'objet de négligence fatale durant l'enfance ou ont été tuées après la naissance parce qu'elles étaient des femmes. La sélection sexuelle - pratiquée avant tout en Asie, dans le Caucase et en Europe de l'Est - a suscité de vives inquiétudes globalement en raison de ses implications en matière de droits humains, de santé et de conséquences démographiques. Depuis les années 1980, plusieurs pays asiatiques ont adopté des politiques pour contrer cette forme de discrimination. Bien que les politiques publiques soient souvent promues comme une solution, on sait peu de choses sur ces politiques et leur influence sur les déséquilibres de sexe à la naissance. De plus, seules quelques études relient ces politiques aux tendances des rapports de masculinité. Compte tenu de l'hétérogénéité des pays affectés par la sélection sexuelle, cette recherche vise à comprendre le déroulement des politiques publiques en divers contextes socioculturels. Quels sont les intentions, les instruments et les impacts des politiques publiques contre la sélection sexuelle dans différents pays asiatiques ? L'Inde, le Vietnam et la Corée du Sud ont été choisis dans le cadre du Most Different Systems Design pour représenter la diversité des pays dans leur réponse à la masculinisation démographique. La comparaison de politiques similaires en différents pays fournit une expérience naturelle pour évaluer leur influence sur la sélection prénatale du sexe. Nous présentons de nouvelles recherches empiriques, menées en Corée du Sud, en Inde et au Vietnam entre 2014 et 2015 et basées sur des entretiens d'experts, ainsi que des analyses statistiques pour comparer les zones avant et après l'intervention politique. Cette thèse montre que les trois pays partagent des instruments politiques similaires, notamment des interdictions légales, des campagnes de sensibilisation, des plaidoyers, des incitations et des lois sur l'égalité des sexes pour renforcer le rôle des femmes dans la société. Cependant, les intentions politiques variaient d'un pays à l'autre : renforcer les droits des femmes en Inde, promouvoir une structure de population équilibrée au Vietnam, protéger les droits du fœtus en Corée du Sud. En termes d'impact, les politiques eurent une efficacité limitée. En Corée du Sud, les changements sociaux et familiaux plutôt que les politiques expliquent le déclin de la sélection du sexe. En Inde, les interventions politiques ont montré un impact positif de la réduction des déséquilibres sexuels à l'échelle locale en raison d'un leadership fort et d'un effet bottom-up, mais avec des effets indésirables. Au Vietnam, l'interdiction légale de la sélection du sexe a probablement déclenché le début de la masculinisation à la naissance. Les autorités vietnamiennes ont opté pour une stratégie top-down et à long terme. Les interventions régionales ont été intensifiées malgré l'absence de preuves de l'efficacité des politiques. La collaboration internationale pour lutter contre la sélection du sexe a facilité le transfert de politiques et de connaissances transnationales, où les enseignements tirés des expériences sont partagés entre les pays. Cette atmosphère a contribué à une convergence croissante des politiques. Néanmoins, les gouvernements interprètent ces politiques en fonction de leurs propres intentions et stratégies de mise en œuvre. Nos résultats apportent ainsi une contribution à un domaine peu étudié. Bien plus, ils permettent une meilleure compréhension de l'interaction complexe entre dynamiques locale et mondiale dans la lutte contre la sélection sexuelle. Le cadre théorique élaboré pour conceptualiser les différents niveaux d'influence peut également servir à évaluer d'autres questions de santé publique et de genre au 21e siècle
Worldwide over 130 million women are missing due to gender-biased sex selection. Most of these "missing females" were selectively aborted, fatally neglected or killed after birth because they were female. Sex selection - predominantly practiced in Asia, Caucasus and Eastern Europe - has caused wide concern among government, non-government and international stakeholders because of the human rights, health, and demographic implications associated with the practice. Since the late 1980s, several Asian countries have introduced laws, policies and programs to counter this fundamental form of gender discrimination. Although public policies are often promoted as a solution to sex selection, little is known about these policies and their influence on skewed sex ratio at birth. Moreover, only a few studies provide a comparative analysis of sex ratio trends and policy interventions. Given the heterogeneity of countries affected by sex selection, this research seeks to understand how public policies unfold in diverse socio-cultural contexts. What are the intentions, instruments and impacts of public policies against sex selection in selected Asian countries? India, Vietnam and South Korea were chosen in a Most Different Systems Design to represent largely diverse countries that have tried to address the growing demographic masculinization of their population. Comparing similar policies in different countries offers a natural experiment for assessing their influence on prenatal sex selection. We present new empirical research, carried out in South Korea, India and Vietnam between 2014 and 2015, based on qualitative expert interviews with governmental, non-governmental, international and medical personnel, as well as statistical analysis comparing pre- and post-intervention areas. This thesis finds that the three countries share similar policy instruments including legal bans on sex selection and determination, awareness-raising campaigns, advocacy, incentives and gender equity laws to strengthen the role of women in society. However, policy intentions varied across countries from strengthening women's rights in India, to promoting a balanced population structure in Vietnam, to protecting fetal rights in South Korea. Regarding the policy impact, anti-sex selection policies have had limited efficacy in curbing sex imbalances. In South Korea, social and family changes rather than policy interventions explain the decline of sex selection. In India, policy efforts showed a positive impact of reducing sex imbalances at the local level due to strong leadership and bottom-up action, which yet came with unintended side effects of infringing reproductive and privacy rights. In Vietnam, the legal ban on sex selection is likely to have triggered the onset of birth masculinization. Vietnamese authorities have opted for a top-down, long-term strategy of changing mindsets. Regional interventions are scaled up despite inconclusive evidence of policy efficacy. International collaboration to tackle sex selection has facilitated transnational policy and knowledge transfer, where lessons learned are shared between the countries. This atmosphere has contributed to a growing trend of policy convergence. Nevertheless, governments interpret these policies to fit their own policy intentions and implementation strategies. Our findings thus not only contribute to an under-researched field of public policies against sex selection, but also allow for a better understanding of the complex interplay between local and global dynamics in anti-sex selection efforts. The theoretical framework developed to conceptualize the diverse levels of influence can also serve to assess other global public health and gender issues of the 21st century
Weltweit fehlen über 130 Millionen Frauen aufgrund von Geschlechterselektion. Die meisten dieser Frauen wurden selektiv abgetrieben, tödlich vernachlässigt oder nach der Geburt getötet, weil sie weiblich waren. Die vorwiegend in Asien, im Kaukasus und in Osteuropa praktizierte Geschlechterselektion hat aufgrund der einhergehenden Menschenrechts-, Gesundheits- und demografischen Implikationen weltweit große Besorgnis hervorgerufen. Seit den 1980ern haben mehrere asiatische Länder Politiken eingeführt, um dieser Form der Geschlechterdiskriminierung entgegenzuwirken. Obwohl öffentliche Politiken oft als Lösung propagiert werden, ist wenig über sie und deren Einfluss auf das vorgeburtliche Geschlechterverhältnis bekannt. Zudem liefern nur wenige Studien eine vergleichende Analyse von demographischen Trends und politischen Interventionen. Angesichts der Heterogenität der Länder, die von Geschlechtsselektion betroffen sind, untersuchen wir, wie sich öffentliche Politiken in verschiedenen soziokulturellen Kontexten entfalten. Was sind die Absichten, Instrumente und Auswirkungen öffentlicher Maßnahmen gegen Geschlechtsselektion in ausgewählten Ländern Asiens? Indien, Vietnam und Südkorea wurden nach dem 'Most Different Systems Design' ausgewählt, um die unterschiedlichsten Länder zu repräsentieren, die versucht haben, der wachsende Vermännlichung ihrer Bevölkerung Herr zu werden. Der Vergleich ähnlicher Instrumente in verschiedenen Ländern bietet ein natürliches Experiment um den politischen Einfluss auf Geschlechtsselektion zu untersuchen. Wir präsentieren neue empirische Studien, die zwischen 2014 und 2015 in Südkorea, Indien und Vietnam durchgeführt wurden, basierend auf qualitativen Experteninterviews sowie statistischer Analyse von Prä- und Post-Interventionen. Diese Arbeit zeigt auf, dass die drei Länder ähnliche politische Instrumente eingeführt haben, wie gesetzliche Verbote, Sensibilisierungskampagnen, Anreize und Gleichstellungsgesetze, um die Rolle von Frauen in der Gesellschaft zu stärken. Die politischen Absichten waren jedoch von Land zu Land unterschiedlich, und variierten von der Stärkung der Frauenrechte in Indien über die Förderung einer ausgewogenen Bevölkerungsstruktur in Vietnam bis hin zum Schutz fetaler Rechte in Südkorea. Was die politischen Auswirkungen anbelangt, so waren die durchgeführten Maßnahmen nur begrenzt wirksam. In Südkorea erklären soziale und familiäre Veränderungen und nicht politische Maßnahmen den Rückgang der Geschlechterselektion. In Indien zeigten politische Interventionen positive Auswirkungen auf das Geschlechterverhältnis auf lokaler Ebene aufgrund von ehrgeizigem, bottom-up Engagement, das jedoch mit unbeabsichtigten Nebenwirkungen einherging. In Vietnam scheint das gesetzliche Verbot den Beginn der Maskulinisierung der Geburten ausgelöst zu haben. Die vietnamesischen Behörden haben sich für eine langfristige, top-down gerichtete Strategie entschieden. Regionale Interventionen werden ausgeweitet, obwohl deren Wirksamkeit noch nicht bewiesen ist. Die internationale Zusammenarbeit zur Bekämpfung von Geschlechterselektion hat den transnationalen Politik- und Wissenstransfer erleichtert. Gewonnenen Erfahrungen werden zwischen den Ländern ausgetauscht. Diese Atmosphäre hat zu einem zunehmenden Trend politischer Konvergenz beigetragen. Dennoch interpretieren die Regierungen diese Politiken in unterschiedlicher Weise, sodass sie ihren eigenen politischen Absichten und Umsetzungsstrategien entsprechen. Diese Ergebnisse tragen nicht nur zu einem wenig erforschten Politikfeld bei, sondern ermöglichen auch ein besseres Verständnis des komplexen Zusammenspiels zwischen lokaler und globaler Dynamiken im Kampf gegen Geschlechtsselektion. Der theoretische Rahmen, der entwickelt wurde, um diese verschiedenen Einflussebenen zu konzeptualisieren, kann auch dazu dienen, andere globale Gesundheits- und Geschlechterfragen im 21. Jahrhundert zu analysieren

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (South Asia))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2008.
Thesis Advisor(s): Knopf, Jeffrey W. ; Lavoy, Peter R. "March 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on May 16, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-103). Also available in print.

The cochineal insect Dactylopius opuntiae has been an extremely successful biocontrol agent of the cactus weed Opuntia ficus-indica. Its resounding success has allowed us to take a closer look at how the relationships between biocontrol agents and their host plants are maintained. The prickly pear, O. ficus-indica, is the sole source of food for the cochineal insect and provides it with refuge and shelter. Wind, sun and particularly rain leave the cochineal insects vulnerable to predators as their protective waxy coating is eroded by the elements. The behaviour of the insects to settle on the sheltered side of cactus cladodes is not unexpected when one takes the stresses into account. One curious fact that has arisen from this is that the insects that do settle on the sheltered side of the cladode are larger and more fecund than those that settle on the exposed surface of the cladode. The nutritional quality of the plant was investigated as a possible explanation for the disparity in size. Phloem sap was collected from the severed stylets of cochineal insects and analysed for polyphenols (which inhibit growth) and amino acids (responsible for growth). The indication from the polyphenol analysis was that it was not responsible for inhibiting growth in cochineal insects. Amino acid analysis from two different cladodes gave conflicting results and no definite conclusions could be drawn from these. Increasing the number of samples analysed will give us a better idea of any trends that could possibly exist. It is certain that there is still much to be discovered in the way of insect-plant interactions and future studies in this field could yield some potentially remarkable findings.

This dissertation examines how several British novelists--Elizabeth Hamilton, Phebe Gibbes, Sydney Owenson, Frances Brooke, Unca Eliza Winkfield, Charlotte Smith, and Robert Bage--were actively redeveloping a political aesthetic theory for the late eighteenth-century by using the landscape of India and North America to discuss Britain, her policies, and her political leaders. These writers applied Edmund Burke's notions of the sublime and beautiful to India and North America as a way to discuss shifting social, cultural, and political views as well as watershed moments such as the Hastings trial. A comparative, multi-themed study of these writers' work is beneficial (if not necessary) to our understanding of the cultural complexities of British colonialism in this era. This dissertation offers new insights upon how colonial politics and Burkean aesthetics were rhetorically deployed in the late eighteenth century. It also actively participates in the recovery process for several novelists whose work has only recently begun to receive critical attention. My study does not focus on these novelists as marginal writers, but as authors (much like Burke, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Thomas Paine) who were actively involved in the politics of their time and whose novels serve as vehicles for dialogue on both domestic and foreign policy. The novels of Hamilton, Gibbes, Owenson, Winkfield, Brooke, Bage, and Smith contain numerous conflicting descriptions of India in which the landscape is described as both sublime (masculine) and beautiful (feminine). I contend that the conflicting nature of these descriptions reflects Burke's own varying portrayals of India, questions his rhetorical style, and employs his own aesthetic theory to mock his shifting political and cultural views. Nor is it only Burke's rhetorical style and strategies that these authors explore and critique, but the very nature of political oratory itself.

On October 8th 2005 the villages surrounding Chinati bazaar in Bagh district of Pakistani-administered Kashmir (PaK) were hit by an earthquake measuring 7.6 on the Richter scale that affected the lives of more than 3.5 million people in PaK and Khyber Pukhtunkhwa. In this thesis I attempt to understand, through the stories and narratives of the people of Chinati bazaar, how they lived through, made sense of, and dealt with the earthquake and its aftermath. I use participant observation and conversations to tell the stories of those affected by the earthquake in their own voices as much as possible. The storytellers of the bazaar lived through two types of events: the earthquake itself and the post-earthquake rehabilitation and reconstruction process. The latter brought with it both positive and negative impacts: if, on the one hand, it brought progress and a new hope that life could be ‘Built Back Better', on the other hand, it brought a different type of suffering – one that led to a loss of honour and dignity, resulted in social upheavals, and led to the exclusion and marginalization of certain groups. In this thesis I focus on both these ‘events'. Through these stories I build an argument about post-disaster discourses of change. I argue that while the narratives of the storytellers of Chinati bazaar posit the earthquake as a point of rupture in their confabulated stories, from which the collective memory of the bazaar dates its movement towards becoming modern and global, these changes have their origins instead in ‘bigger' stories of modernisation and globalisation that predate the earthquake and that highlight and emphasise more continuous processes of change that have been occurring over a longer period of time. In this thesis I analyse how these two competing discourses of rupture and dramatic change on the one hand, and slow, continuous change on the other, play out in the lives of the storytellers of Chinati Bazaar.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att titta närmare på hur svenska företag angriper och bearbetar kulturella skillnader mellan Sverige och Indien. Frågor som hur dessa skillnader påverkar en företagsrelation och hur ett företag anpassar sig till dessa kommer att tas upp.   I det teoretiska kapitlet så tas grunder om kultur upp samtidigt som skillnader mellan Sverige och Indien behandlas grundligt. Modeller kring anpassningskurvan, anskaffning av kulturell kompetens och Hofstedes model om de fem dimensionerna kring ett lands kultur. Hela uppsatsen genomsyras utav en stark fokus på kulturella inslag vid en etablering. Det empiriska kapitlet innehåller de svar som vi samlat in från de fyra intervjuer som vi haft, kapitlet är uppbyggt person för person och svaren kommer i den ordning de besvarats.   Analyskapitlet jämför den teoretiska basen med den insamlade empirin från våra intervjuer. I detta kapitel belyses alla teoretiska modeller och även annan insamlad teori på ett grundligt sätt.   Avslutningsvis så följer sedan slutsatserna som har sin utgångspunkt i analyskapitlet. Här visas att det finns mycket som svenska företag bör tänka på innan en etablering till Indien, skillnaderna mellan kulturerna är påtaglig och måste tas i beaktning för en lyckad etablering. Kapitlet avslutas med våra egna rekommendationer för svenska företag som planerar en expansion till den indiska marknaden samt förslag på vidare forskning i detta ämne.

This paper uses a Poisson regression model to determine the effects of entrepreneurial conditions of home countries on immigrant founded startup activity in the United States. The study determines that the most relevant factors are innovation, internal market dynamics, governmental support and policies, financing, and internal market openness. It then analyzes the change rates of these entrepreneurial conditions between 2007 and 2017 in China, India, and the United States to determine the implications of changing power dynamics in the global economy on flows of immigrant entrepreneurship and innovation in the global entrepreneurial ecosystem. The study finds that after being in the lead in 2007, the United States had fallen behind China and India in all entrepreneurial conditions, with the exception of innovation, by 2017. With the way trends are moving, this paper predicts that innovation in the U.S. will be the next metric to fall behind.

Born in 1927 in Bombay, Vanraj Bhatia is an Indian composer of music for concerts, film, television, opera, meditation, and commercial jingles. His musical style is unique, stemming from his training in both Western and North Indian classical, or Hindustani, music. Little is known about Vanraj Bhatia in the Western classical world, and in India he is recognized primarily as a composer of film music. This dissertation aims to bring awareness of Vanraj Bhatia's significance as a Western classical composer, focusing on uncovering the cross-cultural influences of his only solo flute piece, Night Music, composed in 1964. This research offers Western flutists a better understanding of Indian music, specifically Hindustani and Indian folk music traditions, often not fully understood since Indian music is an aural tradition, rarely transcribed and notated, and relies on a guru/shishya (teacher/student) relationship. Such an understanding will elucidate the compositional choices made in Night Music, allowing flutists to be more informed in their performance of it. Although the focus of this study is on Night Music, other repertoire from Bhatia's concert music and film music will also be examined to illuminate Bhatia's compositional style, which includes elements of Hindustani music, Indian folk music, and Western musical traditions. An exploration of some of Bhatia's other compositions written for Western musicians will give readers beyond the realm of flutists a better understanding of his distinctive, cross-cultural style and influences, and will introduce larger audiences to this exceptional and little-known composer.

The last decade has seen the huge impact of globalization on the way organizations perform their routine activities with a greater than before extent of focus on project management in order to be in sync with the fast changing environment. Therefore the companies are required to understand a national culture’s impact on decision making in project teams in different countries. This thesis investigates the national cultures influence on decision making in project teams in Thailand and India by focusing on IT industry based on Hofstede’s (1980) five cultural dimensional framework. The researchers intend to identify similarities and differences in decision making styles of both countries. Throughout the study, useful lessons for project team on national cultures impact on decision making can be drawn for IT companies in Thailand and India and future mixed-culture teams. It also provides the insight for the project teams to have concern for and understand why people from different cultures act or respond to various situations differently giving high emphasis to decision making process.

An empirical qualitative research using semi-structured interviews was conducted from a total of 12 IT project team members in Thailand and India based on their experiences on cultural influence on decision making when working in project teams. The research revealed that there are significant differences in decision making styles of Thai and Indian IT teams, and the differences have strong links with cultural aspects. The results also addressed number of similarities in the decision making styles of Thailand and India. The major implication is that the knowledge of the cultural differences and similarities would facilitate better management of mixed Thai-Indian project teams. Therefore, by keeping in mind the importance as well as the impact of various national cultures and presenting each member with social working knowledge of peers within the mixed-culture team, arguments and conflicts due to misconception and pre-judgment can be minimized. Hence it will increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the working process and environment in the project teams.

Orientador: Attilio Jose Giarola
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica
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Resumo: Neste trabalho é feito um estudo da influência do perfil de índice de refração na radiação devido a curvas em guias ópticos. O objetivo principal é confirmar a previsão de que pode-se obter uma considerável redução nas perdas por radiação em um guia dielétrico curvo com uma escolha apropriada do perfil de índice de refração. São estudadas, inicialmente, cinco configurações diferentes de guias retangulares com perfil de índice degrau, quais sejam: perfil lateral; vertical na face superior vertical na face inferior, vertical nas faces superior e inferior, simultaneamente e vertical duplo, duas camadas, na face superior. Cada perfil é analisado separadamente para dois tipos de guias, canal e "costela" são obtidas expressões para as constantes de propagação ao longo das direções x e Yi o coeficiente de perda por conversão, c, e o coeficiente de atenuação a. Diversas curvas, relacionando as perdas com os parâmetros das guias também são mostradas. É apresentada, também, uma teria para o projeto de guias dielétricos anisotrópicos com seção reta arbitrária e/ou curvatura. O estudo é feito para coordenadas generalizadas e para estrutura afilada em forma de cone. são obtidos perfis de índice de refração para o guia de forma que a configuração de campo transversa em qualquer seção reta seja independente de sua coordenada longitudinal e nenhuma potência seja transferida para outros modos guiados ou para modos radiados
Abstract: A study of the influence of the index of refraction profile on the radiation due to bends in optical waveguides is developed in this work. One ofthe main objectives is that of confirming the prediction that considerable radiation loss reduction in curved dielectric waveguide is possible to be achieved by an appropriate choice of the index of refraction profile. Five different configurations of rectangular dielectric waveguides with a step index profile are initially studied. They are: a) step lateral profile; b) step vertical profile on the upper face; c) step vertical profile on the lower face; d) step vertical profile on both, upper and lower faces; and e) step double layer vertical profile, with the two dielectric layers on the upper face. Each profile is examined separately for the channel and for the rib waveguides. Expressions are obtained for: a) the propagation constants along the x and y directions; b) the conversion loss coefficient; and c) the attenuation coefficient. Various curves relating the losses with other waveguide parameters are also shown. In addition, a theory for the design of anisotropic dielectric waveguides with tapers and/or bends is also presented. The study is developed using generali~ed coordinate systems. Index of refraction profiles are obtained for the waveguide having a field configuration in each of its cross-section independent of the longitudinal coordinate, such that no power is transfered to othei guided modes or to radiated modes
Doutorado
Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Vital Paulino Costa
Tese (doutorado)- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: Os objetivos deste trabalho são comparar a pressão intra-ocular (PIO), medida com tonometria de contorno dinâmica (TCD) e tonometria de aplanação de Goldmann (TAG), analisar a influência da espessura central da córnea (ECC) e idade, em ambas as medições, bem como a influência do índice de qualidade sobre as leituras da TCD. Foram avaliados 500 indivíduos saudáveis (1000 olhos), sem história prévia de glaucoma ou hipertensão ocular (idade: 7 a 86 anos) recrutados consecutivamente. TAG, TCD e ECC foram obtidos de ambos os olhos de cada indivíduo, nessa ordem, por três observadores. A média de cinco medidas da ECC foi utilizada para análise. As medições da TCD foram aceitas quando o escore de qualidade variou entre 1 (qualidade superior) e 3 (menor qualidade). A média das PIOs obtidas com TCD foram superiores em 3,2 mmHg às medições com TAG. A análise de Bland-Altmann revelou má concordância entre as leituras de TCD e TAG, com intervalos de confiança de 95% de ± 6,98 mmHg. Os valores da ECC variaram entre 449 e 653 µm. As PIOs medidas com TAG mostraram-se fortemente correlacionadas à ECC (r? = 0,28, p <0,001), enquanto as PIOs obtidas com TCD apresentaram fraca correlação com a ECC (r2 = 0,01, p = 0,017). Tanto as medidas de TCD (r2 <0,01, p = 0,044) quanto as obtidas com TAG (r2 = 0,01, p <0,001) apresentaram fraca correlação com a idade. Os escores de qualidade das medidas de TCD foram 1 (n = 369, 36,9%), 2 (n = 340, 34,0%) e 3 (n = 291, 29,1%). As leituras de medida com TCD com escore de qualidade 3 (18,8 ± 3,4 mmHg) foram significativamente maiores do que aquelas com escore 1 (16,7 ± 2,9 mmHg) e 2 (17,4 ± 2,9 mmHg) (p <0,001). Concluiu-se que a medida com TCD não é influenciada pela ECC, ao contrário daquela com TAG. As medidas de PIO tomadas com TCD e com TAG não são influenciados pela idade. Finalmente, medidas de TCD com qualidade inferior apresentam valores maiores que as de qualidade superior.
Abstract: The purposes of this study are to compare the IOP measurements obtained with dynamic contour tonometry (DCT) and Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT), and to analyze the influence of central corneal thickness (CCT) and age on both measurements, and the influence of the quality score on DCT readings. 500 healthy subjects with no previous history of glaucoma or ocular hypertension (ages: 7 to 86 years old) were consecutively recruited. GAT (Haag Streit R900, Switzerland), DCT (SMT Swiss Micro Technology, Switzerland), and CCT (Sonomed Micropach 200P+, USA) measurements were obtained from both eyes of each individual, in this order, by three observers. The mean of five CCT measurements was used for analysis. DCT measurements were accepted when quality scores varied between 1 (higher quality) and 3 (lower quality). In our series, the mean DCT measurements were 3.2 mmHg higher than GAT readings. CCT values varied between 449 and 653 µm. IOP measured by GAT correlated strongly with CCT (r2=0.28, p<0.001), whereas DCT readings correlated poorly with CCT (r2=0.01, p=0.017). Both DCT (r2<0.01, p=0.044) and GAT (r2=0.01, p<0.001) measurements correlated poorly with age. Bland-Altmann analysis revealed disagreement between DCT and GAT readings, with 95% confidence intervals of ± 6.98 mmHg. Quality scores for DCT measurements were 1 (n=369, 36.9%), 2 (n=340, 34.0%) and 3 (n=291, 29.1%). DCT readings with quality score of 3 (18.77±3.35 mmHg) were significantly higher than those with quality scores of 1 (16.61±2.91 mmHg) and 2 (17.44±2.93 mmHg) (p<0.001). In conclusion, DCT is not influenced by CCT, unlike GAT. Both DCT and GAT measurements are not influenced by age. DCT measurements with lower quality scores are associated with higher readings.
Doutorado
Doutor em Ciências Médicas

Les buts de cette thèse étaient de définir les déterminants de la santé osseuse chez les jeunes femmes en surpoids et obèses et d'explorer les effets de deux programmes longitudinaux d'entraînement physique (force vs. endurance) sur les paramètres osseux chez les jeunes femmes en surpoids et obèses. Deux études préliminaires et six études principales ont été menées. La première étude préliminaire a montré que la VO2 max (L/mn) est un déterminant positif de la masse osseuse chez les enfants en surpoids. La deuxième étude préliminaire a démontré que l'IMC est un déterminant négatif du CSI, du BSI et de l'ISI chez les jeunes femmes. La première étude principale a montré que l'obésité est associée à de faibles valeurs de CSI, de BSI et d'ISI chez les jeunes femmes. La deuxième étude principale a montré que la VO2 max (ml/mn/kg) est positivement corrélée au CSI et à l'ISI chez les jeunes femmes. La troisième et la quatrième étude ont montré que la surcharge pondérale est associée à une augmentation du CMO et de la DMO mais pas du TBS et que le TBS est corrélé positivement à la VO2 max (L/mn). La cinquième étude principale chez 68 jeunes femmes en surpoids et obèses a montré que la détente verticale, la VO2 max (L/mn), la puissance maximale (watts) et la force maximale en demi-squat sont positivement corrélées aux paramètres osseux chez les jeunes femmes en surpoids et obèses. La sixième étude principale a montré que les deux types d'entrainement physique (force et endurance) sont efficaces pour augmenter le CMO CE et la DMO lombaire et diminuer le poids et la masse grasse. L'entrainement de force était aussi efficace pour l'augmentation du TBS et les indices de résistance osseuse du col fémoral (CSI, BSI et ISI)
The aims of this thesis were to define the determinants of bone health in young overweight and obese men and to explore the effects of two physical training programs (strength vs. endurance) on bone parameters in young overweight and obese women. Two preliminary studies and six main studies have been conducted. The first preliminary study has shown that VO2 max (L/mn) is a positive determinant of bone mass in overweight children. The second preliminary study has shown that BMI is a negative determinant of CSI, BSI and ISI in young women. The first main study has shown that obesity is associated with lower CSI, BSI and ISI values in young women. The second main study has shown that VO2 max (L/mn) is positively correlated to CSI and ISI in young women. The third and the fourth study have shown that being overweight is associated with higher BMC and BMD values but not with TBS values and that TBS is positively associated with VO2 max (L/mn). The fifth main study conducted on 68 young overweight and obese women has shown that vertical jump, VO2 max (L/min), maximal power (watts) and 1-RM half-squat are positively correlated with bone parameters in overweight and obese adult women. The sixth main study has shown that the two training programs (strength and endurance) are effective to increase whole body BMC and lumbar spine BMD, and to decrease body weight and fat mass. Strength training was also effective to increase TBS and composite indices of femoral neck strength (CSI, BSI and ISI)

El estudio fue basado en la observación de que las mujeres que tienen sobrepeso ó lo contrario, quienes son muy bajas de peso, tienen dificultad para embarazarse. Existen evidencias que demuestran que los niveles leptina interactúan con el eje reproductivo de los animales y recientemente los nutriólogos han encontrado diferencias significativas entre los niveles de leptina de mujeres anoréxicas/bulímicas y los de las obesas; De esta manera la presente tesis pretendió demostrar que existe una relación directa entre el peso corporal de las pacientes, los niveles de leptina y el desarrollo folicular en las pacientes sometidas a estimulación ovárica controlada. El estudio se llevó a cabo en 94 ciclos de un total de 88 pacientes sometidas a fertilización in vitro ó de ICSI, entre Marzo de 2008 y Marzo de 2012 en el Instituto de Infertilidad y Genética Ingenes (México). Las causas de esterilidad/infertilidad fueron categorizadas como factor masculino, factor tubárico, endometriosis por laparoscopía, factor endócrino-ovárico por perfiles hormonales y/o 2 de los siguientes datos: oligo/amenorrea, hirsutismo e hiperandrogenismo, ovarios poliquísticos (ultrasonografía) y por último otras causas específicas como edad avanzada y esterilidad de causa inexplicable tras realizar las pruebas diagnósticas y ser todas ellas normales. Las pacientes fueron pesadas y medidas y así se formaron 3 grupos de forma secuencial y de acuerdo al IMC cuyo valor se encontró entre 20 y 25, otro para pacientes cuyo IMC fue inferior a 20 y otro más cuyo IMC fue superior a 25. Fueron incluidas: • Pacientes de 21 – 40 años de edad. • Pacientes candidatas al programa de fertilización in vitro con transferencia embrionaria con alguno de los siguientes diagnósticos. o Factor endócrino-ovárico. (Falla ovárica, fase lútea deficiente) o Factor tubárico de esterilidad. o Factor uterino. o Factor desconocido. o Endometriosis I y II AFS. o Síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos. o Pacientes sanas donadoras en programa de donación de ovocitos. o Pacientes presumiblemente sanas con factor masculino de esterilidad. Fueron considerados criterios de exclusión: • Pacientes en las que no se realizó captura ovular. • Pacientes en las que se canceló el ciclo por mala respuesta. • Pacientes con riego de Síndrome de Hiperestimulación Ovárica. No se incluyeron a: • Pacientes con factor endócrino-ovárico de esterilidad. • Pacientes con Hipo ó Hipertiroidismo. • Pacientes con contraindicación para el uso de gonadotrofinas. • Pacientes que no estén dispuestas a firmar el consentimiento informado. • Pacientes con endometriosis III y IV AFS. Se tomaron muestras de estradiol y LH sérico en cada visita de la paciente, desde el primer día de consulta y luego durante la estimulación con menotropinas, los días 5 y 8 del ciclo de estimulación, durante los ultrasonidos de seguimiento folicular, además del día del disparo con HCG y el día de la punción folicular, muestras que fueron enviadas al laboratorio del Instituto Ingenes. Se tomaron muestra de sangre para obtener niveles séricos de leptina basal y de líquido de aspiración folicular mediante técnica de ELISA, muestras enviadas y procesadas en el laboratorio de referencia clínica-científica Biomédica de Referencia para la cuantificación de leptina. Se realizaron ecografías a todas las pacientes los días de estimulación 3, 5 y 8, con el fin de medir y contar los folículos presentes en ambos ovarios, así como medir el grosor endome-trial, antes y después de la estimulación. Los resultados fueron interpretados con ayuda del paquete estadístico JMP 10 (S.A.S. Institute 2012, Carolina del Norte, USA) Conclusiones Existe una asociación entre los niveles de leptina tanto en la producción folicular, la obtención de ovocitos y en las tasas de embarazo. Los niveles de leptina intrafolicular aumentados inciden de manera parcial tanto sobre la producción folicular como sobre la ovocitaria reduciendo el número de los mismos. En éste sentido la influencia de la leptina no pareciera ser tan importante, toda vez que el ajuste en la dosis durante la estimulación ovárica con menotropinas o con rFSH pudiera compensar éste déficit. Los niveles de leptina intrafolicular por su parte, afectaron discretamente la calidad ovocitaria. Se observó una asociación directa entre el índice de masa corporal y los niveles de leptina séricos e intrafoliculares. Mientras mayor sea el IMC, mayor será la cantidad de leptina. El efecto de IMC para efectos de fecundación, parece jugar un papel preponderante sobre la concentración de leptina basal o folicular, en el sentido en que mientras más bajo sea el IMC mayor cantidad de ovocitos fecundados habrán, con independencia de los niveles de leptina. Existe una asociación entre los niveles basales de leptina en relación estrecha con los niveles de leptina en sentido negativo y presentando mayor importancia los valores de leptina folicular sobre los de leptina basal bajando así la cantidad de folículos obtenidos durante la estimulación ovárica controlada. No obstante, los niveles de estradiol obtenidos el día del disparo con HCG presentan mayor peso sobre la cantidad de folículos que los de leptina basal o folicular. Los valores de estradiol al día 5 resultaron ser irrelevantes. Los niveles basales de leptina han demostrado que ejercen un efecto sine qua non sobre la concentración de leptina folicular y su efecto final tanto sobre la estimulación ovárica controlada, como sobre la producción de ovocitos y la calidad de los mismos. Por su parte y a manera de hallazgo, el IMC guarda una estrecha relación mayor sobre los niveles foliculares de leptina, ocurriendo sin la misma intensidad, al menos clínicamente sobre la leptina basal. Los niveles de leptina tanto basal, como folicular resultó significativa en términos del número de ovocitos obtenidos, especialmente la combinación leptina basal elevada en conjunto con leptina folicular elevada. No se demostró que los niveles de leptina influyeran en cuanto a la obtención de ovocitos oscuros ó expandidos. La correlación entre la calidad embrionaria y el que la paciente presente niveles de leptina basales e intrafoliculares elevados queda parcialmente respondida en virtud de que únicamente el parámetro de conteo celular demostró presentar una afectación cuando se presentan niveles elevados en los dos tipos de leptina, lo cual suele ir directamente relacionado con un índice de masa corporal por encima de 25. La fragmentación en contraste, permanece ajena a éstos factores, quedándose como parte de algún futuro estudio que ahonde más en esto. En términos generales, se concluyó: La obesidad es considerada una enfermedad pandémica derivada del sedentarismo, en combinación con malos hábitos alimenticios, la anorexia y la bulimia por su parte son trastornos psicológico-alimenticios que conllevan trastornos endocrinológicos e incluso en grados mayores la muerte. La incorporación de la mujer al mundo laboral actual, en conjunto con la dinámica social actual, ha ocasionado que muchas mujeres aplacen la edad de su primer embarazo. Actualmente se establece que a partir de los 37 años de edad disminuye de manera drástica la posibilidad de que una mujer quede embarazada de manera espontánea, sin embargo los tratamientos de reproducción asistida ofrecen una alternativa real para éste grupo de parejas. La edad es un factor importante ya que mientras más joven es la paciente, se presume que su conteo folicular basal será mayor, demostrándose una clara correlación entre éstas dos variables.
The study was based on the observation that overweighed women or women with the opposite condition, that is those with low weight, have difficulties to get pregnant. There is evidence showing that leptin levels interact in the reproductive axis of animals; nutritionists recently have found significant differences between the levels of leptin of anorexic / bulimic women and obese women. Thus, this thesis intends to prove that there is a direct relationship between corporal overweight of patients and the levels of leptin in follicular development in patients subject to controlled ovarian stimulation. The study was performed in 94 cycles out of 88 patients subject to in vitro fertilization or ICSI, between March, 2008 and March, 2013 at the Instituto Ingenes de Infertilidad y Genética (México). The causes of sterility / infertility were categorized as male factor, tubal factor, endometriosis, ovarian - endocrine factor, by hormonal profiles and 1 / or 2 of the following conditions: oligo/amenorrhea, hirsutism, and hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries (ultrasonography) and lastly, other specific causes such as advanced age and unexplained sterility after performing diagnose tests with normal results. After having measured and weighed patients, they arranged in 3 groups according to their body mass index (BMI); those which value scored between 20 and 25, another for patients which BMI score was lower than 20 and the third one for those with a BMI score higher than 25. The following were included: • Patients of 21 to 40 years of age. • Patients candidates to the in vitro fertilization program with embryo transfer with any of the following diagnoses: o Ovarian endocrine factor. (Ovarian failure, deficient luteal phase) o Tubal factor. o Uterine factor. o Unknown factor. o Endometriosis I and II AFS. o Polycistyc Ovary Syndrome. o Healthy donor patients in the oocytes donation program. o Allegedly healthy patients with male sterility factor. The following were considered exclusion criteria: • Patients to whom ovular capturing was not performed. • Patients to whom the cycle was canceled due to bad response. • Patients with Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. The following were not included: • Patients with ovarian-endocrine sterility factor. • Patients with Hypo or Hyper thyroidism. • Patients to whom the use of gonadotropins is counterindicated. • Patients not willing to sign the informed consent. • Patients with endometriosis III and IV AFS. Estradiol and serum LH samples were taken at each visit of the patient as of the first day of consultation and then during the stimulation with menotropins on the 5th and 8th days of the stimulation cycle, during the follicular follow-up ultrasounds, and also on the HCG triggering shot day and on the follicular aspiration day, the samples were sent to the Image Institute laboratory. A blood sample was taken to obtain the serum levels of basal leptin and of follicular aspiration liquid through the ELISA technique; the samples were sent out and processed at the Biomedical Reference clinical-scientific reference laboratory to count leptin. Ultrasounds were performed to all the patients on stimulation days 3, 5 and 8 in order to measure and count the follicles present in both ovaries, as well as to measure the endometrial thickness before and after stimulation. The results were interpreted using the statistics software JMP 10 (S.A.S. Institute 2012, North Carolina, USA) Conclusions There is an association between the levels of leptin in the follicular production, the obtaining of oocytes and in the pregnancy rates. The increased levels of intrafollicular leptin have a partial effect on the follicular and ovocyte production reducing their number. To this regard, the influence of leptin seems not to be so important since the adjustment of the dosage during ovarian stimulation with menotropins or with rFSH may compensate such deficit. On the other hand, the levels of intrafollicular leptin discreetly affected the oocyte quality. A direct relationship was observed between BMI and both serum and intrafollicular levels. The higher the BMI the higher will be the amount of leptin. The effect of the BMI for fecundation purposes seems to play a major role on the concentration of basal or follicular leptin, since the lower the BMI is, the more fecundated oocytes will be, regardless of the levels of leptin. There is an association between the levels of leptin with a close relationship with the levels of leptin in a negative direction while the values of follicular leptin show more importance than the basal leptin values lowering in this way the amount of follicles obtained during the controlled ovarian stimulation. However, the levels of estradiol obtained on the HCG triggering day show a higher weight on the amount of follicles than those of basal of follicular leptin. The values of estradiol on the 5th day were irrelevant. It has been demonstrated that the basal levels of leptin have a definitive effect on the concentration of follicular leptin and that they have a final effect on the controlled ovarian stimulation and the production of oocytes and in their quality. On the other hand, and as a finding, the BMI has a close relationship with the follicular levels of leptin, which take place without the same intensity, at least clinically-speaking on the basal leptin. The basal and follicular levels of leptin were significant on the number of oocytes, especially as for the combination of high basal leptin with high follicular leptin. It was not demonstrated that the levels of leptin had any influence on obtaining dark or expanded oocytes. The correlation between the embryonic quality and that a patient presented high basal and intrafollicular levels is partially responded since it was only demonstrated that the cellular count parameter was affected when high levels are present in the two types of leptin, which is usually directly related to a corporal mass index above 25. On the other hand, fragmentation is unrelated to these factors which may be addressed in some future study that goes deeper on this matter. In general, the following was concluded: Obesity is considered a pandemic disease resulted from a sedentary lifestyle, in combination with bad feeding habits, while anorexia and bulimia are psychological eating disorders that result in endocrinological disorders and even in serious cases, in death. Women´s role in the modern world, along with the current social environment has caused that many women postpone the age for their first pregnancy. At this time, it is established that as of the age of 37, the possibility that women get spontaneously pregnant decreases dramatically, however, the assisted reproduction treatments offer a real alternative for this group of couples. Age is a major factor since the younger the patient is; it is alleged that her basal follicular count will be higher, and thus, a clear correlation between these two variables is demonstrated.

This master thesis is intended as a contribution to the understanding of the influence urban form has on urban life and by extension social structures in society, by focusing on gender relations and their reflections on the use of public space. In addition, the aim of the study is to do so in relation to a comparison between two different types of urban environments; one slum area that can be regarded as formally unplanned with an irregular gradually grown street network and one slum area of more deliberately planned character with a more regular street grid. With the use of quantitative methods, such as space syntax, structured observations and correlations studies, differences in co-presence between women and men, in the form of staying in public space, and between the areas are discovered. With the addition of qualitative methods, such as interviews and unstructured observations, as well as a review of the context in which the study is set and a theoretical discourse the reasons behind the differences is discussed. It is suggested that the blurred distinctions between private and public space often found in slum areas and the division of responsibilities and activities between women and men in the given context results in a certain degree of gender segregation in public space. Women are often restricted to the space in proximity of their homes, why it becomes an extension of their homes as well as a space for interaction which creates semi-public spaces. As men more often socialise further away from home in spaces of more public function, this creates a certain degree of segregation between women and men in public space. The most significant physical difference between the study areas proved to be the hierarchal properties of the street network. The clearer hierarchy in the unplanned area implicates that the spaces where women stays generally is of a lower degree of public function. The regular street grid of the planned area resulted in a more even distribution of public function, why men more often also stays in the semi-public spaces in residential alleys. In this way the built environment in the unplanned area reflects and reproduces gender relations in the use of public space. An implication is that since the correspondence between social structures in society and the use of public space is something that can assumed be effected by design, the urban designer has continuously in the context of development of slum areas in the developing world, and in general, an important role to play.