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1
IMAMURA, FUMIHIKO. "DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION AND EVACUATION PROCEDURES IN THE 2004–2007 TSUNAMIS, INCLUDING THE 2004 INDIAN OCEAN." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 03, no. 02 (June 2009): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431109000457.
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Three steps taken to obtain information, make the decision to escape and complete safe evacuation were identified from field investigations and interviews of survivors of the 2004–2007 tsunamis in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Three kinds of knowledge gaps among the people and experts caused a delay in evacuation even though they received warnings of the tsunamis. The response to such a disaster should be related to a balance between recognition of the tsunami warning and evaluation of individual risk bias. For an appropriate tsunami warning, the tsunami information in the system should be selected and modified to overcome risk bias, which should be reduced and unified by public awareness and education, including creation of hazard maps designed by both natural and social scientists.
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Prastowo, Tjipto, Asiyah Khoiril Bariyah, Latifatul Cholifah, and Hilda Risanti. "Parameterising Maximum Tsunami Amplitude with Earthquake Moment Magnitude for Trans-Oceanic Tsunamis." ASM Science Journal 17 (July 8, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32802/asmscj.2022.1244.
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This study examines a relationship between earthquake size and maximum tsunami amplitude using large earthquakes of M_w> 7.5 that led to trans-Pacific and Indonesian tsunamis. The data were sampled from tide gauges or DART surface buoys for seven Pacific tsunamis (the 2006 Kuril, Russia, 2009 New Zealand, 2011 Tohoku-oki, Japan, 2013 Solomon Island, 2010 Maule, 2014 Iquique, and 2015 Illapel) and six Indonesian tsunamis (the 2004 Indian Ocean, 2006 Pangandaran, 2007 Bengkulu, 2010 Mentawai, 2010 Simeulue, and 2012 Northern Sumatera). We found that the size better scales with M_w instead of other measures when relating to the mean maximum amplitude η. The main finding for the trans-Pacific cases was that the M_w scale is a logarithmic function of the mean amplitude, M_w = 0.77 log η + 8.84, consistent with previous work. For the Indonesian events, it was found that M_w = 1.92 log η + 10.36, reflecting different tsunami dynamics in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The apparent difference is thus attributable to differences in both the topographical complexity and tsunami directivity in the two oceans. This is vital as the results provide insight into the nature of tsunami propagation approaching shorelines hence useful for improved tsunami early warning.
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Heller, Valentin. "Tsunami Science and Engineering II." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 9 (September 13, 2019): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7090319.
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Heidarzadeh, Mohammad, Alexander Rabinovich, Satoshi Kusumoto, and C. P. Rajendran. "Field surveys and numerical modelling of the 2004 December 26 Indian Ocean tsunami in the area of Mumbai, west coast of India." Geophysical Journal International 222, no. 3 (June 4, 2020): 1952–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa277.
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ABSTRACT In the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean (Sumatra-Andaman) tsunami, numerous survey teams investigated its effects on various locations across the Indian Ocean. However, these efforts were focused only on sites that experienced major destruction and a high death toll. As a consequence, some Indian Ocean coastal megacities were not examined. Among the cities not surveyed was Mumbai, the principal west coast port and economical capital of India with a population of more than 12 million. Mumbai is at risk of tsunamis from two major subduction zones in the Indian Ocean: the Sumatra–Andaman subduction zone (SASZ) and the Makran subduction zone (MSZ). As a part of the present study, we conducted a field survey of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami effects in Mumbai, analysed the available tide gauge records and performed tsunami simulations. Our field survey in 2018 January found run-up heights of 1.6−3.3 m in the Mumbai area. According to our analysis of tide gauge data, tsunami trough-to-crest heights in Okha (550 km to the north of Mumbai) and in Mormugao (410 km to the south of Mumbai) were 46 cm and 108 cm, respectively. Simulations of a hypothetical MSZ Mw 9.0 earthquake and tsunami, together with the Mw 9.1 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake and tsunami, show that the tsunami heights generated in Mumbai by an MSZ tsunami would be significantly larger than those generated by the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman tsunami. This result indicates that future tsunami hazard mitigation for Mumbai needs to be based on a potential large MSZ earthquake rather than an SASZ earthquake.
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MATSUMOTO, HIROYUKI, YUICHIRO TANIOKA, YUICHI NISHIMURA, YOSHINOBU TSUJI, YUICHI NAMEGAYA, TADASHI NAKASU, and SIN-ITI IWASAKI. "REVIEW OF TIDE GAUGE RECORDS IN THE INDIAN OCEAN." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 03, no. 01 (March 2009): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431109000378.
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According to the NOAA earthquake database, at least 31 events have been found in the Indian Ocean in terms of tsunami event since 1900, most of which occurred along the Sunda Trench. In this study, we review the history of tide level measurements and their datasets archives in Thailand, Indonesia, India, and Australia. We collected tide gauge paper charts recording historical tsunamis including the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in those countries. As a result, systematic collection of historical tsunami records by tide gauges in the Indian Ocean has been difficult, because few tsunamigenic earthquakes occurred in the Indian Ocean during the instrumentally observed period.
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Takahashi, Tomoyuki, and Tomohiro Konuma. "Verification of Disaster Management Information on the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Using Virtual Tsunami Warning System." Journal of Disaster Research 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2011.p0212.
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There is still no tsunami warning systemprotecting the shores of the Indian Ocean, but imagine that a tsunami warning system had been in operation at the time of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. What disaster management information would have been issued for this tsunami ? This paper first proposes four tsunamimodels based on the earthquake information issued by different institutions. Next, setting these tsunami models as the initial condition, tsunami simulations are conducted to find the height of the tsunami striking the coastline around the Indian Ocean. As a result, it is indicated that because the tsunami model immediately after occurrence of the 2004 Sumatra Earthquake and the Indian Ocean tsunami calculated from this model are underestimated, appropriate tsunami warnings would most probably not have been issued before the 2004 tsunami struck land.
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Wickramaratne, Sanjeewa, S. Chan Wirasinghe, and Janaka Ruwanpura. "An update of proposed Sri Lanka warning system for east and west coast tsunamis." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 11, no. 2 (December 16, 2019): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-08-2019-0052.
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Purpose Based on the existing provisions/operations of tsunami warning in the Indian Ocean, authors observed that detection as well as arrival time estimations of regional tsunami service providers (RTSPs) could be improved. In particular, the detection mechanisms have been eccentrically focussed on Sunda and Makran tsunamis, although tsunamis from Carlsberg ridge and Chagos archipelago could generate devastating tsunamis for which inadequate provisions exist for detection and arrival time/wave height estimation. RTSPs resort to assess estimated arrival time/wave heights from a scenario-based, pre-simulated database. These estimations in terms of Sri Lanka have been found inconsistent. In addition, current warning mechanism poorly manages non-seismic tsunamis. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate these drawbacks and attempt to carve out a series of suggestions to improve them. Design/methodology/approach The work initiated with data retrieved from global earthquake and tsunami databases, followed by an estimation of probabilities of tsunamis in the Indian Ocean with particular emphasis on Carlsberg and Chagos tsunamis. Second, probabilities of tsunami detection in each sub-region have been estimated with the use of available tide gauge and tsunami buoy data. Third, the difficulties in tsunami detection in the Indian Ocean are critically assessed with case studies, followed by recommendations to improve the detection and warning. Findings Probabilistic estimates show that given the occurrence of a significant earthquake, both Makran and Carlsberg/Chagos regions possess higher probabilities to harbour a tsunami than the Sunda subduction zone. Meanwhile, reliability figures of tsunami buoys have been declined from 79-92 to 68-91 per cent over the past eight years. In addition, a Chagos tsunami is left to be detected by only one tide gauge prior to it reaching Sri Lankan coasts. Research limitations/implications The study uses an averaged tsunami speed of 882 km/h based on 2004 Asian tsunami. However, using exact bathymetric data, Tsunamis could be simulated to derive speeds and arrival times more accurately. Yet, such refinements do not change the main derivations and conclusions of this study. Practical implications Tsunami detection and warning in the Indian Ocean region have shown room for improvement, based on the inadequate detection levels for Carlesberg and Chagos tsunamis, and inconsistent warnings of regional tsunami service providers. The authors attempted to remedy these drawbacks by proposing a series of suggestions, including a deployment of a new tsunami buoy south of Maldives, revival of offline buoys, real-time tsunami simulations and a strategy to deal with landslide tsunamis, etc. Social implications Indian Ocean is prone to mega tsunamis as witnessed in 2004. However, more than 50 per cent of people in the Indian Ocean rim countries dwell near the coast. This is verified with deaths of 227,898 people in 14 countries during the 2004 tsunami event. Thus, it is of paramount importance that sufficient detection levels are maintained throughout the Indian Ocean without being overly biased towards Sunda tsunamis. With respect to Sri Lanka, Makran, Carlesberg or Chagos tsunamis could directly hit the most populated west coast and bring about far worse repercussions than a Sunda tsunami. Originality/value This is the first instance where the threats from Carlesberg and Chagos tsunamis to Sri Lanka are discussed, probabilities of tsunamis are quantified and their detection levels assessed. In addition, reliability levels of tsunami buoys and tide gauges in the Indian Ocean are recomputed after eight years to discover that there is a drop in reliability of the buoy data. The work also proposes a unique approach to handle inconsistencies in the bulletins of regional tsunami service providers, and to uphold and improve dwindling interest on tsunami buoys.
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WANG, XIAOMING, and PHILIP L. F. LIU. "NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF THE 2004 INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMIS — COASTAL EFFECTS." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 01, no. 03 (September 2007): 273–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179343110700016x.
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The 2004 Sumatra earthquake and the associated tsunamis are one of the most devastating natural disasters in the last century. The tsunamis flooded a huge coastal area in the surrounding countries, especially in Indonesia, Thailand and Sri Lanka, and caused enormous loss of human lives and properties. In this paper, tsunami inundations in Trincomalee, Sri Lanka and North Banda Aceh, Indonesia were simulated by using a finite-difference model based on nonlinear shallow-water equations. The calculated tsunami heights and inundations in these two regions are compared with the field measurements and observations. Fairly good agreement is observed. Numerical results confirm again that the local bathymetric and topographic characteristics play important roles in determining the inundation area. Numerical simulations further indicate that although nonlinearity becomes important in many dynamic aspects when tsunamis approach the shore, its influence on determining the inundation area is relatively small in the regions examined for this tsunami event. Finally, the potential capability of sediment transport and a force index on a virtual structure in flooded areas are introduced and discussed.
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Al'ala, Musa, Hermann M. Fritz, Mirza Fahmi, and Teuku Mudi Hafli. "Numerical simulations of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami deposits' thicknesses and emplacements." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 6 (June 27, 2019): 1265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1265-2019.
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Abstract. After more than a decade of recurring tsunamis, identification of tsunami deposits, a part of hazard characterization, still remains a challenging task that is not fully understood. The lack of sufficient monitoring equipment and rare tsunami frequency are among the primary obstacles that limit our fundamental understanding of sediment transport mechanisms during a tsunami. The use of numerical simulations to study tsunami-induced sediment transport was rare in Indonesia until the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. This study aims to couple two hydrodynamic numerical models in order to reproduce tsunami-induced sediment deposits, i.e., their locations and thicknesses. Numerical simulations were performed using the Cornell Multi-grid Coupled Tsunami (COMCOT) model and Delft3D. This study reconstructed tsunami wave propagation from its source using COMCOT, which was later combined with Delft3D to map the location of the tsunami deposits and calculate their thicknesses. Two-dimensional horizontal (2-DH) models were used as part of both simulation packages. Four sediment transport formulae were used in the simulations, namely van Rijn 1993, Engelund–Hansen 1967, Meyer-Peter–Mueller (MPM) 1948, and Soulsby 1997. Lhoong, in the Aceh Besar District, located approximately 60 km southwest of Banda Aceh, was selected as the study area. Field data collected in 2015 and 2016 validated the forward modeling techniques adopted in this study. However, agreements between numerical simulations and field observations were more robust using data collected in 2005, i.e., just months after the tsunami (Jaffe et al., 2006). We conducted pit (trench) tests at select locations to obtain tsunami deposit thickness and grain size distributions. The resulting numerical simulations are useful when estimating the locations and the thicknesses of the tsunami deposits. The agreement between the field data and the numerical simulations is reasonable despite a trend that overestimates the field observations.
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Gupta, Harsh K. "26 December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami." Journal of the Geological Society of India 92, no. 6 (December 2018): 653–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-018-1081-9.
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Maselli, Vittorio, Davide Oppo, Andrew L. Moore, Aditya Riadi Gusman, Cassy Mtelela, David Iacopini, Marco Taviani, et al. "A 1000-yr-old tsunami in the Indian Ocean points to greater risk for East Africa." Geology 48, no. 8 (May 12, 2020): 808–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47257.1.
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Abstract The December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman tsunami prompted an unprecedented research effort to find ancient precursors and quantify the recurrence time of such a deadly natural disaster. This effort, however, has focused primarily along the northern and eastern Indian Ocean coastlines, in proximal areas hardest hit by the tsunami. No studies have been made to quantify the recurrence of tsunamis along the coastlines of the western Indian Ocean, leading to an underestimation of the tsunami risk in East Africa. Here, we document a 1000-yr-old sand layer hosting archaeological remains of an ancient coastal Swahili settlement in Tanzania. The sedimentary facies, grain-size distribution, and faunal assemblages indicate a tsunami wave as the most likely cause for the deposition of this sand layer. The tsunami in Tanzania is coeval with analogous deposits discovered at eastern Indian Ocean coastal sites. Numerical simulations of tsunami wave propagation indicate a megathrust earthquake generated by a large rupture of the Sumatra-Andaman subduction zone as the likely tsunami source. Our findings provide evidence that teletsunamis represent a serious threat to coastal societies along the western Indian Ocean, with implications for future tsunami hazard and risk assessments in East Africa.
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Imamura, Fumihiko, Shunichi Koshimura, Kazuhisa Goto, Hideaki Yanagisawa, and Yoko Iwabuchi. "Global Disaster: The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami." Journal of Disaster Research 1, no. 1 (August 1, 2006): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2006.p0131.
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The typical mechanism behind the generation and propagation of the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami is introduced through computer graphics, showing how it propagated across the ocean. The damage it caused in countries on the Indian ocean is summarized to suggest the lessons to be leaned in mitigating similar disasters in the future. And we investigated its impact on not only coastal community but also the environment, including coral and vegetation by a field survey and cover research required in tsunami engineering.
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Schindelé, F., A. Loevenbruck, and H. Hébert. "Strategy to design the sea-level monitoring networks for small tsunamigenic oceanic basins: the Western Mediterranean case." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 5 (September 17, 2008): 1019–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-8-1019-2008.
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Abstract. The 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami triggered a number of international and national initiatives aimed at establishing modern, reliable and robust tsunami warning systems. In addition to the seismic network for initial warning, the main component of the monitoring system is the sea level network. Networks of coastal tide gages and tsunameters are implemented to detect the tsunami after the occurrence of a large earthquake, to confirm or refute the tsunami occurrence. Large oceans tsunami monitoring currently in place in the Pacific and in implementation in the Indian Ocean will be able to detect tsunamis in 1 h. But due to the very short time of waves propagation, in general less than 1 h, a tsunami monitoring system in a smaller basin requires a denser network located close to the seismic zones. A methodology is proposed based on the modeling of tsunami travel time and waveform, and on the estimation of the delay of transmission to design the location and the spacing of the stations. In the case of Western Mediterranean, we demonstrate that a network of around 17 coastal tide gages and 13 tsunameters located at 50 km along the shore is required to detect and measure nearly all tsunamis generated on the Northern coasts of Africa.
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Ramalanjaona, Georges. "Impact of 2004 Tsunami in the Islands of Indian Ocean: Lessons Learned." Emergency Medicine International 2011 (2011): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/920813.
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Tsunami of 2004, caused by a 9.0 magnitude earthquake, is the most devastating tsunami in modern times, affecting 18 countries in Southeast Asia and Southern Africa, killing more than 250,000 people in a single day, and leaving more than 1.7 million homeless. However, less reported, albeit real, is its impact in the islands of the Indian Ocean more than 1,000 miles away from its epicenter. This is the first peer-reviewed paper on the 2004 tsunami events specifically in the eleven nations bordering the Indian Ocean, as they constitute a region at risk, due to the presence of tectonic interactive plate, absence of a tsunami warning system in the Indian Ocean, and lack established communication network providing timely information to that region. Our paper has a dual objective: the first objective is to report the 2004 tsunami event in relation to the 11 nations bordering the Indian Ocean. The second one is to elaborate on lessons learned from it from national, regional, and international disaster management programs to prevent such devastating consequences of tsunami from occurring again in the future.
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Daskalaki, E., and G. A. Papadopoulos. "The 26th December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami: the intensity field." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 40, no. 3 (June 5, 2018): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16826.
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The Mw=9.3 Sumatra earthquake of 26.12.2004 triggered one of the most devastating tsunamis. A great number of coastal sites were affected around the Indian Ocean from near-field up to distances of more than 6000 km. We compiled field data taken by many research groups, including the present one, from around the Indian Ocean and classified them according to their geographical distribution. In every observation point, the various effects of the tsunami have been transformed to tsunami intensities. The 12-point intensity scale was applied. Maximum intensities ranging between 10 and 12 have been assigned not only to near-field localities of Sumatra and to mid-field localities but also to far-field spots of East Africa. A similar pattern for the maximum wave heights (10 m <h <35 m) observed has been found for near- and mid-field locations. However, no such large wave heights were observed in East Africa, which implies that the tsunami intensity is controlled by the wave heights and also by other natural and anthropogenic factors. In fact, wave heights and intensities were mapped along the coast of Sri Lanka, where the dataset is more accurate and complete. For these reasons wave height and intensity practically are not correlated.
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Sheth, Alpa, Snigdha Sanyal, Arvind Jaiswal, and Prathibha Gandhi. "Effects of the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on the Indian Mainland." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 3_suppl (June 2006): 435–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2208562.
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The 26 December 2004 tsunami significantly affected the coastal regions of southern peninsular India. About 8,835 human lives were lost in the tsunami in mainland India, with 86 persons reported missing. Two reconnaissance teams traveled by road to survey the damage across mainland India. Geographic and topological features affecting tsunami behavior on the mainland were observed. The housing stock along the coast, as well as bridges and roads, suffered extensive damage. Structures were damaged by direct pressure from tsunami waves, and scouring damage was induced by the receding waves. Many of the affected structures consisted of nonengineered, poorly constructed houses belonging to the fishing community.
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Singh, Saurabh, Suraj Kumar Singh, Deepak Kumar Prajapat, Vikas Pandey, Shruti Kanga, Pankaj Kumar, and Gowhar Meraj. "Assessing the Impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on South Andaman’s Coastal Shoreline: A Geospatial Analysis of Erosion and Accretion Patterns." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 6 (May 28, 2023): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061134.
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The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami significantly impacted the coastal shoreline of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, causing widespread destruction of infrastructure and ecological damage. This study aims to analyze the short- and long-term shoreline changes in South Andaman, focusing on 2004–2005 (pre- and post-tsunami) and 1990–2023 (to assess periodic changes). Using remote sensing techniques and geospatial tools such as the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS), shoreline change rates were calculated in four zones, revealing the extent of the tsunami’s impact. During the pre- and post-tsunami periods, the maximum coastal erosion rate was −410.55 m/year, while the maximum accretion was 359.07 m/year in zone A, the island’s east side. For the 1990–2023 period, the most significant coastal shoreline erosion rate was also recorded in zone A, which was recorded at −2.3 m/year. After analyzing the result, it can be seen that the tsunami severely affected the island’s east side. To validate the coastal shoreline measurements, the root mean square error (RMSE) of Landsat-7 and Google Earth was 18.53 m, enabling comparisons of the accuracy of different models on the same dataset. The results demonstrate the extensive impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on South Andaman’s coastal shoreline and the value of analyzing shoreline changes to understand the short- and long-term consequences of such events on coastal ecosystems. This information can inform conservation efforts, management strategies, and disaster response plans to mitigate future damage and allocate resources more efficiently. By better understanding the impact of tsunamis on coastal shorelines, emergency responders, government agencies, and conservationists can develop more effective strategies to protect these fragile ecosystems and the communities that rely on them.
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Lahcene, Elisa, Ioanna Ioannou, Anawat Suppasri, Kwanchai Pakoksung, Ryan Paulik, Syamsidik Syamsidik, Frederic Bouchette, and Fumihiko Imamura. "Characteristics of building fragility curves for seismic and non-seismic tsunamis: case studies of the 2018 Sunda Strait, 2018 Sulawesi–Palu, and 2004 Indian Ocean tsunamis." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 2313–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2313-2021.
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Abstract. Indonesia has experienced several tsunamis triggered by seismic and non-seismic (i.e., landslides) sources. These events damaged or destroyed coastal buildings and infrastructure and caused considerable loss of life. Based on the Global Earthquake Model (GEM) guidelines, this study assesses the empirical tsunami fragility to the buildings inventory of the 2018 Sunda Strait, 2018 Sulawesi–Palu, and 2004 Indian Ocean (Khao Lak–Phuket, Thailand) tsunamis. Fragility curves represent the impact of tsunami characteristics on structural components and express the likelihood of a structure reaching or exceeding a damage state in response to a tsunami intensity measure. The Sunda Strait and Sulawesi–Palu tsunamis are uncommon events still poorly understood compared to the Indian Ocean tsunami (IOT), and their post-tsunami databases include only flow depth values. Using the TUNAMI two-layer model, we thus reproduce the flow depth, the flow velocity, and the hydrodynamic force of these two tsunamis for the first time. The flow depth is found to be the best descriptor of tsunami damage for both events. Accordingly, the building fragility curves for complete damage reveal that (i) in Khao Lak–Phuket, the buildings affected by the IOT sustained more damage than the Sunda Strait tsunami, characterized by shorter wave periods, and (ii) the buildings performed better in Khao Lak–Phuket than in Banda Aceh (Indonesia). Although the IOT affected both locations, ground motions were recorded in the city of Banda Aceh, and buildings could have been seismically damaged prior to the tsunami's arrival, and (iii) the buildings of Palu City exposed to the Sulawesi–Palu tsunami were more susceptible to complete damage than the ones affected by the IOT, in Banda Aceh, between 0 and 2 m flow depth. Similar to the Banda Aceh case, the Sulawesi–Palu tsunami load may not be the only cause of structural destruction. The buildings' susceptibility to tsunami damage in the waterfront of Palu City could have been enhanced by liquefaction events triggered by the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake.
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Mitaphonna, Rara, Muliadi Ramli, Nazli Ismail, and Nasrullah Idris Arief. "Qualitative Geochemical Analysis of the 2004 Indian Ocean Giant Tsunami Deposits Excavated at Seungko Mulat Located in Aceh Besar of Indonesia Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 24, no. 3 (June 1, 2024): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.88086.
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Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was employed to characterize the geochemical signatures layer by layer of 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami deposits in Seungko Mulat Village, Aceh Province, Indonesia. In the LIBS experimental setup, a Nd-YAG laser beam is directed towards the deposit samples, and the resulting atomic emission lines from the laser-induced plasma are captured using a spectrometer. Our analysis reveals terrestrial indicators (Fe), heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Co, Cd), and increased emission intensity of Mg, Ca, Al, K, Si, Ba, N, and O in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami layers. The emission intensity ratios of several elements in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami deposit layers, namely Ca/Ti, Si/Ti, and K/Ti, unveil notable disparities among the elements evaluated. This indicates the possibility of utilizing these ratios as reliable geochemical markers to differentiate the layer by layer of tsunami deposits. LIBS surpasses XRF in detecting nearly all elements simultaneously and identifying both light elements and specific heavy metals (Ba, Cu, Cr, Co, Cd, Pb, Ni, V, W), exceeding XRF's detection capabilities. This study emphasizes the effectiveness of LIBS as an advanced optical technique, offering speed and promise in analyzing layer-by-layer geochemical markers of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami deposits in Seungko Mulat Village.
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Fritz, Hermann M., Costas E. Synolakis, and Brian G. McAdoo. "Maldives Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 3_suppl (June 2006): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2201973.
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The tsunami of 26 December 2004 severely affected the Maldives at a distance of 2,500 km from the epicenter of the magnitude 9.0 earthquake. The Maldives provide an opportunity to assess the impact of a tsunami on coral atolls. Two international tsunami survey teams (ITSTs) surveyed a total of 13 heavily damaged islands. The islands were visited by seaplane on 14–15 and 18–19 January 2005. We recorded tsunami heights of up to 4 m on Vilufushi on the basis of the location of debris in trees and watermarks on buildings. Each watermark was localized by means of a global positioning system (GPS) and was photographed. Numerous eyewitness interviews were recorded on video. The significantly lower tsunami impact on the Maldives as compared with Sri Lanka is largely due to the topography and bathymetry of the atoll chain.
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Okal, Emile A., Hermann M. Fritz, Peter E. Raad, Costas Synolakis, Yousuf Al-Shijbi, and Majid Al-Saifi. "Oman Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 3_suppl (June 2006): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2202647.
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In August 2005, a team surveyed the effects of the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami on the southern coast of Oman. Runup and inundation were obtained at 41 sites, extending over a total of 750 km of shoreline. Measured runup ranged from 3.25 m in the vicinity of Salalah to a negligible value at one location on Masirah Island. In general, the largest values were found in the western part of the surveyed area. Significant incidents were documented in the port of Salalah, where a 285-m-long vessel broke its moorings and drifted inside and outside the port, and another ship struck the breakwater while attempting to enter the harbor. The general hazard to Oman from tsunamis may be greatest from the neighboring Makran subduction zone in western Pakistan.
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Bariyah, Asiyah Khoiril, and Tjipto Prastowo. "ANALISIS RELASI ANTARA MAGNITUDO MOMEN GEMPA TEKTONIK DAN AMPLITUDO MAKSIMUM TSUNAMI UNTUK KASUS TSUNAMI LINTAS SAMUDERA PASIFIK DAN TSUNAMI INDONESIA." Inovasi Fisika Indonesia 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/ifi.v9n2.p5-14.
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Abstrak Gempa tektonik dan tsunami merupakan bencana kebumian paling berbahaya bila dilihat dari dampak kerusakan dan cakupan wilayah terdampak. Meskipun termasuk penting namun sampai saat ini belum banyak penelitian yang menganalisis relasi antara magnitudo momen gempa dan amplitudo maksimum tsunami. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan dan menganalisis persamaan empiris yang mendiskripsikan hubungan antara magnitudo momen gempa dan amplitudo maksimum tsunami dengan bantuan 7 kasus tsunami lintas Samudera Pasifik (Kuril, Rusia 2006, Selandia Baru 2009, Maule, Chili 2010, Tohoku, Jepang 2011, Solomon 2013, Iquique, Chili 2014, dan Illapel, Chili 2015) dan 6 kasus tsunami di Indonesia, (Aceh 2004, Sumatera 2007, Sumatera 2010, Mentawai 2010, Sumatera 2012, dan Sumatera 2016). Data penelitian merupakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari instrumen ukur pemantau tsunami DART buoys dan tide gauges yang dapat diakses di https://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/database_devel.html dan http://ngdc.noaa.gov yang dikelola dan dikontrol oleh National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) dan http://ptwc.weather.gov/ yang dikelola oleh Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre (PTWC). Hasil-hasil penelitian dalam bentuk persamaan empiris relasi antara dan untuk 7 kasus tsunami trans-Pasifik (far-field observations) adalah sedangkan untuk kasus 6 tsunami di Indonesia (both near-field and far-field observations), . Perbedaan faktor pengali fungsi logaritmik pada kedua persamaam empiris tersebut karena perbedaan kompleksitas topografi dan batimetri lautan dan variasi perilaku perambatan gelombang tsunami pada tsunami directivity yang berbeda antara Samudera Pasifik dan Samudera Hindia. Temuan penting penelitian ini adalah kedua persamaan empiris tersebut menunjukkan bahwa magnitudo momen gempa pemicu tsunami merupakan fungsi logaritmik dari amplitudo maksimum tsunami yang sesuai dengan temuan penelitian terdahulu. Kata Kunci: magnitudo momen gempa, amplitudo maksimum tsunami, tsunami trans-Pasifik Abstract Tectonic earthquakes and tsunamis are the most dangerous geological hazards considering damaging impacts on living things, human properties, and affected areas. Despite its importance, little is known about a relationship between earthquake moment magnitude and tsunami maximum amplitude. Hence, this study aims to find and analyse empirical equations relating earthquake sizes measured as moment magnitudes to tsunami maximum amplitudes for cases of 7 trans-Pacific occurrences (the 2006 Kuril, Russian, 2009 New Zealand, 2010 Maule, Chili, 2011 Tohoku, Japan, 2013 Solomon, 2014 Iquique, Chili, and 2015 Illapel, Chili events) and 6 Indonesian tsunamis (the 2004 Indian Ocean, 2007 Sumatera, 2010 Sumatera, 2010 Mentawai, 2012 Sumatera, and 2016 Sumatera events). Data in this study were acquired from field measurements by tsunami monitoring instrument (DART surface buoys and tide gauges) available at https://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/database_devel.html and http://ngdc.noaa.gov officially operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and http://ptwc.weather.gov/ officialy managed by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre (PTWC). The research results in terms of empirical relations between the moment magnitude and the tsunami maximum amplitude for 7 trans-Pacific tsunami events at distant observations are then provided by whereas for the Indonesian tsunamis monitored at both near-field and far-field observations, . The difference in the multiplying factor of the logarithmic function in each equation is due to differences in complexity in the ocean topography and bathymetri between the Pacific and Indian Oceans as well as the nature of tsunami wave propagation for different tsunami directivities in the two Oceans. The findings are such that the moment magnitude scaled with is found to be a logarithmic function of the tsunami maximum amplitude for both regions of interest, consistent with that of previous work. Keywords: earthquake moment magnitude, tsunami maximum amplitude, trans-Pacific tsunamis.
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Synolakis, Costas E., and Laura Kong. "Runup Measurements of the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 3_suppl (June 2006): 67–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2218371.
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We summarize some of the findings and observations from the field surveys conducted in the aftermath of the horrific tsunami of 26 December 2004 and reported in this issue. All these field surveys represent an unprecedented scientific undertaking and involved both local and international scientists working side by side. The 26 December tsunami was the first with transoceanic impact, since comprehensive postevent hydrodynamic surveys began to be conducted in the early 1990s with modern measurement tools. The tsunami impacted at least 16 nations directly: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, India, Sri Lanka, Oman, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Madagascar, the Maldives, Rodrigues, Mauritius, Réunion, and the Seychelles. The death toll included citizens from many other countries in Asia, Europe, the South Pacific, and the Americas, giving this tsunami the grim distinction of being the first universal natural disaster of modern times.
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Buck, Lucy, Charlie Bristow, and Ella Meilianda. "After the Indian Ocean Tsunami (IOT): Natural beach recovery, Meulaboh, Sumatra, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 340 (2022): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234001002.
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Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) offers an efficient and non-invasive method of identifying and characterising subsurface features. It has previously been used to investigate both tsunami deposits and marine erosion surfaces from tsunamis as well as the structure of the structure of prograding beaches. The present study investigates beach deposits at Meulaboh, western coast of Aceh Province in Sumatra Island of Indonesia, to estimate the volume of sediment that has been deposited since the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, using the GPR with an antenna of 200 MHz. Two profiles perpendicular to the coastline were collected, one 93 m long and the other 30 m long, to capture the internal profile of beach ridge deposition. From the GPR measurement the amount of 1,190,191,716 tons of sediment redeposited along the 1092 m coastline since the 2004 tsunami, with a prograding length of 73 m per year. As beaches provide a good form of tsunami protection the rapid beach recovery and the return of a large amount of sediment helps provide much needed coastal protection to the area.
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Syifa, Siti Rohaya, Abdi Jihad, Muksin Umar, Vrieslend Haris Banyunegoro, and Andi Azhar Rusdin. "Variation Parameters of The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Model for Tsunami Prone Area Mapping in The Northern Part of Aceh Province." Indonesian Journal on Geoscience 10, no. 2 (November 14, 2023): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17014/ijog.10.2.167-179.
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A total of ten tsunami events occurred in Aceh Province from 1991 to 2012. This condition confirms that AcehProvince is very vulnerable to tsunami hazards. In 2004, a tsunami occurred due to the activity of the subduction zone onthe west coast of Aceh with a magnitude of Mw 9.3. Since the 2004 tsunami, research on tsunamis has increased. The aimof this study is to reconstruct the 2004 tsunami models, to find out which models are suitable for the events of 2004. Thereare at least five models of earthquake source faults used for tsunami modeling in this study. The tsunami modeling wascarried out numerically using the Tohoku University’s Numerical Analysis Model Investigation (TUNAMI) programme.The maximum height obtained from the modeling is 58,05 m at the shoreline. The maximum height obtained from thebest model is 17,73 m on land. The M5 fault model produced a tsunami height model that best matches the observationresults validated by lowest RMS and highest correlation coefficient values Keywords: tsunami height, fault model, correlation coefficient, RMSE
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Lauterjung, J., U. Münch, and A. Rudloff. "The challenge of installing a tsunami early warning system in the vicinity of the Sunda Arc, Indonesia." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 4 (April 6, 2010): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-641-2010.
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Abstract. Indonesia is located along the most prominent active continental margin in the Indian Ocean, the so-called Sunda Arc and, therefore, is one of the most threatened regions of the world in terms of natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis. On 26 December 2004 the third largest earthquake ever instrumentally recorded (magnitude 9.3, Stein and Okal, 2005) occurred off-shore northern Sumatra and triggered a mega-tsunami affecting the whole Indian Ocean. Almost a quarter of a million people were killed, as the region was not prepared either in terms of early-warning or in terms of disaster response. In order to be able to provide, in future, a fast and reliable warning procedure for the population, Germany, immediately after the catastrophe, offered during the UN World Conference on Disaster Reduction in Kobe, Hyogo/Japan in January 2005 technical support for the development and installation of a tsunami early warning system for the Indian Ocean in addition to assistance in capacity building in particular for local communities. This offer was accepted by Indonesia but also by other countries like Sri Lanka, the Maldives and some East-African countries. Anyhow the main focus of our activities has been carried out in Indonesia as the main source of tsunami threat for the entire Indian Ocean. Challenging for the technical concept of this warning system are the extremely short warning times for Indonesia, due to its vicinity to the Sunda Arc. For this reason the German Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (GITEWS) integrates different modern and new scientific monitoring technologies and analysis methods.
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Swe, Tint Lwin, Kenji Satake, Than Tin Aung, Yuki Sawai, Yukinobu Okamura, Kyaw Soe Win, Win Swe, et al. "Myanmar Coastal Area Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 3_suppl (June 2006): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2206158.
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A post-tsunami survey was conducted along the Myanmar coast two months after the 2004 Great Sumatra earthquake ( Mw=9.0) that occurred off the west coast of Sumatra and generated a devastating tsunami around the Indian Ocean. Visual observations, measurements, and a survey of local people's experiences with the tsunami indicated some reasons why less damage and fewer casualties occurred in Myanmar than in other countries around the Indian Ocean. The tide level at the measured sites was calibrated with reference to a real-time tsunami datum, and the tsunami tide level range was 2–3 m for 22 localities in Myanmar. The tsunami arrived three to four hours after the earthquake.
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SUPPASRI, ANAWAT, FUMIHIKO IMAMURA, and SHUNICHI KOSHIMURA. "TSUNAMI HAZARD AND CASUALTY ESTIMATION IN A COASTAL AREA THAT NEIGHBORS THE INDIAN OCEAN AND SOUTH CHINA SEA." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 06, no. 02 (June 2012): 1250010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431112500108.
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In the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, many hundreds of thousands of lives have been lost due to tsunami events, and almost half of the lives lost occurred following the 2004 Indian Ocean event. Potential tsunami case scenarios have been simulated in these regions by a number of researchers to calculate the hazard level. The hazard level is based on a variety of conditions, such as the tsunami height, the inundation area, and the arrival time. However, the current assessments of the hazard levels do not focus on the tsunami risk to a coastal population. This study proposes a new method to quantify the risk to the coastal population in the region that includes the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. The method is simple and combines the use of readily available tsunami data, far-field tsunami simulation models to determine the regional risk and global population data. An earthquake-generated tsunami was simulated, following an earthquake that had a magnitude larger than 8.5 Mw and occurred along a potential subduction zone. The 2004 Indian Ocean event seemed to be a "worst case scenario"; however, it has been estimated that a potential tsunami, occurring in a coastal region with a high population density, could cause significantly greater casualties.
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Suppasri, Anawat, Musa Al'ala, Mumtaz Luthfi, and Louise K. Comfort. "Assessing the tsunami mitigation effectiveness of the planned Banda Aceh Outer Ring Road (BORR), Indonesia." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 299–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-299-2019.
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Abstract. This research aimed to assess the tsunami flow velocity and height reduction produced by a planned elevated road parallel to the coast of Banda Aceh, called the Banda Aceh Outer Ring Road (BORR). The road will transect several lagoons, settlements, and bare land around the coast of Banda Aceh. Beside its main function to reduce traffic congestion in the city, the BORR is also proposed to reduce the impacts of future tsunamis. The Cornell Multi-grid Coupled Tsunami Model (COMCOT) was used to simulate eight scenarios of the tsunami. One of them was based on the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Two magnitudes of earthquake were used, that is, 8.5 and 9.15 Mw. Both the earthquakes were generated from the same source location as in the 2004 case, around the Andaman Sea. Land use data of the innermost layer of the simulation area were adopted based on the 2004 condition and the land use planning of the city for 2029. The results of this study reveal that the tsunami inundation area can be reduced by about 9 % by using the elevated road for the earthquake of magnitude 9.15 Mw and about 22 % for the earthquake of magnitude 8.5 Mw. Combined with the land use planning 2029, the elevated road could reduce the maximum flow velocities behind the road by about 72 %. Notably, the proposed land use for 2029 will not be sufficient to deliver any effects on the tsunami mitigation without the elevated road structures. We recommend the city to construct the elevated road as this could be part of the co-benefit structures for tsunami mitigation. The proposed BORR appears to deliver a significant reduction of impacts of the smaller intensity tsunamis compared to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.
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Khan, A. A., A. Kumar, and P. Lal. "SPATIO-TEMPORAL EVALUATION OF LONG-TERM EARTHQUAKE EVENTS AND ITS CONTRIBUTION IN GENESIS OF <i>TSUNAMI</i> IN THE INDIAN OCEAN." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-5/W2 (December 5, 2019): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-5-w2-43-2019.
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Abstract. A very high magnitude earthquake (9.1 MW) triggered a devastating Tsunami in the Indian Ocean on 26th December 2004. The epicentre was located at 3.3° N, 95.8° E with a focal depth of ~30 km. The impacts of Tsunami were felt as far away in Somalia, Tanzania and Kenya along the east coast of Africa. Considering the role of earthquake, in the present study the spatio-temporal analysis of long term (1901 to 2019) earthquake events was performed, which recorded by USGS to understand the genesis of Tsunami (2004) in the Indian Ocean. The study exhibited that the maximum frequency of earthquake was observed between the ranges of 4 MW to 6 MW on the Richter scale during 2001–2010. There was only one earthquake event > 8 MW on the Richter scale (26th December 2004 having depth 30 km) in the Indian Ocean recorded during 1901–2019. The study exhibited that the maximum earthquake was observed between 30–40 km below the surface, and primarily of moderate to low magnitudes. The proximity analysis along the major fault line indicates that the maximum earthquakes were in the buffer of 200 km from fault line in Bay of Bengal. The decadal variation of earthquake exhibits that the maximum number of earthquake events (8427 events) were triggered during the year 2001–2010, whereas during the year 2004, the total 902 earthquake events > 4 MW was recorded. The study indicates that the earthquakes > 7 MW (on Richter scale) and depth below 30 km (shallow earthquake) are primarily responsible to major Tsunami events in the Indian Ocean. The very high magnitude (> 9 MW on the Richter scale) and shallow depth (~30 km) are the major cause of 2004 Tsunami and its high level of damage. There were very low frequency (10–15 events) of earthquake occurred having magnitude > 7 and depth < 30 km.
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Lukkunaprasit, Panitan, Nuttawut Thanasisathit, and Harry Yeh. "Experimental Verification of FEMA P646 Tsunami Loading." Journal of Disaster Research 4, no. 6 (December 1, 2009): 410–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2009.p0410.
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The 2004 catastrophe of the Indian Ocean tsunami prompted scientists and engineers to develop better guidelines for economically designed essential buildings that are capable of withstanding tsunami forces. A recent design guidelines document – FEMA P646 [1] published by the US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) – proposes a practical method to estimate the tsunami design forces at a given locality with a known maximum tsunami runup height. This paper focuses on verifying the method stipulated in FEMA P646 through laboratory experiments, assuming the beach condition similar to Kamala beach in Phuket, Thailand, which suffered great losses by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Our experimental results confirm that the predicted forces provide a reasonable upper bound for the measured forces.
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Dawson, Alastair, and Iain Stewart. "Tsunami geoscience." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 31, no. 6 (December 2007): 575–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133307087083.
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Research in tsunami geoscience has accelerated markedly ever since the tragedy of the Indian Ocean tsunami of Boxing Day 2004. Yet, for many decades and centuries, scholars have been describing a multiplicity of tsunami events. Thus the Royal Society devoted a whole volume to the effects of the Great Lisbon earthquake and tsunami of November AD 1755 while in the early nineteenth century Charles Darwin was describing the great tsunami at Valdivia, Chile, in his account of the Voyage of the Beagle. Today, research in tsunami geoscience is still finding its feet. Thus, whereas there has been a wealth of publications on the reconstruction of Late Quaternary and Holocene tsunamis, the literature describing evidence for tsunamis in the geological record are rare. In this paper, we describe how our understanding of tsunamis has changed over time and we try also to identify areas of tsunami geoscience worthy of future study.
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Riyaz, Mahmood, and Anawat Suppasri. "Geological and Geomorphological Tsunami Hazard Analysis for the Maldives Using an Integrated WE Method and a LR Model." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 10, no. 01 (January 31, 2016): 1650003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431116500032.
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This study presents a tsunami hazard analysis for the Maldives using integrated statistical approaches, such as the WE (weight of evidence) method and a LR (logistic regression) model, using historical flooding records from the Maldives following the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. The data with respect to the geological and geomorphological parameters of the islands and reefs, which were collected from 202 inhabited islands and seven resorts in the Maldives, were weighted by the presence/absence of evidence from the impacted islands. The tsunami hazard and risk were evaluated using spatial weights calculated for each variable. The predicted tsunami risk was compared with the impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. The results show that for the three cases, the success rate of the estimated hazard and risk prediction ranged between 74% and 90% for the low and high impact islands, respectively. However, the predictability for medium impact islands in the three cases was within the range of 52–58%. The results of this study can be applied to hazard and risk assessments, are useful for tsunami behavior model development for coral islands and can be used to identify islands that are naturally protected, sheltered or resilient against natural disasters, such as tsunamis.
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West, Brad, and Ruthie O’Reilly. "National humanitarianism and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami." Journal of Sociology 52, no. 2 (December 5, 2014): 340–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783314550515.
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Leelawat, Natt, Anawat Suppasri, Osamu Murao, and Fumihiko Imamura. "A Study on the Influential Factors on Building Damage in Sri Lanka During the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 10, no. 02 (May 18, 2016): 1640001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431116400017.
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The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami damaged a number of buildings in many Asian countries. The research objective of this paper is to determine the significant predictor variables and the direction of their relationships regarding the building damage level. This quantitative study used data collected by Murao and Nakazato [“Recovery curves for housing reconstruction in Sri Lanka after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami,” J. Earthquake Tsunami 4(2), 51–60; “Vulnerability functions for buildings based on damage survey data in Sri Lanka after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami,” Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Sustainable Built Environment, Kandy, Sri Lanka, pp. 371–378] in Sri Lanka for analysis via the statistical approach. The tested explanatory parameters included the inundation depth, the structural materials, and the areas. This research is among the first pioneering efforts in applying the statistical analysis to investigate the influential parameters in tsunami damage areas. This work can contribute to the damage analysis research area in terms of providing the proved parameters as well as contributing to the practical understanding of urban planners, engineers, and related persons who are involved in building construction and disaster management.
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Zhang, Zhongduo, Andrew Kennedy, and Joaquin P. Moris. "TSUNAMI WAVE LOADING ON A STRUCTURAL ARRAY PARTIALLY SHELTERED BY A SEAWALL." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 37 (September 1, 2023): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.management.14.
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In recent years tsunamis have been recognized as one of the most catastrophic natural disasters in the world, highlighted by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami. These countries affected by tsunamis like Indonesia, Thailand and Japan usually arm their coast with sea walls to provide protection for coastal urban regions; however, surveys have found during both tsunami events, several sections of breached sea walls had led to extensive damage in those coastal regions (Dalrymple and Kriebel, 2005; Sato, 2015). Previous studies have examined the sheltering effect by macroroughness to individual structures, but limited knowledge is available on the sheltering and flow concentration effect by a partially standing wall to a field of structural array. The result from this experiment will serve to provide a better understanding on the tsunami loading variation induced by different length of partial seawalls, and help prepare more accurate hazard maps for tsunami events.
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Fritz, Hermann M., and Jose C. Borrero. "Somalia Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 3_suppl (June 2006): 219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2201972.
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The 26 December 2004 tsunami severely affected Somalia, with some 300 deaths at a distance of 5,000 km from the epicenter of the magnitude 9.0 earthquake. Somalia's physical characteristics allowed a detailed assessment of the far-field impact of a tsunami in the main propagation direction. The UNESCO mission surveyed five impacted towns south of the Horn of Africa along the Puntland coast in northern Somalia: Eyl, Bandarbeyla, Foar, Xaafuun, and Bargaal. The international team members visited Somalia during 2–10 March 2005. The team measured tsunami runup heights and local flow depths on the basis of the location of watermarks on buildings and eyewitness accounts. Maximum runup heights were typically on the order of 5–9 m. Each measurement was located by means of global positioning systems (GPS) and was photographed. Numerous eyewitness interviews were recorded on video.
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Mitra, Rimali, Hajime Naruse, and Shigehiro Fujino. "Reconstruction of flow conditions from 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami deposits at the Phra Thong island using a deep neural network inverse model." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 1667–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1667-2021.
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Abstract. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami caused significant economic losses and a large number of fatalities in the coastal areas. The estimation of tsunami flow conditions using inverse models has become a fundamental aspect of disaster mitigation and management. Here, a case study involving the Phra Thong island, which was affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, in Thailand was conducted using inverse modeling that incorporates a deep neural network (DNN). The DNN inverse analysis reconstructed the values of flow conditions such as maximum inundation distance, flow velocity and maximum flow depth, as well as the sediment concentration of five grain-size classes using the thickness and grain-size distribution of the tsunami deposit from the post-tsunami survey around Phra Thong island. The quantification of uncertainty was also reported using the jackknife method. Using other previous models applied to areas in and around Phra Thong island, the predicted flow conditions were compared with the reported observed values and simulated results. The estimated depositional characteristics such as volume per unit area and grain-size distribution were in line with the measured values from the field survey. These qualitative and quantitative comparisons demonstrated that the DNN inverse model is a potential tool for estimating the physical characteristics of modern tsunamis.
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TANEEPANICHSKUL, Surasak. "Indian Ocean Tsunami 26 December 2004: Tsunami Disaster in Phuket Thailand." TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 18, no. 10 (2013): 10_86–10_89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.18.10_86.
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Hirata, Kenji, Kenji Satake, Yuichiro Tanioka, Tsurane Kuragano, Yohei Hasegawa, Yutaka Hayashi, and Nobuo Hamada. "The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami: Tsunami source model from satellite altimetry." Earth, Planets and Space 58, no. 2 (February 2006): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bf03353378.
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Fujii, Yushiro, Kenji Satake, Shingo Watada, and Tung-Cheng Ho. "Slip distribution of the 2005 Nias earthquake (Mw 8.6) inferred from geodetic and far-field tsunami data." Geophysical Journal International 223, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 1162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa384.
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SUMMARY We estimated the slip distribution on the fault of the 2005 Nias earthquake (Mw 8.6) by inversions of local GPS and coastal uplift/subsidence data and tsunami waveform data. The 2005 Nias earthquake occurred approximately three months after the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake (Mw 9.1) at the southern extension off Sumatra Island, Indonesia. The tsunami from the 2005 earthquake caused significantly less damage than the 2004 tsunami, yet was recorded at tide gauges and ocean bottom pressure gauges around the Indian Ocean, including the coasts of Africa and Antarctica. The elastic and gravitational coupling between the solid earth and the ocean causes not only a traveltime delay but also the change of waveforms of far-field tsunamis relative to the prediction based on the long-wave theory. We corrected the computed tsunami Green's functions for the elastic and gravitational coupling effect in the tsunami waveform inversion. We found a diffused slip (∼2 m over an area of 400 km × 100 km) at deeper parts (20–54 km) of the fault with a large localized slip (7 m over 100 km × 100 km) slightly south of the epicentre. The large slips at deeper parts of the fault were responsible for the small tsunami generation. Inversion using far-field tsunami data yielded a slip distribution similar to that obtained using local geodetic data alone and that from the joint inversion of local geodetic and far-field tsunami data, which is also similar to slip distributions from previous studies based on local geodetic data. This demonstrates that far-field tsunami waveforms, once corrected for propagation effects, can be used to estimate the slip distribution of large submarine earthquakes leading to results that are similar to those obtained using sparse local geodetic data.
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Goff, James, Philip L.-F. Liu, Bretwood Higman, Robert Morton, Bruce E. Jaffe, Harindra Fernando, Patrick Lynett, Hermann Fritz, Costas Synolakis, and Starin Fernando. "Sri Lanka Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 3_suppl (June 2006): 155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2205897.
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An International Tsunami Survey Team (ITST) consisting of scientists from the United States, New Zealand, and Sri Lanka evaluated the impacts of the 26 December 2004 transoceanic tsunami in Sri Lanka two weeks after the event. Tsunami runup height, inundation distance, morphological changes, and sedimentary characteristics of deposits were recorded and analyzed along the southwest and east coasts of the country. Preliminary results show how local topography and bathymetry controlled the limits of inundation and associated damage to the infrastructure. The largest wave height of 8.71 m was recorded at Nonagama, while the greatest inundation distance of 390 m and runup height of 12.50 m was at Yala. At some sites, human alterations to the landscape increased the damage caused by the tsunami; this was particularly evident in areas of coral poaching and of sand dune removal.
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Goff, James. "Survey of the December 26th 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Sri Lanka." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 38, no. 4 (December 31, 2005): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.38.4.235-244.
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An International Tsunami Survey Team (ITST) consisting of scientists from the U.S., New Zealand, and Sri Lanka evaluated the impacts of the December 26th 2004 transoceanic tsunami in Sri Lanka two weeks after the event. Tsunami runup, height, inundation distance, morphological changes, and sedimentary characteristics of deposits were recorded and analyzed along the southwest and east coasts of the country. Preliminary results show how local topography and bathymetry controlled the limits of inundation and associated damage to the infrastructure. At some sites, human alterations to the landscape increased damage caused by the tsunami.
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Shigihara, Yoshinori, and Koji Fujima. "Wave Dispersion Effect in the Indian Ocean Tsunami." Journal of Disaster Research 1, no. 1 (August 1, 2006): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2006.p0142.
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We conducted a numerical simulation that takes into account the effect of wave frequency dispersion in the Indian Ocean Tsunami that occurred on December 26, 2004. A leapfrog-implicit numerical scheme based on Shigihara et al. [6] is applicable to practical simulation. Dispersion effect is negligible for the runup to the northwest coast of Sumatra Island. At the west side of tsunami source, if the aim of simulation is the reproduction of detailed propagation process, dispersion should be considered in Sri Lanka. If maximum runup height and tsunami arrival time are required, however, dispersion may be negligible.
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Matsumoto, Hiroyuki, Hitoshi Mikada, and Masanori Suzuki. "Excitation Process of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Determined from Seismic Fault Rupture." Journal of Disaster Research 1, no. 1 (August 1, 2006): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2006.p0136.
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We simulated the tsunami that had took place after the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake for two fault models - one from teleseismic body wave inversion and the other from tsunami data. After including the dynamic behavior of the seafloor by fault rupture propagation in the tsunami excitation process in detail, we found the difference in tsunami wave heights from the two fault models, in particular due to the difference in slip distribution. We then estimated the effects of the dynamic behavior due to fault rupture propagation, changing the initial conditions of tsunami simulation. Although the effects of dynamic contribution due to seismic fault rupture on tsunami propagating across the Indian Ocean were found to be negligible, the effect of seismic fault rupture propagation contributes to the arrival time of the tsunami because of the huge size of the seismic fault plane. A fault model based on seismic data, however, still cannot explain the tsunami captured by the satellite.
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YAMAZAKI, FUMIO, and MASASHI MATSUOKA. "REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGIES IN POST-DISASTER DAMAGE ASSESSMENT." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 01, no. 03 (September 2007): 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431107000122.
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This paper highlights the recent applications of remote sensing technologies in post-disaster damage assessment, especially in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the 2006 Central Java earthquake. After the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, satellite images which captured the affected areas before and after the event were fully employed in field investigations and in tsunami damage mapping. Since the affected areas are vast, moderate resolution satellite images were quite effective in change detection due to the tsunami. Using high-resolution optical satellite images acquired before and after the 2006 Central Java earthquake, the areas of building damage were extracted based on pixel-based and object-based land cover classifications and their accuracy was compared with visual inspection results. In the Central Java earthquake, ALOS/PALSAR captured a SAR image of the affected area one day after the event as well as pre-event times. Taking the difference of the pre-event correlation and the pre-and-post event correlation, the areas affected by the earthquake were also identified. From these examples, the use of proper satellite imagery is suggested considering the area to cover, sensor type, spatial resolution, satellite's retake time etc., in post-disaster damage assessment.
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Tychsen, John, Ole Geertz-Hansen, and Frands Schjøth. "KenSea – tsunami damage modelling for coastal areas of Kenya." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 15 (July 10, 2008): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v15.5051.
Full textAbstract:
On 26 December 2004, the eastern part of the Indian Ocean was hit by a tremendous tsunami created by a submarine earthquake of magnitude 9.1 on the Richter scale off the west coast of Sumatra. The tsunami also reached the western part of the Indian Ocean, including the coastal areas of eastern Africa. Along the coast of Kenya (Figs 1, 2) it resulted in a sudden increase in water level comparable to a high tide situation. This rather limited consequence was partly due to the great distance to the epicentre of the earthquake, and partly due to the low tide at the time of the impact. Hence the reefs that fringe two thirds of the coastline reduced the energy of the tsunami waves and protected the coastal areas. During the spring of 2005, staff members from the Geo- logical Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) carried out field work related to the project KenSea – development of a sensitivity atlas for coastal areas of Kenya (Tychsen 2006; Tychsen et al. 2006). Local fishermen and authorities often asked what would have been the effect if the tsunami had hit the coastal area during a high tide, and to answer the question GEUS and the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) initiated a tsunami damage projection project. The aim was to provide an important tool for contingency planning by national and local authorities in the implementation of a national early warning strategy. The tsunami damage projection project used the database of coastal resources – KenSeaBase – that was developed during the KenSea project. The topographical maps of Kenya at a scale of 1:50 000 have 20 m contour lines, which is insufficient for the tsunami run-up simulation modelling undertaken by the new tsunami project. Therefore new sets of aerial photographs were obtained, and new photogrammetric maps with contour lines with an equidistance of 1 m were drawn for a 6–8 km broad coastal zone. The tsunami modelling is based on the assumption that the height of a future tsunami wave would be comparable with the one that reached the coastal area of Kenya in December 2004. Based on the regional geology of the Indian Ocean, it appears that the epicentre for a possible future earthquake that could lead to a new tsunami would most likely be situated in the eastern part of the ocean. Furthermore, based on a seismological assessment it has been estimated that the largest tsunami that can be expected to reach eastern Africa would have a 50% larger amplitude than the 2004 tsunami.It was therefore decided to carry out the simulation modelling with a tsunami wave similar to that of the 2004 event, but with the wave reaching the coast at the highest astronomical tide (scenario 1) and a worst case with a 50% larger amplitude (scenario 2: Fig. 3). The 2004 tsunami documented that the coastal belt of mangrove swamps provided some protection to the coastline by reducing the energy of the tsunami. Hence we included in this study a scenario 3 (Fig. 4), in which the mangrove areas along the coastline were removed. Maps for the three scenarios have been produced and show the areas that would be flooded, the degree of flooding, and the distribution of buildings such as schools and hospitals in the flooded areas. In addition, the force and velocity of the wave were calculated (COWI 2006).
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Kua, Heok, and Yul Iskandar. "Tsunami psychiatry." Psychiatric Bulletin 29, no. 9 (September 2005): 346–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.29.9.346.
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We report a conference to discuss the mental health response to the recent tsunami disaster that struck the coasts of the Indian Ocean on 26 December 2004. The conference was convened in Jakarta on 3–5 February 2005 and was organised by the Indonesian Society for Biological Psychiatry and chaired by Dr Yul Iskandar. The meeting brought together the Asian psychiatrists who helped out in the disaster zones in Aceh and Meulaboh (Indonesia), Penang (Malaysia) and Phuket (Thailand). The experiences shared by these psychiatrists have important implications for the future training of psychiatrists, especially those from developing countries.
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Murao, Osamu. "Post-tsunami Recovery Process in Thailand affected by 2004 Indian Ocean TsunamiPost-tsunami Recovery Process in Thailand affected by 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, Part 2." Reports of the City Planning Institute of Japan 11, no. 1 (June 10, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.11361/reportscpij.11.1_1.
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Arcas, Diego, and Harvey Segur. "Seismically generated tsunamis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, no. 1964 (April 13, 2012): 1505–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0457.
Full textAbstract:
People around the world know more about tsunamis than they did 10 years ago, primarily because of two events: a tsunami on 26 December 2004 that killed more than 200 000 people around the shores of the Indian Ocean; and an earthquake and tsunami off the coast of Japan on 11 March 2011 that killed nearly 15 000 more and triggered a nuclear accident, with consequences that are still unfolding. This paper has three objectives: (i) to summarize our current knowledge of the dynamics of tsunamis; (ii) to describe how that knowledge is now being used to forecast tsunamis; and (iii) to suggest some policy changes that might protect people better from the dangers of future tsunamis.