Dissertations / Theses: 'Indian Ocean marine sediment'

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Urvois, Marc. "Apports de l'estimation geostatistique de l'epaisseur des unites metalliferes dans la comprehension des mecanismes de mise en place des sediments de la fosse atlantis ii (mer rouge)." Orléans, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ORLE2049.

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Cette approche geostatistique menee sur les deux niveaux sulfures (su::(1) et su::(2)) et sur le niveau oxyde (co) montre que la repartition n'est pas aleatoire. L'analyse comparative des cartes isopaques met en evidence des similitudes entre su::(2) et co et une distribution distincte entre su::(1) et su::(2), indiquant par la que la repartition des sediments est independante des conditions d'oxydo-reduction du milieu. Les teneurs en elements de base (zn, cu, fe, mn, s sulfure) sont etudiees a travers leur moyenne ponderee, par unite lithologique et par bassin. Elles montrent une migration des sources dans l'espace et le temps depuis le nord de la fosse lors du depot de su::(1), vers le sud pendant celui de su::(2). Les teneurs en elements chalcophiles dans le bassin sud-ouest, region actuelle des emergences, sont systematiquement superieures a celles du reste de la fosse. Le developpement d'un panache en milieu oxygene conduit a la precipitation preponderante d'oxydes et a la formation du niveau oxyde (co). A l'inverse, des episodes moins intenses correspondent au piegeage du fluide hydrothermal dans les saumures et au depot des niveaux sulfures (su::(1) et su::(2))

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Fierens, Ruth. "Le système sédimentaire du Zambèze de l'Oligocène au Quaternaire (Canal du Mozambique, Océan Indien) : architecture, sédimentation et facteurs de contrôle Late Quaternary geomorphology and sedimentary processes in the Zambezi turbidite system (Mozambique Channel), in Geomorphology 334, June 2019 The influence of bottom currents on the Zambezi Valley morphology (Mozambique Channel, SW Indian Ocean): In situ current observations and hydrodynamic modelling, in Marine Geology 410, April 2019." Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BRES0032.

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Le système turbiditique du Zambèze (Canal du Mozambique, Océan Indien occidental) est l'un des plus grands systèmes turbiditiques au monde et reste encore mal compris. L'acquisition récente de données bathymétriques multifaisceaux à haute résolution, de données de sismique réflexion haute et très haute résolution et de données sédimentologiques a permis d'étudier l'évolution de l'architecture et l'organisation des dépôts depuis l'Oligocène afin de comprendre les principaux facteurs de forçage qui contrôlent la sédimentation en eau profonde dans le Canal du Mozambique. Le système turbiditique du Zambèze est composé de deux systèmes de dépôt adjacents : l'éventail du Zambèze ("Zambezi Fan") et un éventail semi-confiné ("ponded fan") dans un bassin intermédiaire face à l'embouchure du Zambèze. Les résultats et les interprétations indiquent : (1) un important contrôle tectonique depuis le Miocène responsable d'une sur-incision profonde de la vallée du Zambèze et de débordements limités des courants turbiditiques ; (2) une influence importante des courants de fond qui induisent la rareté des turbidites fines, l'érosion des flancs des vallées et l'apparition généralisée de "sediment waves" ; (3) une faible activité turbiditique au cours des 700 derniers kyr qui ne montre, en outre, aucune relation avec les changements du niveau de la mer, l'activité turbiditique s'observant indépendamment des périodes glaciaires et interglaciaires ; (4) des pics de flux terrigènes corrélés aux maxima d'ensoleillement estival local, indiquant que la mousson est le contrôle majeur des apports de sédiments vers le système de dépôt marin profond ; (5) une évolution "on-off" du l'éventail du Zambèze qui démontre un déplacement du dépocentre de la partie distale de l'éventail vers le bassin intermédiaire proximal. Ces résultats soulignent la grande complexité du système turbiditique du Zambèze en raison de l'impact de facteurs de contrôles multiples
The Zambezi turbidite system (Mozambique Channel, Western Indian Ocean) is one of the largest turbidite systems in the world and yet still remains poorly understood. Newly acquired high-resolution multibeam bathymetry, seismic reflection and sedimentological data allowed to investigate the architecture evolution and depositional patterns since the Oligocene in order to understand the main forcing factors that control the deep sea sedimentation in the Mozambique Channel. It was found that the Zambezi turbidite system is composed of two adjacent depositional systems: the channelized Zambezi Fan and a semiconfined fan in the lntermediate Basin. Moreover, results and interpretations indicate: (1) important tectonic control since the Miocene that caused deep incision of the Zambezi Valley and limited overflow of turbidite currents; (2) an important influence of bottom-currents that induces scarcity of fine-grained turbidites, valley flanks erosion and widespread occurrence of sediment waves; (3) low turbidite activity for the last 700 kyr that shows no relationship with sea-level changes as turbidite activity occurred irrespective of glacial or interglacial periods; (4) peaks in terrigenous flux with maxima in local summer insolation, reflecting that monsoon controls the sediment inputs towards the deep marine depositional system; (5) an on-off evolution of the Zambezi Fan that demonstrates a depocenter shift from the distal Zambezi Fan to the proximal Intermediate Basin. All our findings underline the high complexity in depositional environments of the Zambezi turbidite system

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Watson, Tracy S. "Sediment geochemistry of the oxygen minimum zone, north west Indian Ocean." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/11518.

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Pasnin, Charles Olivier Arvin. "A marine systematic conservation plan for Rodrigues Island, Western Indian Ocean." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11054.

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Includes abstract.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-59).
In 2007 the local government of Rodrigues gazetted four marine reserves in the north of the island based on knowledge and insights from stakeholders, mainly from the fishing community. In order to verify the stakeholder-based design, a marine reserve network was designed using Marxan, a systematic conservation planning programme.

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DeLong, Kimberly. "Millennial-scale variability in the Indian monsoon and links to ocean circulation." Thesis, University of New Hampshire, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1591709.

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Millennial-scale variability in the Indian monsoon was temporally linked to changes in global ocean circulation during the last glacial period, as evidenced by planktic-benthic foraminiferal stable isotope and trace element results from an intermediate depth sediment core from the northwestern Bay of Bengal (Core NGHP-01-19B; 18°58'N, 85°39'E; 1,422 m). Paired planktic foraminiferal Mg/Ca and δ¹⁸O_c of G. ruber constrain sea surface temperatures and isolate millennial-scale variations in the δ¹⁸O of surface waters (δ¹⁸O_sw) which resulted from changes in river runoff in the northwestern Bay. Concurrently with low δ¹⁸O_sw events, benthic foraminiferal δ¹³C of Cibicidoides spp. decreased, suggesting an increased influence of an aged water mass at this intermediate depth site during the low salinity events. Benthic foraminiferal Cd/Ca of H. elegans supports the identification of this water mass as aged Glacial Antarctic Intermediate Water (GAAIW). Lagged correlation analysis (r= 0.41) indicates that changes in subsurface properties led changes in surface properties by an average of 380 years. The implication is that Southern Hemisphere climate exerted a controlling influence on the Indian monsoon during the last glacial period.

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Nicolas, Jean Vincent Arnaud. "Historical climate variability reconstructed from massive coral records in the western Indian Ocean." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9811.

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Coral δ¹⁸O and Sr/Ca records from massive corals in the western Indian Ocean (WIO) are used to establish the heterogeneous distribution of warming rates across the tropical and subtropical regions and to investigate if it corresponds with that from instrumental sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The coral records correlate with instrumental data better on monthly time scales compared to annual time scales. Coral thermal stress was assessed by the Degree Heating Months (DHM) technique and even though the coral DHM aligns quite well with instrumental DHM, the values from coral data are generally 2-3 times greater in magnitude than the DHM values from instrumental data. It was found that the accumulated thermal stress, calculated from coral and instrumental data, for the majority of the tropical and subtropical WIO sites has been increasing since the 1970’s. From 1870 to 1995, both the tropics and the subtropics have been warming in general, although with different and varying rates as recorded by the coral and the instrumental SSTs. It was further revealed that both the tropical and the subtropical WIO warmed during the summer and winter periods during 1870-1995. On longer time scales, the relationship between the coral records in the WIO and climate indices showed a significant interannual variability approximately centered at periods 3-6 years, indicating a probable link with ENSO and IOD. The extent to which coral reefs from different sites in the WIO are prepared to survive climate change based on historical SST variability and intensity of warming rates are described. It could therefore be suggested that some corals may be more favoured to survive warming climate compared to others because corals in the WIO are located in different oceanographic conditions and experience different climatic variations.

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Cowburn, Benjamin. "Coral reefs and climate change in the Indian ocean : a case study of Watamu Marine National Park, Kenya and other Indian Ocean locations." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:22c16252-bdf9-4724-a2f8-dbd4c6fe7f09.

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Coral reefs are arguably the most threatened marine habitat because of multiple anthropogenic stressors degrading the health and resilience of these systems. In the past 20 years there have been increasing observations of mass coral bleaching and mortality associated with increasing water temperatures in the tropics. Reefs provide ecosystem services worth billions of dollars to people living in tropical coastal areas and are the architects of one of the most beautiful structures found on earth. Conserving these habitats is paramount, and conservation planning must contend with climate change along with local and regional stressors. In this thesis Watamu Marine National Park in Kenya is used as a case study of the current challenges facing the conservation of reefs in a warming world. The Western Indian Ocean suffered dramatic bleaching during 1998, which caused the mortality of 70% of Watamu's corals. Using datasets from the 1980s to present the historical trajectory of Watamu's reef community is presented. The current ecosystem resilience is assessed to suggest how this reef will respond to future climate stress. It appears that Watamu's coral community has remained in an altered state post-1998, which, based on its past thermal stress and current coral community, should be resistant to future bleaching. Watamu's resilience and reef health is compared with other locations in the Indian Ocean, including reefs in Kenya and the Maldives that bleached in 1998 and examples from Mozambique and Sumatra of reefs with little evidence of historical thermal stress. Resilience is a multi-faceted process with different major components and numerous interacting factors, which act synergistically on the reef community. Conservation options and opportunities are discussed for the 6 locations examined, using current resilience models and theory as a framework for identifying priority actions. Local and regional-scale human impacts on shallow marine habitats during the last 50 years has been dramatic, and with global-scale climate change as an additional major threat, the next 50 years will be critical for the future of reefs. The locations visited during this study showed encouraging signs of resilience to past thermal stress, with evidence to suggest that corals are acclimatising and/or adapting to increasing water temperatures. The future of reefs in locations like Watamu is uncertain. Better understanding of reef ecology, appropriate conservation techniques and ultimately greater public concern for reefs is required to ensure that there is a future for these ecosystems in the Indian Ocean.

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Fincham, Mark J. "Coccoliths and oxygen isotope observations from the sediment surface of the southwest Indian Ocean." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26540.

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The interplay of three important parameters, dissolution, dilution and winnowing seem to be controlling the state in which sediment material is preserved in the study area though most samples examined under the SEM were generally well preserved. The distribution of forty-four coccolithophore species in one hundred deep sea core-tops from the southwest Indian Ocean is described. Three coccolith assemblages have been recognised (Maputo, Agulhas Current and deep water) and are delineated by the relative abundances of four ecologically significant coccolithophore species (Gephyrocapsa oceanica, Emiliania huxleyi, Calcidiscus leptoporus and Umbilicosphaera sibogae). These four species are the most abundant in the study area and the major factors influencing their geographical distribution seem to be temperature, nutrient concentration and dissolution. Coccolith and foraminifera preservations indicate that the carbonate lysocline lies somewhere between 3500 and 4000 meters, resulting in the concentration of dissolution resistant microfossils below this depth. Stable oxygen isotope ratios in a planktonic foraminifera and percent abundances of E. huxleyi reveal that apart from cores taken in the Agulhas Passage, most of the core-top samples are probably less than 85,000 yrs. BP. Lightest isotope ratios of -1.5 to -1.0 per mil PDB (equal to 22.8 to 25.1°C) occur in a narrow band on the sea floor beneath the "A" route of the Agulhas Current. These values are about 0.5 per mil PDB lighter than samples analyzed on either side of this band and can be explained by the Agulhas Current's elevated temperature at the ocean surface of between 2 to 3°C. Thus, an oxygen isotope imprint of the Agulhas Current exists beneath it on the sea floor. The Agulhas Current is probably the major factor influencing sedimentation, sediment distribution patterns and geological features in the study area. At present it is voluminous and fast flowing, possibly eroding sediments 2500 meters below the surface. The oxygen-isotope ratios and nannoplankton counts obtained in this study indicate however, that the majority of samples are most probably recent or at least not older than 85,000 years except for sediments found in the Agulhas Passage. This implies that sediments are accumulating on the ocean floor and that the current does not have a pronounced erosional influence, at least in areas from which cores were retrieved for this study.

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Boersch-Supan, Philipp Hanno. "The ecology of scattering layer biota around Indian Ocean seamounts and islands." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11440.

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The waters of the open ocean constitute the largest living space on Earth but despite its obvious significance to the biosphere, the open ocean remains an unexplored frontier. With a regional focus on the Indian Ocean, this thesis investigates (i) the distribution of pelagic biota on basin scales, (ii) the effect of abrupt topography on pelagic biota and their predator-prey relationships, and (iii) the use of genetic techniques to elucidate population connectivity and dispersal of pelagic taxa. (i) Pelagic scattering layers (SLs) were surveyed with scientific echosounders across the southwest (SWIO) and central Indian Ocean to investigate their vertical and geographical distribution. Structurally distinct SL regimes were found across the Subantarctic Front, and may explain recently observed foraging behaviours of southern elephant seals. Regression models indicated a close relationship between sea surface temperature and mean volume backscatter, with significantly elevated backscatter in the subtropical convergence zone. The heterogeneous distribution of scattering layer biota may have implications for predator foraging and carbon cycling in the Indian Ocean. (ii) Acoustic surveys revealed diverse interactions between SLs, aggregations and topography around islands as well as shallow ( < 200m) and intermediate (200-800m) seamounts at spatial scales from 1 to 100 km. Epi-and mesopelagic backscatter was increased around reefs and banks of the Chagos archipelago, indicating connectivity between oceanic and neritic systems. SWIO seamounts harboured summit-associated aggregations, but the distributions of surrounding SLs did not follow a general pattern. Downstream SL depletion was observed in one location and combined with stomach content analyses, provides an insight into the mechanics of prey flux between open-ocean and seamount ecosystems. (iii) A mitochondrial marker was used to assess the population structure and demography of the hatchetfish Argyropelecus aculeatus in the SWIO. The results are suggestive of a single, well-connected population and indicate a recent population expansion around 0.14 million years ago. This highlights that even highly abundant mesopelagic populations are vulnerable to global climatic changes. Dispersal and recruitment are key ecological processes structuring seamount communities and are directly relevant for the management of exploited populations. Genetic barcoding was evaluated as a means to identify cryptic larval specimens of eels (leptocephali) and spiny lobsters (phyllosomata). Identification success was limited, but indicated the presence of 3-4 phyllosoma clades and 5-6 leptocephalus clades along the SWIR.

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Hanson, Christine Elizabeth. "Oceanographic forcing of phytoplankton dynamics in the coastal eastern Indian Ocean." University of Western Australia. Centre for Water Research, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0033.

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[Truncated abstract] This work was the first large-scale biological oceanographic study to be undertaken in the coastal eastern Indian Ocean adjacent to Western Australia, and covered both northwest (Exmouth Peninsula to the Abrolhos Islands) and southwest (Cape Naturaliste to Cape Leeuwin) regions. The study area was dominated by the Leeuwin Current (LC), an anomalous eastern boundary current that transports tropical water poleward and prevents deep nutrients from reaching the surface by creating large-scale downwelling. Indeed, LC and offshore waters were consistently associated with low nitrate concentrations and low phytoplankton biomass and production (< 200 mg C m-2 d-1). However, the physical forcing of the LC was offset, during the summer months, by upwelling associated with wind-driven inshore countercurrents (Ningaloo and Capes Currents), which provided a mechanism to access high nutrient concentrations normally confined to the base of the LC. ... Limited seasonal investigations off the Capes region of southwestern Australia showed that the winter production scenario can be very different than summer conditions, with strong Leeuwin Current flow that meanders onto the continental shelf and entrains seasonally nutrient-enriched shelf waters. However, production in the LC was still low (≤450 mg C m-2 d-1) due to light limitation resulting from both increased light attenuation and reduced surface irradiance characteristic of the winter months. This investigation provides fundamental knowledge on physical-biological coupling off Western Australia, with implications for fisheries management in view of seasonal and inter-annual variability in the strength of both the Leeuwin Current and inshore countercurrents.

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Hamidian, Amir Hossein, and n/a. "Cadmium in the marine environment." University of Otago. Department of Chemistry, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090728.100026.

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Cadmium in the ocean has a nutrient-like cycling pattern: with biological uptake at the surface, subsequent sinking in particulate form and then regeneration as dissolved species in deeper waters. Many measurements have been made over time of the ratio of the concentrations of dissolved Cd to those of PO₄ (Cd/PO₄) in the world ocean and this has become one of the best relationships documented between a trace metal and a nutrient. Combined with the measurements of the Cd/Ca ratio in foraminifera, the Cd/PO₄ ratio has been used to reconstruct the oceanographic circulation patterns that existed during past glacial periods and hence provides information on past climate changes. In the present study Cd/PO₄ ratios of the Southern Indian Ocean in surface and deep waters were investigated. The slopes of the relationships between Cd and PO₄ concentrations in waters of this region are high compared to the global correlations, and lie between those reported for other parts of the Southern Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. In surface waters of the Southern Indian Ocean, Cd/PO₄ ratios decrease from regions exhibiting high nutrient-low chlorophyll (HNLC) characteristic in the south to oligotrophic waters further north. It is also found that particulate Cd plays an important role in regulating the high Cd/PO₄ ratios reported in waters south of the Polar Front. Very low Cd/PO₄ ratios were measured in waters associated with the Subtropical Front southeast of New Zealand compared to other Southern Ocean and global oceanic waters. Seasonal variations in the Cd/PO₄ ratios measured for these waters strongly suggest they are associated with a significant biological uptake of dissolved Cd particularly during the phytoplankton growth season in summer. Dissolved Fe concentrations in the Southern Indian Ocean and seasonal variations of Fe in waters off the Otago Coast (southeast of New Zealand) suggest that Fe may stimulate phytoplankton growth and this might result in lower Cd/PO₄ ratios in surface waters through enhanced Cd uptake relative to PO₄ by the phytoplankton. However there is no distinct relationship between dissolved Fe concentrations and the dissolved Cd/PO₄ ratios measured in these surface waters. This finding is in disagreement with the recent 2006 hypothesis put forward by J.T. Cullen, which proposed that waters exhibiting low dissolved Cd/PO₄ ratios were associated with the HNLC regions. From a consideration of the potential Zn concentrations calculated from Si concentration measurements reported for these waters, it would appear that Zn may play a more important role than Fe in regulating Cd/PO₄ ratios in these waters. Measurements of dissolved and total Cd concentrations relative to those of PO₄ were also undertaken in the Otago Harbour and immediate surrounding coastal waters. These exhibited higher Cd concentrations and higher Cd/PO₄ ratios than open ocean waters further off the Otago Coast. The particulate Cd concentrations showed a negative correlation with Cd concentrations measured in cockle species (Austrovenus stuchburyi) collected in the harbour, suggesting that particulate Cd is not the source of Cd measured in the tissue of this species. The concentrations of Cd and other trace metals were also measured in samples of green mussel (Perna canaliculus), ribbed mussel (Aulacomya atra maoriana) and oyster (Saccostrea cucullata) collected from Otago Harbour and possible correlations explored between these concentrations and other parameters such as the shellfish condition indices and environmental gradients in the harbour. In summary, measurements of dissolved and particulate Cd concentrations in the water column can provide unique information on a number of processes occurring in the global marine environment.

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Palinkas, Cynthia. "Temporal and spatial patterns of modern shelf sedimentation in the Adriatic Sea /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10986.

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Annasawmy, Pavanee. "Community composition, migration and trophic positions of micronekton in two biogeochemical provinces of the South West Indian Ocean." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19970.

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Micronekton fauna was investigated as part of a multi-disciplinary research project carried out in two different bioregions of the South West Indian Ocean: the East African Coastal Province (EAFR) and the Indian South Subtropical Gyre (ISSG). Food web structure was addressed using stable isotopes. Since particulate organic matter had high δ 15 N values in the ISSG province, copepods were chosen as baseline in trophic level estimations. Feeding regime and size were shown to influence the trophic position of micronekon. In the ISSG, carnivores (fishes and squids) and omnivores (crustaceans) had higher δ 15 N values and trophic positions than filter feeder s (gelatinous organisms such as salps and pyrosomes) and detritivores (leptocephali larvae). Fishes and squids encompassed a wide range of overlapping isotopic niches suggesting that organisms across different trophic levels feed on the same resources. Estimated trophic levels ranged from 1.67 to 4.73, showing that micronekton in the ISSG can be tertiary consumers. An average enrichment value of 6.7 ‰ was recorded between the sampled micronekton specimens and swordfish Xiphias gladius in the ISSG. Trawls, being selective in nature, were shown to sa mple smaller - sized micronekton with a lower trophic position than the micronekton being eaten by swordfish. In the EAFR, mean δ 15 N values of micronekton were higher than in the ISSG, exhibiting slightly higher trophic levels. Mesoscale dynamics in the EAFR provide mechanisms that enrich surface layers in nutrients and chlorophyll - a, therefore contributing to a higher abundance and micronekton species richness. In the ISSG, the large - scale wind - driven anticyclonic gyre pushes the nitracline, thermocline and deep chlorophyll maximum deeper in the water column , influencing the diel migration patterns of micronekton , with a significant proportion of micronekton staying in deep layers or slightly above the thermocline at dusk . Regardless of the differences in the ISSG and EAFR in δ 15 N values and trophic positions of micronekton, larger - sized swordfish sampled from these two provinces had similar mean δ 15 N values since swordfish are highly migratory and forage in different p arts of the Indian Ocean. However, smaller - sized swordfish specimens had lower mean δ 15 N values. With a combination of trawl surveys, stable isotope estimates, stomach content and acoustic analyses, this study shed new light on trophic interactions in the oligotrophic ISSG province.

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Springbok–Njokweni, Nosiphiwo. "Regional differentiation of three goatfishes (Parupeneus Spp.) within the Western Indian Ocean." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1020262.

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Goatfishes inhabit inshore reefs and corals and are commercially important across their distribution in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO). The biogeography of these species in the WIO has not been explored with regards to their levels of diversity and relationships among regions. The genetic connectivity and differentiation of three goatfishes of the genus Parupeneus (P. barberinus, P. macronemus and P. rubescens) was studied using two mitochondrial genes (ND2 and 16S rRNA) and one nuclear gene (RAG1) using specimens from East and southern Africa, islands around the Mascarene plateau, Oman, Maldives and the Red Sea. Haplotype diversities, networks and AMOVA were used to measure genetic variance among localities and defined regional groups. There were high haplotype (HD > 0.9) and low nucleotide diversities (< 0.006) among all species for all gene regions, suggesting high levels of genetic differentiation among different areas, except for the mtDNA 16S data for P. macronemus and P. rubescens. For all three species, the FST population pairwise values revealed significant differentiation in all datasets for most population pairwise comparisons with the Maldives and genetic connectivity with haplotypes being shared among other localities. The 16S and RAG1, AMOVA for P. barberinus revealed a significant (P < 0.05) strong genetic structure among groups, for example P = 0.00 was estimated in the 16S data for four groups (the Maldives, WIO islands, Kenya and eastern mainland). This study found evidence for regional differentiation within the WIO for these three species supporting the presence of genetic breaks among areas. This differentiation could be either due to the historical isolation among areas or due to geographic and oceanic barriers such as the Mascarene Plateau and the Agulhas Current eddies in the Mozambique Channel. The effects of oceanographic features and physical barriers in the species distribution range and the dispersal potential based on the life history features of the species can have an influence on the genetic structuring of a population. It is also important to note that the length of the pelagic larval phase is just one factor affecting dispersal in marine organisms that can also explain the difference in genetic population structure. Unfortunately there is no specific information on the larval dispersal of these three goatfish. Therefore, studies are needed to be conducted on the specific biology and life history strategies of each Parupeneus species. These results suggest the importance of other factors, such as currents, and larval retention that may cause strong differentiation. These factors should also be considered when observing larval dispersal and its effect on population genetic structure. This study support the hypotheses that physical factors, processes (geographic barriers and oceanographic characteristics) and life history parameters need to be studied to understand the genetic differentiation of these Parupeneus reef fishes.

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Marsh, Daniel L. "TRACE METALS IN SEDIMENTS ON THE CONTINENTAL MARGINOF THE NORTHWEST ATLANTIC OCEAN." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1389654019.

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Han, Weiqing. "Influence of Salinity on Dynamics, Thermodynamics and Mixed-Layer Physics in the Indian Ocean." NSUWorks, 1999. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/62.

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A nonlinear, 4½-layer model with active thermodynamics and mixed-layer physics is used to examine salinity effects due to various forcings in the Indian Ocean. Theses forcings include: evaporation (ε) and precipitation (Ρ), river runoff in the Bay of Bengal, the Indonesian Throughflow, and the influx of salty waters from the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. Solutions with P - ε forcing produce salinity patterns that agree qualitatively with the observations in the upper three layers. Quantitatively, however, salinity values tend to be higher than the observations in most of the basin. In regions where precipitation is strong (P - ε » 0), a thin surface mixed layer (layer 1), and thus a thicker seasonal thermocline (layer 2, a barrier layer), are formed due to decreased entrainment. In these regions, surface currents generally strengthen, T2 warms considerably and SST increases somewhat, resulting in temperature inversions at some locations of the southern Bay and the eastern equatorial ocean. Somewhat surprisingly, P - ε also causes large temperature changes in layer 3 (thermocline) and thickness changes in layers 3 and 4 (intermediate water). The Bay-of-Bengal river runoff improves salinity values significantly in the upper three layers, especially within the Bay and alongC the west coast of India. During the Southwest onsoon (SWM), coastal Kelvin waves driven by the Ganges-Brahmaputra river inflow suppress upwelling along the northeast coast of India, increasing SST by 1°C. During the Northeast Monsoon (NEM), fresh water from the rivers is carried southward by the East India Coastal Current (EICC), raising sea level and thus strengthening the EICGby 10 cm/s. This fresh water can flow directly through the India-Sri Lanka separation in the surface mixed layer, generating a strong salinity gradient along the west Indian coast during winter. The river water decreases entrainment around the perimeter of the Bay during winter, thereby producing a thin surface mixed layer, increasing T2 , and resulting in temperature inversions in the northwestern Bay. Like P - ε, the rivers cause significant thickness and temperature anomalies in layer 3. The Indonesian Throughflow improves salinities in all four layers of the model, especially in the southern tropical ocean. Consistent with previous studies, most of the Throughflow water flows out of the Indian Ocean along the western boundary and near Madagascar. A significant amount of water, however, is advected northward into the Somali basin and subsequently carried eastward into the ocean interior and northward into the Arabian Sea. The Throughflow increases SST primarily along the west Australian coast but warms the thermocline (layer 3) throughout the Indian Ocean, especially in the southern tropical ocean. As a consequence, sea level is raised in the entire basin. Warmer and saltier Persian-Gulf water (PGW) enters the Indian Ocean in layer 3, warming the northern Arabian Sea by 0.2-2°C and increasing the salinity by 0.1-0.6 psu through horizontal mixing. It increases sea-surface salinity (SSS) in a broad region of the Arabian Sea by 0.1- 0.2 psu because entrainment and, to a less extent, coastal upwelling bring PGW into the surface mixed layer, where it spreads over a large region due to advection. High-salinity and high-temperature Red-Sea water (RSW) warms layer-4 (upper intermediate layer) and increases its salinity by a significant amount in most region of the Indian Ocean, especially in the Somali Basin, the interior Arabian Sea, and the central and western equatorial ocean.

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Yu, Zhaojie. "Quaternary Indian and East Asian monsoon reconstructions and their impacts on weathering and sediment transport to the ocean." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS189.

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L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de restituer l'évolution passée des moussons asiatiques au cours du Quaternaire et d’en évaluer leurs impacts sur l’érosion continentale et les transferts sédimentaires terre-mer, à partir de l’étude de carottes marines collectées dans la Baie du Bengale, l'ouest de la mer des Philippines et la mer d'Arabie. La stratégie scientifique mise en œuvre implique des analyses minéralogiques (argiles), sédimentologiques (granulométrie laser) et géochimiques (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr et εNd) afin de restituer les zones sources sédimentaires, les conditions d’érosion et de transfert sédimentaires à l’océan. Les analyses de la concentration en élément des terres rares et des valeurs de l’εNd ont également été faites sur des échantillons d’eau de mer et de foraminifères collectés dans la Baie du Bengale afin de contraindre l’utilisation de ce traceur dans un contexte de très forts changements saisonniers de débit des fleuves Himalayens. Cette stratégie nous a permis, entre autre, de restituer les précipitations de mousson du domaine ouest tropical Pacific au cours du Quaternaire et d’établir un lien avec l’évolution à long terme de la dynamique de circulation méridienne de type ENSO. Nous avons également apporté de nouvelles contraintes sur l’utilisation du traceur εNd dans les foraminifères de la Baie du Bengale en vue d’en restituer la dynamique passée de l’érosion himalayenne
The main objective of this PhD study is to reconstruct the evolution of the Asian monsoons during the Quaternary and their impacts on the continental erosion and sedimentary transfers from land to sea by the investigation of sediments cores collected in the Northern Bay of Bengal, the western Philippines Sea and the Arabian Sea. The implemented scientific strategy involves mineralogical (clay size fraction), sedimentological (grain-size laser) and geochemical (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and εNd) analyses in order to establish sedimentary sources, conditions of erosion and transfer of sediments to the Ocean. The analyses of the concentration of Rare Earth Elements (REE) and εNd were also made on seawater and foraminifera samples to better constrain the εNd as a proxy of weathering in a context of strong seasonal variations of sediment discharges by Himalayan rivers. Clay mineralogy and laser grain-size analyses have been conducted on sediments from core MD06-3050 collected on the Benham Rise (Philippines Sea). Siliciclastic grain-size results indicate variations of the relative proportion of three grain-size sub-populations corresponding to eolian dusts (EM2 about 9-11 μm) and Luzon rivers inputs (EM1 about 2-5 μm and EM3 about 19-25 μm). The long-term evolutions of the EM1/EM2 and smectite/(illite+chlorite) ratios permit to reconstruct variations of the contribution of detrital material deriving from the volcanic arc of Luzon and rainfall intensity of this tropical region. At long time scale, periods of intensification of monsoon rainfall on Luzon are associated to a reduction of precipitation on central China. These periods are also associated to an increase of the zonal gradient of sea surface temperatures on the equatorial Pacific Ocean suggesting a strengthening of El Niña conditions. These results highlight for the first time a strong role of the dynamics of the meridian circulation of ENSO on the long-term changes of rainfall of the tropical western Pacific during the Quaternary. In the Arabian Sea, clay mineralogy, siliciclastic grain-size, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio and εNd were analysed on Quaternary sediments of the IODP site U1457. Our results suggest a change in the relative proportions of sediments from the Deccan Trapps (smectite) and the Indus river (mainly illite and chlorite). Variability of sedimentary sources and sediment transport (turbidites activity) to the Indus Fan have been reconstructed and attributed to monsoon rainfall and the sea level variations. The concentrations of REE combined with εNd were analysed on seawater samples collected in June 2012 along a North-South cross section in the Bay of Bengal. We highlighted from normalized REE patterns that the contributions of dissolved REE from the Ganges-Brahmaputra river system was the main source of the dissolved REE of surface waters of the Bay of Bengal, whereas the desorption of lithogenic particles dominate the dissolved REE of the intermediate and deep waters masses. We then revalued the residence time of the dissolved REE in the Bay of Bengal. A comparison of εNd, obtained just before the increase of the Ganges-Brahmaputra river discharge inferred by Indian monsoon rainfall, with the results obtained by Singh and al. (2012) for seawater samples collected after the peak of river discharge, allowed us to highlight for the first time a seasonal variability of seawater εNd of the Bay of Bengal. εNd have been analysed on planktonic foraminiferas of core MD77-176 located at 1375 m water depth to reconstruct for the first time the seawater εNd record of the intermediate waters masses of northern Bay of Bengal for the last 27 kyr. This new seawater εNd record of the Northern Bay of Bengal give us new constrain for this proxy already used to reconstruct past changes of the Himalayan weathering

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18

Lacey, Elizabeth Anne. "Ecological Assessment of the Coral Reef Community in Northeastern Diego Garcia, British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) Archipelago." NSUWorks, 2006. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/111.

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Increased pressure from natural and anthropogenic disturbances on coral reef ecosystems elevates the importance of an ecological assessment prior to further degradation. Diego Garcia, in the Chagos Archipelago, poses an interesting study site as its reefs, while existing in an environment that is increasingly degraded and threatened, are considered the most diverse in the Indian Ocean. With the utilization of both digital photograph transect assessment of benthic habitat composition and the development of a bathymetric digital elevation model (DEM), the reef conditions at the study site were surveyed in order to describe the coarse features of community structure. The coral community structure in northern Diego Garcia is largely driven by the fecundity of the dominant coral species present in the system as a wide variability in the coral reef ecosystem environment encourages a wide variability in coral cover. Acropora spp. at the sites in northern Diego Garcia gained their competitive advantage over the other genera with successive successful reproductive and recruitment events through initial investment in growth to a highly fecund and more stable size. Additional fieldwork may further sharpen predictions on acroporid dominance for the area but through this study, a greater comprehension of the physical environment as well as the major control on the nature of the northern Diego Garcia reef development has been recognized.

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Corell, Hanna. "Applications of ocean transport modelling." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Meteorologiska institutionen (MISU), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-75344.

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The advective motion of seawater governs the transport of almost everything, animate or inanimate, present in the ocean and those lacking the ability to outswim the currents have to follow the flow. This makes modelling of advective ocean transports a powerful tool in various fields of science where a displacement of something over time is studied. The present thesis comprises four different applications of ocean-transport modelling, ranging from large-scale heat transports to the dispersion of juvenile marine organisms. The aim has been to adapt the method not only to the object of study, but also to the available model-data sets and in situ-observations. The first application in the thesis is a study of the oceanic heat transport. It illustrates the importance of wind forcing for not only the heat transport from the Indian to the Atlantic Ocean, but also for the net northward transport of heat in the Atlantic. In the next study focus is on the particle-transport differences between an open and a semi-enclosed coastal area on the Swedish coast of the Baltic Sea. The modelled patterns of sedimentation and residence times in the two basins are examined after particles having been released from a number of prescribed point sources. In the two final studies the transport-modelling framework is applied within a marine-ecology context and the transported entities are larvae of some Scandinavian sessile and sedentary species and non-commercial fishes (e.g. the bay barnacle, the blue mussel, the shore crab and the gobies). The effects of depth distribution of dispersing larvae on the efficiency of the Marine Protected Areas in the Baltic Sea are examined. Further, the diversity in dispersal and connectivity depending on vertical behaviour is modelled for regions with different tidal regimes in the North Sea, the Skagerrak and the Kattegat. The spatial scales dealt with in the studies varied from global to a highly resolved 182-metres grid. The model results, excepting those from the global study, are based on or compared with in situ-data.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Submitted. 4: Manuscript.

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20

Appadoo, Chandani. "Some aspects of the biogeography and ecology of intertidal and shallow subtidal marine gammaridean amphipods of Mauritius (Indian Ocean)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0001/MQ34159.pdf.

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21

Bala, Subrahamanyam D. [Verfasser]. "Observational and Modelling Studies of the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer over the Tropical Indian Ocean during INDOEX / D. Bala Subrahamanyam." München : GRIN Verlag, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1190001713/34.

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22

Richmond, Matthew D. "The biodiversity and biogeography of shallow-water flora and fauna of the Western Indian ocean : with special reference to the Polychaeta, Mollusca and Echinodermata." Thesis, Bangor University, 1998. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-biodiversity-and-biogeography-of-shallowwater-flora-and-fauna-of-the-western-indian-ocean(5b477d4e-2ed5-4549-bfb5-aaafc6df96f0).html.

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The biodiversity and biogeography of the western Indian Ocean shallow-water marine flora and fauna was examined with special emphasis on Polychaeta, Mollusca (excluding Opisthobranchia) and Echinodermata. A collection of predominantly eulittoral polychaetes from Zanzibar and Mafia (Tanzania) revealed a minimum of91 species, of which 29 % are reported to occur across the Indian Ocean to the West Pacific, and 21 % are regarded as 'cosmopolitan'. Taxonomic problems associated with this taxon are discussed. Over 3,200 species of shelled Mollusca have been reported from the region, though the overall diversity of the groups are likely to be less due to the presence of many synonyms within the taxa which remain to be resolved. Of those families which have been taxonomically reviewed, it appears that the western Indian Ocean supports up to 15-20 % endemism, with noticeable differences in species diversity between the mainland of Africa and the western Indian Ocean islands, especially among bivalves. A total of 419 species of echinoderms are now known from this region, with 107 species (25 %) endemic. About 84 % of the nonendemic species are reported from several localities across the Indian Ocean to the West Pacific. Differences in the diversity of this group between mainland Africa-Madagascar and the western Indian Ocean islands are shown and possible reasons discussed. Origins of the marine macro-invertebrate taxa in the western Indian Ocean include the maintenance of ancient Tethyan Sea fauna and larval (or adult) dispersal across the northern Indian Ocean. The possibility of species diversity being a function of coastline length was briefly investigated. The preparation of A Guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean Islands, describing over 1,600 species, forms part of the work of this thesis and provides a baseline of taxonomic information for macrofauna and flora. From the latter, together with predictions provided by specialists, an estimate of about 10,000 species of shallow-water marine macrofauna and flora are found in this region. It is acknowledged that taxonomic problems affect many invertebrate taxa which require additional attention before estimates can be defined more precisely. Continued taxonomic research and dissemination of biodiversity findings are considered priorities to help stem the degradation and misuse of marine resources of this region resulting from human exploitation which is expected to increase considerably over the coming decades.

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23

van, Dijk Jeroen. "Size and Abundance of Late Pleistocene Reticulofenestrid Coccoliths from the Eastern Indian Ocean in Relation to Temperature and Aridity." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325273.

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Measurements on coccolith abundance and mass can be used as a signal of primary productivity and pelagic calcification in response to environmental change. The Leeuwin Current (LC) is known to transport warm and low-salinity waters from the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) southwards along the coast of West Australia. Along with the onset of continental aridity during late Neogene, increased strength of the LC may have played a role in reef expansion on the Northwest Shelf. In this study the morphological variation in size and mass of reticulofenestrid coccoliths was assessed in material from IODP Site U1461 in the eastern Indian Ocean spanning the past 500 ka. Both the absolute abundance of all reticulofenstrid coccoliths (Emiliania huxleyi, Reticulofenestra spp., Gephyrocapsa spp. and Pseudoemiliania spp.) was determined, as well as the relative abundance of large versus small coccoliths. Coccolith size and mass were measured quantitatively under circularly polarized light. The data was compared to variations in sea surface temperatures (SST) of the LC, and to continental aridity of Australia. SST fluctuations could influence coccolithophore productivity by affecting their metabolic rate, whereas continental aridity may influence the influx of terrestrial matter by wind. The investigated interval is dominated by small species of Gephyrocapsa. Peak values of absolute abundance and mass were observed during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11, an interglacial period of extended warmth and humidity. These results coupled with high densities of aragonite needles in the same samples indicate the sediments were diluted by material overflowing from the adjacent shallow- water carbonate platform, analogous to the whiting events observed in the modern-day Bahamas. A decrease in abundance of Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica at 240 ka can be linked to the timing of their last common occurrence (LCO), within MIS 7. The subsequent shift to Gephyrocapsa oceanica as the dominant large species may indicate an ecological replacement of G. caribbeanica, or signify warm and low-salinity waters.
Mätningar av abundans och massa hos coccoliter kan användas som en signal för primärproduktion och pelagisk förkalkning som resultat av miljöförändringar. Leeuwin Current (LC) är känd för att transportera varmt vatten och vatten med låg salthalt från Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) söderut längs kusten i västra Australien. Tillsammans med början av kontinental torka under sen Neogen kan ökad styrka hos LC ha spelat en roll i expansionen av rev på nordvästsockeln. I denna studie bedömdes den morfologiska variationen i storlek och massa hos coccoliter i material från IODP plats U1461 i östra Indiska oceanen från de senaste 500 000 åren. Både den absoluta abundansen av alla reticulofenstridcoccoliter (Emiliania huxleyi, Reticulofenestra spp., Gephyrocapsa spp. och Pseudoemiliania spp.) bestämdes, liksom den relativa abundansen av stora jämfört med små coccoliter. Storlek och massa av coccoliter mättes kvantitativt under cirkulärt polariserat ljus. Uppgifterna jämfördes med variationer i havsytans temperatur (SST) hos LC, och med kontinental torrhet i Australien. SST-fluktuationer kan påverka produktiviteten hos coccolitoforider genom att påverka deras metabolism, medan kontinental torrhet kan påverka inflödet av markmaterial med vind. Det undersökta intervallet domineras av små arter av Gephyrocapsa. Toppvärden av absolut abundans och massa observerades under marinisotopsteget (MIS) 11, en interglacial period med förlängd värme och fuktighet. Dessa resultat kombinerat med hög densitet av aragonitnålar i samma prover indikerar att sedimenten späddes ut med material som svämmade över från den intilliggande grunda karbonatplattformen, vilket är jämförligt med de vitningshändelser som har observerats i dagens Bahamas. En minskning i abundans av Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica vid 240 ka kan kopplas till tidpunkten för deras senaste gemensamma förekomst (LCO) inom MIS 7. Den efterföljande övergången till Gephyrocapsa oceanica som den dominerande stora arten kan indikera en ekologisk ersättning av G. caribbeanica, eller indikera varmt vatten med låg salthalt.

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Regenberg, Anke [Verfasser]. "Climate variability in the Eastern Indian Ocean during marine isotope stage 3 : high-resolution proxy studies from the Timor Sea / Anke Dürkop." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1019982810/34.

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25

Komul, Bhavnah. "A pilot study of seasonal and interannual patterns in the distribution of chlorophyll α and temperature over three areas of the southwest Indian Ocean: northeast Madagascar, southeast Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22842.

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Remotely sensed weekly MODIS data of chlorophyll α (Chl-α) concentration, sea surface temperature (SST) and satellite altimetry data of Absolute Dynamic Topography (ADT) and geostrophic velocities are used to examine the seasonal and interannual patterns in the Chl-α concentration and SST over three pilot study areas of the southwest Indian Ocean, namely Northeast Madagascar, Southeast Madagascar and Mascarene Islands. The weekly and monthly climatology and the weekly means of each variables are assessed using image displays and time series from 2003 to 2014. It is found that there is a seasonal cycle of phytoplankton blooms occurring twice a year across northeast and southeast Madagascar. The two blooms occur during the summer monsoon and during the winter monsoon, respectively. Unlike these two areas, the Mascarene Islands area has only one bloom during the summer monsoon. There is a negative correlation between SST and Chl-α concentration across all three areas; when SST is high, Chl-α concentration is low and vice versa. Also, the current patterns showed that the two Madagascar study areas, are more physically dynamic than the Mascarene Islands region. Unlike the Masacarene region, the Madagascar regions are more affected by the forcing of the South Equatorial Current that splits into the Southeast Madagascar Current and Northeast Madagascar Current, thus causing displacement of surface water. New outcomes of this study are that the north Indian Ocean (north of 100S) is not the only area that is affected by the summer and winter monsoons but the areas south of 100S may also be indirectly affected by the monsoons. Across Northeast Madgascar region, the summer monsoon bloom is well spread over the area while the winter monsoon bloom is mostly coastal. Across the Southest Madagascar region, the summer monsoon bloom spreads from east to west while, the winter monsoon bloom spreads from west to east. The Mascarene region is less productive with higher sea surface height and weaker eddies compared to the other areas and the mixed layer depth is greater across the Mascarene region, thus less nutrients are injected to the euphotic zone and the weaker eddies result in less mixing and consequently in weak Chl-α production. This study should improve our understanding of the seasonal and interannual variability of the SST and Chl-α and the dynamics of the ADT and geostrophic velocities in these regions for improved management of fishery resources using an ecosystem approach to fisheries.

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Gray, Howard Willem Ian. "Phylogeography and population structure in highly mobile marine taxa in the western Indian Ocean : bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) and common dolphins (Delphinus sp.)." Thesis, Durham University, 2016. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11542/.

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In the marine environment, where barriers to dispersal are limited, taxa normally exhibit genetic homogeneity across large spatial scales. Extraordinarily, marine mammals regularly exhibit genetic differentiation within their cruising range. Furthermore, recent radiation in Delphininae has resulted in several closely related species that remain taxonomically unresolved, particularly bottlenose dolphins (BND) Tursiops spp. and common dolphins (CD) Delphinus spp., making these taxa interesting for studying evolutionary processes. Using mitogenomes and a multi-locus dataset, BNDs from the northwest Indian Ocean (IO) were compared with other recognized species/ecotypes around the world. A new (third) lineage of Indo-Pacific BND, T. aduncus, was identified from the region. Reconstructions of ancestral biogeography and divergence date estimates, suggest a divergence mechanism within T. aduncus that coincides with climate change over the Pleistocene. Reconstructions of ancestral morphology suggest a coastal ancestry for BNDs. Significant population structure was exhibited between T. aduncus populations in the western IO based on mtDNA control region sequences and 14 microsatellite loci. Genetic subdivision appears to correlate with habitat heterogeneity across the study area, which may be driving differentiation through local adaption. Traditional and geometric morphometric techniques were used to investigate congruency between genetic and phenotypic differentiation of three BND lineages in the northwest IO. Strong differences were exhibited in morphology between common BNDs, T. truncatus, and T. aduncus. The T. aduncus lineages were similar, however significant differences in morphology were evident. Significant genetic structure was evident between CD populations off Portugal, South Africa and Oman, based on mtDNA sequences and 14 microsatellites. Further analyses support the taxonomic designation of D. capensis tropicalis in the northwest IO. Both genera exhibit significant population structure over spatial scales outdistanced by their dispersal abilities. Contemporary and historic environmental heterogeneity are suggested as drivers for this structure. Further evidence is provided for the northwest/northern IO as a region of evolutionary endemism, which will inform regional conservation initiatives.

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Paavo, Brian Lee, and n/a. "Soft-sediment benthos of Aramoana and Blueskin Bay (Otago, New Zealand) and effects of dredge-spoil disposal." University of Otago. Department of Marine Science, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070928.161657.

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Studies were conducted to broadly describe and understand the sediment benthos of a shallow-water coastal area (Aramoana Beach - Heyward Point - Blueskin Bay) near the entrance to Otago Harbour, a system largely representative for southeastern New Zealand. Benthic assemblages were examined in relation to gradients of wave exposure and disturbance, sediment type and bathymetry, and dredge-spoil disposal. Sediment and macrofaunal surveys in autumn and spring 2003 found little change in sediment texture gradients from historical studies and a lack of vertical stratification. Macrobenthic samples from spring produced significantly higher abundances of three numerically dominant phyla (Arthropoda, Annelida, and Mollusca) and higher taxon richness compared to autumn. Within water depths of 6-30 m, abundance, richness, and diversity increased with depth. Multivariate analyses identified similar assemblages among deeper sites, despite sediment textural differences, whereas distinct assemblages were found in the shallow portions of the three areas. Meiofaunal abundance patterns did not reflect those of macrofauna, possibly indicating greater vertical penetration of sediments in these hydrodynamic environments. Several new kinorhynch taxa were found. In a field manipulation, part of the Aramoana dredge-spoil dumpground was protected from spoil disposal for an extended period followed by experimental dumping of sandy and muddy spoil. Macrofaunal samples were collected before dumping and at nine sites < 119 d after disposal. Water velocities at the sediment-water interface were compared to a local sediment disturbance model. Dumpground samples were depauperate in individuals and taxa compared to an area protected from dumping for > 180 d. A drop in abundance and a dissimilar community coincided with muddy spoil, but fine sediments were dispersed within 26 d and macrofaunal assemblages recovered to the pre-existing state. Sandy spoil, while not altering native sediment textures, had a more prolonged impact due to transplantation of macrofauna from the dredged area that persisted for < 41 d after disposal. Side-scan sonar mapping indicated that the disposal footprint model used approximated the extent of sandy spoil impacts well, while local conditions spread muddy sediments beyond the initial impact site. A novel sediment profile imaging device was constructed that has many advantages over existing devices for spoil mound studies and habitat mapping: it is smaller, can be manually deployed from small boats, is cheaper, and can be modified to work in almost any soft sediment. Studies of one dominant taxon, the gastropod Zethalia zelandica, showed it was better able to survive sand burial than mud burial, did not vary in overall activity through a range of 5-14� C, and contributed a large proportion of biomass of its community. The spoil disposal strategy used does not appear as environmentally neutral as originally thought. Only muds are effectively dispersed whereas coarser sediments accumulate, affecting physical and biological benthic processes of a wider area. Two mitigation strategies were evaluated using a heuristic model. Reducing the disposal area and spreading mud disposal events over a longer time span may be an effective interim strategy. Overall, the studies will help guide management of the area.

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Thomas, Alexander Llewellyn. "Variations in past and present ocean circulation assessed with U-series nuclides." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:31d15cab-d817-438b-bba0-551921704fa7.

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This thesis considers the use of two U-series nuclides – 231 Pa and 230 Th – as proxies for studying ocean circulation. A total of six water-column profiles of 231 Pa, 230 Th, and 232 Th have been measured from two regions of the southwestern Indian Ocean: the Madagascar and Mascarene Basins; and the southeastern continental margin of South Africa. Measurement by MC-ICP-MS of 10 litre water samples is possible for samples with as little as 4 and 2 fg of 231 Pa and 230 Th and yields typical uncertainties of 6% and 14% respectively. These profiles show that the scavenging and advection histories of water masses can affect their 231 Pa concentration, with distinct variations superimposed on a general increase in concentration with depth due to reversible scavenging. A 1D particle scavenging model is used to show that sedimentary (231 Paxs /230 Thxs )0 is most representative of the (231 Pa/230 Th) of the bottom most water mass at any one locality, although in turn this water mass (231 Pa/230 Th) will be dependent not only on its advection and scavenging history but also the 231 Pa and 230 Th concentrations of the overlying water masses during advection. Acknowledgment that sedimentary (231 Paxs /230 Thxs )0 is “set” by the bottommost water mass is important for interpretation of scenarios where changes in depth of circulation, as well as circulation strength, may have occurred. A record of sedimentary (231 Paxs /230 Thxs )0 has been recovered from a 6 m Kasten core from the Mascarene Basin covering the past 140 ka, in order to reconstruct flow of AABW into the basin. The (231 Paxs /230 Thxs )0 measured is below the production ration of 0.093 and shows no significant variation. This indicates that (231 Paxs /230 Thxs )0 is sensitive to changes in particle productivity and circulation at this location and that there has been little or no change in either environmental variable over the last full interglacial-glacial cycle. This finding is in contrast to other ocean basins, particularly the North Atlantic, where large changes in circulation are observed.

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Tran, Thu Tam. "Modélisation numérique de l'interaction houle-courant-sédiment." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10210.

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Le frottement exerce par l'ecoulement sur un fond plat lisse est calcule a l'aide d'un modele de fermeture turbulente de type k-l en 1dv. Les resultats generalises sous une forme parametrique permettent de calculer rapidement les frottements maximum et moyen pour toutes les combinaisons d'un courant et d'une houle colineaires ou obliques. La distribution verticale et la variation temporelle de sediment en suspension sur un fond rugueux sont examinees par une autre version de ce meme modele. Les comparaisons intensives avec les experiences montrent les limites et les applications possibles de ce type de modele dans le genie cotier. La couche limite oscillatoire sur les fonds de rides est etudiee a l'aide d'une version 2dv du modele k-l et d'un modele de type vortex discret. La generation, le developpement et l'ejection des vortex autour des rides sont clairement reproduits par les modeles

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Annasawmy, Pavanee. "Patterns among micronekton communities in relation to the environmental conditions at two shalow seamounts in the south-western Indian Ocean." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG087.

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Les monts sous-marins sont des relevés topographiques omniprésents au sein de tous les bassins océaniques. Ils s’élèvent dans la colonne d’eau à partir des profondeurs abyssales. Selon leur taille, leur forme et la profondeur de leur sommet, les monts sous-marins auraient un impact sur les processus physiques susceptibles de favoriser l'agrégation du zooplancton, du micronecton et des prédateurs supérieurs au-dessus ou à proximité immédiate de leur sommet. Le micronecton forme un lien trophique clé entre le zooplancton et les prédateurs marins supérieurs et se compose de quatre grands groupes: plancton gélatineux, crustacés, céphalopodes et poissons mésopélagiques. La distribution verticale et horizontale, les assemblages et les relations trophiques du micronecton ont été étudiés sur deux monts sous-marins peu profonds du sud-ouest de l'océan Indien. Le mont sous-marin La Pérouse est un relevé topographique abrupt qui s'élève à partir d'un fond marin profond situé à 5000 m et dont la profondeur du sommet est d'environ 60 m sous la surface de la mer. Ce mont est situé au nord-ouest de la province oligotrophe "ISSG". Le mont sous-marin MAD-Ridge ("ainsi appelé dans cette étude"), est situé dans un "corridor de tourbillons" au sud de Madagascar dans la province "EAFR". Le Chapitre 4 examine l'influence des tourbillons méso-échelle, du plateau continental de Madagascar et des monts sous-marins peu profonds sur la distribution du micronecton en utilisant une approche acoustique. Il est démontré que les tourbillons méso-échelle et le plateau continental Malgache peuvent présenter des densités acoustiques de micronecton supérieures à celles du mont sous-marin MAD-Ridge. Les densités acoustiques du micronecton sont également plus élevées à MAD-Ridge qu’à La Pérouse, conformément aux différences de productivité existant entre les deux sites. Le Chapitre 5 est consacré aux assemblages de micronecton et aux schémas de migrations nycthémérales des communautés de micronecton. Il est démontré que la couche de diffusion peu profonde (0-200 m) est constituée d'espèces micronectoniques océaniques alors que les sommets et les flancs de La Pérouse et de MAD-Ridge présentent des espèces résidentes ou associées à ces monts sous-marins de jour comme de nuit. Les différentes stratégies de migration du micronecton sont également discutées. Le Chapitre 6 porte sur les interactions trophiques des communautés mésopélagiques de La Pérouse et de MAD-Ridge. Malgré les différences de productivité entre La Pérouse et MAD-Ridge, les organismes gélatineux, les crustacés, les céphalopodes de petite taille et les poissons mésopélagiques montrent des niveaux trophiques allant 2 à 4 aux deux monts sous-marins. Cette thèse met l’accent sur les importantes lacunes dans les connaissances et elle souligne également l'importance des études sur les écosystèmes des monts sous-marins du sud-ouest de l'océan Indien afin de promouvoir des mesures de gestion et de conservation pour une utilisation durable de ces environnements si particuliers
Seamounts are ubiquitous topographic features across all ocean basins. They rise steeply through the water column from abyssal depths. Depending on their size, shape and summit depths, seamounts reportedly have an impact on the physical flow regimes which may promote the aggregation of zooplankton, micronekton, and top predators above or in the immediate vicinity of their summits. Micronekton form a key trophic link between zooplankton and top marine predators and are divided into four broad categories: gelatinous plankton, crustaceans, cephalopods and mesopelagic fishes. The vertical and horizontal distributions, assemblages and trophic relationships of micronekton were investigated at two shallow seamounts of the south-western Indian Ocean. La Pérouse seamount is a steep bathymetric feature rising from a deep seabed located at 5000 m and with a summit depth at ~ 60 m below the sea surface. The seamount is located at the north-western periphery of the oligotrophic Indian South Subtropical Gyre province. MAD-Ridge seamount (“thus called in this study”), is ~ 240 m below the sea surface rising from a base located at ~2400 m. The seamount is located within an “eddy corridor” to the south of Madagascar within the productive East African Coastal Province. Chapter 4 investigates the influence of mesoscale eddies, Madagascar shelf and shallow seamounts on the distribution of micronekton using an acoustic approach. It is demonstrated that mesoscale eddies and the continental shelf may show enhanced acoustic densities of micronekton compared to MAD-Ridge seamount. The micronekton acoustic densities were also greater at MAD-Ridge compared to La Pérouse, in accordance with the difference in productivity between the two sites. Chapter 5 is dedicated to the micronekton assemblages and diel migration patterns of micronekton communities. It is shown that, while the shallow scattering layer (0-200 m) consisted of oceanic micronekton species; the summits and flanks of La Pérouse and MAD-Ridge showed presence of resident or seamount-associated species both during the day and night. I also discussed the different migration strategies of micronekton. Chapter 6 investigates the stable isotope patterns of mesopelagic communities at La Pérouse and MAD-Ridge. Despite the differing productivity at La Pérouse and MAD-Ridge, gelatinous organisms, crustaceans, smaller-sized squids and mesopelagic fishes exhibited trophic levels ranging from 2 to 4 at both seamounts. This thesis highlights important knowledge gaps on seamount ecosystems and ecological patterns associated to shallow seamounts. It also underlines the importance of studying seamount ecosystems of the south-western Indian Ocean in order to promote management and conservation measures for a sustainable use of such specific environments

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Gu, Fang [Verfasser], Hermann [Akademischer Betreuer] Behling, Hermann [Gutachter] Behling, Markus [Gutachter] Hauck, and Erwin [Gutachter] Bergmeier. "Late Quaternary vegetation, climate and ocean dynamics inferred from marine sediment cores off southeastern South America / Fang Gu ; Gutachter: Hermann Behling, Markus Hauck, Erwin Bergmeier ; Betreuer: Hermann Behling." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1166399842/34.

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Bauer, Karolina. "Diazotrophy and diversity of benthic cyanobacteria in tropical coastal zones." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Botany, Stockholm university, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6572.

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n, Hussin Wan Mohd Rauhan. "Measurement of changes in marine benthic ecosystem function following physical disturbance by dredging." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2838.

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Measuring the impact of physical disturbance on macrofaunal communities and sediment composition is important given the increased demand for the exploitation and disturbance of marine ecosystems. The aim of the present investigation was to provide a comprehensive study about the extent to which the disturbance (especially aggregate dredging) may affect benthic ecosystem function. The first part of the thesis concerns a field investigation of the impacts of dredging on the benthic community and related ecosystem function which was measured by different approaches including traditional methods based on benthic community structure and a more novel approach based on the functional traits of benthic organisms. The assessment was done by comparing dredged sites (Area 222, southeast England) with nearby undisturbed reference sites from the years 2001 to 2004 and in 2007. In general, low dredging intensity did not appear to impose great impacts on the benthic community and related ecosystem function compared to the higher intensity activity. Most of the analyses suggested that the community at the high dredging intensity site had yet to recover at the end of this study period. Among many factors related to the recovery of the benthic community was sediment composition where gravel deposits appeared to support a faster biological recovery. Meanwhile, the recovery of species with specific traits, such as tube-building and filter feeding also indicate a faster recovery for the whole community. The experimental work to determine different impacts of Hediste diversicolor on its surrounding depending on its relative size is discussed in Appendix 1.

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Hudier, Eric. "Dynamique sedimentaire dans le deferlement (longue pointe de mingan-golfe du saint-laurent)." Nantes, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NANT2064.

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Ce travail decrit les mecanismes de transport sedimentaire regissant l'equilibre de la premiere barre cotiere ou barre de deferlement. On etudie en particulier les echanges sedimentaires d'axe terre-mer par dessus la premiere barre. L'utilisation de diverses formules de vitesse critique de debut d'entrainement, de calcul du courant littoral et d'estimation du transport sedimentaire permet de faire une etude comparative critique par rapport aux mesures in-situ. On met en evidence deux modes d'evolution differents entre les periodes de temps calme et les periodes de tempetes correspondant a deux modes de transports distincts

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Sabino, Magali. "Bioaccumulation of trace elements in Seychelles marine food webs." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS026.

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La sécurité alimentaire, qui est la garantie de l’approvisionnement et de la qualité des aliments tout en gérant les ressources de manière durable, est intrinsèquement liée à la connaissance de la biologie et l’écologie des espèces consommées. Dans un contexte de dérèglement climatique menaçant la salubrité des produits de la mer, il est donc nécessaire d’établir un référentiel sur le fonctionnement des systèmes marins, ainsi que sur l’occurrence des nutriments et des contaminants dans les produits de la mer. C’est d’autant plus important pour les Petits Etats Insulaires en Développement (PEID), qui dépendent des ressources marines pour leur subsistance, et où les produits de la pêche sont la première source de protéines et micronutriments (éléments traces essentiels) pour les populations locales. Malgré l’importance des systèmes tropicaux pour la sécurité alimentaire, ces systèmes sont peu étudiés comparés aux systèmes polaires et tempérés. Cette thèse vise à mieux comprendre le fonctionnement des systèmes marins tropicaux, et à établir un référentiel sur l’occurrence des micronutriments et des contaminants métalliques dans les produits de la pêche aux Seychelles (Océan Indien), un PEID tropical. En étudiant les concentrations en éléments traces aux niveaux inter- et intraspécifique, nous avons identifié différents facteurs intrinsèques et extrinsèques influençant la bioaccumulation de ces éléments dans les ressources marines tropicales. Nous avons aussi montré l’importance de considérer différentes échelles (individu, espèce et écosystème) pour mieux comprendre l’occurrence des éléments traces essentiels et non-essentiels dans les produits de la mer
Food security, that is guarantying food supply and quality while sustainably managing resources, is closely linked to knowing the biology and ecology of consumed species. In a context of global changes that are threatening seafood safety, it is thus necessary to establish baselines on marine ecosystem functioning, as well as nutrient availability and contamination occurrence in seafood. This is all the more important in Small Island Developing States (SIDS), where populations rely on marine resources for their subsistence, and where capture fisheries resources are the main sources of proteins and micronutrients (i.e. essential trace elements) in local populations’ diet. In spite of the importance of tropical systems in ensuring food security, they remain largely understudied compared to polar and temperate systems. This thesis thus aims to better understand the functioning of tropical marine systems, and to establish a baseline on micronutrient availability and metal(loid) contamination in a wide diversity of capture fisheries resources from the Seychelles (Western Indian Ocean), a tropical SIDS. By investigating trace element concentration patterns at the inter- and intraspecific levels, it was possible to identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing trace element bioaccumulation in tropical capture fisheries resources. We thus highlighted the importance of considering different scales (individual, species, and ecosystem) to better understand essential trace element availability and non-essential trace element occurrence in seafood

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Venkatachalam, Mekala. "Molécules colorantes naturelles issues de la biodiversité marine fongique de La Réunion : optimisation de la production, extraction et caractérisation des pigments polycétides de Talaromyces albobiverticillius 30548." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0051.

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La grande majorité des colorants alimentaires naturels, utilisés dans la formulation des aliments et des boissons, proviennent des pigments extraits de matières premières végétales. Plusieurs couleurs dérivées de plantes peuvent entraîner des problèmes de formulation. Des facteurs, comme par exemple, la région, le climat, l'environnement, la variété cultivée, ont un effet de nuances de couleurs, de résistance et surtout de stabilité dans le produit final. Par ailleurs, les champignons filamenteux du genre Monascus, Penicillium et Talaromyces sont connus comme d'excellents producteurs de pigments rouges. Ces pigments intéressent de ce fait les industries car ils sont stables, non-toxiques et peuvent être utilisés comme colorants alimentaires.La recherche présentée dans le cadre de cette thèse de doctorat concerne la description des propriétés du pigment rouge que produit la souche de Talaromyces albobiverticillius isolée du milieu marin tropical autour de l'île de La Réunion. Les plans d’expérience (DOE) et la méthodologie des surfaces de réponses (RSM) ont été utilisés pour optimiser les conditions de culture et la formulation du milieu de fermentation, dans le but d'accroître les teneurs en polykétides colorés. Douze structures différentes ont été identifiées dans des extraits intracellulaires et extracellulaires des cultures fongiques, à l'aide de séparations et d'analyses spectroscopiques (HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS et RMN). Les pigments N-thréonine-monascorubramine, N-glutaryl-rubropunctamine et PP-O figurent ainsi parmi les 12 composants.Avec la demande croissante de composés colorés naturels dans le secteur industriel, les champignons isolés du milieu marin semblent présenter de nombreux intérêts. Des essais ont ainsi été menés afin d'étudier 1) l'amélioration des conditions de fermentation en fioles agitées ou en fermenteur de 2 litres; 2) les effets de la teneur en sel marin sur la synthèse des pigments; 3) des méthodes d'extraction respectueuses de l'environnement. Globalement, ces résultats font ressortir le grand potentiel des champignons marins produisant ce colorant rouge et la possibilité d'obtenir les colorants alimentaires adaptés
It is well known that the vast majority of food colorants used in food and beverage applications comes from the pigments synthesized by plant materials. Besides, stability of many plant-derived colors can create formulation problems. Factors such as the region, the climate, the environment, the cultivar all impact colors shade, strength and overall stability in the final product. As an alternate, fungi of the genus Monascus, Penicillium and Talaromyces are known as excellent producers of red pigments. These red pigments are of industrial interest as they are stable and non-toxic and can be used as food colorants.This present research deals with the selection of high throughput red pigment producing Talaromyces albobiverticillius as a source of polyketide based natural food colorants. Design of Experiments (DoE) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) have been used to optimize culture conditions and media formulation of fermentation process. Using Box Behnken Design (BBD), the influence of different physical factors on pigment and biomass production was studied using potato dextrose broth as culture media. The best optimal conditions were found to be with initial pH of 6.4, temperature of 24 °C, agitation speed of 164 rpm and fermentation time of 149 h gave 47.93 ± 0.58 mg /L of orange pigment, 196.28 ± 0.76 mg / L of red pigment and 12.58 ± 0.41 g /L of dry biomass. With the application of Plackett- Burman Design (PBD), 16 different media formulations were optimized using various carbon and nitrogen sources. When Sucrose and Yeast extract was used as a basal medium at 24° C, high pigment yield was observed: 695.93 ± 0.29 mg /L of orange pigment, 738.28 ± 0.51 mg / L of red pigment and 6.80 ± 0.37 g /L of dry biomass.Twelve different compounds were detected from the HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS analysis of intracellular and extracellular pigmented extracts. In particular, N-threonine-monascorubramine, N-glutaryl-rubropunctamine and PP-O were tentatively identified among these twelve compounds; further, this work reports for the first time on the PDA, MS and NMR characterization of the here named as N-GABA-monascorubramine derivative (6-[(Z)-2-Carboxyvinyl]-N-GABA-monascorubramine) pigment bearing a cis configuration at the C10-C11 double bond, in Talaromyces albobiverticillius 30548. Attempts were made to study the effects of sea salts on pigment synthesis; sustainable green extraction methods for pigments; upscaling of fermentation from shake flasks to laboratory fermenter. All these experiments with their results were discussed briefly as individual chapters. Overall, these findings bring out the potential of marine-derived red pigment producing fungi and its possibility of obtaining tailor made food colorants

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Maufroy, Alexandra. "Drifting Fish Aggregating Devices of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans : modalities of use, fishing efficiency and potential management." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT150/document.

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Depuis le milieu des années 1990, l’utilisation de Dispositifs de Concentration de Poissons (DCP), des objets artificiels spécifiquement mis à l’eau pour agréger des bancs de poissons, est devenue de plus en plus importante pour la pêche au thon tropical à la senne. Cette utilisation massive des DCP, qui s’accompagne d’une utilisation massive de dispositifs de suivi comme les balises GPS et les balises échosondeurs, est aujourd’hui source d’inquiétude pour les stocks de thons, les prises accessoires mais aussi pour le fonctionnement des écosystèmes pélagiques. Cependant, les modalités d’utilisation des DCP et des balises GPS qui servent à les suivre restent mal connues, ce qui complique considérablement l’évaluation et la gestion des impacts de ces pratiques de pêche. Afin d’améliorer les connaissances actuelles de la pêcherie, les positions des balises GPS utilisées par les 3 armements français dans les océans Atlantique et Indien, constituant une part significative des DCP utilisés dans ces deux océans, ont été analysées. Ces données ont été combinées avec des multiples sources d’information : les livres de bord, les trajectoires VMS des senneurs français ainsi que des entretiens avec les patrons français. Elles nous permettent de mieux comprendre les stratégies de mise à l’eau des DCP et des balises, d’estimer le nombre d’objets flottants utilisés par les flottes de senneurs dans les océans Atlantique et Indien, de mesurer la contribution des DCP et des navires auxiliaires à l’efficacité de pêche des senneurs, d’identifier des destructions potentielles d’habitats par les DCP échoués and pour finir de proposer des solutions de gestion pour la pêcherie. Les résultats montrent une grande saisonnalité dans les mises à l’eau des deux océans, une croissance rapide du nombre de balises GPS au cours des 7 dernières années puisqu’elle est multipliée par 4.2 dans l’Océan Indien et 7 dans l’Océan Atlantique, des dommages possibles causés à des écosystèmes côtiers fragiles avec une probabilité d’échouage de l’ordre de 10% et finalement une augmentation de l’efficacité de pêche entre 2003 et 2014 de l’ordre de 3.8-18.8% dans l’Océan Atlantique et 10.7%-26.3% dans l’Océan Indien. Les entretiens avec les capitaines des senneurs soulignent la nécessité d’une gestion plus efficace de la pêcherie, avec entre autres l’instauration de quotas, une régulation de la capacité de la flotte de senneurs et un meilleur suivi des navires auxiliaires. Les résultats obtenus constituent les premières étapes nécessaires à une meilleure gestion de la pêche sous objet flottant
Since the mid 1990s, the use of drifting Fish Aggregating Devices (dFADs) by purse seiners, artificial objects specifically designed to aggregate fish, has become an important mean of catching tropical tunas. In recent years, the massive deployments of dFADs, as well as the massive use of tracking devices on dFADs and natural floating objects, such as GPS buoys, have raised serious concerns for tropical tuna stocks, bycatch species and pelagic ecosystem functioning. Despite these concerns, relatively little is known about the modalities of GPS buoy tracked objects use, making it difficult to assess and manage of the impacts of this fishing practice. To fill these knowledge gaps, we have analyzed GPS buoy tracks provided by the three French fishing companies operating in the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans, representing a large proportion of the floating objects monitored by the French fleet. These data were combined with multiple sources of information: logbook data, Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) tracks of French purse seiners, information on support vessels and Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) of purse seine skippers to describe GPS buoy deployment strategies, estimate the total number of GPS buoy equipped dFADs used in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, measure the contribution of strategies with FOBs and support vessels to the fishing efficiency of tropical tuna purse seiners, identify potential damages caused by lost dFADs and finally to propose management options for tropical tuna purse seine FOB fisheries. Results indicate clear seasonal patterns of GPS buoy deployment in the two oceans, a rapid expansion in the use of dFADs over the last 7 years with an increase of 4.2 times in the Indian Ocean and 7.0 times in the Atlantic Ocean, possible damages to fragile coastal ecosystems with 10% of GPS buoy tracks ending with a beaching event and an increased efficiency of tropical tuna purse seine fleets from 3.9% to 18.8% in the Atlantic Ocean over 2003-2014 and from 10.7% to 26.3% in the Indian Ocean. Interviews with purse seine skippers underlined the need for a more efficient management of the fishery, including the implementation of catch quotas, a limitation of the capacity of purse seine fleets and a regulation of the use of support vessels. These results represent a first step towards better assessment and management of purse seine FOB fisheries

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Pichon, Emmanuel. "Recherche de molécules naturelles bioactives issues de la biodiversité marine de la zone sud-ouest de l'océan Indien." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0018/document.

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Les travaux de thèse présentés dans ce manuscrit portent sur l'étude de quatre éponges marines issues de la zone Sud-Ouest de l'Océan Indien : Plakortis kenyensis, Theonella swinhoei, Haliclona fascigera et Fascaplysinopsis reticulata. Les travaux entrepris comprenaient l'étude chimique de ces éponges incluant l'extraction, l'isolement et l'identification des métabolites secondaires par différentes techniques chromatographiques (CLMP, CLHP...) et spectroscopiques (UV-visible, HRMS, RMN 1D et 2D...). Douze métabolites secondaires ont été isolés de ces éponges dont six de structures nouvelles, à savoir : l'acide 2,5-époxydocosan-6-én-21-ynoïque (HF1), un acide gras atypique isolé de l'éponge Haliclona fascigera ; la 8-oxo-tryptamine (FR2), la 6,6’-bis-(débromo)- gelliusine F (FR3), la 6-bromo-2’-déméthyl-3’-N-méthyl-1’,8-dihydroaplysinopsine (FR6), la 5,6-dibromo-2’- déméthyl-3’-N-méthyl-1’,8-dihydroaplysinopsine (FR7) et la 5,6-dibromo-3’-déimino-2’-déméthyl-3’-oxo-1’,8- dihydroaplysinopsine (FR8), cinq alcaloïdes indoliques isolés de l'éponge Fascaplysinopsis reticulata. La valorisation des molécules isolées a ensuite été envisagée via l'évaluation de leurs activités biologiques. Parmi les douze molécules isolées, sept ont montré une activité antipaludique, trois une activité inhibitrice du quorum sensing de la bactérie bioluminescente Vibrio harveyi et cinq une activité anti-microfouling par inhibition de l'adhésion et/ou de la croissance de souches microbiennes marines
The work described in this manuscript concerns four sponges from the South-West Indian Ocean: Plakortis kenyensis, Theonella swinhoei, Haliclona fascigera and Fascaplysinopsis reticulata. The chemical study of the sponges including extraction, isolation and identification of secondary metabolites was undertaken using various chromatographic (MPLC, HPLC ...) and spectroscopic (UV-visible, HRMS, 1D and 2D NMR ...) techniques. Twelve secondary metabolites including six new molecules were isolated from these sponges. The new molecules are: 2,5-époxydocosan-6-en-21-ynoic acid (HF1) an unusual fatty acid isolated from the sponge Haliclona fascigera; 8-oxo-tryptamine (FR2), 6,6'-bis (debromo)-gelliusine F (FR3), 6-bromo-2'-demethyl-3'-N- methyl-1',8-dihydroaplysinopsine (FR6), 5,6-dibromo-2'-demethyl-3'-N-methyl-1',8-dihydroaplysinopsine (FR7) and 5,6-dibromo-3’-deimino-2’-demethyl-3’-oxo-1’,8-dihydroaplysinopsine (FR8), five indole alkaloids isolated from the sponge Fascaplysinopsis reticulata. The biological activities of the isolated molecules were then evaluated. Among the twelve isolated molecules, seven were active against the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, three were identified as inhibitors of the quorum sensing-regulated bioluminescence in Vibrio harveyi and five, showing marine bacterial adhesion and/or growth inhibition, exhibited potential anti- microfouling activity

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Legrand, Brice. "Impact des changements climatiques sur la biodiversité marine tropicale : le cas des oiseaux marins de l’océan Indien occidental." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0043.

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Les changements climatiques affecteront les écosystèmes terrestres et marins mais les conséquences en termes de répartition globale de la biodiversité sont encore mal connues. Les études portant sur la sélection des habitats des prédateurs marins pour leurs recherches alimentaire et leurs évolutions provoquées par le réchauffement climatique sont en plein développement actuellement. Les suivis télémétriques apportent des informations précieuses sur la variabilité spatio-temporelle de la distribution en mer des prédateurs marins. L’ensemble des problématiques étant très importantes, nous avons décidé de nous focaliser sur les oiseaux marins. Le premier objectif de ce projet de thèse est d’étudier, la distribution et la sélection des habitats d’alimentation des oiseaux marins tropicaux pendant leurs phases de reproduction et pendant leurs migrations. Afin de caractériser les habitats d’un point de vue abiotique. Le deuxième objectif de ce projet de thèse est d’utiliser les scénarios d’évolution des habitats océaniques produits par GIEC pour simuler, à l’aide des modèles d’habitats, l’évolution temporelle de la distribution des habitats favorables. Le troisième objectif de ce projet de thèse est d’utiliser les données de suivi disponibles d'identifier les « points chauds » de la biodiversité.Nous nous sommes intéressés, dans un premier temps, aux puffins du Pacifique. Plus particulièrement, nous avons étudié les variations entre les différentes colonies d’une même espèce, du point de vue de la distribution, de l’activité et de la sélection des habitats. Ensuite, nous avons étudié l'impact de l'évolution du changement climatique sur les habitats d'hivernage des Pétrels (Pterodroma baraui) de Barau, une espèce endémique de l'île de la Réunion. Nous avons construit des modèles de sélection des habitats. Ces modèles ont ensuite été utilisés pour prédire l’évolution des habitats d'hivernage à l’horizon 2100, en fonction de différents scénarios du GIEC. Enfin, Nous avons compilé les données de suivi disponibles sur les oiseaux marins, les tortues de mer et les mammifères marins pour étudier la répartition de la mégafaune marine dans l'océan Indien, et d'identifier les points chauds de haute densité et de haute diversité. Afin de mettre en place, à terme, des zones marines protégées. »
Climate change will affect terrestrial and marine ecosystems, but the consequences in terms of global biodiversity distribution are still unclear. Studies about selection of marine habitats and trends caused by global warming are growing. The telemetric monitoring provide valuable information on the spatial and temporal variability on distribution of marine predators. All the issues are very important, we have decided to focus on seabirds. The first objective of this thesis project is to study the distribution and selection of foraging habitat of tropical seabirds during their reproductive phase and during their migrations. To characterize the habitat of an abiotic point of view. The second objective of this thesis project is to use scenarios for ocean habitats produced by IPCC to simulate, using habitat models, the temporal evolution of the distribution of suitable habitat. The third objective of this thesis project is to use the available monitoring data to identify "hotspots" of biodiversity. We looked, at first, the puffins Pacific. More particularly, we studied the variations between the different colonies of the same species, from the viewpoint of the distribution, activity and habitat selection. Then we studied the impact of the evolution of climate change on wintering habitat of Barau’s Petrels (Pterodroma baraui). We built habitat selection models. These models were then used to predict the evolution of wintering habitat in 2100, according to different IPCC scenarios. Finally, we have compiled the available telemetry data on seabirds, sea turtles and marine mammals to study the distribution of marine megafauna in the Indian Ocean, and to identify hotspots of high density and high diversity. To establish, in time, protected marine areas

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Gaillard, Jean-François. "Quelques processus geochimiques lies a la diagenese precoce." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077205.

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On etudie la diagenese chimique dans les sediments lacustres et marins recents. L'analyse chimique des eaux interstitielles permet de dresser des bilans matieres et des bilans stoechiometriques rendant compte de l'ensemble des transformations diagenetiques, d'envisager la precipitation de mineraux authigenes, de quantifier les precipitations et dissolutions et d'estimer les flux de metaux trace a l'interface eau-sediment. On poursuit le travail par l'analyse des sediments et des interactions existant a la surface des particules. On presente un protocole experimental pour extraire selectivement les metaux traces des sediments et un modele de leur adsorption sur les surfaces des particules en suspension au-dessus du fond. On envisage enfin les phenomenes de diffusion et les mecanismes de transport ionique dans les eaux interstitielles

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Siemes, Kerstin. "Establishing a sea bottom model by applying a multi-sensor acoustic remote sensing approach." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209381.

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Detailed information about the oceanic environment is essential for many applications in the field of marine geology, marine biology, coastal engineering, and marine operations. Especially, knowledge of the properties of the sediment body is often required. Acoustic remote sensing techniques have become highly attractive for classifying the sea bottom and for mapping the sediment properties, due to their high coverage capabilities and low costs compared to common sampling methods. In the last decades, a number of different acoustic devices and related techniques for analyzing their signals have evolved. Each sensor has its specific application due to limitations in the frequency range and resolution. In practice, often a single acoustic tool is chosen based on the current application, supported by other non-acoustic data where required. However, different acoustic remote sensing techniques can supplement each other, as shown in this thesis. Even more, a combination of complementary approaches can contribute to the proper understanding of sound propagation, which is essential when using sound for environmental classification purposes. This includes the knowledge of the relation between acoustics and sediment properties, the focus of this thesis. Providing a detailed three dimensional picture of the sea bottom sediments that allows for gaining maximum insight into this relation is aimed at.

Chapters 4 and 5 are adapted from published work, with permission:

DOI:10.1121/1.3569718 (link: http://asadl.org/jasa/resource/1/jasman/v129/i5/p2878_s1) and

DOI:10.1109/JOE.2010.2066711 (link: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5618582&queryText%3Dsiemes)

In reference to IEEE copyrighted material which is used with permission in this thesis, the IEEE does not endorse any of the Université libre de Bruxelles' products or services.

Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Beckler, Jordon Scott. "The biogeochemical source and role of soluble organic-Fe(III) complexes in continental margin sediments." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53016.

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In the past couple of decades, the discovery that iron is a limiting nutrient in large regions of the ocean has spurred much research into characterizing the biogeochemical controls on iron cycling. While Fe(II) is soluble at circumneutral pH, it readily oxidizes to Fe(III) in the presence of oxygen. Fe(III) is highly insoluble at circumneutral pH, presenting organisms with a bioavailability paradox stemming from the physiological challenge of using a solid phase mineral for assimilatory or dissimilatory purposes. Interestingly, dissolved organic-Fe(III) complexes can be stable in seawater in the presence of oxygen, and an active flux of these complexes has recently been measured in estuarine sediments. Their sources and biogeochemical role, however, remain poorly understood. In this work, a suite of field and laboratory techniques were developed to quantify diagenetic processes involved in the remineralization of carbon in marine sediments in situ, investigate the role of these organic-Fe(III) complexes in sediment biogeochemistry, and characterize the composition of the ligands possibly involved in the solubilization of Fe(III) in marine sediments. The first-of-its-kind in situ electrochemical analyzer and HPLC was used to better constrain diagenetic processes that may lead to the formation of dissolved organic-Fe(III) complexes in the Altamaha estuary and Carolina slope. An intensive study of the Satilla River estuary reveals that dissimilatory iron-reduction contributes to the formation of sedimentary organic-Fe(III) complexes, which are demonstrated to serve as an electron acceptor in subsequent incubations with a model iron-reducing microorganism. Similar observations in deep-sea slope and abyssal plain sediments fed by the Mississippi and Congo Rivers suggest that dissimilatory iron reduction may represent an important component of carbon remineralization in river-dominated ocean margin sediments that may be currently underestimated globally. To confirm that these organic-Fe(III) complexes are produced during microbial iron reduction, novel separation schemes were developed to extract and identify Fe(III)-binding ligands from sediment pore waters. Preliminary results reveal the presence of a few select low-molecular weight compounds in all pore waters extracted, suggesting they might be endogenous ligands secreted by iron-reducing bacteria to non-reductively dissolve Fe(III) minerals prior to reduction.

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Saïd, Hassane Charifat. "Valorisation chimique et biotechnologique de la biodiversité marine de l’Archipel des Comores : recherche de molécules naturelles anti-âge." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. https://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/20_16_C_SaidHassane_Diff.pdf.

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Le vieillissement du corps humain crée un terrain propice au développement de certaines pathologies. Afin de ralentir ou retarder l’apparition des effets physiologiques normaux ou pathologiques liés à l’âge, différentes stratégies de recherche peuvent être développées. Aussi, dans le cadre de cette thèse, plusieurs éponges marines, collectées à Mayotte, ont été évaluées pour leur capacité à produire des métabolites aux propriétés anti-âge. L’évaluation des activités biologiques a été menée sur les cibles suivantes : élastase et tyrosinase (vieillissement cutané), CDK7 et protéasome (cancers), Fyn kinase (maladie d’Alzheimer), catalase (stress oxydant) et sirtuine 1 (différentes fonctions biologiques). Les éponges Lendenfeldia sp. et Scopalina hapalia, en raison de leurs activités biologiques, ont été sélectionnées pour des études chimiques. L'extraction, l'isolement et l'identification de leurs métabolites ont été entrepris par différentes techniques chromatographiques (CLMP, CLHP…) et spectroscopiques (SMHR, RMN 1D et 2D). Vingt métabolites appartenant aux classes chimiques des alkylglycérols, des buténolides, des dicétopipérazines, des épidioxystérols, des phospholipides ainsi que des polybromodiphényléthers ont été isolés de ces deux éponges. Il est à noter que quatre métabolites de structures nouvelles ont été isolés de S. hapalia dont la composition chimique n’avait été jusqu’à ce jour que très peu étudiée. Par ailleurs, peu d’études portant sur la caractérisation et le potentiel de production de métabolites d’intérêts de la communauté microbienne associée à S. hapalia ont été retrouvées dans la littérature. Dans cette thèse, la communauté bactérienne de cette éponge a été caractérisée, par une approche de métagénomique ciblée. Cette étude a mis en lumière une communauté majoritairement dominée par les Protéobactéries suivis par les Cyanobactéries, les Bacteroidetes, les Planctomycètes ainsi que les Actinobactéries. L’étude de la diversité microbienne cultivable a permis l’isolement de microorganismes appartenant aux genres Bacillus, Micromonospora, Salinispora, Rhodococcus, Aspergillus, Chaetomium et Nigrospora. Enfin, trente microorganismes ont été caractérisés pour leur capacité à produire des molécules bioactives en mettant en œuvre les techniques de culture classique couplées à une récupération in situ des molécules produites par les microorganismes. L’évaluation des activités anti-âge des extraits produits a été réalisée par un criblage sur les sept cibles biologique étudiées. Quinze souches différentes ont été identifiées comme prometteuses pour la recherche de métabolites aux différentes propriétés anti-âge
Human aging creates a breeding grounds for the development of conditions that get more common as we get older. In order to slow or delay the onset of physiological or pathological effects of aging process, different research strategies can be developed. Thus, in the context of this PhD work, several marine sponges collected in Mayotte, were evaluated for their capacity to produce metabolites with anti-aging properties. The evaluation of biological activities was carried out on the following biological targets: elastase and tyrosinase (skin aging), CDK7 and proteasome (cancers), Fyn kinase (Alzheimer's disease), catalase (oxidative stress) and sirtuin 1 (different biological functions). Because of their biological activities, the marine sponges Lendenfeldia sp. and Scopalina hapalia were selected for chemical studies. The extraction, isolation and identification were undertaken by various chromatographic (MPLC, HPLC ...) and spectroscopic (HRMS, 1D and 2D NMR) techniques. Twenty metabolites belonging to the chemical classes of alkylglycerols, butenolides, diketopiperazines, epidioxysterols, phospholipids and polybromodiphenyl ethers were isolated from these sponges. It should be noted that four new metabolites of new structures were isolated from S. hapalia whose chemical composition has been little studied up until now. Furthermore, there is a paucity of information on its microbial community and its potential for bioactive metabolites production. The bacterial community associated with S. hapalia was therefore characterized by a targeted metagenomic approach. This study shed light on a diverse community highly dominated by Proteobacteria followed by Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes as well as Actinobacteria. The use of cultivation approach allowed the isolation of microorganisms affiliated to genera Bacillus, Micromonospora, Salinispora, Rhodococcus, Aspergillus, Chaetomium and Nigrospora. Finally, the potential of isolated microorganisms to produce bioactive molecules was investigated in two steps: 1) by implementing conventional culture techniques coupled with in situ recovery of the molecules produced by the microorganisms, 2) by screening the produced crude extracts from thirty isolates for anti-aging activities. The results highlighted fifteen promising microorganisms producing bioactive metabolites with various anti-aging activities

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Bouffaut, Léa. "Detection and classification in passive acoustic contexts : application to blue whale low-frequency signals Passive stochastic matched filter for Antarctic blue whale call detection, in The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 144 (2), 2018 Baleen whale distribution and seasonal occurrence revealed by an ocean bottom seismometer network in the Western Indian Ocean, in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 161, March 2019." Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BRES0057.

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L’analyse des grands volumes de données générés par la surveillance par acoustique passive long-terme et continue des baleines bleues (BW) est améliorée par la détection automatisée des signaux d’intérêt. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse s’attaque au problème de la détection et classification de signaux stéréotypés dans un contexte passif basse fréquence où les signaux sont modifiés par le canal de propagation, bruités et où le SNR varie continuellement. Les méthodes développées sont appliquées à des enregistrements issus d’OBS déployés dans l'océan Indien occidental.Premièrement, le filtrage adapté stochastique (SMF) est étendu au contexte passif en adaptant l’estimation du bruit et du SNR. Ce filtre est appliqué avec succès pour la détection des calls de baleine bleue antarctique et est comparé aux MF et Z-detector sur données annotées présentant de nombreux bruits et d’importantes variations du SNR. Les excellentes performances du SMF passif permettent d’augmenter la portée de détection jusqu'à 100 km en présence de bruit de bateau.La détection simultanée de différentes espèces s’appuie sur un schéma de reconnaissance de formes où les signaux tonaux de BW sont extraits, caractérisés et classifiés pour la transcription automatique des chants.Les signaux ainsi identifiés sont ensuite reconstruits avec des formes d'onde distinctes reproduisant les chants sous-jacents. Le succès de la reconstruction repose sur la qualité de la détection de tonales: le détecteur de crêtes est choisi pour son efficacité. Les résultats d'apprentissage et la première application non supervisée de la transcription ont révélé des résultats prometteurs et son utilité pour l’analyse multi-espèces
The analysis of the large volumes of data resulting from continuous and long-term monitoring efforts of blue whales (BWs) benefits from the automated detection of target signals. This thesis investigates the challenging problem of the detection and classification of stereotyped signals in a low-frequency passive acoustic context where (1) signals traveling long distances are deteriorated by the propagation channel, (2) overlapping noises interfere and, (3) SNRs vary continuously. Developed methods are applied to recordings from ocean bottom seismometers deployed in the western Indian Ocean.First, the stochastic matched filter (SMF) is adapted to the passive context by overcoming noise estimation and estimating the SNR automatically. This filter is successfully applied to the detection of Antarctic blue whales calls and is compared to the MF and the Z-detector on an annotated ground-truth dataset exhibiting various SNRs and noises. The passive SMF showed better performances, increasing the detection range up to 100 km in the presence of ship noise.The problematic of the detection of concurrently calling species is addressed based on a pattern recognition development for the automatic transcription of BW songs where, tonal signals are extracted, characterized, and classified. The hence identified signals are then reconstructed as separate waveforms reconstructing of the underlying songs. The success of the reconstruction relies on the quality of the tonal detector: the ridge detector was chosen for its efficiency. Training and unsupervised application revealed promising results of the proposed transcription method and its utility for multi-species analysis

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Munschy, Marc. "Etude geophysique detaillee du point triple de rodriguez et de la zone axiale des trois dorsales associees (ocean indien)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13057.

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L'etude geophysique detaillee (bathymetrie seabeam, gravimetrie, magnetisme) du point triple rodriguez et d'un segment de la zone axiale des trois dorsales oceaniques associees situe a environ 400 km du point triple, a permis de realiser des cartes bathymetriques, gravimetriques et magnetiques de ces quatre zones qui representent des surfaces d'environ 8500 km**(2)

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Behagle, Nolwenn. "Structuration acoustique du micronecton de l'écosystème océanique du sud-ouest de l'océan Indien." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LAROS039/document.

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Pour comprendre le fonctionnement d'un écosystème, il est essentiel de comprendre l'organisation du réseau trophique associé. Dans les eaux océaniques du sud-ouest de l'océan Indien (10-60°S, 35-90°E), si la répartition de la production primaire et la distribution des prédateurs supérieurs sont bien connues, un manque de connaissance demeure en ce qui concerne la distribution des différents organismes composant l'échelon trophique intermédiaire et ce, malgré leur importance écologique (pompe biologique et rôle trophique clé) et potentiellement économique (ambitions de pêche dans un futur proche). Pour combler ce manque, ce travail de thèse s'est concentré sur les distributions horizontale et verticale et la composition des organismes micronectoniques de cette région. La distribution du micronecton a donc été étudiée à méso- et large-échelle à partir d'enregistrements acoustiques (38 kHz). En termes de distribution verticale, une structuration en trois couches principales a été mise en évidence ; l'intensité et l'épaisseur de ces couches variant selon la période du jour (migrations nycthémérales) et les conditions océaniques (tourbillons océaniques à méso-échelle et fronts océaniques à large-échelle). En ce qui concerne la distribution horizontale, le sud-ouest de l'océan Indien a été caractérisé par des eaux (10 – 800 m) plus riches aux latitudes subtropicales, en été comme en hiver. Mais chaque type d'organisme ayant ses propres caractéristiques écologiques, il était important de pouvoir décrire les distributions propres à chaque groupe biologique composant ce micronecton. Une approche acoustique bifréquence (38 et 120 kHz) a permis de distinguer les crustacés micronectoniques des petits poissons mésopélagiques contenant une vessie natatoire gazeuse dans les eaux est de Kerguelen. En termes de distribution horizontale et de densité globale estimée, les crustacés micronectoniques dominaient les eaux océaniques à l'est de Kerguelen. Sur la verticale, deux types de structuration ont été mis en évidence : une structure agrégative et une structure en couches. Les crustacés micronectoniques ont été caractérisés par une structuration en couches, de jour comme de nuit, alors que les autres organismes sondés (les poissons ayant une vessie natatoire gazeuse notamment) présentaient une structuration mixte composée d'agrégats et de couches le jour et composée uniquement de couches la nuit. En résumé, l'approche acoustique utilisée dans ce travail a permis de décrire la distribution et la composition des organismes micronectoniques et fournit une base descriptive essentielle sur le micronecton du sud-ouest de l'océan Indien
To understand the functioning of an ecosystem, it is essential to understand the organization of its associated food web. While the distribution of primary production and top predators in the Southwest Indian Ocean's oceanic waters (10-60 ° S, 35-90 ° E) are well known, a lack of knowledge remains regarding the distribution of mid-trophic level organisms, despite their ecological (biological pump and key trophic role) and potentially economic (commercial fisheries in the near future) importance. To fill this gap, this work focused on the horizontal and vertical distribution and composition of micronektonic communities in this region. Micronekton comprises relatively small organisms (1 to 20 cm long) able to swim freely without being unduly affected by currents. Micronekton distributions have been studied at meso- and large-scale using acoustic recordings (38 kHz). A vertical structure in three layers has been identified ; the intensity and thickness of these layers vary depending on the considered time period (diel migration) and ocean conditions (meso-scale oceanic eddies and large-scale oceanic fronts). Horizontaly, the Southwestern Indian Ocean harbours the richest waters (10-800 m) in subtropical latitudes in summer and winter times. Since every organism has its own ecological characteristics, it was important to separatly describe the distribution of biological groups composing micronekton. A bi-frequency acoustic approach (38 and 120 kHz) allowed the distinction of micronektonic crustaceans from small mesopelagic gas-filled swimbladder fish in waters east of Kerguelen where micronektonic crustaceans where dominant in terms of overall acoustic density. Two distinct types of vertical structure were highlighted : an aggregative and a layer structure. Micronektonic crustaceans were characterized by layering, day and night, while other organisms (gas-filled swimbladder fish in particular) exhibited structure mixing aggregates and layers during the day, but only composed of layers during the night. In summary, the acoustic approach used in this work helped to describe the distribution and composition of micronektonic organisms and provides an essential knowledge base on the micronekton of the southwest Indian Ocean

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Tsang-Hin-Sun, Eve. "Dynamique spatiale et temporelle de dorsales à taux d'expansion contrastés dans l'océan Indien par une approche hydroacoustique." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0014/document.

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Les processus volcaniques et tectoniques sont à l'origine de la création de la croûte océanique et de la sismicité des dorsales, mais sont rarement détectés par les stations sismologiques. Les réseaux d'hydrophones, immergés dans la colonne d'eau océanique, sont capables d'enregistrer les phases acoustiques produites par les séismes sous-marins, les ondes T. Dans l'océan Indien, il y a trois dorsales à taux d'expansion contrastés, les dorsales Sud-Ouest Indienne, Centrale Indienne et Sud-Est Indienne; c'est donc le lieu idéal pour examiner les relations entre sismicité et taux d'expansion. À cet effet, le réseau OHASISBIO, a permis la détection de plus de 1400 séismes en un an le long de ces trois dorsales, soit cinq fois plus que les stations sismologiques.Nonobstant leur taux d'expansion contrastés, le taux de sismicité moyen des dorsales est similaire, montrant qu'il n'y a pas de relation directe entre taux d'expansion et de sismicité. La distribution des séismes le long de l'axe de chaque dorsale est contrastée et révèle des modes d'accrétion différents. Le long de la dorsale Sud-Ouest Indienne, la sismicité est peu abondante mais régulièrement distribuée le long de l'axe à l'est de la zone de fracture de Melville. Au contraire, le long des dorsales Sud-est et Centrale indiennes, la sismicité est bien corrélée avec la segmentation. Les séismes sont concentrés aux extrémités des segments et autour des discontinuités; les centres de segments sont majoritairement asismiques à l'exception des sites hydrothermaux de la dorsale Centrale Indienne et d'un segment actif de la dorsale Sud-Est Indienne. Les variations de la sismicité à l'échelle du segment reflètent l'état thermique de la croûte sous les dorsales Centrale et Sud-Est Indienne cependant que les variations à grande échelle expriment des phénomènes plus profonds sous la dorsale Sud-Ouest Indienne
Volcanic and tectonic events are responsible for the seismicity associated with sea floor spreading. They are yet poorly detected by land-based seismological networks. Arrays of hydrophones, moored into the SOFAR channel, are capable of recording the seismo-acoustic phase generated by low-magnitude submarine earthquakes, the T waves. In the Indian Ocean, there are three mid-oceanic ridges with contrasted spreading rates, the Southwest, Central and Southeast indian ridges; it is thus the ideal place for examining the relationships between seismicity and spreading rate. To this effect, the OHASISBIO network of hydrophones, detected more than 1400 earthquakes in a year along the three mid-oceanic ridges in the Indian Ocean, which is about five times more events than land-based networks.Although the ridges have contrasted spreading rates, their mean seismicity rates are similar, suggesting that there is no direct relationship between seismicity and spreading rates. The along axis distribution of the seismicity, however, is contrasted and reveals fundamentally different modes of accretion. Along the Southwest Indian Ridge, events are sparse but regularly distributed along the axis, especially east of the Melville fracture zone and in good agreement with tectonic extension. On the contrary, along the Central and Southeast indian ridges, the seismicity is well correlated with the segmentation. Earthquakes cluster at segment ends and discontinuities whereas segment centres are mostly aseismic, except at hydrothermal sites on the Central Indian Ridge and one active segment on the Southeast Indian Ridge. Overall, segment-scale variations in the seismicity reflect the thermal state of the crust beneath the Central and Southeast Indian ridges whereas larger scale variations reveal changes in the mantle temperature under the Southwest Indian Ridge

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Bourjea, Jérôme. "Structure et connectivité de la mégafaune marine à l'échelle d’une région océanique : enjeux pour la gestion durable des tortues vertes dans l'océan Indien occidental." Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0015/document.

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Ce travail de thèse s'insère dans une démarche globale d'acquisition des connaissances sur la tortue verte (Chelonia mydas) dans l'océan Indien occidental et ce afin de disposer d'éléments scientifiques essentiels à la mise en place d'une gestion cohérente et efficace de cette espèce menacée. Dans un premier temps, appliquant différentes modèles statistiques, ce travail a visé à établir des données de référence sur l'abondance des tortues vertes femelles en reproduction et les tendances sur le long terme des principales populations. Dans un second temps, il a consisté à déterminer la structure génétique et les relations qui existent entre les différentes populations de cette espèce. Enfin, la conservation des tortues marines étant étroitement liée aux pressions extérieures, ce travail a tenté dans un troisième temps de caractériser les pressions anthropiques qu'elles subissent, et notamment celles liées à la pêche. L'ensemble de ces résultats a permis de réaliser des avancées majeures dans la connaissance de la biologie et de l'écologie de la tortue verte et de disposer d'une vision régionale fiable de l'état de conservation de cette espèce dans l'océan Indien occidental. Leur compilation a ainsi permis d'identifier des zones régionales prioritaires de protection mais aussi des sites de vigilance plus spécifiques comme celui d'Europa. Enfin cette synthèse met en lumière les priorités de recherche et les approches scientifiques à favoriser à l'avenir pour améliorer les connaissances et affiner les priorités de conservation non seulement des tortues marines, mais aussi de la mégafaune marine en général
This thesis is a comprehensive work aiming to improve scientific knowledge on the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) in order to provide key scientific evidences needed for the implementation of coherent and effective management measures to protect at the Western Indian Ocean scale this threatened species. In a first step, this work aimed to established baseline data on the abundance of green turtles nesting females and long term trends of some key nesting populations of the region by applying different modelling methods. In a second step, this work determined the regional genetic structure of this species and the relationships that exists between the different populations. Finally, the conservation of marine turtles being closely dependant to external pressures, this work tried to characterize theanthropogenic pressures they face, more specifically those related to fishing activities. All these results allowed unraveling some key gaps on the biology and ecology of the green turtle in the region and led to a global vision of the conservation status of this species in the Western Indian Ocean. The compilation of the results enabled the identification of regional priority areas for protection, but also some more specific threatened sites such as Europa. Finally, this synthesis shedslight on research priorities and scientific approaches to be promote in the future to unlock other keyscientific issues and refine conservation priorities, not only of marine turtles, but also of marine megafauna as a whole

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Campos, Pierre-Éric. "Biodiversité des invertébrés marins : de l'isolement à la modélisation moléculaire de métabolites secondaires pour la découverte de nouveaux candidats médicaments." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0007/document.

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Les travaux de thèse exposés dans ce manuscrit portent sur l'étude chimique de quatre éponges marines collectées à Madagascar : Monanchora unguiculata, Amphimedon sp., Aulospongus gardineri et Biemna laboutei. Pour les trois premières, l'extraction, l'isolement et l'identification des métabolites secondaires par différentes techniques chromatographiques (CLMP, CLHP…) et spectroscopiques (UV-visible, SMHR, RMN 1D et 2D…) ont été envisagés. Quinze métabolites secondaires de type alcaloïdes guanidiniques, dérivés de la bromotyrosine, N-acyléthanolamines et polyynes, ont été isolés de ces éponges. Huit sont de structures nouvelles. La valorisation des molécules isolées a ensuite été envisagée via l'évaluation de leurs activités biologiques. Deux d'entres elles, la fromiamycaline (M70) et la ptilomycaline F (MU7) ont montré une excellente activité antipaludique et quatre, la fromiamycaline (M70) et les ptilomycalines E (MU6), G (MU8) et H (MU9) une cytotoxicité sur cellules KB prometteuse. L'étude de la dernière éponge, Biemna laboutei, portait sur des molécules précédemment isolées au sein du LCSNSA. Les travaux entrepris comprenaient une vérification des configurations relatives de neuf alcaloïdes guanidiniques déterminées par RMN grâce à la probabilité DP4+. Les configurations relatives déterminées par RMN de sept des molécules ont ainsi pu être confirmées et trois d'entre elles, les nétamines G (E8), P (E17) et R (E19) ont fait l'objet d'une étude plus approfondie par modélisation moléculaire afin de déterminer leur configuration absolue par comparaison de leur spectre de Dichroïsme Circulaire Électronique expérimental avec un spectre calculé
The work described in this manuscript concerns the chemical study of four sponges from Madagascar: Monanchora unguiculata, Amphimedon sp., Aulospongus gardineri and Biemna laboutei. For the first three sponges, the study was devoted to the extraction, isolation and identification of secondary metabolites by various chromatographic (MPLC, HPLC…) and spectroscopic (UV, HRMS, 1D and 2D NMR…) techniques. Fitfteen secondary metabolites including guanidine alkaloids, bromotyrosin derivated, N-acylethanolamines and polyynes were isolated from these sponges. Eight are new molecules. The biological activities of the isolated compounds were then evaluated. Two of them, fromiamycalin (M70) and ptilomycalin F (MU7) showed a very good antimalarial activity and four of them, fromiamycalin (M70) and ptilomycalins E (MU6), G (MU8) and H (MU9) a promising cytotoxicity against KB cells. The study of the last sponge, Biemna laboutei, was performed on molecules already isolated in the LCSNSA. This work included the determination of the relative configuration of nine guanidine alkaloids by using the DP4+ probability. The relative configuration of seven molecules was confirmed. Three of them, netamines G (E8), P (E17) and R (E19) were selected for a study by molecular modeling to determine their absolute configuration by comparison of their experimental Electronic Circular Dichroism spectrum with a calculated spectrum

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Garcia-Hermosa, M. Isabel. "Morphodynamics of sand mounds in shallow flows." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c6ef38f8-d098-4ce5-b0f0-38e2ebe6caf5.

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Abstract:

Large-scale bed features are often encountered in coastal waters, and include sandbanks and spoil heaps. The morphodynamic development of such features involves complicated nonlinear interactions between the flow hydrodynamics, sediment transport, and bed profile. Numerical modelling of the morphodynamic evolution and migration of large-scale bed features is necessary in order to understand their long-term behaviour in response to changing environmental conditions. This thesis describes detailed measurements of the morphodynamics of sand mounds in unidirectional and oscillatory (tidal) flows, undertaken at the U.K. Coastal Research Facility (UKCRF). High quality data were collected, including water velocities, water levels and overhead images. The parameters tested are: three types of mound shape (circular and elliptical in plan shape, and Gaussian, cosine and triangular in cross-section); underlying fixed or mobile bed conditions; and initial crest height (submerged, surface-touching and surface-piercing). Peak flow velocities are about 0.5 m/s, the sand median grain size is 0.454 mm, and transport occurring mostly as bedload. When analysing the data, the bed contours are determined by digitising the shoreline at different water levels. From these plots, the volume, height, and centroid position of the mound are calculated. A large-scale fit method, based on a Gaussian function has been used to separate small-scale ripples from the large-scale bed structure during the evolution of an isolated sand mound or spoil heap. The bed profile after the ripples are removed is comparable to typical predictions by shallow-flow numerical solvers. The UKCRF experiments investigated the morphodynamic response of a bed mound to hydrodynamic forcing: shape changes, migration rates, volume decay and sediment transport rates. The measured migration rate and decay of a submerged sand mound in the UKCRF are found to be in satisfactory agreement with results from various theoretical models, such as the analytical solution derived by De Vriend. Numerical predictions of mound evolution by a commercial code, PISCES, are also presented for a fully submerged sand mound; the bed evolution is reasonably similar to that observed in the UKCRF. The data provided as a result of the research reported in this thesis provide insight into the behaviour of sand mounds in steady and unsteady flows at laboratory scale, and should also be useful for benchmark (validation) purposes to numerical modellers of large-scale morphodynamics.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Indian Ocean marine sediment'

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