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Rodrigues, Janneth, Neema Agrawal, Anil Sharma, Pawan Malhotra, Tridibes Adak, Virander S. Chauhan, and Raj K. Bhatnagar. "Transcriptional analysis of an immune-responsive serine protease from Indian malarial vector, Anopheles culicifacies." BMC Molecular Biology 8, no. 1 (2007): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2199-8-33.
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Thomas, Tina, Tanwee Das De, Punita Sharma, Suman Lata, Priyanka Saraswat, Kailash C. Pandey, and Rajnikant Dixit. "Hemocytome: deep sequencing analysis of mosquito blood cells in Indian malarial vector Anopheles stephensi." Gene 585, no. 2 (July 2016): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2016.02.031.
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Prasad, T. P. N. Hari, and N. J. Shetty. "Autosomal inheritance of alphamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid, resistance in Anopheles stephensi – Liston, a malaria mosquito." Bulletin of Entomological Research 103, no. 5 (March 22, 2013): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485313000102.
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AbstractAnopheles stephensi – Liston (Culicidae: Diptera) is an important urban malarial vector in the Indian sub-continent, accounting for about 15% of the total annual malaria incidence. Chemical control represents a key strategy in the management of this insect vector. However, owing to erratic and continuous application of insecticides, resistance has become a common phenomenon among them and their control has become an uphill task. The genetics of alphamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid resistance was studied to determine its mode of inheritance. The late third instar larvae were selectively inbred for 27 and ten generations to synthesize homozygous resistant (R) and susceptible (S) stocks, respectively, to the diagnostic dose of 0.12 mg l−1. The log-dosage probit mortality relationships and degree of dominance (D) were calculated. Resistance was observed in both sexes, the dosage-mortality (d-m) line of F1 was towards the resistant parent and the ‘D’ value was found to be 0.8 indicating alphamethrin resistant (amr) gene to be autosomal and incompletely dominant. The d-m lines of F2/backcross exhibited a clear plateau of mortality across a range of doses indicating monogenic resistance. The null hypothesis for monogenic resistance was tested from mortality data of backcross progeny compared with theoretical expectations using the χ2 test and was found to be non-significant. Understanding genetics of insecticide resistance is significant in prediction and management of resistant insects. The amr genes can be used as genetic marker in A. stephensi, which can be used in several applications in conducting basic and applied genetic research.
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Mehta, Jitendra. "Climate Change Scenario in Indian Context." Emerging Trends in Climate Change 1, no. 2 (July 28, 2022): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2583-4770.108.
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The Indian economy is mostly agrarian-based and depends on the onset of the monsoon and its further behavior. The livelihood of people is mostly dependent on climate-sensitive natural resources like land, water and forests. The climate change impact on these natural resources affects agriculture, forests, water resources and human health. India is a vast country occupying 2.4% world's geographical area, sharing 16.2% of the global human population and 15% of the global livestock population. It is endowed with varied climates supporting rich biodiversity and highly diverse ecology. More than 60% of its population living in rural areas, where agriculture is the major concern rural economy that is the backbone of the Indian economy. The consistent impact of climate change may threaten livelihood activities, which are mostly based on agriculture providing food security. Climate change and global warming pose a significant threats to agriculture. Pest populations are strongly dependent upon temperature and humidity. It has been predicted that 10-40% losses in crop production in India with an increase in temperature 3 to 5ºC by the end of 21 century. The allied sectors of agriculture have also been affected adversely by climate change e.g., lowering production in dairy cattle, poultry and fishery. Changes in climate variables may alter the distribution of important vector species, especially malarial mosquitoes, and subsequently increase the spread of such diseases to new areas. The loss in net revenue at the farm level is estimated to range between 9% to 25% for a temperature rise of 2ºC to 3.5ºC. To minimize the adverse impact of climate change, adaptation comprises shifting the population living close to the sea side to escape the rising sea level or promote crops that can tolerate higher temperatures. To remedial measures taken to combat the adverse impact of climate change, mitigation comprises a reduction in the emissions of greenhouse gases. The government of India's expenditure on adaptation and mitigation to combating climate change impact shares 2.6% of the GDP, with agriculture, water resources, health and sanitation, forests, coastal-zone infrastructure and extreme weather events being specific areas of concern. This paper was attempted to review the climate change scenario with their present and future adaptation and mitigation efforts in India.
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Sarma, Devojit Kumar, Pradumnya Kishore Mohapatra, Dibya Ranjan Bhattacharyya, Savitha Chellappan, Balasubramani Karuppusamy, Keshab Barman, Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar, Aditya Prasad Dash, Anil Prakash, and Praveen Balabaskaran Nina. "Malaria in North-East India: Importance and Implications in the Era of Elimination." Microorganisms 7, no. 12 (December 10, 2019): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7120673.
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Worldwide and in India, malaria elimination efforts are being ramped up to eradicate the disease by 2030. Malaria elimination efforts in North-East (NE) India will have a great bearing on the overall efforts to eradicate malaria in the rest of India. The first cases of chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance were reported in NE India, and the source of these drug resistant parasites are most likely from South East Asia (SEA). NE India is the only land route through which the parasites from SEA can enter the Indian mainland. India’s malaria drug policy had to be constantly updated due to the emergence of drug resistant parasites in NE India. Malaria is highly endemic in many parts of NE India, and Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the majority of the cases. Highly efficient primary vectors and emerging secondary vectors complicate malaria elimination efforts in NE India. Many of the high transmission zones in NE India are tribal belts, and are difficult to access. The review details the malaria epidemiology in seven NE Indian states from 2008 to 2018. In addition, the origin and evolution of resistance to major anti-malarials are discussed. Furthermore, the bionomics of primary vectors and emergence of secondary malaria vectors, and possible strategies to prevent and control malaria in NE are outlined.
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Das De, Tanwee, Punita Sharma, Charu Rawal, Seena Kumari, Sanjay Tavetiya, Jyoti Yadav, Yasha Hasija, and Rajnikant Dixit. "Sex specific molecular responses of quick-to-court protein in Indian malarial vector Anopheles culicifacies : conflict of mating versus blood feeding behaviour." Heliyon 3, no. 7 (July 2017): e00361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00361.
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Saranya, Rajaram, Chandar Sahanaa, and Roselin Mohandass. "Malaria vaccine in India: need and choice." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 9, no. 12 (November 28, 2022): 4776. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20223246.
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Malaria is a major public health problem in India. India’s varied geography and diverse climatic conditions from tropical monsoon in the south to temperate in the north, favor the distribution of vectors and species of the malaria parasite. Malaria in India takes several forms, including forest/ tribal malaria, urban malaria, industrial malaria, and plains malaria. P. falciparum and P vivax species contribute to the majority of malarial cases and deaths in India.
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K, Affan. "Cost of Illness of Malaria in Coastal Karnataka, India." Journal of Communicable Diseases 53, no. 02 (June 30, 2021): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202122.
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Background: Malaria is one of the major health issues in developing and underdeveloped countries. It is considered to be one of the main reasons for morbidity and mortality. This study intends to estimate the cost of illness of malaria at the household level and health service utilisation pattern for malaria treatment in coastal Karnataka. Materials and Methods: It was a secondary data-based cross-sectional study comprising people suffering from malaria during the period from September to December 2016. Result: The median gross total cost of illness (a single episode of malaria) was 4,000 INR, the median direct medical cost was zero, and the median direct non-medical cost was 100 INR. The majority of individuals (92.2%) took treatment from public healthcare sectors. Conclusion: The effective implementation of anti-malarial interventions by the District Health Authority, District Vector Borne Disease Control Office, and treatment from public health sectors resulted in negligible direct medical cost which made a remarkable reduction in the cost of illness of malaria.
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Chakrabarti, Rimi, Laura Chery-Karschney, John White, Anjali Mascarenhas, Kristen M. Skillman, Usheer Kanjee, Prasad H. Babar, et al. "Diverse Malaria Presentations across National Institutes of Health South Asia International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research Sites in India." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 107, no. 4_Suppl (October 11, 2022): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-1344.
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ABSTRACT. The Malaria Evolution in South Asia (MESA) International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research (ICEMR) was established by the US National Institutes of Health (US NIH) as one of 10 malaria research centers in endemic countries. In 10 years of hospital-based and field-based work in India, the MESA-ICEMR has documented the changing epidemiology and transmission of malaria in four different parts of India. Malaria Evolution in South Asia-ICEMR activities, in collaboration with Indian partners, are carried out in the broad thematic areas of malaria case surveillance, vector biology and transmission, antimalarial resistance, pathogenesis, and host response. The program integrates insights from surveillance and field studies with novel basic science studies. This is a two-pronged approach determining the biology behind the disease patterns seen in the field, and generating new relevant biological questions about malaria to be tested in the field. Malaria Evolution in South Asia-ICEMR activities inform local and international stakeholders on the current status of malaria transmission in select parts of South Asia including updates on regional vectors of transmission of local parasites. The community surveys and new laboratory tools help monitor ongoing efforts to control and eliminate malaria in key regions of South Asia including the state of evolving antimalarial resistance in different parts of India, new host biomarkers of recent infection, and molecular markers of pathogenesis from uncomplicated and severe malaria.
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Saha, Kalyan B., Priyamadhaba Behera, Hrishikesh Munshi, Bal K. Tiwari, Shiv K. Singh, Uma C. Saha, and Mrigendra P. Singh. "What affects utilization of malaria control services? A qualitative approach to understanding community perception in highly malarious Gadchiroli district, Maharashtra, India." Journal of Biosocial Science 51, no. 4 (December 27, 2018): 591–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193201800038x.
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AbstractNational Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) data have shown that nearly half of all malaria deaths in India occur in tribal-dominated areas. The present study took a qualitative approach to understanding community perceptions and practices related to malarial infection and anti-malarial programmes. Twelve focus group discussions and 26 in-depth interviews of Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) were conducted in nine villages in the district of Gadchiroli, Maharashtra state in India in June 2016. A total of 161 village residents (94 males and 67 females) participated in the focus group discussions and 26 health workers participated in the in-depth interviews. Data were analysed using the content analysis approach. The findings revealed widespread misconceptions about malaria among village residents, and low use of preventive measures and anti-malarial services. Ignorance and treatment by unqualified traditional healers delay effective treatment seeking. Furthermore, failure to maintain drug compliance adds to the gravity of the problem. The study identified the social and behavioural factors affecting treatment uptake and use of treatment facilities in the study area. These should help the development of the behavioural change communication arm of any control strategy for malaria through improving community participation, so improving preventive practices and optimizing utilization of anti-malarial services.
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Khan, Siraj Ahmed, Biplob Sarmah, Dibya Ranjan Bhattacharyya, Kamaraju Raghavendra, Manju Rahi, and Prafulla Dutta. "A Study on the Bionomics of Primary Malaria Vectors Anopheles minimus and Anopheles baimaii in Some States of North East Region of India." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2023 (June 30, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/9946754.
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Northeast region (NER) states of India remain highly malarious due to their geographical and ecotype diversity. Furthermore, rapid urbanization and change in climate are also affecting the vector biology and behavior of the existing species. Hence, a study is conducted in the states of Tripura and Meghalaya to generate data on the bionomics of the prevalent malaria vector species. The data from this study show that primary vectors of malaria An. minimus and An. baimaii were anthropophagic. However, An. baimaii showed a behavioral shift towards zoophagicity (∼14%). Insecticide bioassays confirm that these two major vector species are reportedly susceptible to DDT, Malathion, and indicate that intervention by DDT-IRS is effective. Thus, the implementation of appropriate strategies based on this recent information on the bionomics of malaria vectors in NE region of India will provide an opportunity to achieve malaria elimination by date in these states.
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Danasekaran, Raja, Kalaivani Annadurai, and Geetha Mani. "National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme: Current Updates." Journal of Comprehensive Health 3, no. 1 (October 24, 2020): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53553/jch.v03i01.002.
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Vector-borne diseases are a group of communicable diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and other vectors. National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme is the programme for prevention & control of these diseases. Many new initiatives have been undertaken in the programme which includes National Programme for Prevention & Control of JE/AES, Strategic Plan for Malaria control in India (2012-2017), National Drug Policy on Malaria-2013, Environmental Codes of Practice, etc. in order to make India free from vector borne diseases with equitable access to quality health care.
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Gandhi, Gujju, V. Ravi Shankar, and K. Bhanu Prakash. "Anopheles 3rd instar larvae predation by local cyclopoid copepod, Mesocyclops scrassus to prevent malaria in Telangana State." International journal of health sciences 7, S1 (May 31, 2023): 951–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v7ns1.14300.
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Mesocyclopus scrassus is an insect predatory with an environmentally favourable profile. Although malaria is in control in India, there is a possible risk of spread from malarial infected people coming from other endemic countries. The probability of mosquito vectors in several parts of India, necessitates the identification of effective and innovative control methods. The present study focused on identifying an effective biological control method for the 3rd instar of anopheline larvae using Mesocyclops scrassus under laboratory and field conditions to prevent malaria. So, we investigated its potency against Anopheles larvae.
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Mascarenhas, Anjali, Rimi Chakrabarti, Laura Chery-Karschney, John White, Kristen M. Skillman, Usheer Kanjee, Prasad H. Babar, et al. "International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research for South Asia and Broader Malaria Research in India." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 107, no. 4_Suppl (October 11, 2022): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.22-0005.
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ABSTRACT. The Malaria Evolution in South Asia (MESA) International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research (ICEMR) conducted research studies at multiple sites in India to record blood-slide positivity over time, but also to study broader aspects of the disease. From the Southwest of India (Goa) to the Northeast (Assam), the MESA-ICEMR invested in research equipment, operational capacity, and trained personnel to observe frequencies of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections, clinical presentations, treatment effectiveness, vector transmission, and reinfections. With Government of India partners, Indian and U.S. academics, and trained researchers on the ground, the MESA-ICEMR team contributes information on malaria in selected parts of India.
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Nath, Arvind. "A Study of Malaria in Chhattisgarh State of India." Epidemiology International 07, no. 01 (March 31, 2022): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2455.7048.202206.
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Background: In 2019, Chhattisgarh contributed 2.29% of the population of India and 18% of Malaria cases in the country. Bastar Division contributed 76% of cases in the state. Objectives: To study the distribution of Malaria in Chhattisgarh and measures being adopted by the state government to tackle it. Methods: Analysis of the annual reports of the Malaria Division of the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP). Also, an analysis of NVBDCP annual reports from Chhattisgarh’s Department of Health website. In addition, a web search was made of reports pertaining to the recently held “Malaria-Mukt Bastar Abhiyan” campaigns held in Chhattisgarh. Results: The impact of the Phase 1 and Phase 2 campaigns were as follows. In the year prior to November 2019, there were 5272 cases of Malaria in the Bastar region. During the next year until November 2020, there were only 2696 cases. In other words, there was a reduction of about half in the number of Malaria cases. Conclusion: Therefore, some beneficial effects of these campaigns emerged in that the reservoirs of the malarial parasite, which is, the humans were effectively treated thereby reducing the number of those persons who could be sources of infection to the female Anopheline mosquito.
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Singh, RK. "Insecticides Susceptibility Status of Malaria Vectors in a High Malaria Endemic Tribal District Gadchiroli (Maharashtra) of India." Journal of Communicable Diseases 53, no. 03 (September 30, 2021): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202137.
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Background and Objective: The current study was undertaken to determine insecticide susceptibility of malaria vectors in various villages of high malaria endemic PHCs of Gadchiroli district of Maharashtra. Methods: Adult malaria vectors were collected from the human dwellings/ cattle sheds of 156 villages of 18 malaria endemic PHCs. Susceptibility tests were carried out for different insecticides against An. culicifacies and An. fluviatilis mosquitoes as per the World Health Organization (WHO) procedure. Cone bioassays were also done to assess the quality and efficacy of indoor residual spray. Results:An. fluviatilis could be collected from 23 villages only and all the populations were fully susceptible to synthetic pyrethroid (deltamethrin) while being tolerant to organophosphorous (malathion). Susceptibility of An. culicifacies from 156 villages indicated that only 3 populations of An. culicifacies were resistant to deltamethrin while 57 populations were fully susceptible and other 96 populations were tolerant to deltamethrin. Resistance was recorded in 25 populations of An. culicifacies against malathion and 30 populations were tolerant to malathion insecticide. Remaining populations of An. fluviatilis and An. culicifacies were highly resistant to organochlorine. Results of cone bioassay revealed the mortality ranged from 32.5-51.1% on cemented and 27.5-43.3% on the mud wall sprayed with lambda cyhalothrin. Conclusion: The current study indicates that resistance has developed to synthetic pyrethroids in the major malaria vector An. culicifacies. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the evaluation of new insecticide molecules for better control of malaria vectors.
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Singh, Shiv Shankar, Shivani Rao, Pandurang V. Thatkar, and Ajay Raj S. "Scenario of malaria in Andaman and Nicobar Islands." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 12 (November 23, 2017): 4416. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20175314.
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Background: Malaria is an important vector borne disease persisting to be a major public health problem in India. The objective of this study is to find the present scenario of malaria in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.Methods: Retrospective data mining of records from the year January 2010 to December 2016 from 35 primary and community health centres existing across Andaman and Nicobar Islands.Results: A total of 517303 samples were examined from 2010 to 2016 out of which this 8397 samples were found microscopically positive of which P. vivax cases were 5631 (67.06%) and P. falciparum cases were 2766 ( 32.94%).Conclusions: There is gradual decrease in number of positive malarial cases as well as decrease in API.
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Ranjha, Raju, and Amit Sharma. "Forest malaria: the prevailing obstacle for malaria control and elimination in India." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 5 (May 2021): e005391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005391.
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Despite the decrease in malaria mortality and morbidity, it remains a significant public health problem in India. India is targeting malaria elimination from the country by 2030. Different areas in India are in different phases of malaria elimination. The emerging resistance in vectors as well parasite have added necessity to accelerate the malaria elimination programme. Forested areas remain the foci for malaria transmission due to favourable human and environmental factors. Here, we analysed the longitudinal data from 2000 to 2019 to see the trends in forest malaria in India. Population living in forested areas are major malaria contributors. From 2000 to 2019, ~32% of malaria cases and 42% of malaria related deaths were reported from forested districts which represent only ~6.6% of the total Indian population. Increasing insecticide resistance, a high percentage of submicroscopic infections and challenging to test and treat communities are the crucial components of the prevailing obstacles of forested malaria. To achieve the elimination goal, efforts should be intensified with more resources diverted to the forested areas. Malaria control in forested areas will bring fruitful results for malaria control in India.
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Kamal, Shaukat. "Standardisation of Units for Assessment of Adult Disease Vector Density under Vector Control Programmes in India." Journal of Communicable Diseases 54, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.2022105.
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Vector density is one of the most frequently used monitoring parameters of entomological surveillance under any vector control programme. Vector control applications are guided by the density of vectors or their abundance in different seasons and settings. The vectors of different common vector-borne diseases viz. malaria, filaria, kala-azar, dengue, chikungunya, Zika and Japanese Encephalitis (JE) have different bionomics. Scientists, researchers, and public health entomologists of various research institutes and programmes are engaged in studying vector bionomics through vector surveillance activities. The most common parameter used to estimate the density of vector and non-vector species of both mosquitoes and flies is the collection of species in a given unit of time. In the malaria control programme, it started as a collection of resting vector mosquitoes at a specified time of dawn and dusk. These are expressed in a number of forms viz. ‘per man hour’, ‘per ten man hour’ and ‘ten man hour’ to ascertain the level of vector population and its increasing or decreasing trend with climatic factors which may be correlated with the active transmission of the disease. The minimum level of density at which active transmission was evidenced has been termed as ‘critical density’. Various vector species have different critical densities. Many other parameters are used to estimate vector or non-vector populations but such different units may often lead to confusion among the field functionaries. This article describes the significance of ‘per man-hour density’, the methodology which has been in practice for ages and the statistical method for its calculation. To avoid misconception, it should be understood that the density expressed for a particular species is the ‘differential density’ and not the absolute density.
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Gupta, Animesh, and Aishwarya Bhat. "Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding malaria among residents of rural Mangalore, India." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 7, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20185386.
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Background: Malaria is one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases worldwide and India has fourth highest number of malaria cases and deaths in the world. Prevention of the disease through better knowledge and awareness is the appropriate way to keep the disease away and remain healthy. Thus, the present study was aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding malaria among residents of Mangalore.Methods: Community based cross sectional study was conducted among residents in Mangalore. The data was collected by using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire which include socio-demographic data, basic knowledge about malaria, transmission and preventive measures and health seeking behaviour regarding malaria through interview method.Results: Almost 98.4% respondents heard of malaria disease and 96% respondents had knowledge that malaria is caused by mosquito bite. Even, majority (72%) of respondents knew that malaria can be fatal. Regarding the symptoms of malaria, 52.4% respondents mentioned fever with chills and 11.6% respondents don’t know about malarial symptoms.Conclusions: Majority of the respondents were familiar with the malaria symptoms, mode of transmission and vector control measures. They had good knowledge of malaria disease and good practices of malaria control measures.
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Pradhan, Nitika, Rojalini Tarai, and Rupenangshu K. Hazra. "Vector dynamics predicts transmission dynamics: a simple, realistic and sensible approach for measuring malaria endemicity." Bulletin of Entomological Research 110, no. 3 (December 9, 2019): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485319000725.
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AbstractEntomological indicators such as vector density, distribution, biology and bionomics and their vectorial attributes are important parameters for measuring the pattern and intensity of malaria transmission. Although published articles provide evidence for the existence of associations between entomological indices and malaria transmission dynamics, none of them is able to establish a strong correlation. In order to address this issue, the present study aims to assess how malaria transmission is influenced and can be predicted by local major vector dynamics. We carried out an entomological assessment of major Anopheline vector abundance, habit/habitat, resting and feeding behavior, infectivity rates, and other entomological parameters. Results suggest that malaria transmission was correlated with a vector control intervention and non-intervention scenario in a high endemic region of Kalahandi district of Odisha, India. Amongst all indices, infective anthropophagic vectors established a strong positive correlation with malaria morbidity in comparison to infective or anthropophagic vector species during both the study periods. Though other entomological parameters influenced the transmission intensity, little quantifiable association was detected among study sites. This study provides strong baseline evidence of an association between entomological indices and malaria transmission dynamics, which could be used as an early warning system for outbreak prediction.
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Ahmad, Ayesha, Iraj Alam Khan, and Mohammad Raza. "Clinico-hematological profile of children with Dengue and co-infection with Malaria: a hospital based study." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 5 (August 23, 2019): 1909. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20193687.
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Background: The two most common vector borne diseases in the world are malaria and dengue. Co-infection infection is not unusual in a geographical region such as India, wherein both the vectors coexist. This study aimed to determine whether simultaneous malaria and dengue infection is serious in children than mono infection alone.Methods: In this study all children with fever of less than 7 days duration were included in the study. Clinical inspection and laboratory analysis were performed in all instances, following a detailed history. Children were categorized under 3 categories, malaria (M), dengue (D) and coinfection (DM). For any statistical difference between groups, their clinical as well as hematological parameters were analyzed. SPSS software was used for the statistical studies.Results: Malarial chills fever was also found in a substantial percentage of children with dengue. Superficial as well as profound bleeding were seen more often in the coinfected DM groups than D or M alone. In M group alone, jaundice and diarrhea were noted. In the segregated M and DM groups, the neurological indication, neurological involvement such as altered sensorium and seizure was noted at the same rate, whereas, there had been no occurrence in D group. Anemia was reported in all children, but M group showed the highest drop.Conclusions: Severity criteria, neurological involvement such as altered sensorium and seizures were reported at same rate both in malaria and coinfection, whereas, none of the patients with dengue showed signs of seizure. Anemia relative to hematologic parameters, was considerably more prevalent in the malaria patients. Presence of bleeding in malaria and jaundice in dengue patients, should be considerably investigated for a coinfection.
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Dhopte, Pragati, and Irrusappan Hari. "VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES IN INDIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 1055–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11933.
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Vectors are transmitted diseases from person to person that diseases are known as vactor borne diseases. There are mainly six vector borne diseases present in India, tropical and subtropical rigion also. As per current medical importance, geographic distribution, epidemiology and potential spreading of vector borne diseases, Malaria total cases were 29340 and deaths 2 and Japanese encephalitis total cases were 111. Chikungunya and Kala azar total cases were 700 and no deaths were found in 2020 respectively. 87.25% of MDA were supplied to total population and the dengue cases were 136422 and deaths 132 were observed in 2019. The vector borne diseases in India are reviewed in this article.
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Yadav, Chander Prakash, Syed Shah Areeb Hussain, Rajit Mullick, Manju Rahi, and Amit Sharma. "Climate zones are a key component of the heterogeneous presentation of malaria and should be added as a malariometric for the planning of malaria elimination." PLOS Global Public Health 3, no. 6 (June 28, 2023): e0001878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001878.
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Malaria is a climate-sensitive disease and different climatic conditions affect the propagation of malaria vectors thereby influencing malaria incidence. The present study was undertaken to delineate malaria distribution across different climate types and sub-types in India and assess its significance as a malariometric in the ongoing elimination activities. All Indian districts were classified into three major climatic zones (Tropical, Temperate, and others (Arid, Cold, and Polar) based on the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system. The Annual Parasite Incidence (API) of malaria was analyzed in these climatic zones using the Kruskal Wallis test, and a post hoc comparison was done using the rank-sum test with an adjusted p-value for the level of significance. Further logistic regression was used to investigate the association of these climatic zones with high malaria incidence (i.e., API>1). The majority of Indian districts fall in Temperate (N = 270/692 (39.0%)) and Tropical (N = 260/692 (37.6%)) regions, followed by Arid (N = 140/692 (20.2%)), Polar (N = 13/692 (1.9%)) and Cold (N = 9/692 (1.3%)) regions. Three climate zones: Arid, Polar, and Cold were similar in terms of malaria incidence over the years and thus were grouped into one. It was found that the tropical and temperate zones display a significantly higher burden of malaria as compared to others for the studied years (2016–2021). Future projections of climate suggest a significant expansion of tropical monsoon climate towards central and northern India, along with a growing footprint of tropical wet savannah climate in the northeast of India by 2100, which could increase the risk of malaria transmission in these regions. The heterogeneous climatic zones of India play an important role in malaria transmission and can be used as a malariometric for the stratification of districts destined for malaria elimination.
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Mishra, Ashok K., Praveen K. Bharti, Gyan Chand, Aparup Das, Himanshu Jayswar, Manju Rahi, and Kamaraju Raghavendra. "Monitoring of Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles culicifacies in Twelve Districts of Madhya Pradesh, Central India (2017–2019)." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2022 (January 5, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4404027.
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Background. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are malaria vector control measures used in India, but the development of insecticide resistance poses major impediments for effective vector control strategies. As per the guidelines of the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP), the study was conducted in 12 districts of Madhya Pradesh to generate data on insecticide resistance in malaria vectors. Methods. The susceptibility tests were conducted on adult An. culicifacies as per the WHO standard technique with wild-caught mosquitoes. The blood-fed female mosquitoes were exposed in 3 to 4 replicates on each occasion to the impregnated papers with specified discriminating dosages of the insecticides (DDT: 4%, malathion: 5%, deltamethrin: 0.05%, and alphacypermethrin: 0.05%), for one hour, and mortality was recorded after 24-hour holding. Results. An. culicifacies was found resistant to DDT 4% in all the 12 districts and malathion in 11 districts. The resistance to alphacypermethrin was also observed in two districts, and possible resistance was found to alphacypermethrin in seven districts and to deltamethrin in eight districts, while the vector was found susceptible to both deltamethrin and alphacypermethrin in only 3 districts. Conclusion. An. culicifacies is resistant to DDT and malathion and has emerging resistance to pyrethroids, alphacypermethrin, and deltamethrin. Therefore, regular monitoring of insecticide susceptibility in malaria vectors is needed for implementing effective vector management strategies. However, studies to verify the impact of IRS with good coverage on the transmission of disease are required before deciding on the change of insecticide in conjunction with epidemiological data.
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Lee, YCA, Choon Siang Tang, Li Wei Ang, Hwi Kwang Han, Lyn James, and Kee Tai Goh. "Epidemiological Characteristics of Imported and Locally-acquired Malaria in Singapore." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 38, no. 10 (October 15, 2009): 840–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v38n10p840.
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Introduction: The objective of the study was to determine the trend of malaria, the epidemiologi-cal characteristics, the frequency of local transmission and the preventive and control measures taken. Materials and Methods: We analysed the epidemiological records of all reported malaria cases maintained by the Communicable Diseases Division, Ministry of Health, from 1983 to 2007 and the Anopheles vector surveillance data collected by the National Environment Agency during the same period. Results: The annual incidence of reported malaria ranged from 2.9 to 11.1 per 100,000 population, with a sharp decline observed after 1997. There were 38 deaths, 92.1% due to falciparum malaria and 7.9% due to vivax malaria. Of the reported cases, 91.4% to 98.3% were imported, with about 90% originating from Southeast Asia and the Indian sub-continent. Among the various population groups with imported malaria, the proportion of cases involving work permit/employment pass holders had increased, while that of local residents had decreased. Between 74.8% and 95.1% of the local residents with imported malaria did not take personal chemoprophylaxis when they travelled overseas. Despite the extremely low Anopheles vector population, a total of 29 local outbreaks involving 196 cases occurred. Most of the larger outbreaks could be traced to foreign workers with imported relapsing vivax malaria and who did not seek medical treatment early. One of the outbreaks of 3 cases in 2007 was caused by Plasmodium knowlesi, a newly recognised simian malaria which was probably acquired in a forested area where long-tail macaques had been sighted. Conclusions: Singapore remains both vulnerable and receptive to the reintroduction of malaria and a high level of vigilance should be maintained indefinitely to prevent the re-establishment of endemicity. Medical practitioners should highlight the risk of malaria to travellers visiting endemic areas and also consider the possibility of simian malaria in a patient who has no recent travel history and presenting with daily fever spikes and with malaria parasite morphologically similar to that of P. malariae. Key words: Anopheles mosquitoes, Foreign workers, Outbreaks, Simian malaria
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Bhowmick, Ipsita Pal, Tulika Nirmolia, Apoorva Pandey, Sarala K. Subbarao, Aatreyee Nath, Susmita Senapati, Debabrata Tripathy, et al. "Dry Post Wintertime Mass Surveillance Unearths a Huge Burden of P. vivax, and Mixed Infection with P. vivax P. falciparum, a Threat to Malaria Elimination, in Dhalai, Tripura, India." Pathogens 10, no. 10 (September 29, 2021): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101259.
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With India aiming to achieve malaria elimination by 2030, several strategies have been put in place. With that aim, mass surveillance is now being conducted in some malaria-endemic pockets. As dry season mass surveillance has been shown to have its importance in targeting the reservoir, a study was undertaken to assess the parasite load by a sensitive molecular method during one of the mass surveys conducted in the dry winter period. It was executed in two malaria-endemic villages of Dhalai District, Tripura, in northeast India, also reported as P. falciparum predominated area. The present study found an enormous burden of Rapid Diagnostic Test negative malaria cases with P. vivax along with P. vivax and P. falciparum mixed infections during the mass surveillance from febrile and afebrile cases in dry winter months (February 2021–March 2021). Of the total 150 samples tested, 72 (48%) were positive and 78 (52%) negative for malaria by PCR. Out of the 72 positives, 6 (8.33%) were P. falciparum, 40 (55.55%) P. vivax, and 26 (36.11%) mixed infections. Out of 78 malaria negative samples, 6 (7.7%) were with symptoms, while among the total malaria positive, 72 cases 7 (9.8%) were with symptoms, and 65 (90.2%) were asymptomatic. Out of 114 samples tested by both microscopy and PCR, 42 samples turned out to be submicroscopic with 4 P. falciparum, 23 P. vivax, and 15 mixed infections. Although all P. vivax submicroscopic infections were asymptomatic, three P. falciparum cases were found to be febrile. Evidence of malaria transmission was also found in the vectors in the winter month. The study ascertained the use of molecular diagnostic techniques in detecting the actual burden of malaria, especially of P. vivax, in mass surveys. As Jhum cultivators in Tripura are at high risk, screening for the malarial reservoirs in pre-Jhum months can help with malaria control and elimination.
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Sharma, SN. "Good Medical Entomology Laboratories Practices (GMELP) in India: A Concept Note." Journal of Communicable Diseases 54, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202261.
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Vectors of malaria, filaria, dengue, chikungunya, zika, japanese encephalitis, and kala-azar play an important role in the disease transmission in different eco-settings with variable climatic conditions. Ticks, mites, and fleas also pose a threat to new emerging and re-emerging vector-borne diseases, i.e. Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF), scrub typhus, and other rickettsioses. Now, the time has come that field oriented entomological work has to shift from open, field based towards closed medical entomological laboratories for undertaking molecular research and pathogen/ virus detection among vector species handling them by minimising human risks. It is imperative to note that there is a strong need for a standard protocol for effective medical entomological laboratory practices while handling the pathogen carrying vector species under laboratory conditions. This may help to prevent the transmission of pathogens/ viruses in case of accidental release of vectors carrying pathogens/ viruses from the entomology laboratories. Such protocols would always help the scientists to minimise risks working in closed conditions. Though, there are guidelines/ procedures available for developing medical entomology laboratory, having facilities for insect rearing, its handling and equipment, however, no specific published protocol or guidelines exist presently in the Indian context. In the present manuscript, the need for a standard protocol for arthropod containment levels (ACLs 1- 4) along with the appropriate bio-safety levels based on the risk potential of pathogen carried by the vector species has been discussed for its application at the ground by the respective health authorities/ institutions.The presence of Standard Operating Procedures (SoPs) and guidelines on Good Medical Entomology Laboratory Practices (GMELP) would help the professionals working in a medical entomology laboratory to minimise risks. There is a need to develop and follow Good Medical Entomology Laboratory Practices (GMELP) for handling the vectors (Arthropods) carrying the pathogens/ viruses at the national/ state/ district level as well as by the research institutes, medical colleges, and universities. The present concept note shall help to provide a guiding principle to develop standard operating procedure (SoP)/ Guidelines for GMELP.
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Eswaralakshmi, Dr R., and Shakila Banu M. "Larvicidal Activity of Leucas Aspera Against the Larvae of Anopheles, Aedes Aegypti and Culex Quinquefasciatus." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 2201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42796.
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Abstract: Insect-transmitted diseases cause high morbidity however they additionally embody deadly diseases that cause high mortality rates among infected individuals.Many two-winged insects species such as Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus act as vectors. Ae. aegypti, acts as a vector for yellow fever, dengue and chikungunya. Aedes aegypti is cosmopolitan within the tropical and semitropical zones. Anopheles stephensi is the primary vector of malaria in India and other west Asian countries. C. quinquefasciatus is a vector of lymphatic filariasis which is one of the widely distributed tropical diseases with around 120 million people infected worldwide. The mosquitocidal activity was analyzed by aqueous, ethanol and methanol extract of Leucas aspera plant extract against the malaria, yellow fever and dengue causing Ae.aegypti, An.stephensi. Leucas aspera is well known to possess various pharmacological activities like antifungal, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Leaves of this plant are applied to treat snake bites. The result was supported by probit analyses was carried out for twenty fourth and forty eighth hour methyl alcohol extracts of L. aspera. The data showed profound larvicidal activity with methyl alcohol extract compared with the other extracts. Keywords: Vector control, L. aspera, Ae.a.egypti, An. stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus.
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Kamal, S. "An Investigation into Outbreak of Malaria in Bareilly District of Uttar Pradesh, India." Journal of Communicable Diseases 52, no. 04 (December 31, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202034.
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Uttar Pradesh is the largest state of India and is comprised of 75 revenue districts. It has vast area of 243,286 km² and 230 million population (199.81 million as per 2011 census) with population density of 828 persons per km². The topographical & environmental conditions including availability of rich irrigation facilities provide congenial conditions for development of different vectors transmitting various diseases. All the six Vector Borne Diseases (VBD) namely malaria, dengue, Chikungunya, Japanese Encephalitis (JE), Kala-azar & Lymphatic filariasis are prevalent in Uttar Pradesh and are now modifiable in the state since 2016. Among these, malaria, JE, dengue etc. are epidemic prone and claim lives during outbreak, if remained unattended in light of the NVBDCP operational guidelines. During July/ August, 2018, district Bareilly experienced outbreak of malaria, which claimed several lives according to various reports appeared in the media. A team of Officers from Regional Office for Health & Family Welfare (ROH & FW), Lucknow visited Bareilly district of UP during September, 2018 to assess the various factors responsible for the present outbreak and to guide & support the district health authorities for proper implementation of the various intervention measures to contain the outbreak. The detailed investigations revealed that the reasons for outbreak may be assigned to the excessive rainfall in the district, poor surveillance due to inadequate number of peripheral health workers, lack of laboratory facilities and improper monitoring & lack of timely actions. The screening of people for malaria with bivalent antigen based RDT kits reflected high malaria positivity both Plasmodium vivax (P.v.) & Plasmodium falciparum (P.f.) incidence but no fever related death was confirmed due to malaria.
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Moin, Sarmad. "Status of Insecticide Resistance of Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi towards Insecticides in Alwar District of Rajasthan, India." Journal of Communicable Diseases 53, no. 01 (March 31, 2021): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202109.
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Pyrethroids have been developed as a powerful insecticide that is widely used for space spray and residual indoor spraying, with impregnated nets included in the vector control programme. Insecticide resistance reduces the effectiveness of pesticides. Therefore, the vector susceptibility condition of the Anopheles stephensi is monitored in order to select the active ones. The current study is being conducted in a malaria-ridden area in various parts of the Alwar region of Rajasthan, India, against the malaria vector An. stephensi. The Susceptibility study was conducted by the WHO standardized method using the diagnostic doses of DDT, Alpha-cypermethrin and Deltamethrin. An. stephensi showed intermediate resistance to DDT from all over the study while susceptible to Alpha-cypermethrin and Deltamethrin.
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Rajagopalan, PK. "Medical Entomologists - A Disappearing Profession in Public Health System: Indian Perspective." Journal of Communicable Diseases 54, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202263.
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As a biologist and a non-medical epidemiologist, it has now become necessary to talk about the plight of the present day entomologists. Without entomologists, malaria, or for that matter any vector-borne disease would never have been controlled anywhere else in the world, including India
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Pahari, Shubhajit, and Sankha Subhra Debnath. "Ending Malaria in India by 2030: A Comprehensive Overview of Progress, Challenges and Strategies." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 13, no. 7 (July 4, 2023): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20230722.
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Malaria still has a terrible impact on people's lives, especially in developing countries. According to the world malaria report (2022), the WHO South-East Asia Region accounts for approximately 2% of the worldwide malaria case burden. The incidence of malaria cases in this region has significantly decreased from approximately 18 cases per 1,000 at-risk individuals in 2000 to around three cases per 1,000 at-risk individuals in 2021, representing a remarkable 82% reduction. India was responsible for 79% of the cases in this region. Sri Lanka was declared malaria-free in 2016 and continues to be so. India has made significant strides in lowering its malaria load during the past 15 years towards achieving its goal of ending malaria by 2030. The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) has implemented a number of strategies and interventions to prevent and control malaria, including rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs), and more recent insecticides and larvicides. There is also ongoing research and the development of novel solutions to resistance-related challenges in order to curb the impact of malaria in India. In order to hasten the process of malaria elimination, the essay emphasises the necessity of fair distribution of malaria interventions and cooperative collaborations across public and commercial sectors of government and international organisations. Comprehensive malaria control initiatives in India have made tremendous progress towards the objective of eliminating malaria by 2030, but further investment and collaboration will be necessary to make further progress towards this lofty goal. Key words: “Malaria elimination,” “Integrated Vector Management”, “India”, “Progress and Challenge”
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., Rakhshan. "Medically Important Vector Borne Disease Control-Botanical Plant Extract Trials." Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences 4, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.32463/rphs.2018.v04i04.20.
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Mosquitoes are vectors of many pathogens which causes serious human diseases like Malaria, Filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, Dengue fever, Chikungunya, Yellow fever and Zika virus which constitute a major public health problem globally. Mosquito borne diseases cause high level of economic impact all over the world and result in millions of death every year. They infect around 700,000,000 people annually worldwide and 40,000,000 only in India. The continuous use of synthetic pesticides to control vector mosquitoes has caused physiological resistance, toxic effect on human health, environmental pollution and addition to these, its adverse effects can be observed on non-target organisms. Synthetic chemical pesticides have been proved to be effective, but overall in last 5 decades indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides against vector borne disease control have originated several ecological issues due to their residual accumulation and development of resistance in target vectors and their chronic effects.
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Sharma, SN. "Mass Gathering and Population Movement in India: Possible Risk of Vector-Borne Diseases." Journal of Communicable Diseases 52, no. 02 (June 30, 2022): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202270.
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Surveillance tools measure and help to predict the possibility of the onset of any disease including vector-borne diseases during some specific situations likemass gatherings (MGs) that are closely related tothe disease epidemiology (why, what, who, where, when, and how)concerningthe transmission of infectious diseases including vector-borne diseases. Some situations ofmass gatherings may bring closely large and diverse population groups coming from different endemic zones/areas leading tothe transmission of communicable diseases including vector-borne diseases. Mass gatherings (MGs) may have the potential to enhance the transmission dynamics of vector-borne diseasesowing to different geographical, social, and climatic factors. Usually, MGs have been thought to have enhanced risks of disease transmission.Theyalso have the potential to increase the opportunities for other types of mechanical injuriesfrom accidents, stampedes, alcohol use, internal group fights etc. that may result in morbidity or mortality.Besides, they are potential breeding places for the proliferation of vector species, capable of transmitting malaria, dengue, chikungunya, and JE including ticks and mites-borne diseases. It is a well-known fact there area large number of asymptomatic cases which act as sub-clinical cases, hence, chances of local transmission through vectors during such mass gatherings can not be ruled out.There is always a need for well-structured, intensified real-time disease and vector surveillance and reporting systems in place which is essential for efficient MG planning, to ensure disease prevention and control. In the present context of the ongoing COVIDpandemic, such surveillance systems havebecome a vital component of such events of mass gatherings and large-scale movement of people.
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Chen, Ganyu, Junhao Yang, and Xiaoyu Zhang. "Prevention and Elimination of Malaria in India." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 19 (November 17, 2022): 236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v19i.2860.
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India, just like many other countries in the world, has been combating malaria for a long time. Its geographical location along with its climate and general economic situation, have been causing the country to be a common habitat for malaria, which is a vector-borne disease carried by mosquitoes, as they mainly thrive in swamps or undrained ponds that are prevalent in India throughout the year. Witnessing the rise of the spread of malaria in India, the government does not just sit back and practice non-intervention, rather, over the past decades, the government, though not often entirely successful, have been developing various strategies and programs in countering the disease. Some of the most crucial ones include the National Malaria Control Programme in 1953 and agencies established include the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme that has been developing plans for total eradication of malaria by 2030. Some of the strategies include traditional use of pesticides, while others are about distributing medications and improving surveillance programs in tracking the disease.
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Whitcombe, Elizabeth. "Indo-Gangetic river systems, monsoon and malaria." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, no. 1966 (May 13, 2012): 2216–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0602.
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The history of the Indo-Gangetic river systems from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth centuries can be reconstructed from the meticulous official records of the survey, meteorological and medical departments of the British Government of India. In contrast with the grand sweep of the geological evidence, these records indicate a complex narrative of floods, droughts and channel shifts. Similarly, the cumulative growth of the Ganges–Brahmaputra and Indus deltas was overprinted by the effects of the annual monsoon cycle on precipitation, temperature and winds. Malaria, the principal vector-borne disease of the Indian subcontinent, and the deadliest, displayed epidemiological types that ranged between the extremes of stable–endemic to unstable–epidemic as defined in the classic theory of equilibrium of George Macdonald. Variations in its transmission, incidence and prevalence were closely tied to the different deltaic environments of the Bengal and Indus basins and to the short-sightedness of many irrigation and related engineering schemes.
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Bal, Prasanta Kumar. "Climate Change Projections and its Impacts on Potential Malaria Transmission Dynamics in Uttarakhand." Journal of Communicable Diseases 54, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202249.
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Introduction: Mountainous regions in India are prone to malaria disease but with low intensity. In this context, Uttarakhand state, a hilly region situated in the northern parts of India and located in the central Himalayan region is also prone to malaria disease and malaria is present in four out of its 13 districts which are mainly plain stations.Method: A numerical dynamical malaria model, VECTRI is used in this study based on various climatic and non-climatic parameters such as surface mean temperature, rainfall, population density etc. to predict the future malaria transmission dynamics in Uttarakhand state. VECTRI model is simulated with the inputs obtained from the CCSM4 global climate model for the baseline period (1975-2005) and for the near future projection period 2006-2035 (hereafter referred to as 2030s). Rainfall, surface mean temperature, mosquito vector density and entomological inoculation rate (EIR) during the Indian monsoon season (June-Sept) are being investigated from the outputs of VECTRI model simulations to predict the future malaria transmission dynamics in the Uttarakhand region with respect to the future climate change under RCP 8.5 emission scenario. Results: Results indicate an overall increase in EIR values (increase is around 30%), indicating an increase in future malaria transmission in Uttarakhand state as a whole with a maximum increase in the central parts of the state which are plain areas with a warming temperature of 1°C and with an increase in rainfall of 15% by 2030s with respect to the baseline period.Conclusion: Future warming and increase in the rainfall intensity during the summer monsoon season (June-September) over Uttarakhand state could potentially increase the spatial and temporal distribution of malaria transmission over the regionin future under RCP8.5 scenarios.
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Kareemi, Tazeen Iram, Jitendra K. Nirankar, Ashok K. Mishra, Sunil K. Chand, Gyan Chand, Anup K. Vishwakarma, Archana Tiwari, and Praveen K. Bharti. "Population Dynamics and Insecticide Susceptibility of Anopheles culicifacies in Malaria Endemic Districts of Chhattisgarh, India." Insects 12, no. 4 (March 25, 2021): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12040284.
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A study was undertaken in the villages of Korea and Bastar district (Chhattisgarh) during the years 2012–2015 to investigate the bionomics of malaria vectors and the prevalence of their sibling species complexes. Entomological surveys carried out every month included indoor resting collections, pyrethrum spray catches, light trap catches, and insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles culicifacies using World Health Organization (WHO) methods. Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles fluviatilis species were assayed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of malaria parasite, and sibling species were identified using PCR and DNA sequencing. A total of 13,186 samples of Anopheles comprising 15 species from Bastar and 16 from Korea were collected. An. Culicifacies was recorded as the most dominant species and also the only active vector at both sites. This species was found to be resistant to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Malathion, showing signs of emerging resistance against pyrethroids. Among the sibling species of An. culicifacies, the group BCE was found in maximum numbers, while sibling species T of the An. fluviatilis was recorded to be dominant among its complex. The study provides a comprehensive view of the vector bionomics in the highly malarious regions of India that may have importance in developing vector control strategies.
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Chaturvedi, Shweta, and Suneet Dwivedi. "Estimating the malaria transmission over the Indian subcontinent in a warming environment using a dynamical malaria model." Journal of Water and Health 18, no. 3 (April 30, 2020): 358–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.148.
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Abstract Malaria is a major public health problem in India. The malaria transmission is sensitive to climatic parameters. The regional population-related factors also influence malaria transmission. To take into account temperature and rainfall variability and associated population-related effects (in a changing climate) on the malaria transmission over India, a regional dynamical malaria model, namely VECTRI (vector-borne disease community model) is used. The daily temperature and rainfall data derived from the historical (years 1961–2005) and representative concentration pathway (years 2006–2050) runs of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models have been used for the analysis. The model results of the historical run are compared with the observational data. The spatio-temporal changes (region-specific as well as seasonal changes) in the malaria transmission as a result of climate change are quantified over the India. The parameters related to the breeding cycle of malaria as well as those which estimate the malaria cases are analyzed in the global warming scenario.
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Biswas, Saurav, Jadab Rajkonwar, Tulika Nirmolia, Sasmita Rani Jena, Ujjal Sarkar, Dibya Ranjan Bhattacharyya, Biswajyoti Borkakoty, et al. "First Report of Rubber Collection Bowls & Plastic and Bamboo Water Containers as the Major Breeding Source of Ae. albopictus with the Indigenous Transmission of Dengue and Chikungunya in Rural Forested Malaria-Endemic Villages of Dhalai District, Tripura, India: The Importance of Molecular Identification." Biomedicines 11, no. 8 (August 3, 2023): 2186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11082186.
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Background: With the reports of indigenous cases of dengue and chikungunya in the forest-covered rural tribal malaria-endemic villages of Dhalai District, Tripura, India, an exploratory study was undertaken to identify the vector breeding sites. Methods: From June 2021 to August 2022, mosquito larvae were collected from both natural and artificial sources in the villages, house premises, and their nearby forested areas outside of the houses. Other than morphological characterisation, Aedes species were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction targeting both nuclear (ITS2) and mitochondrial genes (COI) followed by bidirectional Sanger sequencing. Results: Aedes albopictus was abundantly found in this area in both natural and artificial containers, whereas Ae. aegypti was absent. Among the breeding sources of molecularly confirmed Ae. albopictus species, rubber collection bowls were found to be a breeding source reported for the first time. Plastic and indigenously made bamboo–polythene containers for storing supply water and harvesting rainwater in the villages with a shortage of water were found to be other major breeding sources, which calls for specific vector control strategies. Natural sources like ponds and rainwater collected on Tectona grandis leaves and Colocasia axil were also found to harbour the breeding, along with other commonly found sources like bamboo stumps and tree holes. No artificial containers as a breeding source were found inside the houses. Mixed breeding was observed in many containers with other Aedes and other mosquito species, necessitating molecular identification. We report six haplotypes in this study, among which two are reported for the first time. However, Aedes aegypti was not found in the area. Additionally, rubber collection bowls, ponds, and water containers also showed the presence of Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex vishnui, known JE vectors from this area, and reported JE cases as well. Different Anopheles vector spp. from this known malaria-endemic area were also found, corroborating this area as a hotbed of several vectors and vector-borne diseases. Conclusions: This study, for the first time, reports the breeding sources of Aedes albopictus in the forested areas of Tripura, with rubber collection bowls and large water storage containers as major sources. Also, for the first time, this study reports the molecular characterisation of the Ae. albopictus species of Tripura, elucidating the limitations of morphological identification and highlighting the importance of molecular studies for designing appropriate vector control strategies. The study also reports the co-breeding of JE and malaria vectors for the first time in the area reporting these vector-borne diseases.
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Nath, Arvind. "Which Indicator Should Be used to Monitor Malaria Elimination in India?" Epidemiology International 7, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2455.7048.202212.
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The Annual Parasite Incidence (API) is currently being used by the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) as an indicator to monitor malaria elimination efforts in states and union territories. This article is an attempt to find out how effective is the API as a tool to measure malaria elimination efforts in the country by reviewing documents published by the NVBDCP (for 2018 data) and National Statistical Office (for 2021 data) and by doing a web search. It was found that in the 2018 data set, there was no direct correlation between API and the number of malaria cases. Even in territories having low API, the number of malaria cases was high and in areas having high API, the number of malaria cases was low. From the 2021 data set, it was seen that the malaria problem was greatest in Chhattisgarh and least in Lakshadweep Islands. Thus, API by itself is not a useful indicator of malaria elimination efforts. Attention must also be paid to the actual number of malaria cases occurring in the state/ union territory, and at the present time, the focus must be on Chhattisgarh.
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Dixit, Jyotsana, Hemlata Srivastava, Meenu Sharma, Manoj K. Das, O. P. Singh, K. Raghavendra, Nutan Nanda, Aditya P. Dash, D. N. Saksena, and Aparup Das. "Phylogenetic inference of Indian malaria vectors from multilocus DNA sequences." Infection, Genetics and Evolution 10, no. 6 (August 2010): 755–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2010.04.008.
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Nath, Arvind. "A Study of Malaria in Jharkhand State." Indian Journal of Community Health 34, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2022.v34i01.003.
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Background: The aim of India is to reach zero Malaria cases by 2027 and then wait for three years before WHO can grant Malaria-free status certification. It is already the beginning of 2022 and India is about to reach the halfway mark of the Malaria Elimination framework period of 2016 to 2027. Objectives: To see how far Jharkhand has reached about Malaria elimination targets. Methods: By reviewing documents published by the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP). Results: The Latehar District of Jharkhand had a very high Annual Parasite Incidence (API) of 10.86 during 2018. Conclusions: If interventions like the treatment of positive patients and asymptomatic carriers occur, the API will be expected to decrease drastically.
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Kumari, Roop. "High Burden to High Impact (HBHI) Approaches - Country Perspective for Adoption and Adaptation in India." Journal of Communicable Diseases 52, no. 03 (September 30, 2020): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202023.
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In India, a National Framework for Malaria Elimination (NFME) has been developed and launched on 11 February 2016 align with the Global Technical Strategy (GTS) for malaria elimination 2016-2030. Malaria elimination will be carried out in a phased manner. In accordance with the NFME, National Strategy Plan for malaria elimination 2017-2022 has been developed by National Vector Borne Disease (NVBDCP), MoH & FW, Govt. of India in collaboration with WHO Country Office India and launched in July 2017. The country has made significant improvement in the malaria situation in recent years. Reported malaria cases were reduced by 49 % and deaths by 50% in 2018 compared to 2017. However, India and ten countries in Africa contribute approximately 70% of the world’s malaria cases and deaths. These countries adopted the “High Burden to High Impact (HBHI) approach”. HBHI has four response elements: (i) Political will to reduce malaria deaths; (ii) Strategic information to drive impact, (iii) Better guidance, policies and strategies, and (iv) A coordinated national malaria response. India has adopted this approach in May 2019 to further accelerate and sustain the progress in the states with high malaria burden. Initially, HBHI approaches are being adopted by NVBDCP with the support of WHO in four high burden states namely Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh. During the first phase, an in-depth situation analysis on malaria in these states have been conducted using the tools provided by WHO. Key features of adaptation of HBHI approaches in India and detail analysis of one state Madhya Pradesh are presented in the article.
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Oraon, Vikas, and Vidushi Topno. "Burden of Malaria in Dumka District of Jharkhand, India." International Journal of Research and Review 9, no. 1 (January 29, 2022): 771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20220189.
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Malaria is a major public health problem in India particularly in states having tribal population. Jharkhand state consisted 7% of total malaria cases in India. The objective of this analysis was to find out the burden of malaria in Dumka District, Jharkhand. Method –It was conducted in 10 Blocks of District Dumka, Jharkhand. Convenience sampling technique was used in this study. Data analysis was done from the line-list of District Vector Borne Disease Control Office, Dumka from the year 2016-2020. This was a cross-sectional study. Result – Gradual decline in number of malaria cases was observed during the study period. But a sharp decline in cases were seen in the year 2020 i.e. during Covid-19 pandemic. Male cases were more predominant. Majority of the affected population were tribal in origin. Maximum number of Malaria cases were observed in Blocks like Masalia, Gopikandar and Kathikund. Conclusion- Our analysis showed annual reduction of Malaria cases. Thus existing control programmes can further reduce Malaria burden in Dumka District. Consistent and vigilant surveillance is required. Keywords: Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, tribal malaria, Jharkhand, India.
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Li, Chao, Yuan Gao, Nan Chang, Delong Ma, Ruobing Zhou, Zhe Zhao, Jun Wang, Qinfeng Zhang, and Qiyong Liu. "Risk Assessment of Anopheles philippinensis and Anopheles nivipes (Diptera: Culicidae) Invading China under Climate Change." Biology 10, no. 10 (October 3, 2021): 998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10100998.
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Background: Anopheles philippinensis and Anopheles nivipes are morphologically similar and are considered to be effective vectors of malaria transmission in northeastern India. Environmental factors such as temperature and rainfall have a significant impact on the temporal and spatial distribution of disease vectors driven by future climate change. Methods: In this study, we used the maximum entropy model to predict the potential global distribution of the two mosquito species in the near future and the trend of future distribution in China. Based on the contribution rate of environmental factors, we analyzed the main environmental factors affecting the distribution of the two mosquito species. We also constructed a disease vector risk assessment index system to calculate the comprehensive risk value of the invasive species. Results: Precipitation has a significant effect on the distribution of potentially suitable areas for Anopheles philippinensis and Anopheles nivipes. The two mosquito species may spread in the suitable areas of China in the future. The results of the risk assessment index system showed that the two mosquito species belong to the moderate invasion risk level for China. Conclusions: China should improve the mosquito vector monitoring system, formulate scientific prevention and control strategies and strictly prevent foreign imports.
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Vellaian, Sathish, Kowsalya Shanmugam, and Umavathi Subramaniam. "GC-MS analysis and Larvicidal activity of Plectranthus amboinicus and Sphagneticola calendulacea leaf extract in relation to larvicidal activity against the mosquito Aedes aegypti." Research Journal of Biotechnology 18, no. 1 (December 15, 2022): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1801rjbt36042.
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Many of the vector-borne diseases that harm humans and animals are transmitted by mosquitos. Malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, dengue fever, dengue haemorrhagic fever and yellow fever are all transmitted by mosquitos. Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi are two mosquito species that are vectors. Yellow fever, dengue fever and chikungunya are all spread by Aedes aegypti, which is found across the tropical and subtropical zones. In India and other west Asian nations, A. stephensi is the predominant malaria vector. In both the Plectranthusamboinicus and Sphagneticolacalendulacea plant extracts, GC-MS analysis revealed 27 compounds. The mosquitocidal effectiveness of Plectranthusamboinicus and Sphagneticolacalendulacea ethyl acetate extracts against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi was investigated. Third and fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Aedes stephensi were killed after 24 and 48 hours of treatment in control by 50, 100, 120, 140, 150, 160, 180, 200, 250, 300 and 350 ppm concentrations respectively. The plant extracts were screened to identify the phytochemical bioactive compounds. A. aegypti was found to be most susceptible than the other species. LC50 and LC90 values of ethyl acetate extract were calculated against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi. The extracts of the plant showed potent larvicidal efficacy and can be considered for further investigation.
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NAINE, S. JEMIMAH, and C. SUBATHRA DEVI. "Larvicidal and Repellent Properties of Streptomyces sp. VITJS4 Crude Extract against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)." Polish Journal of Microbiology 63, no. 3 (2014): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2014-045.
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The aim of the present study was to assess the larvicidal and repellent properties of marine Streptomyces sp. VITJS4 crude extracts. The marine soil samples were collected from the Puducherry coast, Tamil Nadu, India. The isolate Streptomyces sp. VITJS4 was taxonomically characterized and identified. The ethyl acetate crude extract tested for larvicidal property showed 100% mortality for all the 3 species after 24 h exposure against the early fourth instar larvae of malarial vector--Anopheles stephensi at 50% and 90% lethal concentration (LC50 = 132.86, LC90 396.14 ppm); dengue vector--Aedes aegypti (LC50 = 112.78, LC90 336.42 ppm) and filariasis vector--Culex quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 156.53, LC90 468.37 ppm). The Streptomyces sp. VITJS4 solvent extracts of hexane, ethyl acetate, benzene, chloroform and methanol were tested for repellent activity against A. stephensi, A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus. The ethyl acetate extract showed complete protection for 210 min at 6 mg/cm2 against these mosquito bites. The crude extract was analyzed further for Fourier Transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. In addition to the importance of bioactive compounds, the utilization of Streptomyces sp. VITJS4 crude extracts revealed effective larvicidal and repellent activity against the vectors, which perhaps represents a promising tool in the management of mosquito control.
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Pathak, Nidhi, Sulakshana S. Baliga, and Padmaja R. Walvekar. "Awareness of ASHA workers of low endemic area regarding malaria: a qualitative analysis." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 4 (March 23, 2018): 1452. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20181216.
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Background: Under the community-based approach, Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) is designated to address early detection, management and prevention of malaria at the community level. Majority of ASHAs in high risk areas are aptly trained for these tasks but ASHAs in many low endemic areas are insufficiently trained and hence may lack awareness about malaria and its prevention and surveillance. New operational guidelines for malaria elimination by Govt. of India has tasked ASHAs of category 1 areas like Belagavi for passive case detection and contact tracing apart from spreading health awareness about its prevention. Good knowledge and practices regarding malaria among ASHA workers is thus pertinent for efficient case detection and surveillance at grass root levels. The objective of the study was to assess the awareness of ASHA workers regarding malaria.Methods: A qualitative study was conducted from January to June 2017 using eight focus group discussions among 50 ASHA workers of rural area of Belagavi selected by purposive sampling. The responses were open ended and were recorded in same sequential manner after being translated to English from local language. Each interview transcript was read several times, and meaning units were extracted independently.Results: Findings revealed that majority of them had poor knowledge regarding collection of blood smears and none of them were aware about anti-malarials. Only half of ASHA workers were aware of vector control activities, very few were aware about anti-larval activities while less than half were aware about source reduction activities.Conclusions: The discussions highlighted a need for refresher training for effective capacity building of grassroot health workers especially in low endemic area.