Journal articles on the topic 'Indians'
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Mariani, Giorgio. "The Red and the Black: Images of American Indians in the Italian Political Landscape." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 53, s1 (December 1, 2018): 327–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stap-2018-0016.
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Abstract In Italy, over the last decades, both the Left and the Right have repeatedly employed American Indians as political icons. The Left and the Right, that is, both adopted and adapted certain real or often outright invented features of American Indian culture and history to promote their own ideas, values, and political campaigns. The essay explores how well-established stereotypes such as those of the ecological Indian, the Indian as victim, and the Indian as fearless warrior, have often surfaced in Italian political discourse. The “Indiani Metropolitani” student movement resorted to “Indian” imagery and concepts to rejuvenate the languages of the old socialist and communist left, whereas the Right has for the most part preferred to brandish the Indian as an image of a bygone past, threatened by modernization and, especially, by immigration. Indians are thus compared to contemporary Europeans, struggling to resist being invaded by “foreign” peoples. While both the Left and the Right reinvent American Indians for their own purposes, and could be said to practice a form of cultural imperialism, the essay argues that the Leftist appropriations of the image of the Indian were always marked by irony. Moreover, while the Right’s Indians can be seen as instances of what Walter Benjamin (1969) described as Fascism’s aestheticization of politics, groups like the Indiani Metropolitani tried to politicize the aesthetics.
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Gupta, Chandan, Manu Gupta, Pradeep Joshi, and Ajendra Kumar. "Information and communication technology in agribusiness: A study of mobile applications in perspective of India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 766–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i2.2620.
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Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry in one of its finding in 2019 stated that about 58% Indians are dependent on agriculture and agriculture sector make about 15.96 % of India’s GDP. To get the best agriculture inputs and best harvest price is the big question for Indian farmers; thus, we can say that “Agriculture is the foundation of the Indian economy”. With the origin of Mobile Applications (m-apps) for agriculture and a huge dependency on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in agribusiness, the scenario in rural India has been changing rapidly. Since India’s economy depends mainly on agriculture, there is a lot of potential for Information and Communication Technology and mobile applications for agribusiness and its marketing. With growing smartphones with m-apps penetration in rural India, the agribusiness in rural belts of India is set for extension and further digitalization to revolutionize the agriculture sector. In recent years, nearly all Indian farmers possess a mobile, and 50%are smartphones with internet connections. With Government's new legislative policy changes as the Digital India programme, mobile applications in India's rural belt cannot remain isolated. Digital India will connect rural Indians farmers worldwide through the internet and mobile applications and provide them with all necessary upliftment in agribusiness in India. This study has focused on the ICT and m-applications used in farming today and how they have changed agribusiness by providing a digital platform and with their impact on agribusiness.
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Adams, David Wallace. "Fundamental Considerations: The Deep Meaning of Native American Schooling, 1880-1900." Harvard Educational Review 58, no. 1 (April 1, 1988): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.58.1.h571521105l7nm65.
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In the mid-nineteenth century, U.S. policymakers held two conflicting visions of the Indian's future: one, that Indians as a race were doomed to extinction, and two, that Indians were capable of being "civilized" and assimilated into White society. By the end of the century,in light of the Indians' loss of land and traditional ways of life, policymakers under-took an intense campaign to assimilate Indians through schooling. David Adams argues that to see this process of schooling simply as a means of assimilating the Indian into White culture is to rob this historic fact of its deeper meanings. Adams examines three perspectives and fundamental considerations that were at work at that time: the Protestant ideology, the civilization-savagism paradigm, and the quest for land by Whites, and explores how these translated into concrete educational policy. In the end the author argues that these three perspectives reinforced each other and were essential factors in the history of Indian schooling.
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Purushothaman, Uma . "Indian Perceptions of the US: A Study of Indian Surveys and Public Opinion." Journal of Contemporary Politics 1, no. 2 (December 15, 2022): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.53989/jcp.v1i2.8.
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The Indian public has traditionally had very little say in the making of foreign policy. However, they do have views on foreign policy and the media and elites play an important role in influencing them. What do Indians think about the US, the most important power in the world and about the bilateral relations between New Delhi and Washington? Have the views of Indians on the US evolved over the years and what do Indians think about India’s future ties with the US? This article examines these questions and traces historically Indian views of the US and how they have evolved over the years. The article uses available data from opinion polls and studies based on opinion polls. A descriptive analytical approach is used for the study. Keywords: Perception, Public opinion, USA, India, Survey
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Mani, Bakirathi, and Latha Varadarajan. "“The Largest Gathering of the Global Indian Family”: Neoliberalism, Nationalism, and Diaspora at Pravasi Bharatiya Divas." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 14, no. 1 (March 2005): 45–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.14.1.45.
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On 9 January 2003, more than 2,000 people from around the world arrived in New Delhi to participate in an event that was touted as the “largest gathering of the global Indian family.” Banners prominently displaying the Indian tricolor lined the roads leading to the convention site, superimposed with the slogan “Welcome Back, Welcome Home.” Surrounded by intense media attention, India’s prime minister, Atal Behari Vajpayee, inaugurated Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, proclaiming that this event commemorated the “Day of Indians Abroad.” Over the next three days, in the midst of the coldest winter Delhi had experienced in years, the Indian government and the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) spent twenty-two crore rupees (US$49 million) on lectures, seminars, trade exhibition booths, lavish amounts of food and drink, and spectacular stage shows featuring Bollywood actors. Advertised widely on the Web and in the Indian news media, Pravasi Bharatiya Divas was the first government-sponsored event that brought together Indians in India with representatives of the nearly 20 million Indians who live overseas.
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Raghavan, Pathmanathan, David Bulbeck, Gayathiri Pathmanathan, and Suresh Kanta Rathee. "Indian Craniometric Variability and Affinities." International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2013 (December 24, 2013): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/836738.
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Recently published craniometric and genetic studies indicate a predominantly indigenous ancestry of Indian populations. We address this issue with a fuller coverage of Indian craniometrics than any done before. We analyse metrical variability within Indian series, Indians’ sexual dimorphism, differences between northern and southern Indians, index-based differences of Indian males from other series, and Indians’ multivariate affinities. The relationship between a variable’s magnitude and its variability is log-linear. This relationship is strengthened by excluding cranial fractions and series with a sample size less than 30. Male crania are typically larger than female crania, but there are also shape differences. Northern Indians differ from southern Indians in various features including narrower orbits and less pronounced medial protrusion of the orbits. Indians resemble Veddas in having small crania and similar cranial shape. Indians’ wider geographic affinities lie with “Caucasoid” populations to the northwest, particularly affecting northern Indians. The latter finding is confirmed from shape-based Mahalanobis-D distances calculated for the best sampled male and female series. Demonstration of a distinctive South Asian craniometric profile and the intermediate status of northern Indians between southern Indians and populations northwest of India confirm the predominantly indigenous ancestry of northern and especially southern Indians.
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Dyck, Noel. "Negotiating The Indian “Problem”." Culture 6, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1078439ar.
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This essay examines the formulation of the so-called Indian “problem” as a significant element in relations between Indians and non-Indians in Western Canada. Making use of the concept of the culture of public problems, the author identifies some of the means by which Indian representatives seek to renegotiate with non-Indians a new understanding of the nature of the Indian “problem”.
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Vayed, Goolam. "Natal's Indians, the Empire and the South African War, 1899-1902." New Contree 45 (September 25, 1999): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v45i0.449.
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Most early scholars of the South African War focussed almost entirely on the struggle between Afrikaner nationalism and British imperialism in which the role of Blacks was seen as irrelevant. By focussing on Indians, a little-studied group, this micro-study will contribute to the ongoing process of providing a more complete picture of the war years. It seeks to address why Indians, who were subject to oppression by English-speaking whites, volunteered on the side of Britain, the active and non-combatant roles they played in the war, the losses they suffered and the impact of the Indian role to the overall situation. Indians were clearly divided along class lines and these divisions were perpetuated during the war in terms of the manner in which Indians were recruited, their role in the war and their treatment at the conclusion of the war. Indians supported the British because India was part of the British empire and they felt that this would give them added leverage in their dealings with the British imperial authorities. The undisguised hostility of the Boer Republics towards them also influenced their decision. Under Gandhi's prodding, Indians contributed financially and also formed an ambulance bearer corps, which served between December 1899 and March 1900 under extremely difficult conditions. A grossly understudied area is the plight of Indian refugees from areas of Indian concentration such as Johannesburg, Pretoria, Newcastle, Ladysmith, Dundee, Colenso and Kimberley. Most refugees sought refuge with friends and family in Natal even though the Natal Government tried to prevent them coming. The invading Boers had no clear policy on what to do with Indians in Northern Natal. In most cases they arrested Indians for several weeks but then released them. Boers also used Indians as cooks and cleaners. Indian traders suffered heavy losses as their shops were looted by the invading Boers as well as by British soldiers and ordinary Indian, white and African civilians. The DTC failed to assist the 4 000 Indian refugees in Durban. Durban's Indians had to feed, clothe and support Indian refugees. While Gandhi and the NIC chose to be loyal instead of exploiting the space created by the war to challenge the Government, their loyalty went unrewarded. The Governments of Natal and Transvaal imposed further anti-Indian legislation and the position of Indians deteriorated in the post-war years as the foundation was laid for a modern South Africa based on white racial supremacy. Indians became part of a South Africa whose destiny was shaped by the war. The shapers of this new South Africa were Boer leaders like Botha and Smuts who remembered all too well that Indians had sided with the British.
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Fernandez Perez, Claudia, Kevin Xi, Aditya Simha, Nilay S. Shah, Robert J. Huang, Latha Palaniappan, Sukyung Chung, et al. "Leading causes of death in Asian Indians in the United States (2005–2017)." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 10, 2022): e0271375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271375.
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Objective Asian Indians are among the fastest growing United States (US) ethnic subgroups. We characterized mortality trends for leading causes of death among foreign-born and US-born Asian Indians in the US between 2005–2017. Study design and setting Using US standardized death certificate data, we examined leading causes of death in 73,470 Asian Indians and 20,496,189 non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) across age, gender, and nativity. For each cause, we report age-standardized mortality rates (AMR), longitudinal trends, and absolute percent change (APC). Results We found that Asian Indians’ leading causes of death were heart disease (28% mortality males; 24% females) and cancer (18% males; 22% females). Foreign-born Asian Indians had higher all-cause AMR compared to US-born (AMR 271 foreign-born, CI 263–280; 175.8 US-born, CI 140–221; p<0.05), while Asian Indian all-cause AMR was lower than that of NHWs (AMR 271 Indian, CI 263–278; 754.4 NHW, CI 753.3–755.5; p<0.05). All-cause AMR increased for foreign-born Asian Indians over time, while decreasing for US-born Asian Indians and NHWs. Conclusions Foreign-born Asian Indians were 2.2 times more likely to die of heart disease and 1.6 times more likely to die of cancer. Asian Indian male AMR was 49% greater than female on average, although AMR was consistently lower for Asian Indians when compared to NHWs.
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Rosenthal, Nicolas G. "Repositioning Indianness: Native American Organizations in Portland, Oregon, 1959––1975." Pacific Historical Review 71, no. 3 (August 1, 2002): 415–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2002.71.3.415.
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This article examines the processes of community building among American Indians who migrated to Portland, Oregon, in the decades following World War II, contextualized within a larger movement of Indians to the cities of the United States and shifts in government relations with Indian people. It argues that, during the 1960s, working-and middle-class Indians living in Portland came together and formed groups that enabled them to cultivate "Indianness" or to "be Indian" in the city. As the decade wore on, Indian migration to Portland increased, the social problems of urban Indians became more visible, and a younger generation emerged to challenge the leadership of Portland's established Indian organizations. Influenced by both their college educations and a national Indian activist movement, these new leaders promoted a repositioning of Indianness, taking Indian identity as the starting point from which to solve urban Indian problems. By the mid-1970s, the younger generation of college-educated Indians gained a government mandate and ascended to the helm of Portland's Indian community. In winning support from local, state, and federal officials, these leaders reflected fundamental changes under way in the administration of U.S. Indian affairs not only in Portland, but also across the country.
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Firdaus, Ahmad Fanan. "The Portrayal of American Indian Identity in The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven." Journal of Literature, Linguistics, & Cultural Studies 2, no. 1 (July 24, 2023): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/lilics.v2i1.2781.
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This study delved into the cultural identity of American Indians residing in the Spokane reservation area, with a focus on Sherman Alexie's collection of stories, "The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven." The stories portrayed various aspects of the divide between American Indians and white people, as well as the distinctions between reservation-based Indians, urban Indians, modern Indians, and traditional Indians. The main objective of the research was to explore how the identity of American Indians is depicted in Alexie's book using Homi K Bhabha's cultural identity theories of hybridity and mimicry. This study employed the literary criticism method, particularly postcolonial studies, to analyze the representation of hybridity and mimicry. The primary data source for this investigation was the collection of short stories, "The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven," by Sherman Alexie. The data was gathered from the text, identifying words or sentences that illustrate the representation of hybridity and mimicry in the stories. The data collection techniques include reading and note-taking strategies. This study revealed two main aspects of Indian cultural identity: Hybridity, characterized by a blend of Indian and white culture, evident in language, behavior, ways of thinking, and lifestyles. Then Mimicry, seen in Indian behavior, lifestyle, and ways of thinking that resemble those of white people. In conclusion, the research highlighted how Indian cultural identity in Sherman Alexie's work reflects both hybridity and mimicry, shedding light on the complexities of cultural assimilation and adaptation in American Indian communities.
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Suppiah, S. Maartandan A/l, Dr Mohd Khairie Ahmad, and Assoc Prof Dr Norhafezah Yusof. "Leadership Communication Conception of Malaysian Hindus and its Relevancy to Mahathir’s Leadership." Jurnal The Messenger 11, no. 1A (June 2, 2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/themessenger.v11i1a.827.
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<p><em>Literatures proposed that culture does influence the success of leadership communication. Mahathir was criticised to be a leader who promotes the betterment of the majority community and marginalised the Indians. Despite of that, the Indians in Malaysia showed advancement in various sectors including politics, economy and social. Therefore, this exploratory study aims to bridge the gap by investigating the attributes that link between Mahathir’s leadership communication and Indian community. Qualitative methodology was utilized and data were collected through a series of intensive interviews with 15 informants consists of Indian political, non-governmental organisation and community representatives. Based on the thematic analysis, two main attributes that strongly link to Indian culture were identified: leadership communication conception (Sattva Guna) and characteristics of good leadership communication (Sattva characteristics). This study has contributed to enhance understanding of leadership communication from multi-cultural context, specifically about the Indian’s cultural conceptions.</em></p>
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Dr. Sunil Kumar Dwivedi. "A Conceptual Framework of Indian Diaspora." Creative Launcher 7, no. 6 (December 30, 2022): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2022.7.6.07.
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The term Indian diaspora refers to the overseas Indians officially known as Non- Resident Indians (NRIs) or the Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) or the people of India by birth or descendants from Indian subcontinents, living outside of Indian Republic. Overseas Indians are concerned as the people of India or the ethnic groups of people associated with Indian sensibility, ethnicity, nationality, citizenship or having other co-relation of Indian life style abroad overseas. The conceptual analyses on migration have explained the social criteria of Indian diasporic sensibility just as assimilation and integration, the organized associations, cultural crisis, emergence of identity crisis, ethnicity and the globalization etc.
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Herman, R. ""Something Savage and Luxuriant": American Identity and the Indian Place-Name Literature." American Indian Culture and Research Journal 39, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicr.39.1.u435154w2j7n2112.
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The treatment of American Indian place-names provides a window into the growth of American nationalism since 1776 and attitudes towards Indians by the new settler society. Originally ignored or erased by European colonists, Indian place-names became a subject of fascination and scholarship from the late-nineteenth century, at the same time that Indians themselves were marginalized to reservations. A large body of literature produced by non-Natives sometimes frames these place names as "romantic," and other times as distinctly unromantic. In the voluminous literature on this topic, the treatment of Indians and their place-names reflects diverse and shifting attitudes towards American Indians in United States culture, as elaborated by Philip Deloria and Robert Berkhofer. Drawing on approximately 120 texts on Indian place-names, this study uses the lens of romance, a polyvalent term with various implications, to examine how non-Native writings on these toponyms reveals attitudes towards Indians themselves and their place in the American nationalist imagination.
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Herrick, Rebekah. "The Gender Gaps in Identity and Political Attitudes among American Indians." Politics & Gender 14, no. 2 (January 2, 2018): 186–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x17000344.
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While there is much research examining gender gaps in political attitudes, there is less examining how gender gaps differ within social groups. This article helps fill that void by examining gender gaps among American Indians. Using two surveys, the initial findings suggest that among American Indians, women have a stronger American Indian identity, are more likely to support women's/compassion issues, and are more likely to be Democrats. It further finds that the gender gap in party is more likely the result of the gender gap in compassion issues than in American Indian identity. Additional analysis finds that among American Indians who prioritize their American Indian identity, the partisan gender gap is reversed, with men being significantly more likely to be Democrats. Although this study finds some similarities between the gaps among American Indians and whites, it also finds some unique gaps among American Indians. This suggests the need to look at the intersectionality of gender and social groups to fully understand the gender gaps.
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Lincoln, Kenneth. "Indians Playing Indians." MELUS 16, no. 3 (1989): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/467569.
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Neperud, Ronald W., and Patricia L. Stuhr. "Cross-Cultural Valuing of Wisconsin Indian Art by Indians and Non-Indians." Studies in Art Education 34, no. 4 (1993): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1320408.
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Naumec, David J. "From Mashantucket to Appomattox: The Native American Veterans of Connecticut's Volunteer Regiments and the Union Navy." New England Quarterly 81, no. 4 (December 2008): 596–635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq.2008.81.4.596.
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Due to complex social arrangements among New England Indians and changing perceptions of race, many New Englanders believed that most Indians in the region were “extinct,” while others viewed Indians as “colored men.” At the time of the Civil War, these perceptions allowed many Indian volunteers to cross racial boundaries and serve in both white and colored regiments.
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Ward, Kaitlin P., and Gordon E. Limb. "The Importance of Biological Parent Coparenting in an American Indian Stepfamily Context." Social Work Research 43, no. 3 (September 2019): 168–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/swr/svz009.
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Abstract A number of protective factors associated with being American Indian exist; however, research shows that American Indians tend to experience higher rates of depressive symptoms than individuals of other racial or ethnic groups. Although prior research has examined sociocultural predictors of American Indian depression, less is known about the influence of familial functioning. This is particularly true for American Indian emerging adults who grew up in stepfamilies. This study examined retrospective data from 203 American Indians raised in stepfamilies on whether perceived coparenting between biological parents (post-stepfamily formation) was related to depression in emerging adulthood. Combining graded response and structural equation modeling, authors found that retrospectively perceived negative coparenting behaviors were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Findings elucidate a particular risk for American Indians who perceive that their biological parents engage in poor coparenting behaviors post–stepfamily formation. Findings also encourage further research that examines associations between stepfamily functioning and mental health outcomes among American Indians.
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Wiemers, Serv. "The International Legal Status of North American Indians After 500 Years of Colonization." Leiden Journal of International Law 5, no. 1 (February 1992): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500001990.
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Next year, the ‘discovery’ of America by Columbus, 500 years ago, will be commemorated. The discovery of America started a time of colonization for the original inhabitants, the Indians. Since the 1970s an Indian movement has emerged in North America demanding the Indians' ‘rightful place among the family of nations’. This article contains a survey of the current international legal position of Indians in North America. Wiemers holds that international legal principles, developed in the decolonization context, are applicable to the North American Indian population. The right of a people to selfdetermination is the most discussed one.
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Narayanamurthy, Gopalakrishnan, and Vijay Pereira. "Indian Railways: rail ways for Indians." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 6, no. 1 (April 29, 2016): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-07-2015-0154.
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Subject area Human Resource Management and Public Sector Management. Study level/applicability The target audiences for the case study are BSc, MSc and MBA students and management trainees and executives who are interested in learning the human resource (HR) practices, policies and strategies adopted by the world’s largest commercial employer to ensure complete satisfaction and contentment of their employees and their employee’s family which, in turn, motivates them to contribute more efficiently and effectively for the organisation. Even senior management teams could be targeted in executive education programmes as this case discusses time-tested HR practices, policies and strategies which have been sparsely discussed so far and hence can be expected to provide insights to senior corporate managers. Case overview India has and is undergoing sweeping economic changes lately. There are several organisations that have supported this positive change. Of these, one such organisation, which shouldered the infrastructural burden of the transportation sector in India’s growth story, was the 160-year-old Indian Railways (IR), the world’s largest commercial employer. IR’s profit over the past few years was a far cry from its loss-making days, which tempted the government of India to consider privatisation in 2001. The transformational turnaround would not have been possible but for IR’s employees. After celebrating IR’s 160th anniversary in 2013, the case organisation wished to revisit its HR practices to understand its recent economic transformations and to strategise how they can improve and sustain maximum efficiency in future. The objective of this case study is to understand the “people side” of IR by explaining its current HR practices and to investigate and identify changes over the years so that changes then can be implemented in the context of HR practices for the future. Hence, the case attempts to explain the role of HR management in IR’s turnaround strategies. Resistance exhibited by IR staff towards its recent initiative of enterprise resource planning (ERP) implementation across India due to fear of job losses and insecurity is also discussed in the case. Teaching note for this case study explains existing people management frameworks published in the research literature to class participants by applying it to the case company. In addition, the teaching note also discusses how chief personnel officers (CPOs) of IR can pursue the change initiatives among the employees with least resistance. Changes/initiatives that can be imbibed by the CPOs in the existing HR practices to overcome the resistance exerted by the employees and to improve the existing system are also discussed. Expected learning outcomes This case study’s primary objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the HR practices being followed in IR, the world’s largest commercial employer. The case also attempts to assess the ERP system initiative by IR and analyse how it can be imbibed into the existing IR’s HR system. In short, the case study attempts to answer the following assignment questions which form the learning objectives of this case study: What are the HR practices that are being followed in the world’s largest commercial employer? How are the HR practices followed helpful in the retention of employees? How can IR pursue the change initiatives, especially ERP implementation, among the employees without any resistance? What are the changes/initiatives that can be imbibed in the HR practices to improve the existing system? Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 6: Human Resource Management.
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Hendrix, Levanne R. "Intercultural Collaboration: An Approach to Long Term Care for Urban American Indians." Care Management Journals 4, no. 1 (March 2003): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/cmaj.4.1.46.57474.
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Most long term care of older urban American Indians is provided in the community by family, extended family, or fictive kin, and American Indians are rarely found in long term care facilities. An approach to American Indian elderly requires some understanding of Indian ways in order to be effective therapeutically and acceptable to the older Indian. Multiple interviews, a focus group, and a survey conducted in an urban Indian community revealed the consistent perception by American Indian elderly and their families that health care providers lacked information, understanding, and respect for Indian culture.
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Nofz, Michael P. "Alcohol Abuse and Culturally Marginal American Indians." Social Casework 69, no. 2 (February 1988): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104438948806900201.
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A task-centered group approach for culturally marginal American Indians is proposed. The author emphasizes the structure of the group. Marginal cultural status of Indians, dominant American Indian values, and group-oriented tasks are discussed.
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Malik, Shaista, Samar Zakki, Dur-e-Afsha, and Wajid Riaz. "Politico-cultural appropriation of Native American in American Indian poetry and drama: Unflinchingly documents the halfway existence." Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS) 2, no. 1 (September 22, 2021): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.jhsms/2.1.12.
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During the Twentieth century Native American literature evolved from anonymity into prominence by assuming a commitment to reflect the particular challenges that faced Native American people during last two centuries. Native American Literature illuminates about Native American lives, culture and how Indian values have changed from traditional tribal to mainstream ones that threatened tribal existence. The paper seeks to substantiate that this literature documents the horrible impact of brutal federal government on Indian’s lives through policies and programs designed to subject them to degrading and confining existence both on physical and mental levels. The paper also seeks to prove that the Indians in order to adapt themselves to the mainstream Euro-American ways lost their old ones along the way but could not adopt mainstream American lifestyle. At the turn of the Twenty First century, because of the coercive strategies for assimilation, American Indians residing on reservations could not become a part of mainstream America but the way back to traditionalism was also farther away and irreversible. The paper also strives to substantiate that Native American literature documents and provokes Indians to assert their tribal identity by retaining many of the tribal ways and values.
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Moreno Reséndiz, Gerson. "El demonio y el buen salvaje : el indio como concepto en los tratados franciscanos de la primera mitad del siglo XVI." Estudios: filosofía, historia, letras 19, no. 136 (2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5347/01856383.0136.000299521.
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In their apostolate, the Franciscans build their discourses around two great narratives, the first of which were the enemies: the devil and some Spanish authorities, who they saw as opposed to the evangelization of the Indians. The second dealed the very nature of the Indians. As the Indians were the object and purpose of the mission in America, the Franciscans contributed to the formation of the concept of the Indian.
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Pabbla, Amandeep, Charles Agyemang, Geert van der Heijden, and Denise Duijster. "Association of integration with oral health among Indian migrants living in the Netherlands." PLOS ONE 19, no. 3 (March 7, 2024): e0298768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298768.
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Background Limited data exist about the relationship between acculturation and oral health. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the association of integration with self-reported oral health, behaviours, and oral healthcare utilization among Indian migrants living in the Netherlands, a cross sectional survey study. Methods Between February and April 2021, a random sample from Dutch municipalities was obtained for the Indian migrants living in the Netherlands (n = 147). A validated questionnaire was used to collect information on independent variables, namely socio-demographic, integration assessment tool: Immigration Policy Lab (IPL-12) and everyday discrimination scale (EDS). The outcome variables were self-reported oral health, oral health behaviours, and oral healthcare utilization. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess the associations. Results Higher integration among Indian migrants was associated with longer stay in the Netherlands, having a Dutch passport, intention to settle in the Netherlands, and having a permanent residence. After adjusting for covariates such as age, gender, marital status, education, income, occupation, and dental insurance, regression analysis showed that Indians with higher integration had lower odds of reporting their oral health as fair to poor [OR = 0.92(95%CI:0.0.85;0.99)] than the Indians with low integration scores. Also, Indians with higher integration had lower odds of using a manual toothbrush as compared to an electric toothbrush or use of both [OR = 0.86(95%CI:0.76;0.97)]. Highly integrated Indians had lower odds of consuming Indian sweets than lower integrated Indians (OR = 0.91; 95%CI:0.86;0.97). Indians with higher integration had 1.15 times (95% CI:1.03;1.29) higher odds of visiting a Dutch dental professional than visiting a dentist in both places (India and the Netherlands). No significant association was found between discrimination and the three outcome variables. Conclusion Integration is positively association with self-reported oral health outcomes among the Indian migrants. Measure to improve integration among Indian migrants may help to promote healthy oral health behaviours and improve their oral health care utilization.
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Zumoff, J. A. "The 1925 Tenants’ Strike in Panama: West Indians, the Left, and the Labor Movement." Americas 74, no. 4 (August 22, 2017): 513–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2017.88.
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In September-October 1925, there occurred in Panama a tenants' strike that helped define the development of the left and workers' movement in that nation. This article presents an overview of the strike—important because no synthetic English-language account exists—and then analyzes the role of black West Indians in the event. West Indians were prominent among the ranks of workers in Panama, and among the slums of Panama City and Colón. Nonetheless, they were not central to the rent strike. This absence reflects the historic relationship between West Indian and Hispanic workers in the isthmus, the effect of the recent defeat of strikes led by West Indians in the Panama Canal Zone, and the lack of attention paid to attracting West Indian support by the Hispanic leadership of the tenants' strike. This division between the West Indian population and the broader labor movement in Panama had lasting effects in the history of the Panamanian left, reinforcing divisions between the struggle for Panamanian self-determination and the struggle against racist oppression of West Indians and their descendants in Panama.
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D'Aloisio, L. D., N. Haskey, N. Abulizi, J. Barnett, V. Shetty, U. Bhaumik, M. Ballal, S. Ghosh, and D. Gibson. "A185 A GUT MICROBIOME TRANSITION: THE JOURNEY FROM INDIA TO CANADA." Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 7, Supplement_1 (February 14, 2024): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwad061.185.
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Abstract Background Young Indian immigrants and Indo-Canadians face a significantly higher risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in westernized countries. While the etiology of IBD remains unclear, a gut microbiome that is no longer symbiotic with its host is a key player. However, Indians are underrepresented in microbiome research, therefore we cannot accurately assess the role of their gut microbiome in IBD. To understand why Indians are at a greater risk for IBD in Canada, we must first characterize their gut microbiome. Aims This study explores how immigration to Canada impacts the gut microbiome of Indian populations, potentially elevating their risk to IBD. Methods Stool samples from healthy volunteers (ages 17-53) were collected from Indians in India, Indo-Immigrants, Indo-Canadians, Euro-Canadians and Euro-Immigrants. DNA was extracted for 16S sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform and shotgun sequencing on the Illumina NovaSeq platform. Dietary data was processed in ESHA. Results Weighted Unifrac revealed distinct clusters of Indian and Indo-Immigrant samples from the westernized cohorts. The most pronounced difference was between Indian and Euro-Canadians with a pseudo-F value of 49.18 (q = 0.00125). Indian versus Indo-Immigrants resulted in a pseudo-F value of 7.707 (q = 0.00125), and Indian versus Indo-Canadian had a pseudo-F value of 15.95 (q = 0.00125). BugBase estimated a significantly higher stress tolerance in the Indian gut, with Proteobacteria driving this phenotypic prediction. Compared to Euro-Canadians, a significantly higher pathogenic potential was predicted in Indians (pFDR= 1.04e-11) and Indo-Immigrants (pFDR= 1.41e-04), driven mainly from Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Multiple comparisons with LDA revealed Prevotella was over 5 times more abundant in Indians residing in India. The gut microbiome in Indians were also enriched with taxa associated with a plant-based diet. Dietary data showed that 59% of Indians do not consume meat, and they also had the lowest consumption (12% caloric intake) of group 4 ultra-processed food (UPF), whereas the highest consumption of UPF was in Indo-Canadians (61% caloric intake) (pbonf ampersand:003C 0.0001). A frequent trend was observed in Indians living in Canada, which was a reduction in key nutrients including soluble fiber, zinc, iron, and folate, some of which are commonly found in plant-based foods. Conclusions Overall findings reveal that a loss of Prevotella abundance was observed in Indo-Immigrants and Indo-Canadians, which was associated with a reduction in key nutrients that are common to a plant-based diet, indicating a transition away from their traditional diet. Their dietary changes may be a driver to the displacement of Prevotella and other taxa commonly found in the Indian gut microbiome. Funding Agencies NSERC, Killam
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Eichner, June E., Kymberly Cravatt, Laura A. Beebe, Kathleen S. Blevins, Martha L. Stoddart, Zoran Bursac, Fawn Yeh, Elisa T. Lee, and William E. Moore. "Tobacco Use among American Indians in Oklahoma: An Epidemiologic View." Public Health Reports 120, no. 2 (March 2005): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003335490512000214.
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Objectives. With the exception of national surveys that sample the entire U.S. population, little information exists on tobacco habits among American Indians. This study is a comparison of tobacco use findings in the 1990s among American Indians in Oklahoma, a state with a large and diverse American Indian population (39 tribes). Methods. Data on current tobacco use are presented from two statewide surveys, the Oklahoma Youth Tobacco Survey and the Native American Behavioral Risk Factor Survey, as well as two large epidemiologic studies of chronic disease among American Indians—the Cherokee Diabetes Study and the Strong Heart Study. Three of these four sources of data involve research/surveys exclusively about American Indians. Results. Nontraditional use of tobacco by American Indians occurs frequently, according to each instrument. Initiation to this habit begins in middle school and increases dramatically during high school. After age 50, reporting by individuals that they currently smoke declines steadily. Conclusions. Despite sampling different individuals for the surveys and different tribes for the epidemiologic research, results were comparable in age groups that overlapped. These findings support national data indicating that American Indians have higher prevalence rates of smoking than other racial/ethnic groups. American Indians report smoking on average about a half a pack of cigarettes per day. Individuals reporting using tobacco solely for ceremonial purposes were far fewer than habitual users. Buying tobacco products in American Indian smoke shops helps tribal economies; this fact needs to be considered for prevention programs to succeed.
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Ayob, Azman. "India-Burma (Myanmar) Relations under British India Administration prior to 1937 Separation: Influx of Indians and Awakening of Nationalist Movements in Burma." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 9, SI20 (March 13, 2024): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v9isi20.5892.
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The paper focuses on India-Burma relations under British India’s administration prior to the 1937 separation. As for data gathering, content analysis was adopted. The findings are analyzed through two perspectives: the influx of the Indians into Burma and the awakening of Burma’s nationalist movements related to Mahatma Gandhi. The findings of this study demonstrates that the influx of the Indian immigrants had eventually gave rise to the Burmese nationalist movements and the separation of Burma from British India was influenced by the Indian nationalists as well as a thought by Mahatma Gandhi that Burma cannot be part of India.
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Peyton, John T. ""The Land We Have We Wish to Keep": Miami Autonomy and Resistance to Removal in Indiana, 1812–1826." Indiana Magazine of History 119, no. 2 (June 2023): 139–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/imh.2023.a899498.
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ABSTRACT: The ability of Indiana tribes to resist removal, compel Euro-Americans to their terms, and maintain a land base was best exemplified by the Miamis in the years after the War of 1812 to 1826. Rather than become victims of dispossession, the Miamis reconstructed an identity riven by intratribal divisions that both ignited conflict between Euro-Americans and Indians and brought destruction to the Miami homeland. The Miamis used the memory of their divisions to regain political cohesion under the autonomous leadership of Jean Baptiste Richardville. In the process, they confronted the threat of Indian removal by using strategies based on their cultural customs, while also mixing these ideas with understandings of Euro-American landholding practices, racial constructions of Indians, and devices of Indigenous subjugation. Ultimately, the Miamis' efforts equipped them with resistance strategies that they utilized to conditionally prevent their displacement from their native homeland.
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Chakraverti, Gangapriya. "Can I be a Global Indian?" NHRD Network Journal 14, no. 4 (October 2021): 460–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26314541211048071.
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In over 30 years as a corporate professional, mostly with multinational organisations, Gangapriya has worked closely with Indian, non-Indian managers and co-workers. These interactions allowed her to dig deeper on what being ‘Indian’ means. In this article, she writes about how working with employees from across the world, in multinational organisations, gives us the advantage to look critically at ourselves, while also having the opportunity to observe and learn from ‘the other’. Based entirely on her observations, experiences and inferences, she focuses on typical aspects of ‘Indian-ness’ that stand out—the abiding regard for hierarchy, the inexplicable relationship with time, how competitive Indians can be and how it drives them, and how Indians contend with conflicts of interest and deal with issues about data privacy and the general unease with compliance. It is her firm belief that with reflection, self-awareness and confidence arising out of knowing oneself, Indians may be better placed to deal with the underlying confusion and anxiety around whether to ‘stand out’ or ‘fit in’ and navigate with ease in a multinational and multicultural environment. For Indians employed in multinational, global organisations, she believes that such experiences provide a valuable opportunity to become better versions of ourselves. Similarly, organisations get to appreciate the differences that Indians bring to the table, while, at the same time, understanding the common characteristics that come with such a diverse workforce. Through this article, she explores what ‘Indian-ness’ means to her and how in this ‘flat’ world, it is imperative and important for us to retain our identity as an ‘Indian’ yet be comfortable in a globalised environment so that we feel connected with the larger team without being lost at an individual level.
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Tyquiengco, Marina, and Monika Siebert. "Are Indians in America's DNA?" Contemporaneity: Historical Presence in Visual Culture 8 (October 30, 2019): 80–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/contemp.2019.288.
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A conversation between Dr. Monika Siebert and Marina Tyquiengco on:
Americans
National Museum of the American Indian
January 18, 2018–2022
Washington, D.C.
Monika Siebert, Indians Playing Indian: Multiculturalism and Contemporary Indigenous Art in North America. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2015.
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V. Domínguez, Daisy. "American Indians in feature films: beyond the big Screen." Collection Building 33, no. 4 (September 30, 2014): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cb-03-2014-0015.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine whether library collections accurately represent the breadth of portrayals of American Indians in feature film. It also provides collection development resources for developing and strengthening feature film collections by and about American Indians. Design/methodology/approach – This study compares WorldCat holdings of a sample of theatrically released films about American Indians with independent American Indian-made films. Findings – WorldCat holdings as a whole do not represent the breadth of portrayals of American Indians in feature film. Originality/value – There are no studies that examine library holdings of feature films by and about American Indians. This paper presents an opportunity to examine our collecting habits and recommends resources for building feature film collections that better represent the manifold Native American experience.
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Nizomovna, Dilnavoz Murodova. "FENIMORE COOPER AS A DEFENDER OF INDIANS." Current Research Journal of Philological Sciences 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-05-01-05.
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The article discusses how Fenimore Cooper's novel "Pioneers", which is a part of the "Leatherstocking Tales" pentalogy, represents Indians in the work. The author portrays Indians as friends of all living things, including plants and animals, in this piece. Indians are portrayed in the work as defenders of the natural world. The loyalty and friendship of the Indian character Chingachgook to Natty Bumppo serves as an example of how vital friendship is to Indians in general. Through this work, the author assumes the role of an advocate for Native Americans, as the Native people are portrayed favorably and a positive image is established for them.
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Buckley, Apanakhi. "American Indians fitting into Medical School." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 27, no. 2 (December 1999): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1326011100600522.
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This paper describes a qualitative study of how indigenous people experience medical school in the United States. Nine American Indians and Alaska Natives participated in the study: five women and four men. They came from eight different tribes, but they have asked me to protect their confidentiality, so I will not identify their tribes. Their ages ranged from 27 to 39. Five of them had children. Two of them were unmarried.In the United States, the need for indigenous physicians is great. Twice as many American Indians die from homicide and suicide as non-Indians in the United States (Wallace, Kirk, Houston, Amnest, and Emrich, 1993); three times as many die from accidents and more than four times as many die from alcoholism (Indian Health Service, 1996). Diabetes is rampant among American Indians and Alaska Natives. Women are the hardest hit (Gilliland, Gilliland, and Carter; 1997). More than five times as many American Indian and Alaska Native women die from diabetes than non-Latina white women.
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DAWSON, ALEXANDER S. "From Models for the Nation to Model Citizens: Indigenismo and the ‘Revindication’ of the Mexican Indian, 1920–40." Journal of Latin American Studies 30, no. 2 (May 1998): 279–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x98005057.
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This article examines the creation of an Indian ideal within Indigenismo in the years 1920–40. While scholars argue that Indigenismo described a degenerate Indian ‘other’, this article shows that it often represented the Indian as a model for revolutionary politics and culture. This is evident first in Indigenista celebrations of Indian cultures during the 1920s, and in their valorisation of Indians as rational political actors with modern sensibilities during the 1930s. In validating this ‘modern’ Indian, Indigenistas created a limited framework for legitimate ‘Indian politics’ which took place within the national culture. However, they also labelled Indians who challenged revolutionary programs as ‘primitive’ and ‘pre-political’.
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McQueen, Alison, and Burke A. Hendrix. "Tocqueville in Jacksonian Context: American Expansionism and Discourses of American Indian Nomadism inDemocracy in America." Perspectives on Politics 15, no. 3 (August 18, 2017): 663–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592717000895.
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Tocqueville’s discussion of American Indians inDemocracy in Americais often read as the paradigmatic expression of a conventional story about American political expansion. This narrative holds that westward expansion was easy, in part because American Indians did not offer much resistance. Historians of political thought and scholars of American Political Development tend to affirm this narrative when they read Tocqueville’s text as suggesting merely that Indians are “doomed” to an inevitable extinction. Our interpretation here proceeds along different lines, with a greater focus on the ways in which contending Jacksonian-era discourses of Indian nomadism are represented in Tocqueville’s text. We argue thatDemocracyreflects complex and often competing descriptions of inherent Indian nomadism, retreat, and removal, with varying attributions of causal responsibility for disappearing Indian populations. This reading of Tocqueville highlights contentions about Indian removal that are often ignored or neglected in current scholarship, and can therefore help us to better appreciate both his text and his time.
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Mathew, P. A. "Indian's in Silicon Valley: Networks and Opportunities." Artha - Journal of Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (November 12, 2004): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12724/ajss.5.6.
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The emigration of Indians to foreign countries especially U.S. was made possible because of the availability of talented and brainy students and professionals in India and the favourable immigration laws. The networking structure part of the silicon valley provided the Indians with ample opportunities for wealth creation and to start new enterprises. It took some time for Indians to seize the opportunity. The hindrances encountered by the technocrats mainly emerged from the bureaucracy and the protectionism of the Indian market.
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McGovern, D., and R. Cope. "The Compulsory Detention of Males of Different Ethnic Groups, with Special Reference to Offender Patients." British Journal of Psychiatry 150, no. 4 (April 1987): 505–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.4.505.
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Compulsory detention rates of white, West Indian and Asian males under Part IV and Part V (offenders) of the 1959 Mental Health Act were compared: British-born West Indians and Asians were differentiated from migrants. Rates for Asians were similar to those for whites, but West Indians were significantly over-represented amongst compulsory detentions, especially as offender patients. A high total number of admissions and diagnostic differences accounted for the excess of West Indians admitted under Part IV, but not Part V.
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Lubinski, Christina. "Global Trade and Indian Politics: The German Dye Business in India before 1947." Business History Review 89, no. 3 (2015): 503–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680515000707.
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This article analyzes the German dye business in India before 1947 as an example of expanding German-Indian commercial relationships. German dye manufacturers showed great interest in India's economic potential in the absence of discriminatory tariffs, while Indian elites were interested in non-British Western partners, which could support their struggle for industrial self-reliance. This particular alignment of interests facilitated cooperation and shows that the so-called European experience is more diverse than research has shown so far. The analysis highlights global trading networks beyond the political boundaries of formal empire and offers an alternative perspective on Indian business history, which reveals more competition between multinationals of different origins and more strategic choices available to Indians.
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Nowrojee, Pheroze. "The Indian Freedom Struggle and the Kenyan Diaspora." Matatu 52, no. 1 (November 22, 2021): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-05201008.
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Abstract The connections between the Indian Freedom movement and the Kenyan Indian diaspora after the First World War led to the involvement of the Indian National Congress and Gandhi in the struggle of the Kenyan Indians for equality and equal treatment with the British white settlers in Kenya. The Congress considered that the success of the equality struggle in Kenya would also lead to equal treatment of Indians in India itself. This was consistent with the prevailing political goal of the freedom movement in India in 1919, which was self-rule through Dominion Status under the British Crown. But when the struggle of the Kenya Indians failed and equality was denied to them by the famous Devonshire Declaration in 1923, there the Indian freedom movement realized that this signalled unequal status and a denial of self-rule to India itself. Historic consequences followed. This was the turning point and over the years immediately after the Kenyan decision (1923–1929), the Indian National Congress changed its political aim from Dominion Status to Full Independence as a Republic, realized over the 17 years to 1947.
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Penny, H. Glenn. "Red Power: Liselotte Welskopf-Henrich and Indian Activist Networks in East and West Germany." Central European History 41, no. 3 (August 21, 2008): 447–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938908000587.
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A curious photograph appeared in 1976 in the East-German newspaper Junge Welt (Fig. 1). Two well-known members of the American Indian Movement (AIM), Dennis Banks and Vernon Bellecourt, were shown together with an elderly German woman, Liselotte Welskopf-Henrich, at her home in East Berlin. This photo, like so many of the photos of Indians in unexpected places, always seems to amuse people, leading them to ask with a snigger why the Indians were there. The Indians' presence in such places, however, is seldom a laughing matter, and in this case, scholars of the post-war era might find the answer to the simple question of the Indians' presence somewhat disconcerting.
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Nandy, Ashis. "Time Travel to a Possible Self: Searching for the Alternative Cosmopolitanism of Cochin." Japanese Journal of Political Science 1, no. 2 (November 2000): 295–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109900002061.
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Cochin or Kochi is one of the few cities in India where the precolonial traditions of cultural pluralism refuse to die. It is one of the largest natural harbours in India and has also become, during the last fifty years, a major centre of the Indian Navy. With the growing security consciousness in official India, it has recently become less accessible to non-Indians, particularly if they happen to be from one of the countries with which India''s relationship is tense. Few mind that, for the city no longer means much to the outside world. To Indians, too, except probably for the more historically conscious Malayalis, Cochin is no longer the ‘epitome of adventure’ it was to Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi or a crucible of cultures, as it is to its former mayor, K. J. Sohan. For most, it is now one of those regional cities not quite up to the standard of India's major metropolitan centres.
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Nair, Savita. "Despite dislocations: Uganda's Indians remaking home." Africa 88, no. 3 (July 17, 2018): 492–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972018000190.
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AbstractThe distinctive migration history of Uganda's Indians allows us to rethink diaspora identities and memory in forming translocal communities. Settlement, citizenship and displacement created a postcolonial order of overlapping allegiances and multiple, mobile identities. ‘Home’ had been extended and thus connected to sites in India and East Africa, yet the 1972 expulsion called into question the ways in which Uganda's Indians recalled the very idea of home. While expulsion was a momentous crescendo to nineteenth- and early twentieth-century migrations, it did not put an end to the history of Uganda's Indians. This article focuses on the life histories of diverse Indian migrants: an industrialist's multi-local legacy, the post-expulsion return of Indians to two Ahmedabad (Gujarat, India) neighbourhoods, the repatriation of former residents back to Uganda in the 1980s and 1990s, and a brand-new generation of Indians coming to Uganda. By tracing these movements, I examine Indian migrants’ articulations of identity, investment and interaction vis-à-vis East Africa and India. How do experiences of rejection and return factor into (multi)national loyalties, notions of home and diaspora identities? How does an autobiography, a built structure or a neighbourhood construct and complicate both memories of migration and a migrant community's identity? I place India and Africa on the same historical map, and, by doing so, offer a way to include Indians in the framework of African political economy and society.
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Vyšný, Peter. "The Cultural Otherness of the Indians as a Just Cause of the Spanish Conquest of the Americas." Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio G (Ius) 70, no. 3 (January 11, 2023): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/g.2023.70.3.15-30.
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The Spanish conquest of the Americas has been interpreted – and at the same time legitimized – in a number of ways. One of them was passing it off as a just war. There were two basic views on what should be considered a just cause of the conquest. For some, this cause was the cultural, especially religious, otherness of the Indians and its main manifestation – the extreme sinfulness of the Indians. Others, however, denied that the cultural/religious otherness or the extreme sinfulness of the Indians was a just cause for waging war against them. Both views are briefly explored in the study. The article also shows that their contradiction was only partial. Supporters of the first and second views differed on the question of the methods of carrying out the Spanish conquest of the Americas or the establishment of Spanish rule over America, but not in the belief that the Spanish conquest and rule could have positive effects for the Indians – the ‘imperfect’ Indian societies would become an integral part of the ‘perfect’ European Christian civilization, represented by the Spanish monarchy. The goal of the conquest was so important that even Francisco de Vitoria, who otherwise rejected the cultural/religious otherness of the Indians as a just cause for the war against them, allowed it to be conducted by the Spaniards for certain elements of the Indian way of life or forms of behaviour that resulted from the cultural/religious otherness of the Indians.
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Jayasinghe, Manouri K. "The Significance of Native Indian Presence in American Literature." Asian Review of Social Sciences 11, no. 1 (April 26, 2022): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2022.11.1.3067.
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The image of the Native Indian, was used on both sides of the Atlantic for many years but subsequent to the American war waged against Great Britain in 1812, the Native Indian image was given a previously unseen prominence in American literary works, and this lasted for almost half a century. The reason for this swift change of status of the Native Indians is revealed through the present paper. The works of Irving, Cooper, Longfellow, Hawthorne, and Melville have been referred to in order to strengthen my premise. Hawthorne and Melville use a technique different from the other authors who focus directly on the Native Indians thus proving their importance in American literature of the early 19th century. In The Scarlet Letter and Moby-Dick or The Whale, the respective authors, Hawthorne and Melville bring out the importance of the Native Indians through the almost imperceptible presence of the Native Indians. To understand this, a basic understanding of the plots being required, the storylines of the novels are concisely unfolded through a narrative analysis deriving from a qualitative approach. This enables the reader to understand Hawthorne and Melville’s approach to establishing the significance of the Native Indians and their sudden boost in status in the American literary sphere.
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Steele, Ian K. "Hostage-taking 1754: Virginians vs Canadians1." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 16, no. 1 (May 7, 2007): 49–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/015727ar.
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Abstract When Virginians, Canadians, and Indians clashed, the Allegheny borderlands were a new ‘muddle ground’ of fateful cultural confusions rather than an established middle ground of recognized compromises. The taking of captives was an early, significant, and portentious part of the contest. Indians who were resettling the region were familiar with traditional panis slavery, with raiding for captives in long-range blood feuds, and with trading Indian captives to Europeans. Their capture of European traders, as diplomatic gifts, was a very recent development. Colonial trade rivalries became military, and the paltry forts became sites of negotiated surrender in 1754. Before European regulars arrived in numbers, or the Anglo-French war was formally declared, colonial intruders surrendered to their Indian and colonial rivals on three occasions. Virginians surrendered their incomplete stockade at the forks of the Ohio in April. In May, Virginians and Indians ambushed a Canadian party under Ensign Jumonville, and survivors of the initial skirmish sought quarter. Within five weeks, avenging Canadians and Indians forced Virginians to surrender their aptly-named Fort Necessity. In taking prisoners and hostages in the Allegheny borderlands, colonial officers adapted and violated both European and Indian conventions, and took different approaches in dealing with the independent actions of their Indian allies. On the eve of a major war, captives and their brethren learned what distinctions had been made, and that they might well be violated.
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Wadewitz, Lissa K. "Rethinking the “Indian War”: Northern Indians and Intra-Native Politics in the Western Canada-U.S. Borderlands." Western Historical Quarterly 50, no. 4 (2019): 339–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/whq/whz096.
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Abstract The standard interpretation of Washington Territory’s “Indian War” of the mid-1850s is not only east-west in its orientation, it also leaves little room for Indian auxiliaries, let alone mercenaries-for-hire from the north Pacific coast. “Northern Indians” from what later became northwestern British Columbia and southeastern Alaska provided crucial productive, reproductive, and military labor for early Euro-American settlers. Because Coast Salish communities on both sides of the border had experienced decades of raids and conflicts with various groups of northern Indians by the 1850s, Euro-Americans’ hiring of northern Indians in particular illustrates the importance of intra-Indian geopolitics to subsequent events. When placed in this larger context, the “Indian War” of 1855–56 in western Washington must be seen as part of a longer continuum of disputes involving distant Native groups, intra-Indian negotiations, and forms of Indigenous diplomacy. A closer look at how the key players involved attempted to manipulate these connections for their own purposes complicates our understandings of the military conflicts of the mid-1850s and reveals the significance of evolving Native-newcomer and intra-Indian relations in this transformative decade.
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Lessard, Kerry Hawk, and Gregg Deal. "Real Indians, Last Indians: Art, Anthropology, and the Museumization of Indigenous Lives." Practicing Anthropology 37, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 47–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/0888-4552-37.3.47.
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Historical trauma is a term used to reflect the intergenerational losses experienced by American Indians and whose effects serve to depreciate the health, wellness, and resilience of a contemporary people. One of the lesser explored of these losses is that of identity, specifically the ways in which it is constructed and communicated. Using an image from the performance art piece The Last American Indian on Earth, authors consider the role of anthropology in creating a narrative of indigenous lives that while often at odds with a people's understanding of themselves, is privileged as being far more authoritative. Exploring this contested imagery, authors engage a decolonized viewing practice to deconstruct and critique the problematic nature of museumization and its impacts on Indians and non-Indians alike.