Journal articles on the topic 'Indian mansoon'

Between 1805 and 1836, the wealthy dowager ruler Begum Samrū built two large mansions and a Catholic church in North India. In both the makeup of her court and the character of her architecture, the begum's choices reflected her cosmopolitanism. The bishop of her church was from Rome, her closest political allies were English, and her main advisers were Indian. Her architecture, similarly, combined neoclassical façades and Italianate porticoes with Islamic detailing such as muqarnas and Mughal pietra dura; Indian elements such as hammams (bathhouses) sat alongside European-style salons. In Cosmopolitan Crossings: The Architecture of Begum Samrū, Mrinalini Rajagopalan analyzes the begum's architecture as a form of strategic cosmopolitanism—a kind of sociopolitical cunning that allowed Begum Samrū to reimagine the dichotomies between masculine and feminine spaces, domestic and political realms, and European and Indian decor while combining local religiosity with global networks of piety. Indeed, architecture was a key mechanism through which the begum consolidated power in the fraught political climate of nineteenth-century India.

The Indian System of medicines has played an important role in our country in providing medical care since antiquity. India is a country with a strong attachment to the using of traditional or folk medicine. The main aim of this work was to collect the information on treating swine flu infection by Lehsunbel (Mansoa alliacea) decoction, infusion and tincture.The new informations are based on the detailed oral interviews held with Vaidhyas, Hakims and elderly village people, who have knowledge of medicinal uses of plants and mostly use them in treating ailments.

India is uniquely positioned with regard to schistosomes and schistosomiasis—discovering seven new mammalian species with the existence of three more schistosome species:Orientobilharzia turkestanicum, O. harinasutai, and Schistosoma haematobium(?). An endemic focus of urinary schistosomiasis was reported from Gimvi village of Ratnagiri, Maharashtra with infrequent occurrence of schistosome eggs in human stools. Cercarial dermatitis has been reported to be more abundant in rural population using ponds, tanks, and so forth, for their domestic purposes. Few dermatitis cases were tested positive by CHR. Schistosome antigen was also detected in urine of five cases suggesting existence of active schistosomiasis in India. Nevertheless, human kind does not appear to be the usual host for Indian schistosomes in contrast toS. haematobium, S. mansoni,orS. japonicum. Various reasons for this phenomenon are discussed including evolution of Indian schistosomes, immune mechanisms, and environmental conditions. These and other aspects such as seasonal effect on the prevalence, snail infectivity, heterologous mating, existence of hybrids, and number of schistosomes in heterologous infections need further investigations with application of molecular techniques. Joint efforts by the national as well as international scientific community would be much more rewarding for better understanding of the parasite and the infection.

Through the lens of cultural memory, this article explores the relationships between the representation of cultural memory and the construction of ethnic cultural identity in Toni Morrison’s A Mercy. I argue that in the novel, Morrison highlights and manipulates three media of cultural memory: the architecture, the inscription, and the body, to interrogate and challenge the validity of numerous historical monuments and museums in America that are eviscerated of their complicity and function as tools in the atrocity of instituting slavery. To externalize his values, White colonizer Jacob builds a superfluous mansion, which, with the slave trade involved, actually serves as a profane monument to the slavery culture. To highlight the invalidity of the White cultural memory, Morrison crafts Florens who inscribes in the mansion the collective traumatic memory of the African female slaves, deforming the secular memorial from within. In the same fashion, culturally traumatized, Native American Lina adulterates the White culture by insinuating into it the Indigenous Indian cultural fragments and by performing the remolded Indigenous Indian culture, she sediments it into her body. By historicizing the issue of cultural memory in A Mercy, Morrison invites the reader to reconsider what makes a true American cultural memory.

SUMMARYTotal DNAs, isolated from a range of taeniid cestodes (Taenia solium, T. saginata, T. pisiformis, T. crassiceps, T. hydatigena, T. ovis, T. multiceps and T. taeniaeformis), have been subjected to restriction enzyme digestion, Southern transfer and hybridization analysis using cloned fragments of the ribosomal RNA gene of Schistosoma mansoni. Substantial inter-specific genetic differences have been revealed on the basis of characteristic hybridization patterns for each of the taeniid cestode species. Furthermore, a random genomic DNA library has been constructed in the vector plasmid pAT153 using DNA extracted from a pig isolate (Indian origin) of T. solium. A panel of taeniid cestode DNAs including DNA from Echinococcus granulosus, has been used in conjunction with hybridization and restriction enzyme analysis to identify in the library a single recombinant plasmid with a T. solium-specific insert (coded pTS10) and two recombinant plasmids with T. solium inserts having selective specificities for T. solium and T. ovis (coded pTS17) and T. solium, T. saginata, T. ovis and T. multiceps (coded pTS28). These recombinant plasmids and the cloned fragments of the ribosomal RNA gene of S. mansoni have been used in restriction endonuclease, Southern transfer and hybridization analysis to detect intra-specific genetic variation in cysticerci of T. solium from India, Mexico and Zimbabwe. In addition, pTS10 and pTS17 have been used in a simple dot-blot assay to distinguish T. solium from T. saginata.

The research is an endeavour to pay tribute to a legend “Dyal Singh Majithia” and an effort to safeguard his legacy of the crown rule in sub-continent. Dyal Singh was entitled as a proud son of Punjab due to his contributions to introduce modern education. He bequeathed assets of worth around 30 lack Indian rupees in charity to establish various institutes through a trust. Under the umbrella of this trust, Dyal Singh College, library, a hall and a mansion was constructed in Lahore. Selected case study, Dyal Singh Mansion is a master piece of colonial era and remarkable example of Indo-Saracenic architecture in the historic urban fabric of the Mall Road, Lahore during 20th century. Apart from façade, rest of the faces is in a crumbling state and illegally encroached by residents and vehicular repair workshops. Data has been collected by using desk-based studies, from relevant departments. Visual surveys have been conducted to identify causes of decay. In the conclusion, we have to formulate a policy to conserve this heritage being part of Mall road and legacy of British period Sikh heritage during colonial period.

AS SUSAN L. MEYER SUGGESTS, “[a]n interpretation of the significance of the British empire in Jane Eyre must begin by making sense of Bertha Mason Rochester, the mad, drunken West Indian wife whom Rochester keeps locked up on the third floor of his ancestral mansion” (252). In Richard Mason’s deposition concerning the marriage of Edward Fairfax Rochester and Bertha Antoinetta Mason in Spanish Town, Jamaica, Bertha is described as the child of Jonas Mason, West India planter and merchant, and Antoinetta Mason, identified only as a Creole. In Rochester’s account of Bertha’s family the “germs of insanity” are passed on by the Creole mother (334; ch. 27). In this essay I retraverse late eighteenth- to mid-nineteenth-century ethnographic discourses about white Creole degeneracy and situate Brontë’s representations of the Creoleness of Bertha and Richard Mason in relation to them, arguing that Jane Eyre demarcates both femininity and masculinity in imperial and racial terms, while also blurring these categories. Brontë, I demonstrate, links the degenerate moral and intellectual character of the white Creole with the cruelties of the slave-labour system in Jamaica, and with historical Jamaican slave rebellions figured through metaphor and allusion. This depiction suggests that Brontë has carefully historicized the relationships among Bertha Mason Rochester, Edward Fairfax Rochester, and Jane Eyre.

The Hsiu-yao Ching ( HYC) is a Chinese text on Indian astrology composed in the middle of the eighth century. Its full title can be rendered as 'Good and bad time and day and beneficient and maleficient mansions and planets promulgated by Bodhisattva-Mañjuśrī and other sages'. As the title shows the book is ascribed to the legendary Mañjuśrī and other sages, but the actual author is the Buddhist monk Amoghavajra (A.0.705-774) whose native place was somewhere in north India. His Chinese name Pu-k'ung Ching-kang is a literal translation of the Sanskrit name. Like most of the texts on Buddhist astrology and astronomy, HYC is contained in Vol.21 of the Taisho Tripitaka compiled by the Japanese Buddhist scholars during the Taisho Period (1912-1926). From many corruptions in the texts it seems that the compilers were not much interested in Buddhist astrology and astronomy in general, and that they did not try to secure better manuscripts either. Specifically in the case of HYC they simply based their edition on the text of the Korean Tripitaka and put in the footnotes the variant readings found in the Chinese Tripitaka of the Ming Dynasty.

Six species of Tenuipalpidae are reported for the first time from India among the seventeen species from South Bengal in the current collection. Among them, three species belong to the genus Brevipalpus, B. melichrus Pritchard and Baker, B.mitrofanovi (Pegazzano) and B. turrialbensis Manson; one species of the genus Cenopalpus, C. picitilis Chaudhri; and the remaining two species belong to the genus Tenuipalpus, T. crassulus Baker and Tuttle and T. leipoldti Meyer.

The paper investigates the principal architectural considerations that governed the evolution of Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta, the three British colonial port cities of India, and seeks to answer the question of whether and to what extent these cities were planned. The extreme view in this debate on planning is taken by Sten Nilsson in his European Architecture in India, where he claims that the cities were based on strict symmetrical grid planning and were inspired by the Renaissance urban ideal, unlike traditional "organic" Indian cities. The paper questions this in view of the clear evidence that the British East India Company, unlike the French, was hostile to any ambitious urban planning on the part of the settlements. The hypothesis is further strengthened when one analyzes the ground plans of these cities, which show that defense considerations discouraged any symmetrical central planning, even though the streets were laid out in straight lines. In the absence of a central planning code, like the Royal Ordinance of 1573 for Spanish colonies, the building projects proceeded from the growing urban requirements of these settlements. The projects themselves were modest and defense naturally dominated building activities, mainly because these tiny enclaves were surrounded by hostile local and European powers. The growing needs of the inhabitants could not be neglected, however, and churches and hospitals came next in order of priority. The governors' mansions, on the other hand, had a position of peculiar importance in these port cities as they were meant to be a clear and visible symbol of authority. Not least interesting in these conurbations was the confluence of two traditions, Western and Eastern, though it must be added that the predominant style tended to be European, and mostly contemporary Tuscan. The conclusion reached is that while there was hardly any grandiose, symmetrical, total planning in these port cities, the city fathers did not neglect to make them habitable and even pleasant by developing gardens and parks in them.

Los resultados de este trabajo muestran que el hamster (Cricetus auratus) puede ser utilizado como un modelo experimental para estudios inmunológicos en la infección por Schistosoma mansoni. Los datos obtenidos, relativos a inmunidad concomitante, producción de anticuerpo letal e inmunosupresión se asemejan a los conseguidos en otros modelos experimentales ya establecidos. Estas observaciones indican que el hámster, además de ser un hospedero satisfactorio para el mantenimiento del parásito en el laboratorio, puede ser considerado como un modelo experimental alterno cuyo crecimiento y mantenimiento son relativamente simples y además es un animal de fácil manejo.

Tamil Nadu has been known for its unique art and architecture since the Sangam era. The temples, palaces and other structures found here help to understand the architectural techniques of the Tamils. The Indian architectural tradition in general can be divided into two types. One is biologically related palaces, mansions, halls, shops, constructions in cities, residential complexes located in rural areas. The other is the temples associated with worship. In this context where temple-based studies have been carried out extensively in Tamil Nadu since the European period, it is not uncommon for Tamil Nadu researchers to pay little attention to the study of fortification techniques. Accordingly, this article is based on the data obtained in an attempt to fully unravel the history of Devikottai in the Nagai District.

Este artículo se ocupa de la casa-palacio de Juan Bautista Casabona en Zaragoza (1768-1769), un indiano enriquecido que regresó a su ciudad natal tras muchos años en América trabajando al servicio de José Antonio Manso de Velasco, virrey del Perú. El edificio fue diseñado y construido en la época de la Ilustración por el importante arquitecto aragonés Agustín Sanz Alós, siendo una de las obras más destacadas de su etapa de afianzamiento profesional, que se desarrolló entre 1762 y 1775. En este escrito, se estudian aspectos tales como: los antecedentes del inmueble, su proceso de encargo, diseño y construcción, o su devenir posterior. También se describe y analiza el edificio desde un punto de vista artístico. La biografía de Juan Bautista Casabona se estudia de manera breve al principio del artículo.PALABRAS CLAVEArquitectura, Ilustración, Barroco Clasicista, Zaragoza, casa-palacio, Juan Bautista Casabona, Agustín Sanz, indiano, Virreinato del Perú, José Antonio Manso de Velasco. This paper is about the Palace-house of Juan Bautista Casabona in Zaragoza (1768-1769), a prosperous Spanish-American who came back to his native city after having spent many years in America working at the service of José Antonio Manso de Velasco, Vice-King of Peru. The building was designed and constructed in the Age of Enlightenment by the well-known Aragonese architect Agustín Sanz de Alós and it is one of the most prominent works of his professional consolidation period, which has developed between 1762 and 1775. The paper addresses aspects such as the history of the building, its ordering, design, and construction processes, or its later evolution. The building is also described and analysed from an artistic viewpoint. The biography of Juan Bautista Casabona is briefly studied at the beginning of the paper.KEY WORDSArchitecture, Enlightenment, Classical Baroque, Zaragoza, Palace-house, Juan Bautista Casabona, Agustín Sanz, Spanish-American, Vice-Kingdom of Peru, José Antonio Manso de Velasco

The protagonist of Intizar Hussain's novelTazkira(1987) is a haplessmuhajir, or refugee, in Lahore, Pakistan in the period shortly after the 1947 Partition of India, which witnessed the pell-mell transfer of Hindus and Sikhs to India and Muslims to Pakistan. He writes that while others were busy seizing abandoned sites in which to live, he was unable to feel at home anywhere. To compound his sense of dislocation,bu amma, his elderly companion, complains bitterly that she misses the sound of theazan, the call to prayer, in the first house they rent in an outlying area of Lahore, as yet forested and relatively un-peopled.Bu ammarecollects how the call used to punctuate her days in herhaveli, or mansion, in a busy neighborhood back in India. Without it, her days stretch out ahead of her, running uneventfully one into the other. How is it possible, she wonders, that one could be in this place created for Muslims and not hear theazan? In their next house,bu ammaquickly realizes what it means to live in the shadow of a mosque. It was once abarkat(blessing), she grumbles, that has been turned into a curse by that satanic instrument (shaitani ala), the loudspeaker. The protagonist describesbu amma's efforts to shut out the sounds from the mosque that now invade her thoughts, shred her concentration, and make her efforts to say her prayers a daily battle. They eventually have to leave this house as well.

This study examines the significance of the portrait of the indiano and his marriage in Pérez Galdós’ El amigo Manso (1882). By taking into consideration Spanish colonial politics with respect to Cuba in the last two decades of the nineteenth century, the present study foregrounds the ways in which the indiano’s interactions with his family reflect the author’s criticism of the peninsular parties’ inflexibility in their treatment of Cuba and his preoccupation with Spain’s future in the era of imperial modernity.

The last quarter of the 19th century had established beyond doubt the germ theory of infection over the miasmatic theory of disease. Over the last 50 years of the 19th century unparalleled advances had been made in medical science. Many of the causative organisms of what are now called tropical diseases had been identified. In 1851 Bilharz had discovered the worm which causes schistosomiasis or bilharzia; in 1876 Bancroft had isolated the filarial worm which causes the debilitating disease filariasis; the trypanosome had been discovered in 1877; in 1880 the French scientist Laveran had described the malaria parasite, Robert Koch the cholera vibrio in 1883, and in 1894 the plague bacillus was isolated. Crucial discoveries were made by Patrick Manson in 1879 in China on the transmission of filariasis by the mosquito, by David Bruce in 1896 on the transmission of bovine trypanosomiasis by the tsetse fly and by Ronald Ross in India in 1897 on the development of the malaria parasite in the mosquito.

The last quarter of the 19th century had established beyond doubt the germ theory of infection over the miasmatic theory of disease. Over the last 50 years of the 19th century unparalleled advances had been made in medical science. Many of the causative organisms of what are now called tropical diseases had been identified. In 1851 Bilharz had discovered the worm which causes schistosomiasis or bilharzia; in 1876 Bancroft had isolated the filarial worm which causes the debilitating disease filariasis; the trypanosome had been discovered in 1877; in 1880 the French scientist Laveran had described the malaria parasite, Robert Koch the cholera vibrio in 1883, and in 1894 the plague bacillus was isolated. Crucial discoveries were made by Patrick Manson in 1879 in China on the transmission of filariasis by the mosquito, by David Bruce in 1896 on the transmission of bovine trypanosomiasis by the tsetse fly and by Ronald Ross in India in 1897 on the development of the malaria parasite in the mosquito.

Mice infected with 30 cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni developed portal and septal fibrosis due to the massive and concentrated deposition of eggs in the periportal areas which occurred following the 16th week after infection. The lesion resembled pipe-stem fibrosis seen in human hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in the following characters: portal fibrosis interconnecting portal spaces as well as portal spaces and central canals; portal inflammation; periovular granulomas; vascular obstruction and telangiectasia. The liver parenchyma maintained its normal architecture. Vascular injection techniques with Indian ink and vinylite revealed that the portal system developed numerous dilated collateral venules coming from the large and medium-sized portal branches, about 10 weeks after schistosome infection. The lodging of schistosome eggs into these collaterals resulted in granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis along all the portal tracts, thus forming the pipe-stem lesion. Although not readily demonstrable grossly, the pipe-stem fibrosis of murine schistosomiasis has many similarities with the human lesion and can be considered to have the same basic pathogenesis.

Este escrito descubre las redes comerciales que el licenciado Francisco Manso de Contreras, fiel funcionario de la Corona española, mantuvo bajo el radar de la fiscalización del rey y del Consejo de Indias. Partiendo de las insistentes denuncias de sus compañeros en las Reales Audiencia de Santo Domingo y Panamá, al igual que las de otros funcionarios en diferentes puntos del Circuncaribe, sumados a declaraciones del Licenciado y de otros relacionados, hemos desarrollado una propuesta de los diferentes y variados negocios que mantuvo en la región a través de criados y familiares.

The intellectual heritage in British–India includes literature of Christian missionaries which focusses missionary perspective and the literature of Muslim missionary in response. In this Case, literature based on polemic method from both sides has become quite important. Specialists of Muslim Christian relations and religious students should be aware of debates of this ere. The criticism on Quran seems quite abundance on social media from opponents and enemies as well as their efforts are quite evident on minds of habitual valiance to precariousness and skepticism. That’s why, the preacher and student of Islamic religion should bring in light the effort being made by Muslim scholars in response to their claims. One of selected flowers in the caravan of Muslim scholars is Abu Mansoor Dehlvi (1902 AD). Tabjil al Tanzil is one of the prominent Quranic Interpretation which focuses on the replies to objections raised against Islam and Quran by Christians in Sub continent. In this paper, author tried to find out this un-published interpretation (as it is supposed) and analyzed its first part containing on surah al fatiha (manuscript). In the result, he finds that polemic method is prevailed. And objections against Islam has been silently condemned.

Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is the major plant viral constraint to cotton production on the Indian subcontinent (2). CLCuD is primarily caused by begomovirus, Cotton leaf curl Burewala virus (CLCuBuV), and Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB). During 2011 in Burewala, Pakistan, plants in a production field of Luffa cylindrica (Ghia tori) were infested with the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), and ~60% of the plants exhibited leaf curling and stunting symptoms, reminiscent of those caused by begomoviruses (Geminiviridae). Total DNA was extracted from five different symptomatic leaf samples using the CTAB method (1), and extracts were analyzed by Southern blot hybridization. As a probe, we used a 1.1-kbp fragment of CLCuBuV and a positive signal was obtained from all five samples. Total DNA was used as template for rolling circle amplification (RCA) using the TempliPhi DNA Amplification Kit (GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, United Kingdom). The amplified RCA products were digested with EcoRI, and the resulting ~2.7-kbp fragments from each isolate were directionally cloned into the EcoRI digested, pGEM-3Zf+ (Promega, Madison, WI) plasmid vector. PCR was used to amplify the prospective, associated betasatellite and alphasatellite molecules using the primers BetaF5′-GGTACCGCCGGAGCTTAGCWCKCC-3′ and BetaR5′-GGTACCGTAGCTAAGGCTGCTGCG-3′, and AlphaF5′-AAGCTTAGAGGAAACTAGGGTTTC-3′ and AlphaR5′-AAGCTTTTCATACARTARTCNCRDG-3′, respectively. The putative satellite amplicons, at ~1.4 kbp each were cloned in the plasmid vector pGEMT-Easy (Promega, Madison, WI) and sequenced. BLASTn comparisons of the apparently full-length begomoviral genomes, at 2,753 nt, against the NCBI database revealed that all five isolates were most closely related to CLCuBuV (FR750321). In addition, one each of beta- and alpha-satellite were amplified from all five samples at 1,393 and 1,378 bases, respectively. The beta- and alpha-satellites were most closely related to CLCuMB (HE985228) and the Gossypium darwinii symptomless alphasatellite (GDaSA) (FR877533), respectively. Pairwise sequence comparisons of the top 10 BLASTn hits using MEGA5 indicated that the helper begomovirus shared 99.9% identity with CLCuBuV (FR750321), the most prevalent helper virus currently associated with the leaf curl complex in Pakistan. Based on the ICTV demarcation for begomoviral species at <89%, it is considered a variant of CLCuBuV. The resultant beta- and alpha-satellite sequences were 98.1% and 97.8% identical to CLCuMB (HE985228) and GDaSA (FR877533), respectively, and are the most prevalent satellites associated with the CLCuD complex in Pakistan and India (2). To our knowledge, this is first report of the CLCuBuV-CLCuMB-GDaSA complex infecting a cucurbitaceous species, and the first report of L. cylindrica as a host of the CLCuD complex. This discovery of CLCuBuV and associated satellites in a cucurbitaceous host that is widely grown in Pakistan and India where this complex infects cotton indicates that the host range of CLCuBuV is broader than expected. This new information will aid in better understanding of cotton leaf curl disease epidemiology in the current epidemic areas. References: (1) J. J. Doyle and J. L. Doyle. Focus 12:13, 1990. (2) S. Mansoor et al. Trends Plant Sci. 11:209, 2006.

This Gothic short story, set in Goa – a Portuguese colony until 1961 and then annexed by India – tells the tale of a beautiful storyteller’s long journey to find herself. She seeks out a Tarot card reader to give her insight, but her destiny will still prevail. She is seduced by a wealthy politician, only to be imprisoned in a palatial Portuguese mansion hidden in a remote jungle. Over time, her lover abandons her and the jungle house takes on mystical qualities. She feels she is losing her mind until she slowly recognises the voices of the creatures and the spirits around her. Within these relations the house of her imprisonment turns into a sanctuary, until she is eventually rescued and returned to the “normal” life of contemporary Goa. In the end, she accepts the past, which allows her to move forward into life. Like Scheherazade’s elaborate storytelling which was life-saving, this story presents stories within stories, to recover (post) colonized lives. A decolonial reading of this storying alludes to the tarot reader as an observer of the historical events; the corrupt politician as an archetypal colonizer (colonial and neocolonial); and the storyteller as the colonized – physically and psychologically. The story suggests that the way to move forward is to understand colonialism and its continuing impacts, as well as to recognize the appearances of neocolonialism in the present. In this regard, the story can also be read as the struggle for the central government of India, based in Delhi, to accept the 451-year Portuguese colonial history as an indelible part of Goa. Finally, storying in itself is a decolonial practice, a way for Goans to find self.

Schistosoma mansoni ‐schistosomicimmune response in them. Also, an attempt was made to correlate the observedIg level with the brutality of infection. Consequently, total 138(46.9%) out of 294 volunteers were reported to have ova of Schistosomamansoni in their urine samples. Among which, 84 (28.6%) volunteers with<50 ova in per 10 ml of urine showed light infection while remaining 54(18.4%) volunteers with >50 ova in per 10 ml of urine showed heavy infection.This difference was found statistically significant (X 2= 6.52, p > 0.05).The mean immunoglobulin status observed in their serum sample were; IgE(2141.6 ± 143.7 mg/dL), IgG (13.6 ± 3.53 mg/dL), IgA (3.72 ± 0.149 mg/dL),IgM (2.82 ± 0.48 mg/dL) and IgD (0.12 ± 0.04 mg/dL). The relationship betweenintensity of infection and serum level of IgM & IgE were positivelycorrelated (r =0.27 and r =0.65, respectively) while IgG, IgA and IgD wereshowing negative correlation with the strength of infection (r = ‐0.65, r = ‐0.39 and r = ‐0.18, respectively). Therefore, IgG and IgA can be considered asmarkers of light infection and IgM and IgE for heavy infection respectively.Since, the levels of IgG, IgA and IgD were found very low in infected volunteersthan control subjects hence, are suggested to play insignificant protectiverole in schistosomic infection., a trematode is a significant parasite of human beingscausing intestinal schistosomiasis. In the present investigation, 294 volunteersfrom central India were screened for schistosomic infection, and theserum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels were calculated as an anti

Fundado por el Dr. Andrew Turnbull, un médico escocés, el asentamiento de Smyrnéa fue una explotación agrícola durante la ocupación británica de la Florida desde 1766 a 1777. Turnbull reclutó a unos 1.100 sirvientes de la isla de Menorca a los que añadió 300 más procedentes de Grecia, Italia, Córcega y Turquía. La convivencia de estos grupos mediterráneos en Smyrnéa generó una comunidad cultural de marcado carácter «Menorquín» en la frontera de la Florida. Aunque existe abundante documentación histórica sobre el asentamiento, sólo recientemente han comenzado los arqueólogos a descubrir restos estructurales y otros elementos culturales que permiten incrementar nuestros conocimientos acerca de la vida en Smyrnéa durante el siglo XVIII. Los análisis de las muestras zooarqueológicas recuperadas en la mansión de Turnbull, la primera residencia allí descubierta, indican que los alimentos de origen británico resultaron insuficientes por lo que los colonos hubieron, entre otros, asegurar el aporte de proteínas en su dieta practicando la pesca en los estuarios próximos a dicho asentamiento.

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to identify the problems faced by ambulance drivers working in a conflict zone.MethodsThis study was conducted on ambulance drivers working for the four major hospitals in Kashmir, India. The drivers were interviewed and asked a series of 30 work-related questions. The individual interviews were conducted over a three-month period in the valley of Kashmir that was affected by continuous violence, strict curfew, and strikes.ResultsA total of 35 ambulance drivers were interviewed. Drivers worked an average of 60 h/wk, and they drove an average of 160 km/d. Twenty-nine (83%) of the drivers experienced >1 threat of physical harm; 18 (54%) experienced physical assaults; and 31 (89%) reported evidence of psychological morbidity associated with their jobs.ConclusionsThe atmosphere of conflict on the streets of Kashmir impacted the ambulance drivers adversely, both physically as well as mentally. The stress faced by these professionals in conflict zones during their duty hours should be recognized, and corrective measures must be put in place.Dhar SA, Dar TA, Wani SA, Hussain S, Wani ZA, Aazad S, Yaqoob S, Mansoor I, Ali MF, Ahmed M, Mumtaz I, Azhar I. In the line of duty: a study of ambulance drivers during the 2010 conflict in Kashmir. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(4):1-4.

Mango hopper, Idioscopus nitidulus is the most destructive pest of mango in the India. Thus, aim of the study was to develop precise and easy early population prediction model of mango hopper for tropical mansoon climate conditions. Weekly occurrence data of mango hopper, I. nitidulus during five consecutive years (2014 to 2018) was used for developing hybrid of multiplicative seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) and artificial neural network (ANN) model. The population of I. nitidulus increases in the month of January-February on flower panicles and October-November on new vegetative shoots in the region. The linearity in the time series data was best fitted with SARIMA (0, 0, 2) × (0, 1, 1)52 model as their correlation values are not outside the confidence intervals (CI) limits. Further ANN modeling was done for fitting the SARIMA residuals. The fitted values of model prediction and the actual values of year 2017-2018 flowering season (SMW36-52 of 2017 and SMW 1-13 of 2018) were used for testing of prediction efficiency. The performance of the two models in respect to model fitting and effectiveness of SARIMA and hybrid SARIMA-ANN model was compared by evaluating diagnostic statistics of MSE, RMSE, MAE and MAPE. The best fitted developed hybrid model in present study and the data predicted by model was matched with actual data of mango hopper incidence during the year 2017-18. Hybrid model developed in this study will help to predict hoppers population in advance, thus provide a direction for planning of timely prevention and development of effective management strategies which will help to minimize the use of hazardous pesticides.

Mysore is the second largest city in the state of karnataka in India. It is one of the most attractive tourism place. It is well known for its world famous palace, art galleries, gardens, temples, churches, mosques, mansions and museums. Mysore is also known for its rich culture and heritage. Mysore is located in a very unique environment. The popular and perennial river cauvery and one of its tributaries kabini are draining through this district. The krishnarajasagara dam and the kabini dam are the large reservoirs existing in this region. These dams irrigate the fertile agricultural lands out of which a huge population survives. The city of mysore is blessed with a number of lakes which are promoting a salubrious climate for the city dwellers. At present, lakes are under threat as they are victims of population pressure and rapid urbanization If this trend continues, man is endangering not only humans but also other creatures on earth. This paper is a review of published literature on the anthropogenic impacts on lakes of Mysore city and measures for their conservation.

Agra was the capital of the Mughal Empire at its zenith, and the splendour of the city during this period can only be imagined. There is an abundance of royal buildings which are protected by the Government of India. There were other significant buildings too, housing the high nobility, away from both the royal quarters as well as the ordinary peoples’ houses. These have largely vanished, being large enough to attract builders as well as developers. The article describes and establishes the significance of one such rare traditional townhouse or mansion called ‘haveli’ located on the river Yamuna, Agra, in relation to a larger historical and cultural landscape. It also discusses the possibilities of conservation and management for protecting and enhancing the significance of the premises and planning for its sustainable development in future. The current edifice appears to be a coalescence of British and Mughal architecture with some local features. The building stands where similar-sized havelis stood during the Mughal period, housing high nobility. The architects of these buildings efficiently used the features of the river. With most such havelis having disappeared from the riverfront, this large residence-like edifice provides an interesting glimpse of the lost heritage. Fragments of information obtained from old maps and paintings, site surveys and some few research works have been joined together to reconstruct the origin and transformation vis-a-vis the present condition.

Abstract Terminally ill American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) are less likely to receive hospice and palliative care than other racial/ethnic groups, with fewer than 1/3 receiving these services compared to over 45% of EuroAmericans (Johnson, 2013; NHPCO, 2017). While some AI/ANs believe that End of Life (EoL) services will hasten their deaths (Colclough & Brown, 2014), claims that Natives reject EoL services due to death taboos are likely overgeneralizations. Rather, extant studies point to barriers to access resulting from lack of financial resources and inadequate service infrastructure, especially in rural areas (Jervis, Jackson, & Manson, 2002; Kitzes & Berger, 2004; Kitzes & Domer, 2004; Weech-Maldonado et al., 2003). While these factors undoubtedly play a role in underutilization, our preliminary research suggests that other factors—such as a lack of tribally based EoL programs and the cultural mismatches that occur when non-Native programs attempt to deliver hospice services to Native clients—may discourage AIANs from seeking and/or retaining these services. In this presentation, we report on results from a nationwide telephone survey of the availability of EoL care across AIAN tribes. We also present findings from in-depth interviews with local service providers on the challenges and successes they experienced in providing EoL care to their AI clients in one tribal community. Together, these findings will add to our growing understanding of the factors that inhibit and facilitate EoL service utilization, and suggest possibilities for improving access.

When starting the second issue, We are pleased to share with you the second issue of the "Journal of Interior Design and Academy" (INda) which has started to be published on May 19, 2021 within the scope of Octagon Academy. INda as a magazine which started to be published despite all the negativities caused by the pandemic during the Covid-19 epidemic, continued its academic contributions with the "Online Chats with INda Series" after the first issue. Under the moderation of Assoc. Dr. Osman ARAYICI who is one of the field editors of our magazine, 8 different online chats were broadcast live on an international and national scale with experts in their fields during October and November. INda as a magazine with the aim of making versatile contributions to our country, universities, the field of interior architecture and related disciplines and professionals working in this field through the production and sharing of scientific knowledge, would like to thank you for the interest and support it has received in these studies in its first year. Obviously, there are many feelings to tell about INda, but now in the second issue, 5 articles presented by 9 authors are listed below. BEKAR and DERECİ examine the subject of refunctioning in traditional civil architecture examples in their article titled “Evaluation of The Appropriateness of Space for The New Function in Traditional Housings: The Case of Mehmet Efendi House”. In particular, Mehmet Efendi Mansion evaluates the old space-new function suitability under two headings as "functional spatial suitability" and "environmentally functional suitability". ÇELENK and SÜRDEM's article titled “Continuity of Cultural Memory: From Samsun Tekel Tobacco Factory to Bafra Tobacco Museum” examines the re-functionalization process. The formal and semantic analyzes of the two structures are presented by making comparisons. ERBAY, in the article titled "Balcony as An Architectural Item", makes an inference over the semantic values ​​that “Balcony” covered during the pandemic process that started with the Covid-19 outbreak. ERBAY and ULUSOY examine the “sense” as a term in interior space in their article titled “Senses in The Interiors: An Example of Entrance Spaces at Hospitals”. In the article, the general design principles have been tried to be reached through the given example, and the design tools that can appeal to the senses in the interior are revealed. ATMACA and REYHAN discuss the Cultural Road Project within the scope of adaptive reuse in their article titled “Adaptive Reuse in Restored Historic Buildings: A Field Study in Ünye”. While examining the historical development and architectural features of the selected sample structures, the evaluation of restoration and all perspectives of adaptive reuse that completes this evaluation contributes to the literature. We would like to thank all authors for their contributions to academic production in our field and all our readers for their support. As INda, we welcome all your comments, contributions and suggestions about us. Enjoy our December 2021 issue… Happy New Year…

In the Archivo General de Indias in Seville there exists a remarkable sample of private correspondence between two of the most powerful figures of the Bourbon Age in Spanish American history. The principal writer is Zenón de Somodevilla y Bengoechea, marqués de la Ensenada and minister of Hacienda, War, and Indies and Marine since 1743, and subsequently holder of other posts that made him, in a contemporary opinion, “Secretary of Everything.” His correspondent is José Antonio Manso de Velasco, conde de Superunda and viceroy of Peru from 1745 to 1761, the longest serving and among the most influential of the Peruvian viceroys. The Seville correspondence consists mainly of just seven generally brief letters. The private character of these letters, however, along with the close relationship between the two men and the roles they occupied, makes them historically fascinating. Excerpts are published here for the first time, in both Spanish and English translation.

Since ancient times India has been a multilingual society and languages in India have thrived though at times many races and religions came into conflict. The states in modern India were reorganised on linguistic basis in 1956 yet in contrast to the European notion of one language one nation, majority of the states have more than one official language. The Linguistic Survey of India (LSI) conducted by Grierson between 1866 and 1927 identified 179 languages and 544 dialects. The first post-independence Indian census after (1951) listed 845 languages including dialects. The 1991 Census identified 216 mother tongues were identified while in 2001 their number was 234. The three-language formula devised to maintain the multilingual character of the nation and paying due attention to the importance of mother tongue is widely accepted in the country in imparting the education at primary and secondary levels. However, higher education system in India impedes multilingualism. According the Constitution it is imperative on the “Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India … by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages.” However, the books translated into Hindi mainly from English have found favour with neither the students nor the teachers. On the other hand the predominance of English in various competitive examinations has caused social discontent leading to mass protests and cases have been filed in the High Courts and the Supreme Court against linguistic imperialism of English and Hindi. The governments may channelize the languages but in a democratic set up it is ultimately the will of the people that prevails. Some languages are bound to suffer a heavy casualty both in the short and long runs in the process. References Basil, Bernstein. (1971). Class, Codes and Control: Theoretical Studies Towards a Sociology of Language. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Bialystok, E. (2001). Bilingualism in Development: Language, Literacy, and Cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. Chambers, J. K. (2009). Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and Its Social Significance. Malden: Wiley Blackwell. Constitution of India [The]. (2007). Retrieved from: http://lawmin.nic.in/ coi/coiason29july08.pdf. Cummins, J. (2000). Language, Power and Pedagogy. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Dictionary of Quotations in Communications. (1997). L. McPherson Shilling and L. K. Fuller (eds.), Westport: Greenwood. Fishman, J. A. (1972). The Sociology of Language. An Interdisciplinary Social Science Approach to Language in Society. Rowley, MA: Newbury House. Gandhi, M. K. (1917). Hindi: The National Language for India. In: Speeches and Writings of Mahatma Gandhi, (pp.395–99). Retrieved from http://www.mkgandhi.org/ towrds_edu/chap15.htm. Gandhi, M. K. Medium of Instruction. Retrieved from http://www.mkgandhi.org/towrds_edu/chap14.htm. Giglioli, P. P. (1972). Language and Social Context: Selected Readings. Middlesex: Penguin Books. Gumperz, J. J., Dell H. H. (1972). Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Haugen, E. (1966). Language Conflict and Language Planning: The Case of Modern Norwegian, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Hymes, D. (1974). Foundations in Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Hymns of the Atharva-Veda. Tr. Maurice Bloomfield. In: Sacred Books of the East, 42, 1897. Retrieved from: http://www.archive.org/stream/ SacredBooksEastVariousOrientalScholarsWithIndex.50VolsMaxMuller/42.SacredBooks East.VarOrSch.v42.Muller.Hindu.Bloomfield.HymnsAtharvaVed.ExRitBkCom.Oxf.189 7.#page/n19/mode/2up. Jernudd, B. H. (1982). Language Planning as a Focus for Language Correction. Language Planning Newsletter, 8(4) November, 1–3. Retrieved from http://languagemanagement.ff.cuni.cz/en/system/files/documents/Je rnudd_LP%20as%20 LC.pdf. Kamat, V. The Languages of India. Retrieved from http://www.kamat.com/indica/diversity/languages.htm. King, K., & Mackey, A. (2007). The Bilingual Edge: Why, When, and How to Teach Your Child a Second Language. New York: Collins. Kosonen, K. (2005). Education in Local Languages: Policy and Practice in Southeast Asia. First Languages First: Community-based Literacy Programmes for Minority Language Contexts in Asia. Bangkok: UNESCO Bangkok. Lewis, E. G. (1972). Multilingualism in the Soviet Union: Aspects of Language Policy and Its Implementation. Mouton: The Hague. Linguistic Survey of India. George Abraham Grierson (Comp. and ed.). Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1903–1928. PDF. Retrieved from http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/. Macaulay, T. B. (1835). Minute dated the 2nd February 1835. Web. Retrieved from http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/txt_minute_ed uca tion_1835.html. Mansor, S. (2005). Language Planning in Higher Education. New York: Oxford University Press. Mishra, Dr Jayakanta & others, PIL Case no. CWJC 7505/1998. Patna High Court. Peñalosa, F. (1981). Introduction to the Sociology of Language. New York: Newbury House Publishers. Sapir, E. in “Mutilingualism & National Development: The Nigerian Situation”, R O Farinde, In Nigerian Languages, Literatures, Culture and Reforms, Ndimele, Ozo-mekuri (Ed.), Port Harcourt: M & J Grand Orbit Communications, 2007. Simons, G., Fennig, C. (2017). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Retrieved from http://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN. Stegen, O. Why Teaching the Mother Tongue is Important? Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/2406265/Why_teaching_the_mother_tongue_is_important. “The Tower of Babel”. Genesis 11:1–9. The Bible. 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Sixteen species of the tribe Merremieae Austin (Convolvulaceae) from India were morphometrically analyzed with the help of Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis to explain the relationship between them. PCA showed that quantitative characters like corolla breadth, fruit breadth and length of paracot leaf play important role in bringing together all the species in the same tribe while the characters like leaf length, leaf breadth, petiole length, pedicel length, calyx length and calyx breadth play vital role in the delimitation of taxa within the tribe Merremieae. Cluster analysis and dendrogram revealed that, the genus Operculina S. Manso is segregated from Merremia Denns. ex Endlich.; genus Hewittia Wight. & Arn. is very close to Merremia, probably originated from M. aegyptia (L.) Urban and M. dissecta (Jacq.) Hall. f. cluster and genus Xenostegia Austin & Staples is isolated in the separate cluster.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v21i2.21350Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 21(2): 121-128, 2014 (December)

ABSTRACT Introduction Sole objective of healthcare financing is that rich and poor should be treated equally as poverty is not a disability and wealth is not an advantage. Approximately, 78% of Indian population spends for healthcare from out of pocket expenditure, remaining by salary, agriculture, business, etc. Only 3% population is covered by health insurance. Prime minister (PM) fund is one of the methods to offset the treatment cost from poor. Objective Present paper is aimed to highlight the contribution of PM fund for patients getting treatment at Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS) hospital and efforts made by hospital for its optimal utilization. Materials and methods Retrospective studies were carried out in 2010 and July 2013 for contribution received form PM fund for indoor poor patients treatment during last 5 years, number of patient availed/not availed financial assistance, reasons for not availing, on the line of problem solving process. Efforts made by SGPGIMS for its optimal utilization were also highlighted. Result During financial year 2007-2008 to 2009-2010, total 1246 patients received the fund of worth USD 1.30 million (₹ 78792750.00) and only USD 1.09 million (₹ 65569869.00) was utilized by 1110 (89%) patients. One hundred and thirtysix (10.91%) patients did not utilize. Hospital administration made efforts for optimal utilization by minimizing the barriers, consequently it improved the utilization by 8.20%. During financial year 2010-11 to 2011-12, USD 1.85 million (₹ 111081789.00) was received for 1450 patients, out of which 730 patients have already utilized and 682 are still using the fund (total 1412/97.40%) and 38 patients (2.60%) did not use it. Conclusion Simple efforts made by hospital improved the utilization of PM fund by 8.20% and poor were really benefited. Hospitals should also fulfill the social responsibility by facilitating the patients. How to cite this article Chandra H, Bhardwaj ND, Mansoor F, Mandal R, Srivastava DC, Harsvardhan R. Optimal Utilization of Government Assisted Financing for Poor Patients: Facilitation by a Hospital. Int J Res Foundation Hosp Healthc Adm 2015;3(1):25-28.

The article deals with the history of the spread of the Palladian tradition in the architecture of the British colonies. The reasons why the spread of the architectural style was not ubiquitous are revealed in detail. A list of English colonial possessions and a brief description of the specific policy conditions that influenced the architecture development in each of the regions are given. Specific examples demonstrate the change processes in the Singapore architecture. The selfless activity of F.Raffles, the Governor of Singapore, who was passionate about A.Palladio’s ideas in architecture, is described. Examples of projects of public buildings and private mansions are considered. Different periods of style transformation are highlighted; certain examples demonstrate the specific influence of local building materials, climate, public sentiment and social order on architecture. The question of the neoclassicism influence on Palladian architecture and the emergence of neo-Palladian design during the eclectic period is raised. Also, the description contains examples of architectural projects from other countries in the region, in particular Sri Lanka and Burma. Some of the examples go beyond the chronological period of the first half of the 19th century in order to demonstrate the establishment of the Palladian tradition in some countries of Southeast Asia. Colonial Palladianism is evaluated on the example of the architecture of Singapore and India.

Vidangatandulaadi Choorna is a polyherbal formulation consisting of seven ingredients. Trivrith (Operculina turpethum (Linn.) Silva Manso) is the chief ingredient responsible for the purgative action of the formulation. This yoga is mentioned in Kalpasthana of Ashtangahridaya, intended for virechana (Purgation). It is useful in Kapha-vatha disorders. Even though many kinds of research have been done to identify the physicochemical constituents of individual drugs in the formulation, no studies were done to identify the physicochemical properties of the formulation. This analysis helps in understanding the mechanism for different pharmacological actions of the formulation. Hence, Physico-chemical study of Vidangatandulaadi Choorna along with high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting is done to fix the standards. All the drugs included in the formulation is identified by the botanist and is prepared according to Standards mentioned for the preparation of Choorna mentioned in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. The formulation is least encountered, but it has shown its significant action in Dyslipidemia in folklore practices. As there are no Standards mentioned for this formulation, the result observed in the present study may be considered suitable. The data obtained from Physicochemical investigation, high-performance thin-layer chromatography profile and ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry) could be used as the standards for the present formulation under study.

<p class="p1">El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la asociación entre el consumo de agua contaminada con arsénico total (As-total) superior a 10 μg/L y los índices de morbilidad estandarizada (IME) de insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC) en los 59 distritos de los 11 cantones de la provincia de Guanacaste, Costa Rica. </p><p class="p1">Para ello se realizaron al menos 1600 muestreos y análisis de As-total en las aguas de 421 acueductos, a los cuales se les calculó el promedio ponderado según su población; luego se establecieron los IME utilizando los egresos hospitalarios de personas con esta patología. Con estas variables se diseñó un estudio ecológico-retrospectivo con características descriptivas y analíticas, aplicando la correlación lineal al 95% de confianza entre los promedios ponderados de As-total (μg/L) y los IME de cada cantón. Por otro lado, se realizó un análisis de tendencia, utilizando intervalos de exposición a As-total y los IME ubicados en cada zona. Además, se elaboró un análisis descriptivo entre los 17 distritos con IME con significancia estadística y los promedios ponderados de As-total. </p><p class="p1">Como resultados, los datos de As-total indican que de los 421 acueductos, solo 11 (2,6%) presentaron concentraciones superiores a 10 μg/L y pertenecen a los distritos de Cañas, Bebedero y Bagaces. Los resultados de IME de IRC indican que de los 59 distritos, 32 (54,2%) tenían un IME mayor a 1, es decir, el riesgo de enfermar por IRC era mayor al promedio nacional en el periodo 2003-2012. Los análisis estadísticos indican una correlación simple o r de 0,41, calificando la asociación entre ambas variables como Media, es decir, entre 0,33 y 0,66. El análisis de tendencias, según los intervalos o zonas de exposición a As-total, indican un comportamiento irregular en los intervalos 4 y 5, en donde la exposición “Medianamente Alta (11 a 20 μg/L de As-total) presenta un IME de IRC más alto que el intervalo Alta Exposición, o mayor a 20 μg/L de As-total. En el análisis descriptivo de los 17 distritos con IME con significancia estadística se observan varios distritos con promedios ponderados de As-total inferior a 3 μg/L pero con IME de IRC muy altos, como Nosara, Nacascolo, Diriá, Sámara, Palmira y Filadelfia. </p><p class="p1"><em>Conclusiones: </em>la comparación individual de los 17 distritos de los promedios ponderados de As-total y los IME de IRC demuestran que existen distritos que no estuvieron expuestos a As-total, pero que presentan altos IME de IRC, como Mansión, Sámara, Hojancha y Palmira. Además, se presenta la misma situación en los distritos con Muy Baja Exposición, como Liberia, Nicoya, Nacascolo, Nosara, San Antonio, Santa Cruz, Veintisiete de Abril y Diriá. Esto sugiere que el agua contaminada con As-total en los distritos de Guanacaste probablemente no es un factor de riesgo común en las zonas afectadas por la epidemia de IRC. </p><p class="p1"><em>Recomendaciones: </em>se debe continuar con otros estudios de tipo transversal o casos y controles, sin descartar ninguna hipótesis sobre factores de riesgo comunes en los distritos afectados con IRC, incluyendo la exposición a plaguicidas, altas temperaturas, metales pesados, incluido el As-total en aguas, y agroquímicos, entre otros. </p>

I have the honour and privilege to welcome you to the Vol. 4 Issue 2 of Indian-Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance. In Issue 2, the journal emphasises on taxation and corporate finance. In the first paper with the caption “Dividend Policy as a driver of Corporate growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence in Nigeria”, Mr Emmanuel Dare Otitolaiye (Department of Accounting, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria) and Dr Olatunji Siyanbola (Department of Accounting, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria) examine dividend policy as a driver of corporate growth in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence in Nigeria. The ex-post facto research design was adopted to analyse how dividend policy spur the growth of active insurance companies in the Nigerian Stock Exchange using secondary data of the sampled firms for 2007 – 2018 while utilising descriptive and inferential (regression) statistics in data analysis. The findings reveal that dividend policy (i.e., as proxied by dividend pay-out) has an insignificant negative effect on corporate growth of insurance companies in Nigeria with the controlling effect of efficiency, firm age and leverage which have a significant effect on corporate growth of insurance companies in Nigeria. Specifically, the study reveals that efficiency has a significant negative effect on corporate growth. At the same time, firm age discloses a significant positive influence on corporate growth, as leverage exerts a significant negative effect on corporate growth. In the second paper with the title “Tax structure and economic development: An infrastructural viewpoint”, Mr Okezie Uhuaba (Department of Accounting, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria), Dr Olatunji Siyanbola (Department of Accounting, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria) examines Nigeria's tax structure and economic development from the standpoint of infrastructural deficiencies. Also, Taro Yamane's formula was used to determine the sample size of 365. The study employed a survey research design using a structured questionnaire administered to 4200 senior tax practitioners and senior staff of the Federal Inland Revenue Service. A total of 85% of the questionnaire administered were retrieved while descriptive and inferential statistics were used for the data analysis. The study found that the tax structure had a significant positive effect on infrastructure in Nigeria. In the third paper captioned “Monthly Tax Deduction as Final Tax: The Case of Malaysian Employees”, Dr Idawati Ibrahim (Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz Scool of Accountancy, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia), Associate Professor Dr Zainol Bidin (Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy, Universiti Utara Malaysia), Associate Professor Dr Natrah Saad (Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy, Universiti Utara Malaysia), Muzainah Mansor (Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy, Universiti Utara Malaysia) examine employees' issues on MTD's implementation as the final tax system in Malaysia. This study comprises a case study on MTD implementation at two institutions that remain anonymous due to confidentiality. Data were collected from 64 responses from open-ended questionnaires to employees at both institutions. The data were analysed using a thematic approach. Findings from the analysis revealed that employees’ hesitation to such a system should not be ignored. There are three main issues discovered from this study which are: lack of knowledge on MTD as final tax among employees, a burden on claiming tax reliefs and the accuracy of MTD calculation; and employer’s readiness. The findings provide evidence of the IRBM. It provides a good foundation for the IRBM to strategise mechanisms to enhance the scheme's implementation. In the fourth paper entitled “An assessment of Electronic-Auditing and economic value of the Nigerian Listed Companies”, Rebecca Deborah Benjamin (Department of Accounting, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria), Samson Adebolu Adegbite (Department of Accounting Osun State University Osogbo, Osun State. Nigeria), Appolos Nwabuisi Nwaobia (Department of Accounting, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria), Isoken Joy Adekunle (Department of Accounting College of Arts, Social and Management Sciences Crescent University, Abeokuta, Ogun State) evaluate the effect of electronic-auditing by internal auditors for the improved economic value of listed companies in Nigeria. The study adopted a survey research design. The sample size of the study consisted of 24 companies selected from the eleven industrial sub-sectors (Agriculture, Conglomerates, Construction, Consumer goods, financial services, Services, Health Care, ICT, Industrial goods, Natural Resources and Oil and Gas sectors) among the 161 listed companies on the Nigerian Stock Exchange as at 30 November 2019. Random sampling technique was employed in the selection of the 24 companies with about two companies representing each sector. The research instrument was subjected to content validity and reliability test, which yielded Cronbach’s alpha coefficient value of 0.80. The findings revealed that electronic-auditing had a positive and significant effect on the economic value of listed companies in Nigeria. In the fifth paper with the title “Auditing Concepts and Stakeholders’ Expectations”, Mr Michael Oludare Oladiran Ajala (Department of Accounting, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria) and Professor Dr S. A. Owolabi (Department of Accounting, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria) feature a contemporary debate to resolve mixed feelings and misplaced perceptions of auditing concepts in filing widened expectation gaps of auditor's expression of opinion. Contributing to the argument involves a detailed review of auditing concepts, and broadening the understanding and educating the stakeholders on the essence of auditing. In this consideration, the study employed an exploratory research approach, reviewed related materials, journals, and periodicals in the field of auditing and financial accounting. The outcome of the review showed that Auditing concepts are specific and inclusive. Auditors are guided by these concepts and standards set out by the international standards on auditing. While these concepts are valid, there are divergences and misconceptions of what stakeholders expect from the audited financial statements. The study recommended that stakeholders require audit education and understand the essence of auditors’ reporting dilemma of regulated auditing guidelines or go beyond the auditing standards to please the stakeholders’ expectations. As you read through this Volume 4 Issue 2 of IPJAF, I would like to encapsulate that the success of the journal depends on your active participation and those of your colleagues and friends through submission of high-quality articles within the journal scope for review and publication. I implore our revered authors to enjoy the benefits IPJAF provides about mentoring nature of the unique review process that offers high quality and helpful reviews tailored to improving their manuscripts. I acknowledge your support as we endeavour to make IPJAF the most authoritative journal on accounting and finance for the community of academic, professional, industry, society and government.

Chettinadu, a region in southern India, is situated in Tamil Nadu State 32 km from the west coast of the Bay of Bengal with a total area of 1,550 square kilometers in the heart of Tamil Nadu. The built heritage of Chettinadu is an irreplaceable cultural resource giving it a unique identity and character. In the tentative list of UNESCO 2014, the Chettinadu region has been classified into three clusters based on their Outstanding Universal Values and this provides a framework for our research.The region has experienced a tremendous amount of change from its original design and the old buildings are mirrors of the procession of history and culture that together have formed the heritage of the town. Well known for its palatial mansions with their unique architectural style, the conservation of old buildings is a must in retaining the character of the city. In this paper we studied the historical background of heritage areas and buildings in the Chettinadu region and attempted to establish the values in the built heritage by means of a selected set of variables. To achieve this objective various parameters were analyzed as how the values of the built heritage contribute to the unique sociocultural flavor of Chettinadu. Social, cultural, historical, and architectural values all enhance the image of the town, but assessing their relative importance for purposes of urban planning is a significant challenge. This analysis support the evolution of strategies targeted at preserving and enhancing the built heritage of the region. The varied heritage potential based on the values will help planners and developers to create sustainable programs for modernizing the infrastructure while protecting the inherent values of the built heritage of Chettinadu.

Background:TCZ is a monoclonal antibody against Interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) which is used for relieving inflammation and reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients. Safety and efficacy of Tocilizumab (TCZ) in Covid-19 pneumonia is uncertain yet. In this study, we aimed to determine clinical outcomes in patients treated with TCZ.Objectives:In this study we aimed to share our retrospective results which we had obtained from patients with COVID-19 diagnosis received TCZ.Methods:We performed a retrospective case control study between May and August 2020 in Turkey. We compared outcomes in patients who received TCZ with those who did not. Death in hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) requirements were evaluated as endpoints. Demographic data, comorbidities, additional treatment, treatment side effects, laboratory and clinical results were retrospectively assessed. There are no significant differences between groups according to age, gender and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI).Results:12 (27.3%) patients died in standard group and eight (18.6%) patients died in TCZ group (p=0.150).Days of staying in the hospital were eight days in standard treatment group and 12 days in TCZ group (p=0.03). 10 of 43 patients in TCZ group were admitted to ICU. MV support was needed in 8 of these patients. 18 of 44 patients (40.9%) within the standard group were admitted to ICU and 12 patients (27.3%) were intubated (p=0.125,p=0.480). Significant IL-6 decrease was not observed post treatment in TCZ group according to pretreatment period (p=0.60). Significant decreases were examined in CRP and ferritin values through TCZ treatment. However, D-dimer and thrombocyte values increased.Conclusion:TCZ may not be an effective treatment for reducing ICU requirement, to prevent intubation or death, for shortening period for staying in hospital. The patients should be followed up closely for possible thrombosis because of increased D-dimer and thrombocytes with TCZ treatment.References:[1]Sharma A, Tiwari S, Deb MK, Marty JL. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-Cov-2): A global pandemic and treatment strategies. IntJ Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Aug; 56(2):106054.[2]Singhal T. A rewiev of coronavirus Disease-2019(COVID-19). Indian J Pediatr. 2020 Apr;87(4):281-286.[3]Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall R.S, Manson J.J. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1033-[4]Teijaro J.R. Cytokine storms in infectious diseases. SeminImmunopathol. 2017;39:501–503.[5]Zhang Y, Li J, Zhan Y, Wu L, Yu X, Zhang W et al. Analysis of Serum Cytokines in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Infect Immun 2004 Aug;72(8):4410-4415.[6]Zhang C, Wu Z, Li JW, Zhao H, Wang GQ. Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19: interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab may be the key to reduce mortality. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 May; 55(5):105954.[7]Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4):420–2[8]Fu B, Xu X, Wei H. Why tocilizumab could be an effective treatment for severe COVID-19? J Transl Med 18,164 (2020).[9]Guaraldi G, Meschiari M, Cozzi-Lepri A, Milic J, Tonelli R, Menozzi M et al. Tocilizumab in patients with severe COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2020 Aug;2(8):e474-e484.[10]Gupta S, Wang W, Hayek S.S, Chan L, MathewsK.S, Melamed M.L et al. Association Between Early Treatment With Tocilizumab and Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Jan1;181(1):41-51.[11]Campochiaro C, Della-Torre E, Cavalli G, De Luca G, Ripa M, Boffini N et al Efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in severe COVID- 19 patients: a single-centre retrospective cohort study. Eur J Intern Med. 2020 Jun;76:43-49.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to see the descriptionof the level ofbrand personality,andpurchase decision in consumers of Pixy powder in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approachh - The design of this study was cross sectional method. This research uses descriptive approach with explanatory survey method. The nurses analysis unit is 130 people. Data collection using questionnaire. The analysis technique used is descriptive technique by using frequency distributionFindings - Based on the results of the research using descriptive analysis, the results obtained that brand personality in the high category, and purchase decision in the good category.Originality/value - The differences in this study located on an object research , time research , a measuring instrument , literature that used , the theory that is used and the results of the study.Aaker, J. L. (1997). Dimensions of brand personality. Journal of Marketing Research, 347.Al-rasyid, H. (1994). 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(2014). elationship between Brand Experience , Brand Personality , Consumer Satisfaction , and Consumer Loyalty of DSSMF Brand. iBuss Management, 2(2), 89–98.Laios, L. G., Moschuris, S. J. (2015). The influence of enterprise type on the purchasing decision process. International Journal of Operations Production Management.Lamb, C. W., Hair, J. F. (2011). Marketing.Malhotra, N. K. (2010). Marketing Research (6th ed.). United States of America.Mulyadi, H., Saktiawati, D. (2008). Pengaruh Brand Personality terhadap Loyalitas Pelanggan Sampo Sunsilk. Jurnal Pendidikan Manajemen Bisnis, 7.Noel, H. (2009). Consumer behaviour. Switzerland: AVA Publishing SA.Orozoco-Gomez, M., Toldos-Romeo Ma, M. de l P. (2015). Brand personality and purchase intention, 27(5), 462–467. http://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-03-2013-0046Peter, J. P., Jerry, C. O. (2008). Consumer Behaviour perilaku konsumen dan strtegi pemasaran. Jakarta: Erlangga.Rampl, L. V., Kenning, P. (2014). Employer brand trust and affect : linking brand personality to employer brand attractiveness. http://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-02-2012-0113Ratih, H., Irna, W. (2008). pengaruh pemasaran eksperiensial terhadp retensi pelanggan pada pengunjung resort spa kampung sampireun garut. Jurnal Pendidikan Manajemen Bisnis, 7, 1–19.Razati, G., Ruhimat, R. (2008). pengaruh sales promotion terhadap keputusan pengguna kartu kredit bni. Pendidikan Manajemen Bisnis, 7.Sangadji, E. M., Sopiah. (2013). Perilaku Konsumen Pendekatan Praktis Disertai Himpunan Jurnal Penelitan. Yogyakarta: Andi offset.Schiffman, L. ., Kanuk, L. L. (2007). Consumer Behaviour. New Jersey: Pearson Prestice Hall.Solomon, M. R., Bamossy, G., Askegaard, S., Hogg, M. K. (2013). Consumer Behaviour.Sugiyono. (2010). Metode Penelitian Bisnis. Bandung: Alfabetha.Suharno. (2010). Marketing in Practice (edisi pert). Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.Surakhmad, W. (2004). Pengantar Penelitian Ilmiah Dasar Metode Teknik. Bandung: Tarsito.Utama, D. H., Amelia, F. (2009). ENGARUH ATRIBUT PRODUK TERHADAP KEPUASAN PELANGGAN PRODUK TEH CELUP SOSRO DAN 2 TANG (Survei Pada Pelanggan Teh Celup di Griya Pahlawan dan Giant Pasteur Bandung). Urnal Pendidikan Manajemen Bisnis, 8(30-40).Yin, C., Mansori, S. (2016). Factor that influences consumers ’ brand loyalty towards cosmetic products. Journal of Marketing Management and Customer Behavior, 1, 12–29.

Research Articles Composition and Dynamics of Migratory and Resident Avian Population in Wintering Wetlands from Northern India PDF Kaushalendra Kumar JHA, Craig R. MCKINLEY 1-15 MtDNA Barcode Identification of Finfish Larvae from Vellar Estuary, Tamilnadu, India PDF Ramakrishnan THIRUMARAISELVI, Sourin DAS, Vellaichamy RAMANADEVI, Muthusamy THANGARAJ 16-19 Isolation and Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci in Healthy Broilers in Nsukka Southeast, Nigeria PDF Ifeoma Chinyere UGWU, Madubuike Umunna ANYANWU, Chidozie Clifford UGWU, Jude Chukwuemeka OKORO 20-25 Heterogeneity of Soil and Vegetation in the Urban Habitats of New Industrial Cities in the Desert Landscape of Egypt PDF Monier Abd EL-GHANI, Reinhard BORNKAMM, Nadia EL-SAWAF, Hamdiya TURKY 26-36 Responses to Environmental Stress in Plants Adapted to Mediterranean Gypsum Habitats PDF Josep V. LLINARES, Inmaculada BAUTISTA, Maria del Pilar DONAT, Antonio LIDON, Cristina LULL, Olga MAYORAL, Wankhade SHANTANU, Monica BOSCAIU, Oscar VICENTE 37-44 Biodiversity Status of the Immediate Vicinity of an Iron and Steel Recycling Factory in Ile-Ife, South-Western Nigeria PDF Oludare Oladipo AGBOOLA, Olalekan Oluwatoyosi SALAMI, Stephen OYEDEJI 45-51 Anther Ontogeny and Microsporogenesis in Helianthus annuus L. (Compositae) PDF Aslihan ÇETİNBAŞ, Meral ÜNAL 52-56 Effects of Osmolytic Agents on Somatic Embryogenesis of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) PDF Maryam VAHEDI, Siamak KALANTARI, Seyed ALIREZA SALAMI 57-61 Simplified Regeneration Protocol for Cycas revoluta Thunb. Mature Zygotic Embryos PDF Rohangiz NADERI, Khadije MOHAISENI, Jaime A. TEIXEIRA DA SILVA, Mansour OMIDI, Behjat NADERI 62-65 Androgenesis Induced in Nicotiana alata and the Effect of Gamma Irradiation PDF Ayman EL-FIKI, Gamal EL-METABTEB, Abdel-Hadi SAYED, Mohamed ADLY 66-71 Combining Ability for Yield and Its Components in Diallel Crosses of Cotton PDF Remzi EKİNCİ, Sema BAŞBAĞ 72-80 Molecular Characterization of Saffron-Potential Candidates for Crop Improvement PDF Javid Iqbal MIR, Nazeer AHMED, Mudasir Hafiz KHAN, Taseem Ahmad MOKHDOMI, Sajad Hussian WANI, Shoiab BUKHARI, Asif AMIN, Raies Ahmad QADRI 81-89 Preparation and Low Temperature Short-term Storage for Synthetic Seeds of Caladium bicolor PDF Mehpara MAQSOOD, Abdul MUJIB, Mir KHUSRAU 90-95 Seed Priming to Overcome Salinity Stress in Persian Cultivars of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) PDF Ali SEPEHRI, Saeed NAJARI, Hossein Reza ROUHI 96-101 Microbial Spoilage, Actions of Preservatives and Phytochemical Screening of Mango (Mangifera indica) Seed Powder PDF Musa Olusegun AREKEMASE, Ganiyu OYEYIOLA, Fathia Oluwatoyin SAAD, Daniel Salem TERWASE 102-110 Weed Interference Effects on Leaves, Internode and Harvest Index of Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) PDF Hossein GHAMARI 111-115 Influence of Modified Atmosphere Packagingon Storability and Postharvest Quality of Cornelian Cherry (Cornus masL.) Fruits PDF Sheida MOHEBBI, Younes MOSTOFI, Zabihallah ZAMANI, Farzaneh NAJAFI 116-122 Minor Volatile Compounds Profiles of ‘Aligoté’ Wines Fermented with Different Yeast Strains PDF Florin VARARU, Jaime MORENO-GARCIA, Juan MORENO, Marius NICULAUA, Bogdan NECHITA, Cătălin ZAMFIR, Cintia COLIBABA, Georgiana-Diana DUMITRU, Valeriu V. COTEA 123-128 Effect of Soaking, Cooking, Germination and Fermentation Processing on Physical Properties and Sensory Evaluation of Sorghum Biscuits PDF Abd El-Moneim M. R. AFIFY, Hossam Saad EL-BELTAGI, Samiha M. ABD EL-SALAM, Azza A. OMRAN 129-135 The Response of Several Plum Cultivars to Natural Infection with Monilinia laxa, Polystigma rubrum and Stigmina carpophila PDF Ioana MITRE jr., Andreea TRIPON, Ioana MITRE, Viorel MITRE 136-139 Consumer Perception Concerning Apple Fruit Quality, Depending on Cultivars and Hedonic Scale of Evaluation - a Case Study PDF Cătălina DAN, Corina ȘERBAN, Adriana F. SESTRAŞ, Mădălina MILITARU, Paula MORARIU, Radu E. SESTRAŞ 140-149

Introdução: A candidemia é uma das infecções nasocomiais mais frequentes a nível mundial e apresenta diferentes espécies de Candida envolvidas com o desenvolvimento dessa patologia. Objetivo: Este estudo analisou os aspectos epidemiológicos e as diferentes espécies de Candida associadas à candidemia. Material e Métodos: Uma revisão de literatura foi realizada, através da leitura de artigos científicos publicados nas bases de dados Pubmed e Scielo nos últimos cinco anos. Utilizou-se as seguintes combinações de descritores: Candidemia, Candidemia e Prevalência, Candidemia e Incidência, Candidemia e Candida. Resultados: A candidemia é a infecção fúngica mais hostil atualmente encontrada e prevalente nas populações estudadas. A população mais afetada são os recém-nascidos. Apresenta altas taxas de mortalidade e disseminação em várias partes do mundo. A nutrição parenteral, a administração de antibióticos de amplo espectro, hospitalização prolongada, cirurgia prévia e colonização por Candida sp são os principais fatores de risco relatados na literatura. Múltiplas espécies fúngicas estão associadas a essa condição, porém C. albicans é a mais predominante, seguida por C. parapsilosis e C. tropicalis. Conclusões: A Candidemia é uma patologia prevalente e apresenta alta incidência e morbimortalidade nas populações estudadas das diferentes partes do mundo. C. albicans é a espécie mais associada, seguida por C. parapsilosis e C. tropicalis. Descritores: Candidemia; Prevalência; Incidência; Candida. Referências Treviño-Rangel RJ, Peña-López CD, Hernández-Rodríguez PA, Beltrán-Santiago D, González GM. Association between Candida biofilm-forming bloodstream isolates and the clinical evolution in patients with candidemia: An observational nine-year single center study in Mexico. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2018;35(1):11-16. Kaur H, Chakrabarti A. Strategies to Reduce Mortality in Adult and Neonatal Candidemia in Developing Countries. J Fungi (Basel). 2017;3(3):41. Wu PF, Liu WL, Hsieh MH, Hii IM, Lee YL, Lin YT et al. Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of candidemia isolates of non-albicans Candida species from cancer patients. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2017;6(10):e87. Vasilyeva NV, Raush ER, Rudneva MV, Bogomolova TS, Taraskina AE, Fang Y et al. Etiology of invasive candidosis agents in Russia: a multicenter epidemiological survey. Front Med. 2018;12(1):84-91. Barchiesi F, Orsetti E, Osimani P, Catassi C, Santelli F, Manso E. Factors related to outcome of bloodstream infections due to Candida parapsilosis complex. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:387. Barchiesi F, Orsetti E, Mazzanti S, Trave F, Salvi A, Nitti C, Manso E. Candidemia in the elderly: What does it change? PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0176576. Benedict K, Roy M, Kabbani S, Anderson EJ, Farley MM, Harb S et al. Neonatal and pediatric candidemia: results from population-based active laboratory surveillance in four US locations, 2009-2015. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2018;7(3):e78-e85. Bhattacharjee P. Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species in a tertiary care hospital, Kolkata, India. Curr Med Mycol. 2016;2(2):20-7. Breda GL, Tuon FF, Meis JF, Herkert PF, Hagen F, de Oliveira LZ, Dias VC, da Cunha CA, Queiroz-Telles F. Breakthrough candidemia after the introduction of broad spectrum antifungal agents: A 5-year retrospective study. Med Mycol. 2018;56(4):406-15 Caggiano G, Lovero G, De Giglio O, Barbuti G, Montagna O, Laforgia N et al. Candidemia in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: a retrospective, observational survey and analysis of literature Data. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:7901763. Fu J, Ding Y, Wei B, Wang L, Xu S, Qin P, Wei L, Jiang L. Epidemiology of Candida albicans and non-C.albicans of neonatal candidemia at a tertiary care hospital in western China. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):329. Guzzetti LB, Vescina CM, Gil MF, Gatti BM. Candidemias en pediatría: distribución de especies y sensibilidad a los antifúngicos [Candidemia in Pediatrics: Species distribution and antifungal susceptibility]. Rev Argent Microbiol. 2017;49(4):320-22. Kofteridis DP, Valachis A, Dimopoulou D, Andrianaki AM, Christidou A, Maraki S, Spernovasilis NA, Samonis G. Factors Influencing Non-albicans Candidemia: A Case-Case-Control Study. 2017; 182(7-8):665-72. Kubiak DW, Farmakiotis D, Arons V, Hollins RM, Rostas SE, Weiser LM et al. Utility of in-house fluconazole disk diffusion susceptibility testing in the treatment of candidemia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;84(3):223-26. Li D, Zhang W, Zheng S, Ma Z, Zhang P, Liu Z. Surveillance study of candidemia in cancer patients in North China. Med Mycol. 2013;51(4):378-84. Li D, Xia R, Zhang Q, Bai C, Li Z, Zhang P. Evaluation of candidemia in epidemiology and risk factors among cancer patients in a cancer center of China: an 8-year case-control study. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):536. Lortholary O, Renaudat C, Sitbon K, Desnos-Ollivier M, Bretagne S, Dromer F; French Mycoses Study Group. The risk and clinical outcome of candidemia depending on underlying Intensive Care Med. 2017; 43(5):652-62. Lovero G, De Giglio O, Montagna O, Diella G, Divenuto F, Lopuzzo M, Rutigliano S, Laforgia N, Caggiano G, Montagna MT. Epidemiology of candidemia in neonatal intensive care units: a persistent public health problem. Ann Ig. 2016;28(4):282-87. Márquez F, Iturrieta I, Calvo M, Urrutia M, Godoy-Martínez P. Epidemiología y susceptibilidad antifúngica de especies causantes de candidemia en la ciudad de Valdivia, Chile [Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of species producing candidemia in Valdivia, Chile]. Rev Chilena Infectol. 2017;34(5):441-46. Pinhati HM, Casulari LA, Souza AC, Siqueira RA, Damasceno CM, Colombo AL. Outbreak of candidemia caused by fluconazole resistant Candida parapsilosis strains in an intensive care unit. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):433. Siri L, Legarraga P, García P, González T, Rabagliati R. Cambios clínicos y epidemiológicos de candidemias en pacientes adultos desde 2000 a 2013. Rev Chilena Infectol. 2017;34(1):19-26. Spiers R, Smyth B, Lamagni T, Rooney P, Dorgan E, Wyatt T et al. The epidemiology and management of candidemia in Northern Ireland during 2002-2011, including a 12-month enhanced case review. Med Mycol. 2019;57(1):23-9. Tiraboschi IN, Pozzi NC, Farías L, García S, Fernández NB. Epidemiología, especies, resistencia antifúngica y evolución de las candidemias en un hospital universitario de Buenos Aires, Argentina, durante 16 años [Epidemiology, species, antifungal resistance and outcome of candidemia in a university hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina for 16 years]. Rev Chilena Infectol. 2017;34(5):431-40. Vena A, Bouza E, Valerio M, Padilla B, Paño-Pardo JR, Fernández-Ruiz M et al. Candidemia in non-ICU surgical wards: comparison with medical wards. PLoS One. 2017;12(10):e0185339. Kelly MS, Benjamin DK Jr, Smith PB. The epidemiology and diagnosis of invasive candidiasis among premature infants. Clin Perinatol. 2015;42(1):105-17, viii-ix. Wu JQ, Zhu LP, Ou XT, Xu B, Hu XP, Wang X et al. Epidemiology and risk factors for non-Candida albicans candidemia in non-neutropenic patients at a Chinese teaching hospital. Med Mycol. 2011;49(5):552-55. Navalkele BD, Revankar S, Chandrasekar P. Candida auris: a worrisome, globally emerging pathogen. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2017;15(9):819-27. Spivak ES, Hanson KE. Candida auris: an Emerging Fungal Pathogen. J Clin Microbiol. 2018;56(2):e01588-17. Colombo AL, Guimarães T, Sukienik T, Pasqualotto AC, Andreotti R, Queiroz-Telles F et al. Prognostic factors and historical trends in the epidemiology of candidemia in critically ill patients: an analysis of five multicenter studies sequentially conducted over a 9-year period Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(10):1489-98. Gehring GM, Carrilho CMM, Pelisson M, Perugini M, Tano ZN. Candidemia: Revisão Bibliográfica. J Infect Control. 2015;4(4):1-19. Lepak A, Andes D. Fungal sepsis: optimizing antifungal therapy in the critical care setting. Crit Care Clin. 2011;27(1):123-47. Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, Clancy CJ, Marr KA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(4):e1-50. Wisplinghoff H, Ebbers J, Geurtz L, Stefanik D, Major Y, Edmond MB et al. Nosocomial bloodstream infections due to Candida spp. in the USA: species distribution, clinical features and antifungal susceptibilities. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014;43(1):78-81.

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui hubungan kualitas audit, komite audit, dan Dewan Pengawas Syariah (DPS) terhadap kinerja Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia pada tahun 2015-2020 yang diproksikan dengan ROA, baik secara parsial dan simultan. Melalui pendekatan kuantitatif dengan teknik analisis regresi data panel, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial, kualitas audit yang dihasilkan KAP Big 4 berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap kinerja bank umum syariah. Pada variabel komite audit, ukuran komite audit tidak mempengaruhi kinerja bank umum syariah, sedangkan kompetensi dan frekuensi komite audit berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap kinerja bank umum syariah. Pada variabel DPS, ukuran dan frekuensi rapat DPS berpengaruh negatif signfikan terhadap kinerja bank umum syariah, sedangkan kompetensi DPS berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap kinerja bank umum syariah. Secara simultan, kualitas audit, komite audit, serta DPS berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap kinerja bank umum syariah. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat bermanfaat bagi manajemen perusahaan, sebagai bahan pertimbangan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas peran pengawasan dalam penerapan tata kelola perusahaan agar dapat mewujudkan kinerja perusahaan menjadi lebih baik. Kata Kunci: Kualitas audit, Komite audit, Dewan Pengawas Syariah, Kinerja Bank. ABSTRACT This study aims is to find out the relationship between audit quality, audit committee, and Sharia Supervisory Board (SSB) on the performance of Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia in 2015-2020 as proxied by ROA, both partially and simultaneously. Through a quantitative approach with panel data regression analysis techniques, the results of the study show that partially, the audit quality produced by KAP Big 4 has a significant positive effect on the performance of Islamic commercial banks. In the audit committee variable, the size of the audit committee does not affect the performance of Islamic commercial banks, while the competence and frequency of the audit committee have a significant negative effect on the performance of Islamic commercial banks. In the DPS variable, the size and frequency of DPS meetings have a significant negative effect on the performance of Islamic commercial banks, while DPS competence has a significant positive effect on the performance of Islamic commercial banks. Simultaneously, audit quality, audit committee, and DPS have a significant positive effect on the performance of Islamic commercial banks. This research is expected to be useful for company management, as a consideration for increasing the effectiveness of the supervisory role in the implementation of corporate governance in order to realize better company performance. Keywords: Audit Quality, Audit committee, Shariah Supervisory Board, Banks performance. 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Henry Goodeve was appointed assistant surgeon to the Bengal Principality of the East India Company in 1831 and in 1835 was appointed assistant to Dr MJ Bramley, who was the newly appointed Superintendent of the Calcutta Medical School. Later that year, Goodeve was appointed Professor of Medicine and Anatomy and in 1845 accompanied four Indian students to London where they underwent further training at University College. Returning to Calcutta two years later, he was appointed Professor of Midwifery and retired in 1853, returning to England. Goodeve was appointed Senior Physician to the Rentkioi Hospital at the end of the Crimean war in 1855. After this he spent the rest of his life in Bristol. He built a large mansion and became a magistrate and was on numerous committees. He had many publications including Hints on Children in India that went to 14 editions and was the co-editor of one of the Calcutta Medical Journals.

Jahangir’s school of painting is a treasure in itself. It was a golden period of miniature paintings in Indian art. Very famous painters of Jahangir’s court like Abul al Hasan, Mansoor, Bichitra, Govardhan, Bisandas painted famous court paintings, paintings of birds and animals, flora and fauna so brilliantly.

The Covid-19, which shocked the whole world and created a riot, is well known to the common man today. Covid-19 has already been declared as a pandemic under the Infectious Diseases Act-1897. It is noteworthy that the pandemic has not only directly caused harm to man, but also indirectly caused him to discontinuing his academic, economic and social activities with considerable damage. The virus, which first appeared in China in December 2019, appeared first in India on 30th January 2020, on a student returning to Kerala from Wuhan University, China. Since then, the Covid-19 pandemic has spread in India and killed 4,18,987 people till 22 July 2021. As a result of this horror, many of the country's historic buildings, religious sectors, entertainment mansions, railways, courts, administrative sectors and educational institutions were officially closed, causing considerable problems in Indian Society. Against that backdrop, the present article seeks to address how and why Covid-19 has impacted Students, Families, Educational Institutions and Society in relation to academic life.