Journal articles: 'Indian sex workers'

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Vijayakumar, Gowri, Shubha Chacko, and Subadra Panchanadeswaran. "Sex Workers Join the Indian Labor Movement." New Labor Forum 24, no. 2 (April 2015): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1095796015579200.

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Nataraj, Shakthi, and Sutapa Majumdar. "Theorizing the Continuities Between Marriage and Sex Work in the Experience of Female Sex Workers in Pune, Maharashtra." Social Sciences 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10020052.

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Marriage is near-universal in India, where most cisgender women sex workers have been married at some point in their lives, while also navigating responsibilities to family and children. In this paper, we explore how cisgender women sex workers in Pune, in the Indian state of Maharashtra, experience continuities between sex work and marriage, while navigating an ideological landscape where sex work and marriage are positioned as opposites. Returning to feminist theoretical models that highlight the economic underpinnings of marriage, we outline three arenas in the Indian context where marriage and sex work overlap rather than remaining opposed and separate entities: (a) migration, (b) attributions of respect and stigma, coded through symbols of marriage and sexual availability, and (c) building and dissolving kinship networks that contest the primacy of biological or affinal kin. In each of these realms the distinction between marriage and sex work is a fraught and contested issue, and the roles of wife, mother, and sex worker can shade into one another based on context. We then examine how three women navigate these contradictions, arguing that focusing on kinship and marriage can circumvent the limitations of the choice versus coercion paradigm that structures current debates on sex work.

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Ray, Mona. "Intervention program impacting Indian sex-workers facing socio-economic disparities." International Journal of Social Economics 43, no. 6 (June 13, 2016): 593–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-10-2014-0216.

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Purpose – Since the first case of AIDS was reported in 1986, several HIV/AIDS intervention program operates at the national and regional level in India, to control the spread of this epidemic. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate one intervention program in a major city of India – Kolkata that targets specifically the commercial sex-workers challenged with socio-economic-health disparities. This intervention program called the Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee (DMSC) is located in the Sonagachi area and nicknamed as the “Sonagachi Project.” Design/methodology/approach – The behavioral change of about 500 sex-workers participating in the survey was studied in 2005. The data were collected from the focus groups of the sex-workers; official records and DMSC officials were also interviewed to collect data. The “short-term” outcome and the “long-term” impact of the program were compared with a baseline survey conducted in 1992 by another study. Findings – Participants experienced increased awareness of the disease, increased literacy rate and increased social and economical empowerment. The incidence of HIV/AIDS has gone down significantly among this high-risk group due to safe-sex practice. Social implications – This community-based organization adopts a unique method of engaging the sex-workers as peer educators to train other sex-workers about safe-sex practices and has become the role model for sex-workers in other parts of the world to fight socio-economic-health disparities. Originality/value – This research was conducted by directly contacting the program directors and members of the Sonagachi project and in that sense is first hand information. It gives valuable insights into the struggles these sex-workers had to go through to gain social and economic empowerment.

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Misra, Geetanjali, Ajay Mahal, and Rima Shah. "Protecting the Rights of Sex Workers: The Indian Experience." Health and Human Rights 5, no. 1 (2000): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4065224.

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Sinha, Sunny. "Ethical and Safety Issues in Doing Sex Work Research: Reflections From a Field-Based Ethnographic Study in Kolkata, India." Qualitative Health Research 27, no. 6 (September 19, 2016): 893–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732316669338.

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While much has been said about the risks and safety issues experienced by female sex workers in India, there is a considerable dearth of information about the difficulties and problems that sex work researchers, especially female researchers, experience when navigating the highly political, ideological, and stigmatized environment of the Indian sex industry. As noted by scholars, there are several methodological and ethical issues involved with sex work research, such as privacy and confidentiality of the participants, representativeness of the sample, and informed consent. Yet, there has been reluctance among scholars to comment on their research process, especially with regard to how they deal with the protocols for research ethics when conducting social and behavioral epidemiological studies among female sex workers in India and elsewhere. Drawing on my 7 months of field-based ethnographic research with “flying” or non-brothel-based female sex workers in Kolkata, India, I provide in this article a reflexive account of the problems encountered in implementing the research process, particularly the ethical and safety issues involved in gaining access and acceptance into the sex industry and establishing contact and rapport with the participants. In doing so, it is my hope that future researchers can develop the knowledge necessary for the design of ethical and non-exploitative research projects with sex workers.

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Gupta, Pallavi. "Can Sex Workers Claim Human Rights In India?" International Journal of Civic Engagement and Social Change 1, no. 1 (January 2014): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcesc.2014010104.

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Human Rights by its origin and nature only advocate the welfare and well-being of all persons with equal treatment everywhere, it never discriminate towards any individual, class or group of people in any society. But Indian Governments at all level have failed to protect, the human rights even civil rights of sex workers. It covers problems of the sex workers and their children or child sex workers entered in sex trade by force & fraud but rescued from sex trade and advocates only claim of sex workers to live with dignity as they are also human being and have human rights. It shall focus on responsibility of government to make effective policy and for its good governance to provide justice to the sex workers and their children under the mandate of judicial directions. But this paper does not advocate demand of sex workers to encourage sex trade by any way.

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Liebler, Carolyn A., Jacob Wise, and Richard M. Todd. "Occupational Dissimilarity between the American Indian/Alaska Native and the White Workforce in the Contemporary United States." American Indian Culture and Research Journal 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 41–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicrj.42.1.liebler.

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Who has which job? When this answer differs by race group or sex, inefficiencies such as labor market discrimination or suboptimal investment in education may be impeding productivity and sustaining inequities. We use US Census data to analyze the occupational structure of American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) workers relative to non-Hispanic white workers. Relative to white workers, AI/AN workers are generally overrepresented in low-skilled occupations and underrepresented in high-skilled occupations, especially men and single-race AI/AN workers. AI/AN occupational dissimilarity does not appear to have declined substantially since 1980. Sex-specific multivariate analyses do not remove the significant inequalities in observed occupational outcomes.

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Dada, Yasmina, François Milord, Eric Frost, Jean-Pierre Manshande, Aloys Kamuragiye, Jean Youssouf, Mejdi Khelifa, and Jacques Pépin. "The Indian Ocean paradox revisited: HIV and sexually transmitted infections in the Comoros." International Journal of STD & AIDS 18, no. 9 (September 1, 2007): 596–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646207781568600.

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The combination of high sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevalence and low HIV prevalence has been described as the Indian Ocean paradox. To investigate current epidemiology of HIV and STI in the Comoros, we conducted cross-sectional surveys of a representative sample of the adult population, and convenience samples of female sex workers and male STI patients. Only one (0.025%) of 3990 community participants was HIV-infected, while 142 (3.6%) had treponemal antibodies. Treponemal antibodies were not associated with past genital ulcers, number of sexual partners or adverse outcomes of pregnancies; their prevalence did not increase with age and there was no concordance within couples. Thus, most individuals with treponemal antibodies were probably infected during childhood with a non-venereal treponematosis. Only 1/70 (1.4%) and 0/83 sex workers sampled in 2004 and 2005 were HIV-infected. The Comoros have been protected by their insular status, male circumcision and paucity of syphilis. HIV control should focus on sex workers.

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Kotiswaran, Prabha. "Born unto Brothels—Toward a Legal Ethnography of Sex Work in an Indian Red-Light Area." Law & Social Inquiry 33, no. 03 (2008): 579–629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2008.00116.x.

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The global sex panic around sex work and trafficking has fostered prostitution law reform worldwide. While the normative status of sex work remains deeply contested, abolitionists and sex work advocates alike display an unwavering faith in the power of criminal law; for abolitionists, strictly enforced criminal laws can eliminate sex markets, whereas for sex work advocates, decriminalization can empower sex workers. I problematize both narratives by delineating the political economy and legal ethnography of Sonagachi, one of India's largest red-light areas. I show how within Sonagachi there exist highly internally differentiated groups of stakeholders, including sex workers, who, variously endowed by a plural rule network—consisting of formal legal rules, informal social norms, and market structures—routinely enter into bargains in the shadow of the criminal law whose outcomes cannot be determined a priori. I highlight the complex relationship between criminal law and sex markets by analyzing the distributional effects of criminalizing customers on Sonagachi's sex industry.

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Sahu, Skylab. "Identity and Other: Women and Transgender Sex Workers in Karnataka." Sociological Bulletin 68, no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038022918819366.

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Indian society is multicultural in nature, the diverse socio-cultural and the political factors operating within the society usually create some sort of norms, establish dominance, identify normality and simultaneously create the ‘other’. The other is not a monolithic singular identity, rather it is multiple identities associated with caste, class, gender, religion, etc. The female gender is entangled to multiple layers of power/powerlessness that makes a group of women more vulnerable than the other. While some like sex workers face exclusion because of their disclosed identity, non-recognition of any particular identity can further exclude a group of people. This article analyses how identity formation is an out product of social, political and legal construction. It explains the process through which the state contributes towards social exclusion pertaining to gender, work and sexuality.

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Decker, Michele R., Elizabeth Miller, Anita Raj, Niranjan Saggurti, Balaiah Donta, and Jay G. Silverman. "Indian Menʼs Use of Commercial Sex Workers: Prevalence, Condom Use, and Related Gender Attitudes." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 53, no. 2 (February 2010): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qai.0b013e3181c2fb2e.

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Mamulwar, Megha, Sheela Godbole, Shilpa Bembalkar, Pranil Kamble, Nisha Dulhani, Rajesh Yadav, Chitra Kadu, et al. "Differing HIV vulnerability among female sex workers in a high HIV burden Indian state." PLOS ONE 13, no. 2 (February 8, 2018): e0192130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192130.

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Quaife, Matthew, Aurélia Lépine, Kathleen Deering, Fern Terris-Prestholt, Tara Beattie, Shajy Isac, R. S. Paranjape, and Peter Vickerman. "The cost of safe sex: estimating the price premium for unprotected sex during the Avahan HIV prevention programme in India." Health Policy and Planning 34, no. 10 (October 11, 2019): 784–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz100.

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Abstract There is some evidence that female sex workers (FSWs) receive greater earnings for providing unprotected sex. In 2003, the landscape of the fight against HIV/AIDS dramatically changed in India with the introduction of Avahan, the largest HIV prevention programme implemented globally. Using a unique, cross-sectional bio-behavioural dataset from 3591 FSWs located in the four Indian states where Avahan was implemented, we estimate the economic loss faced by FSWs who always use condoms. We estimate the causal effect of condom use on the price charged during the last paid sexual intercourse using the random targeting of Avahan as an instrumental variable. Results indicate that FSWs who always use condoms face an income loss of 65% (INR125, US$2.60) per sex act compared to peers providing unprotected sex, consistent with our expectations. The main finding confirms that clients have a preference for unprotected sex and that policies aiming at changing clients’ preferences and at improving the bargaining power of FSWs are required to limit the spread of HIV.

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Cornish, Flora. "Empowerment to participate: a case study of participation by indian sex workers in HIV prevention." Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 16, no. 4 (2006): 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/casp.866.

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Heravian, Anisa, Raja Solomon, Gopal Krishnan, C. K. Vasudevan, A. K. Krishnan, Thomas Osmand, and Maria L. Ekstrand. "Alcohol consumption patterns and sexual risk behavior among female sex workers in two South Indian communities." International Journal of Drug Policy 23, no. 6 (November 2012): 498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.03.005.

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PARRY, JONATHAN. "Sex, Bricks and Mortar: Constructing Class in a Central Indian Steel Town." Modern Asian Studies 48, no. 5 (April 8, 2014): 1242–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x1400002x.

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AbstractBased on a case study of informal sector construction labour in the central Indian steel town of Bhilai, this paper explores the intersection and the mutually constitutive relationship between social class on the one hand, and gender (and more specifically sexual) relations on the other. It is part of an attempt to document and analyse a process of class differentiation within the manual labour force between aspirant middle class organized sector workers and the unorganized sector ‘labour class’. With some help from the (pre-capitalist) ‘culture’ of their commonly work-shy men-folk, their class situation forces ‘labour class’ women onto construction sites where they are vulnerable to the sexual predation of supervisors, contractors and owners. That some acquiesce reinforces the widespread belief that ‘labour class’ women are sexually available, which in turn provides ‘proof’ to the labour aristocracy that they themselves are a different and better breed, superior in culture and morals. Class inequalities produce a particular configuration of gender relations; gender relations (and in particular sexual relations) produce a powerful ideological justification for class differentiation. This proposition has strong resonances with processes reported from other parts of the world; but in the Indian context and in its specific focus on sex it has not been clearly articulated and its significance for class formation has not been adequately appreciated.

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Henin, Bernard. "How Do We End Sex-trafficking? A Day in the Life of Two Social Workers." ANTYAJAA: Indian Journal of Women and Social Change 4, no. 2 (December 2019): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455632719893772.

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This photo essay captures the grassroots work of Indian non-governmental organisation (NGO), Apne Aap Women Worldwide, to end sex-trafficking, in a nomadic community outside Delhi, where prostitution is passed down from mother-in-law to daughter-in-law. Young women are pushed into prostitution, after the birth of their first son. Their husbands and fathers-in-law are often the pimps. This nomadic group called the Perans and Saperas were labelled as Criminal Tribes under British colonialism and forced to give up their livelihood of making and selling dairy products, meat and indigenous medicine. Apne Aap social workers recruit girls to go to school, help them with homework, and try and make them stay in school, to break the cycle of inter-generational prostitution.

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Misra, Gunjika, Damodar Sahu, Umenthala S. Reddy, and Saritha Nair. "Correlates of HIV prevalence among female sex workers in four north and east Indian states: findings of a national bio-behavioural survey." International Journal of STD & AIDS 30, no. 2 (September 20, 2018): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462418799018.

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The socio-demographic, sex work characteristics and the factors affecting HIV prevalence among female sex workers (FSWs) are not well known in low prevalence states showing rising trends within the HIV epidemic. This paper studies these attributes among FSWs in three north (Punjab, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh) and one east Indian states (Jharkhand). Integrated Biological and Behavioural Surveillance (IBBS) data, collected from 4491 FSWs in the study states, were analysed, with HIV status as the dependent variable and several socio-demographic, sex work, knowledge and agency characteristics as independent variables. Multivariate analysis found a number of factors such as age above 25 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 5.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4–18.1), client solicitation in rented rooms (AOR 2.8, 95% CI 1.2–6.4) and the use of mobile phones for client solicitation (AOR 5.1, 95% CI 1.6–16.0) to be significantly associated with HIV risk. The study found low levels of HIV programme services uptake and HIV/AIDS knowledge among FSWs in the study states. There is an urgent need to focus on these risk factors for improving the effectiveness of the ongoing HIV prevention efforts and attaining the ‘Sustainable Development Goals’ goal of ‘Ending the AIDS epidemic’ by 2030.

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Navani-Vazirani, Sonia, Davidson Solomon, Gopalakrishnan, Elsa Heylen, Aylur Kailasom Srikrishnan, Canjeevaram K. Vasudevan, and Maria L. Ekstrand. "Mobile phones and sex work in South India: the emerging role of mobile phones in condom use by female sex workers in two Indian states." Culture, Health & Sexuality 17, no. 2 (October 10, 2014): 252–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2014.960002.

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Cornish, Flora, Anuprita Shukla, and Riddhi Banerji. "Persuading, protesting and exchanging favours: strategies used by Indian sex workers to win local support for their HIV prevention programmes." AIDS Care 22, sup2 (December 2010): 1670–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2010.521545.

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Allam, Ramesh R., Mayuko Takamiya, Rashmi Pant, Sabitha Gandham, Vijay V. Yeldandi, Jaya Thomas, Maria L. Ekstrand, and Mark S. Dworkin. "Factors associated with non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy among female sex workers living with HIV in Hyderabad, India." International Journal of STD & AIDS 31, no. 8 (July 2020): 735–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462420920145.

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We determined factors associated with non-adherence (consuming <90% of monthly antiretroviral therapy) among female sex workers (FSWs). An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used in a sample of 100 South Indian FSWs living with HIV. We examined demographics, food insecurity, side effects, stigma, alcohol/substance use and self-efficacy. Non-adherence was assessed by self-report, pill-count and combined measures. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated at p-value <0.1. Thirty-seven percent (33/90) of FSWs were non-adherent by pill-count, 29% (28/95) by self-report and 52% (51/99) by the combined measure. Seventy-six percent (76/100) of FSWs reported experience of at least one form of food insecurity in the past six months. In the regression analysis, arrest in the past year was independently associated with the combined measure of non-adherence (crude prevalence ratios 1.7, 95% CI 1.0–2.8). A successful combination adherence intervention should consider several of the socio-behavioral factors identified in this study including arrest and food insecurity.

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Verma, R., A. Shekhar, S. Khobragade, R. Adhikary, B. George, B. M. Ramesh, V. Ranebennur, et al. "Scale-up and coverage of Avahan: a large-scale HIV-prevention programme among female sex workers and men who have sex with men in four Indian states." Sexually Transmitted Infections 86, Suppl 1 (February 1, 2010): i76—i82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.2009.039115.

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Ramesh, Banadakoppa M., Stephen Moses, Reynold Washington, Shajy Isac, Bidhubhushan Mohapatra, Sangameshwar B. Mahagaonkar, Rajatashuvra Adhikary, et al. "Determinants of HIV prevalence among female sex workers in four south Indian states: analysis of cross-sectional surveys in twenty-three districts." AIDS 22, Suppl 5 (December 2008): S35—S44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000343762.54831.5c.

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Guedou, F. A., L. van Damme, F. M. Mirembe, S. Solomon, M. Becker, J. Deese, T. Crucitti, D. Taylor, and M. Alary. "O1-S05.06 Association between prevalent Bacterial vaginosis (BV) and HIV Infection among female sex workers at two African and two Indian sites." Sexually Transmitted Infections 87, Suppl 1 (July 1, 2011): A34—A35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2011-050109.30.

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K., Vishal, Vinay K. V., and Johncy I. P. "Morphology and morphometry of infra orbital foramen in South Indian adult dry skulls." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 03, no. 03 (July 2014): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401761.

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Abstract Background: The infra orbital foramen (IOF) situated below infra-orbital margin (IOM) transmits infraorbital nerve and infra- orbital vessels. The knowledge of the dimension, shape and direction of the IOF has important implications in various surgical and anaesthetic procedures. This will avoid iatrogenic injury to neurovascular bundle emerging from the IOF. Material and methods: Sixty adult dry skulls of unknown sex from the Department of Anatomy and Department of Forensic Medicine were used. IOF on both sides of skulls were assessed for the shape and direction by inspection. The vertical and horizontal diameter of the IOF was measured using a digital Vernier caliper to the nearest millimeters and the results were statistically analyzed. Results: The shape of the IOF was vertically oval in majority of the skulls (37.5%) and was semi lunar shaped in 10.83% of the skull. The IOF was directed inferomedially in about 52.5% of the cases and was directed medially in 6.67% of the cases. The mean transverse diameter was 2.96mm and the mean vertical diameter was 3.7mm. All the above results were compared with studies of previous workers. Conclusion: The present study confirms that there is racial as well as regional variation in the shape and dimensions of IOF, thus emphasizing the need to have morphometric data for South Indian population.

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Mukhopadhyay, J. "Medico-social profile of male alcoholics in a north Indian city." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 7 (June 23, 2017): 2596. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20172866.

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Background:Alcohol Dependence has been posing an unprecedented public health challenge in recent years. Alcohol related morbidity and mortality has attained new zenith that merits attention. Considering the abominable effects of alcoholism, it was decided to study the medico-social profile of male alcoholics in an urban set-up to identify the risk factors and suggest preventive measures.Methods:60 subjects reporting to a de-addiction centre at a north Indian town for treatment were studied during September 2014-February 2015. All the individuals were satisfying the criteria of alcohol dependence as per diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder. A pretested structured proforma was introduced to the consenting individuals, which included demographic details, personal and family history with details of physical and mental status examination. Data obtained was analysed and tabulated.Results:The mean age of the alcoholics seeking treatment was 37.86 years. Majority of them were married, middle school educated, employed urbanite, unskilled workers from lower middle class background. Mean ages of first alcoholic drink and first intoxication were 18.95 and 20.35 years respectively. Dependency developed at 28.60 years. Alcoholic father (65%) and brothers (31.67%) appeared tended the subjects towards alcohol. Financial stress and withdrawal problems mostly steered them to seek treatment. Epidemiological insight unveiled many risk factors like vulnerability of adolescents, male sex, nominal schooling, low socio-economic lineage, early employment, peer pressure, alcoholic father and siblings, financial stress and family discord.Conclusions:More community based studies are suggested to identify the community specific risk factors for alcoholism and recommend suitable preventive measures to abate alcoholism.

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BHARAT, SHALINI, JAYASHREE RAMAKRISHNA, ELSA HEYLEN, and MARIA L. EKSTRAND. "GENDER-BASED ATTITUDES, HIV MISCONCEPTIONS AND FEELINGS TOWARDS MARGINALIZED GROUPS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH STIGMATIZATION IN MUMBAI, INDIA." Journal of Biosocial Science 46, no. 6 (February 14, 2014): 717–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932014000054.

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SummaryThis study examined the association of gender-based attitudes, HIV misconceptions and community feelings for marginalized groups with stigmatizing responses towards people with HIV/AIDS in Mumbai, India. Participants included 546 men and women sampled in hospital settings during 2007–2008. Structured measures were used to assess avoidance intentions and denial of rights of people with HIV/AIDS. Mean age of participants was 32 years; 42% had less than 10 years of education. Higher HIV transmission misconceptions (β=0.47; p<0.001), more traditional gender attitudes (β=0.11; p<0.01) and more negative feelings towards HIV-positive people (β=0.23; p<0.001) were related to higher avoidance intentions. Endorsement of denial of rights was also significantly associated with higher transmission misconceptions (β=0.20; p<0.001), more traditional gender attitudes (β=0.33; p<0.001) and greater negative feelings towards HIV-positive people (β=0.12; p<0.05), as well as with a lower education level (β=−0.10; p<0.05). The feelings respondents had towards people with HIV/AIDS were more strongly correlated with their feelings towards those with other diseases (tuberculosis, leprosy) than with feelings they had towards those associated with ‘immoral’ behaviour (e.g. sex workers). Eliminating HIV transmission misconceptions and addressing traditional gender attitudes are critical for reducing HIV stigma in Indian society.

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Buzdugan, Raluca, Shiva S. Halli, Jyoti M. Hiremath, Krishnamurthy Jayanna, T. Raghavendra, Stephen Moses, James Blanchard, Graham Scambler, and Frances Cowan. "The Female Sex Work Industry in a District of India in the Context of HIV Prevention." AIDS Research and Treatment 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/371482.

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HIV prevalence in India remains high among female sex workers. This paper presents the main findings of a qualitative study of the modes of operation of female sex work in Belgaum district, Karnataka, India, incorporating fifty interviews with sex workers. Thirteen sex work settings (distinguished by sex workers' main places of solicitation and sex) are identified. In addition to previously documented brothel, lodge, street,dhaba(highway restaurant), and highway-based sex workers, under-researched or newly emerging sex worker categories are identified, including phone-based sex workers, parlour girls, and agricultural workers. Women working in brothels, lodges,dhabas, and on highways describe factors that put them at high HIV risk. Of these,dhabaand highway-based sex workers are poorly covered by existing interventions. The paper examines the HIV-related vulnerability factors specific to each sex work setting. The modes of operation and HIV-vulnerabilities of sex work settings identified in this paper have important implications for the local programme.

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Das, Anjana, Anupam Khungar Pathni, Prakash Narayanan, Bitra George, Guy Morineau, Tobi Saidel, Parimi Prabhakar, et al. "High rates of reinfection and incidence of bacterial sexually transmitted infections in a cohort of female sex workers from two Indian cities: need for different STI control strategies?" Sexually Transmitted Infections 89, no. 1 (November 29, 2012): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2012-050472.

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B.M, Lakshmi Kantha, Shashanka M.J, and Varsha Mokashi. "Morphometric Study of Distance of Axillary Nerve from Acromial Process of the Scapula in South Indian Population." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 06, no. 01 (January 2017): 016–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1700722.

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Abstract Background: The common cause of axillary nerve injury is due to lack of knowledge about the safe position of the nerve during orthopedic surgeries. Many workers have studied the safe area for axillary nerve by measuring its distance from various landmarks. The aim of the present study is to find the average distance of the location of the axillary nerve from the acromion process in the cadavers. Materials and Methods: 50 Shoulder region specimens from 25 cadavers (aged 45-55 years; both male and female sex) available in the department of Anatomy, BGS Global Institute of Medical Sciences, Bengaluru were utilized for the present study. After methodical dissection of shoulder region we measured the distance from 1) Lateral aspect of acromion processes to root of axillary nerve and 2) Posterior aspect of acromion processes to root of axillary nerve using measuring tape ( in centimeters) on both sides. The descriptive statistics including mean, standard deviation and quartile range were calculated for the measurements on both sides using SPSS software version16. Results: The mean distance of axillary nerve from the lateral edge of the acromion process was 6.39±0.8 cm on right side and 6.33±0.7cm on left side. The mean distance from posterior aspect of acromion process was 5.89±0.6 cm on right side and 5.82±0.6 cm on left side. Quartile distribution showed that, in 75% individuals the distance between lateral aspect of acromion process and axillary nerve was 7cm on both sides. The distance between posterior aspect of acromion process and axillary nerve was 6.4 cm on right side and 6.5 cm on left side. Conclusion: Knowledge of morphometric distance of axillary nerve from the acromion process is important in deltoid split surgeries and while giving intramuscular injection to deltoid region.

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Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Cain C. T. Clark, Rishabh Sharma, Manik Chhabra, Kota Vidyasagar, and Vijay Kumar Chattu. "Knowledge and attitude towards HIV/AIDS in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 47 studies from 2010-2020." Health Promotion Perspectives 11, no. 2 (May 19, 2021): 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2021.19.

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Background: Several studies assessed the level of knowledge and general public behavior on human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in India. However, comprehensive scrutiny of literature is essential for any decision-making process. Our objective was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the level of knowledge and attitude towards HIV/AIDS in India. Methods: A systematic search using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and free terms was conducted in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar databases to investigate the level of knowledge and attitude of HIV/AIDS in India population. Cross-sectional studies published in English from January 2010 to November 2020 were included. The identified articles were screened in multiple levels of title, abstract and full-text and final studies that met the inclusion criteria were retrieved and included in the study. The methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute’s checklist for cross-sectional studies. Estimates with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each domain were pooled to examine the level of knowledge and attitude towards HIV/AIDS in India. Results: A total of 47 studies (n= 307 501) were identified, and 43 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The overall level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS was 75% (95% CI: 69-80%; I2 = 99.8%), and a higher level of knowledge was observed among female sex workers (FSWs) 89% (95% CI: 77-100%, I2 = 99.5%) than students (77%, 95% CI: 67-87%, I2 = 99.6%) and the general population (70%, 95% CI: 62-79%, I2 = 99.2%), respectively. However, HIV/AIDS attitude was suboptimal (60%, 95% CI: 51-69%, I2 = 99.2%). Students (58%, 95% CI: 38-77%, I2 = 99.7%), people living with HIV/AIDS (57%, 95% CI: 44-71%, I2 = 92.7%), the general population (71%, 95% CI: 62-80%, I2 = 94.5%), and healthcare workers (HCWs) (74%, 95% CI: 63-84%, I2 = 0.0%) had a positive attitude towards HIV/AIDS. The methodological quality of included studies was "moderate" according to Joanna Briggs Institute’s checklist. Funnel plots are asymmetry and the Egger’s regression test and Begg’s rank test identified risk of publication bias. Conclusion: The level of knowledge was 75%, and 40% had a negative attitude. This information would help formulate appropriate policies by various departments, ministries and educational institutions to incorporate in their training, capacity building and advocacy programs. Improving the knowledge and changing the attitudes among the Indian population remains crucial for the success of India’s HIV/AIDS response.

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Thiemann, Inga K. "Beyond Victimhood and Beyond Employment? Exploring Avenues for Labour Law to Empower Women Trafficked into the Sex Industry." Industrial Law Journal 48, no. 2 (July 11, 2018): 199–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/indlaw/dwy015.

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Abstract This article explores under which circumstances a labour law approach could make a meaningful contribution to combatting human trafficking into the sex industry. In this, I critique the existing criminal law approach to human trafficking and its policies, which focus on trafficked persons as idealised victims in need of protection, rather than on their rights as workers, migrants and women. Furthermore, I also challenge the exclusion of sex workers from arguments for a labour law response to human trafficking, as they maintain the construction of trafficking for sexual exploitation and trafficking for labour exploitation as separate phenomena. Instead, this article advocates an alternative labour law approach to human trafficking, which incorporates wider interdisciplinary issues of gender equality and societal exclusions for women and migrants, and particularly female migrant sex workers, within a labour response. My focus is therefore on exclusions maintained by existing labour legislation, which are based on the standard employment contract and amplified by barriers to labour protections faced by workers in female-dominated service jobs in general and by sex workers in particular. As sex workers’ embodied feminised labour is deemed not to be ‘real work’, they seem to be unworthy of labour protections. My proposed labour response to human trafficking into the sex industry therefore combines some of the strengths of the existing labour rights-focussed anti-trafficking and exploitation discourse with arguments from feminist labour law theory in order to tackle the intersectional dimension of human trafficking into the sex industry.

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Maynard-Tucker, Giselle. "Are Lessons Learned? The Case of a Sex Workers' Project in Madagascar." Practicing Anthropology 24, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.24.2.tr688g6x264200r6.

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All over the world prostitution is linked to poverty and the responsibility for aged parents and large families. Women who have little or no education and who lack job skills fall into prostitution because they see no other alternative. Social rehabilitation of sex workers should be the priority of government programs like the one described by Tabibul Islam in Contemporary Women's Issues (Rights-Bangladesh: New Attempt to Rehabilitate Sex Workers, from Global Information Network 1999). In various parts of the world there are NGOs (non-governmental organizations) involved in health developmental issues and the prevention of AIDS, and some are offering rehabilitation programs for sex workers. For example in Bamako, Thailand, India, Haiti, and Viet Nam, some NGOs are educating sex workers about the risks of Sexually Transmiitted Diseases (STDs) and HIV/AIDS and promoting job programs along with training classes in sewing, cooking and secretarial skills. Others are involved in the development of small businesses so that sex workers become economically independent from the sex industry (see Women, Poverty and AIDS: Sex, Drugs and Structural Violence. Edited by Farmer, Paul, Margaret Connors Margaret, and Jane Simmons. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press. 1996). This paper examines a project implemented in 1993 and 1997 in Antananarivo (Madagascar) for the purpose of empowering a group of sex workers. The project sponsored by foreign donors had the goal of training about 50 sex-workers in sewing and embroidery skills for the making of clothing and household goods for the tourist market. The main purpose was to promote the social reinstatement of sex workers by giving them the opportunity to learn new skills that would enable them to support themselves with dignity.

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Chatterjee, Anindita, and Anne Schluter. "“Maid to maiden”: The false promise of English for the daughters of domestic workers in post-colonial Kolkata." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2020, no. 262 (March 26, 2020): 67–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2019-2070.

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AbstractDrawing from a larger ethnographic study, the current article examines, through interactional sociolinguistics, interview and observation data related to English-language tutorials between two employers and their domestic workers’ daughters in two households in Kolkata. The post-colonial, South Asian context represents a site in which such scholarship has been underrepresented (see Mills and Mullany’s 2011 Language, gender and feminism). The focus of analysis is two-fold: it evaluates the existing power structures between participants, and it assesses the degree to which widespread Indian discourses about the upward mobility of English (see Graddol’s 2010 “English Next India”, published online by the British Council) are relevant to the current setting. In terms of power structures, legitimated domination (see Grillo’s 1989 Dominant languages) of the employer over her domestic worker emerges as a salient theme; however, affective attachment (adapted from Hardt’s 1999 article “Affective labor”, published in Boundary; McDowell and Dyson’s 2011 article “The other side of the knowledge economy: ‘Reproductive’ employment and affective labours in Oxford”, published in Environment and Planning) and reciprocal dependencies help to both reinforce and diminish the severity of the power asymmetry. With respect to the applicability of popular Indian discourses that equate English-language proficiency with upward mobility, the study finds little evidence of their relevance to the current context in which the subordinate positioning of gender intersects with social class to compound its constraining influence.

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Kaur, Amarjeet. "Prostitution is Not Work: A Trade Unionist’s Perspective." ANTYAJAA: Indian Journal of Women and Social Change 2, no. 2 (December 2017): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455632717737439.

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As Secretary of the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), the oldest trade union federation in India and one of the five largest, the author argues that prostitution is a continuum of abuse of women, who are already bereft of their rights as workers, and whose choices are limited due to their marginalization as females in the patriarchal and feudal society of India. Women experience various types of exploitation in the regular industries, and are vulnerable to their labour being exploited because of their unequal education and unequal access to resources. The author locates instances of such exploitation, in both the organized and unorganized sector. She explains why her trade union has rejected the the use of the term ‘sex-worker’, for prostitution.

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Sagade, Jaya, and Christine Forster. "Recognising the Human Rights of Female Sex Workers in India: Moving from Prohibition to Decriminalisation and a Pro-work Model." Indian Journal of Gender Studies 25, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 26–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971521517738450.

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This article sets out a women’s human rights approach to the legal regulation of sex work developed through an analysis of feminist perspectives, international human rights standards—in particular, the approach of the Committee on the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 1979 (CEDAW)—and the voices of female sex workers within India. It categorises sex work into four legal models, namely, prohibition which criminalises all aspects of the sex trade, partial decriminalisation which criminalises only those who force women into sex work and those who trade in under-age sex workers, social control legalisation which decriminalises but regulates the sex trade with the aim of containing through (often punitive) restrictions, and finally pro-work which approaches sex work as valid employment by extending the legal and human rights of other workers to sex workers. The article places India’s current regulatory framework into the prohibition model and argues that the legal response to sex work that most closely accords with a women’s human rights approach is partial decriminalisation coupled with a pro-work model. Although the introduction of this model in India poses considerable challenges, it has the greatest capacity to first, reduce the crime and corruption that surrounds the sex trade; second, to enhance, promote and protect public health and third, provide appropriate legal and human rights protection to sex workers as international obligations require.

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Ashifa, K. M., and M. Sharmila Devi. "WELFARE AND SAFETY INDICATORS FOR WOMEN WASTE PICKERS IN RAJAPALYAM MUNICIPALITY." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 9(SE) (September 30, 2017): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i9(se).2017.2253.

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In India substantial people working in unorganized sectors as unorganized workers; transitional nature of the Indian economy, disparity in education, skill and training are some of the major factors abetting such a large concentration of workers in an area most vulnerable to exogenous economic vicissitudes. Women working in the unorganized sector deserve a separate mention as they are much marginalized (Khan, 2013). The present study is focused on women workers in unorganized sector especially the waste picking workers of Rajapalayam municipality. They are working in unprotected are in grave danger of contacting countless diseases through their daily and close contact with human waste. Some of these diseases, in addition to TB, include: campylobacter infection, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and hand, and foot and mouth disease, hepatitis. According to Factories Act 1948 under section 21 to 50, the organization has to provide welfare and safety measures to protect its workers. The study tried to analyses the implementation of these welfare and safety measures among women pickers in study area. And it found that level of implementation of these measures is relatively poor. The study suggested to conduct weekly health check -up, recreation activities, counselling services, motivation trainings and awareness campaigns. Government intervention with the support of non- profit organization is to be very essential improve the quality of work life of women in unorganized sector, evidenced by the present study.

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SAGGURTI, NIRANJAN, RAVI K. VERMA, SHIVA S. HALLI, SUVAKANTA N. SWAIN, RAJENDRA SINGH, HANIMI REDDY MODUGU, SAUMYA RAMARAO, BIDHUBHUSAN MAHAPATRA, and ANRUDH K. JAIN. "MOTIVATIONS FOR ENTRY INTO SEX WORK AND HIV RISK AMONG MOBILE FEMALE SEX WORKERS IN INDIA." Journal of Biosocial Science 43, no. 5 (June 10, 2011): 535–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932011000277.

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SummaryThis paper assesses the reasons for entry into sex work and its association with HIV risk behaviours among mobile female sex workers (FSWs) in India. Data were collected from a cross-sectional survey conducted in 22 districts across four high HIV prevalence states in India during 2007–2008. Analyses were limited to 5498 eligible mobile FSWs. The reasons given by FSWs for entering sex work and associations with socio-demographic characteristics were assessed. Reported reasons for entering sex work include poor or deprived economic conditions; negative social circumstances in life; own choice; force by an external person; and family tradition. The results from multivariate analyses indicate that those FSWs who entered sex work due to poor economic conditions or negative social circumstances in life or force demonstrated elevated levels of current inconsistent condom use as well as in the past in comparison with those FSWs who reported entering sex work by choice or family tradition. This finding indicates the need for a careful assessment of the pre-entry contexts among HIV prevention interventions since these factors may continue to hinder the effectiveness of efforts to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS in India and elsewhere.

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Dasgupta, Satarupa. "Community-Based Strategies as Transformative Approaches for Health Promotion and Empowerment among Commercial Sex Workers in India." Sexes 2, no. 2 (May 24, 2021): 202–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sexes2020018.

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The current paper examines the utilization of community mobilization as a strategic health communication technique in an intervention to reduce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infections (STI) rates among marginalized and at-risk populations such as commercial female sex workers in a red-light district in India. The research documents the struggles of a historically exploited community in India to mitigate its marginalization through implementation of a multilayered strategy of capacity building and economic empowerment. Semi-structured interviews of 37 commercial female sex workers were conducted in a red-light district of India. Qualitative analysis of the interview transcripts showed the prevalence of three themes which demonstrated the different facets of the community mobilization framework within the context of a health communication intervention. The findings of this research delineate how STI risk reduction as well as participation and empowerment can be achieved through a community-based health promotion project targeted towards commercial female sex workers within the context of their lived realities of marginalization and oppression.

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Kundapur, Poornima Panduranga, and Lewlyn Lester Raj Rodrigues. "Analysis of a Theoretical KMS Model Implementation in the Indian IT Sector Using PLS-SEM." Journal of Information & Knowledge Management 16, no. 01 (March 2017): 1750001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219649217500010.

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The software industry being highly resource-oriented tries to ensure that knowledge residing in the minds of the employees is effectively utilised for leveraging core business competencies. Therefore, providing effective knowledge management systems (KMSs) to utilise this knowledge for optimising business processes has become crucial for enterprises to stay competitive. This paper attempts to assess the effectiveness of KMS implementations from a knowledge workers’ perspective via six dimensions of the Jennex and Olfman (J&O) KMS success model. Quantitative data was collected through a web-based survey questionnaire from knowledge workers in 25 Indian software companies. Statistical analysis of the study’s model was conducted using SmartPLS® (version 2.0.M3) software for assessment of both measurement and structural models. The empirical analysis of the model’s hypotheses indicated that a knowledge worker’s intent to use a KMS is significantly dependent on Service and Knowledge/Information Quality dimensions of J&O KMS success model. This paper implies that the J&O KMS success model seems to have adequate predictive power for most implied variables with the exception of System Quality. The J&O KMS success model from a practical point of view offers a means for organisations to evaluate and predict the effectiveness of KMS implementations. The results produced in this study may allow KM practitioners to know more about the levers that help to improve their KMS and thus suitably prioritise their investment plans accordingly.

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Aryal, Arjun, YN Yogi, and H. Ghimire. "Vulnerability to Unsafe Sex and HIV Infection Among Wives of Migrant Workers in Far Western Nepal." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 3, no. 1 (August 22, 2013): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i1.8462.

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In average, one from every two households of Far-Western Nepal, and 14.75 % of the male population of Dadeldhura, Doti and Kailali were at abroad, mostly in India. The migrant people engage in high risk sexual practices in India, contract Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV) and transmit it to their wives. The prevalence of HIV among wives of migrants as per Integrated Biological and Behavioral Surveillance Survey (2008) was 3.3%. So, it was important to study the HIV related knowledge and vulnerability of these women. The study was carried out in 297 randomly selected wives of migrant workers in Doti, Dadeldhura and Kailali districts of Nepal. Eighty-six percent of the respondents had heard of HIV and AIDS, 4% had comprehensive knowledge on HIV prevention; 64% perceived HIV could transmit through mosquito bite and 42% of the women knew at least two advantages of condom. The women ever discussed about sex with their husbands were 34%. Seventy two percent expressed that People Living with HIV would not reveal their HIV status due to fear of losing social respect associated with discrimination. Comprehensive education program is needed to increase the level of correct knowledge on HIV prevention among wives of migrant workers. Targeted intervention among wives of migrant workers is important to make them able to negotiate for safe sexual practices with their husbands for HIV prevention and disclose their status for accessing services. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(1): 26-31 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i1.8462

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Dasgupta, Simanti. "Of Raids and Returns: Sex work movement, police oppression, and the politics of the ordinary in Sonagachi, India." Anti-Trafficking Review, no. 12 (April 29, 2019): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14197/atr.201219128.

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Drawing on ethnographic work with Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee (DMSC), a grassroots sex worker organisation in Sonagachi, the iconic red-light district in Kolkata, India, this paper explores the politics of the detritus generated by raids as a form of state violence. While the current literature mainly focuses on its institutional ramifications, this article explores the significance of the raid in its immediate relation to the brothel as a home and a space to collectivise for labour rights. Drawing on atyachar (oppression), the Bengali word sex workers use to depict the violence of raids, I argue that they experience the raid not as a spectacle, but as an ordinary form of violence in contrast to their extraordinary experience of return to rebuild their lives. Return signals both a reclamation of the detritus as well as subversion of the state’s attempt to undermine DMSC’s labour movement.

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Girish, N., Rauf Iqbal, and Vivek Khanzode. "LIFTING CAPACITY AMONG INDIAN MANUAL MATERIALS HANDLERS USING PROGRESSIVE ISOINERTIAL LIFTING EVALUATION." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 20, no. 01 (March 2017): 1750004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021895771750004x.

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Purpose: Weight of the load which is to be lifted and its characteristics are considered to be important risk factors for low back disorders (LBD) among manual material handlers. Determining the amount of load a person can lift is important in minimizing the incidence of LBD. The objective of this study was to determine the lifting capacity, adopting two lifting techniques at two levels among male construction workers using progressive isoinertial lifting evaluation (PILE). Methods: One hundred and forty-three male construction workers with minimum 1 year of work experience and without any acute illnesses participated in this study. Workers were advised to perform PILE using two lifting techniques (stoop and squat) and at two lifting levels (waist and shoulder). Results: The mean lifting capacity was found to be 24.50 [Formula: see text] 5.10, 21.20 [Formula: see text] 5.54, 19.76 [Formula: see text] 4.08 and 17.25 [Formula: see text] 5.18 kg, respectively, for floor to waist-stoop, floor to waist-squat, floor to shoulder-stoop and floor to shoulder-squat categories. The lifting capacity decreased by 19.40% and 18.54% when the vertical distance was increased from waist to shoulder adopting stoop and squat techniques, respectively. Conclusion: Lifting capacity for construction workers has been determined using PILE, and it was found to be more during stoop technique of lifting at floor to waist level.

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Majumdar, Anindita. "Conceptualizing Surrogacy as Work-Labour." Journal of South Asian Development 13, no. 2 (June 18, 2018): 210–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174118778481.

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Using ethnographic findings, this article reflects on Indian women engaged in commercial surrogacy for foreign and Indian couples and expands on the existing ideas of paid and unpaid employment by conceptualizing transnational commercial surrogacy in India. The latter is undertaken through a mapping of the meanings surrogates and intended couples make of their participation in the transnational commercial surrogacy arrangement. Here, ideas about motherhood, domesticity and contractual labour come together to create an understanding of the unique role of surrogates in the arrangement. While emerging research has aimed to conceptualize the surrogate’s contribution through differing theoretical understandings of work and labour, my ethnographic findings suggest that surrogacy and its linkages with paid work are more complex than conveyed by its researched connections with care work and/or sex work. Invoking established theorizing of sexualized care work and reproductive choice, I point to the need for a deeper engagement with the idea of work-labour itself. Within this wider conceptualization are social categories that mediate between commerce and intimacy—including that of the paid domestic worker. By using frames used to study paid domestic work in India and South Asia, I portray surrogacy and the commercial surrogate through notions of domesticity, family and intimacy paying particular attention to its linkages with paid work.

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Uma, Shanmugasundaram, Pachamuthu Balakrishnan, Kailapuri G. Murugavel, Aylur K. Srikrishnan, Nagalingeswaran Kumarasamy, Jebaraj A. Cecelia, Santhanam Anand, et al. "Bacterial vaginosis in female sex workers in Chennai, India." Sexual Health 2, no. 4 (2005): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh05025.

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Bacterial vaginosis (BV) causes obstetric and gynaecological complications and non-chlamydial/non-gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease and has been shown to be associated with the risk of acquiring HIV and herpes simplex (HSV)-2 infections. This study investigated both the prevalence of BV and its association with STDs among 582 female sex workers living in Chennai, South India. Blood, vaginal and endocervical swabs were tested for HSV-2, HIV, Treponema pallidum, BV, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoea and Trichomonas vaginalis. The vaginal swabs collected were Gram’s stained and analysed for BV by Nugent’s scoring criteria. Of the women studied, 45% (95% CI, 40.6–48.7) were positive, 39.5% (95% CI, 35.5–43.5) were negative and 16% (95% CI, 12.8–18.7) were intermediate for BV. Bacterial vaginosis positivity was directly related to concurrent infection with HSV-2 (RR 1.3, AR 12, P = 0.00), T. vaginalis (RR 1.5, AR 10, P = 0.01) T. pallidum (RR 2.8, AR 16, P = 0.00) and HIV (RR 4.1, AR 52, P = 0.01). Future studies are needed to focus on the risk factors for BV.

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Bowen, Kathryn J., Bernice Dzuvichu, Rachel Rungsung, Alexandra E. Devine, Jane Hocking, and Michelle Kermode. "Life Circumstances of Women Entering Sex Work in Nagaland, India." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 23, no. 6 (May 10, 2010): 843–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539509355190.

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Background and objectives: The study objective was to enhance understanding of female sex workers’ lives in Nagaland, India (one of the country’s highest HIV prevalence states), to inform the development of interventions to reduce HIV transmission and assist women who want to leave sex work. Methods: A cross-sectional survey (n = 220) and semi-structured interviews (n = 30) were conducted with sex workers. Topics included the following: life situation currently and at time of initial engagement in sex work, circumstances of first sex work occasion, and current patterns of sex work. Results: Participants’ lives at time of entry into sex work were socio-culturally and economically vulnerable as evidenced by the early age of sexual debut, low levels of education, unemployment, absence of protective male partners, and poor relationships with families. Participants experienced high levels of mobility, insecure accommodation, the need to financially support family, and the demand to give a portion of their income to others. The use of alcohol and other drugs, including heroin, was widespread. Discussion and conclusions: For these women, sex work can be seen as a pragmatic option for earning sufficient income to live. The women’s lives would be improved by strategies to promote their health, ensure their safety, and protect their rights as long as they are engaging in sex work. This is likely to benefit not only the sex workers but also their children, their families, and the wider community. The development of alternative employment opportunities is vital to protect against entry into sex work and to support women who want to exit sex work.

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Ravichandran, T. "A.K.Chettiar’s Documentary on Mahatma Gandhi - An Over View." Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 4, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v4i4.3280.

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Mahatma Gandhi, popularly known as the Father of the nation, wasnot only a preacher but a committed practical idealist. For want of some earning he went to South Africa but totally transformed himself into a liberator of the downtrodden, suppressed Indian community. He successfully invented the weapon of ‘Satyagraha’ and retained the lost human right for the Indians in South Africa. He also did the same in India to politically liberatethe country from the British. Gandhi was a multi-faceted personality. He was a Lawyer, Journalist, Writer, Biographer, Ashram builder, great thinker, a Political leader, a spiritualist, a Constructive Worker and above all a humane person who practiced Truth and Nonviolence till his last breath.A.K.Chettiar was a Tamil Documentary Film Maker, Journalist and Traveloque writer. He ventured a priceless documentary on Mahatma Gandhi. A.K.Chettiar widely travelled in England, USA, South Africa and India. He met and filmed innumerable number of leaders like Romain Rolland, Maria Montessori, Sir C.V.Raman, Dr.S.Radhakrishnan, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, C.F.Andrews and many others. He collected about 50,000 feet (15,000 m) of film footage, edited them into 12,000 feet (3,700 m). That documentary film was released on 23rd August 1940 in Chennai. Later the Hindi Version was shown on 15th Aug. 1947 in Delhi and later the English version was shown in Los Angeles in the U.S. Without his efforts, many live pictures of Mahatma Gandhi would not have been available for us. His documentary, In the Footsteps of the Mahatma. Without him, we would not have got the opportunity to see the valuable footages of Gandhiji.

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Patel, Sangram Kishor, Anrudh Jain, Madhusudana Battala, Bidhubhusan Mahapatra, and Niranjan Saggurti. "Community Organization Membership, Financial Security, and Social Protection among Female Sex Workers in India." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 17 (January 1, 2018): 232595821881164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325958218811640.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the female sex workers’ (FSWs) community organization (CO) membership, their financial and social protection security, and the relationship between these factors among FSWs in India. Data from 4098 FSWs collected under the Avahan-III baseline evaluation survey—2015 in 5 high HIV prevalence states (Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh) in India were used here. More than three-fifths (77%) were registered CO members, of whom 79% had been CO members for more than 1 year. The likelihood of having high financial security (19% versus 10%; adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3-2.1) and social protection security (13% versus 6%; AOR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.2-2.0) was 2 times higher among FSWs who were CO members compared to those who were not. The study offers important insights into furthering CO membership to address financial and social vulnerability as a path to a sustainable reduction of HIV risk.

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Umashankar, Nita, and Raji Srinivasan. "Designing Social Interventions to Improve Newcomer Adjustment: Insights from the Indian Sex Worker Community." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 32, no. 2 (September 2013): 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.12.085.

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Ray, M. R., S. Roychoudhury, S. Mukherjee, and T. Lahiri. "Occupational benzene exposure from vehicular sources in India and its effect on hematology, lymphocyte subsets and platelet P-selectin expression." Toxicology and Industrial Health 23, no. 3 (April 2007): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233707080907.

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Benzene exposure from vehicular sources and its health impact are relatively unexplored in India. We have investigated in this study hematology and lymphocyte subsets of 25 petrol pump attendants, 25 automobile service station workers and 35 controls matched for age, sex and socioeconomic conditions. The participants were non-smoking males of Kolkata (former Calcutta) in eastern India. Compared with controls, the workers had 3.8- times more trans,trans-muconic acid in urine, suggesting higher level of benzene exposure. The exposed subjects had decreased erythrocyte, hemoglobin, lymphocyte and platelet levels, but increased neutrophil, band cells, RBC aniso-poikilocytosis and target cells. In addition, CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ cells were decreased by 37, 20 and 47% respectively, but CD 16+ 56+ NK cells were increased by 20%. P-selectin expression on platelet surface of the workers was significantly elevated ( P < 0.05), indicating upregulation of platelet activity. In summary, the study revealed high level of benzene exposure from vehicular sources in India, and the exposed subjects had hematological and immunological alterations. Toxicology and Industrial Health 2007; 23: 167—175.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Indian sex workers'

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