Journal articles on the topic 'Indian Coast (W A )'
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1
Rachmanto, Dwi, Djumanto Djumanto, and Eko Setyobudi. "Reproduction of Indian Mackerel Rastreliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1816) in Morodemak Coast Demak Regency." Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada 22, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jfs.48440.
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Indian mackerel is a group of small pelagic fish that has high economic value and is ecologically important. The catch of Indian mackerel in the Morodemak Coastal Fishing Port of Central Java has decreased within 2016-2018, which is suspected by overexploitation. This study aims to observe the reproduction of Indian mackerel. Fish samples were collected from the catches of the mini purse seine operated by fishermen in April-June 2019. The fish samples were measured their length and weight individually, then the abdomen dissected to collect gonad, and counted in sub-sample of the egg number. Data were analyzed to determine the length-weight relationship of fish, sex ratio, gonad maturity level (GML), gonad maturity index (GMI), the size of the first gonad matured, and the egg number in each gonad brood fish. The results showed a negative allometric length relationship, and the length-weight relation equation in female fish was W = 0.038 L 2.59 and in male was W = 0.178 L 2.03. The value of fish condition factors in males, and females obtained values ranging from 1-2. The proportion of fish in GML III ranges from 27.2 to 82.5%, while GML IV ranges from 3.6 to 33.8%. Fish GMI ranged from 0.17 to 4.75%. The eggs number ranged from 11.235 to 40.878 grain. The female Indian mackerel get the first gonad matured at the size of 15.2 cm.
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Surinati, Dewi, and Jaka Harry Mulyanto Wijaya. "ARUS SELATAN JAWA." OSEANA 42, no. 3 (October 30, 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/oseana.2017.vol.42no.3.78.
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SOUTH JAVA CURRENT. Indian Ocean is influenced by the monsoon cycle. Monsoon cycle that occurs in the Indian Ocean influences the current patterns. Since a very strong westerlies occurs in The Tropical Convergence Zone (TCZ) at the equator, wyrtki jet is formed in the 40° - 80° W Indian Ocean on a transitional season. Its branchs are possibly formed when the wyrtki jet is in the equatorial west coast of Sumatra to the north and south along the western coast of Sumatra which eventually creates South Java Current (SJC). SJC flows southeastward during December–April and northwestward during June–October, when it is associated with coastal upwelling. SJC develop upwelling on a seasonal basis.
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DUNCAN, RUSSELL. "Stubborn Indianness: Cultural Persistence, Cultural Change." Journal of American Studies 32, no. 3 (December 1998): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875898006021.
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Leland Donald, Aboriginal Slavery on the Northwest Coast of North America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997, US$40). Pp. 379. ISBN 0 520 20616 9.George W. Dorsey, The Pawnee Mythology (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997, £20.95). Pp. 546. ISBN 0 8032 6603 0.Frederic W. Gleach, Powhatan's World and Colonial Virginia: A Conflict of Cultures (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997, £52.50). Pp. 241. ISBN 0 8032 2166 5.Richard G. Hardorff (ed.), Lakota Recollections of the Custer Fight: New Sources of Indian-Military History (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997, £9.50). Pp. 211. ISBN 0 8032 7293 6.Michael E. Harkin, The Heiltsuks: Dialogues of Culture and History on the Northwest Coast (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997, £38). Pp. 195. ISBN 0 8032 2379 X.Jean M. O'Brien, Dispossession by Degrees: Indian Land and Identity in Natick, Massachusetts, 1650–1790 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, £35, US$49.95). Pp. 224. ISBN 0 521 56172 8.Allen W. Trelease, Indian Affairs in Colonial New York: The Seventeenth Century (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997, £15.95). Pp. 379. ISBN 0 8032 9431 X.In the contemporary United States there are 556 American Indian groups in 400 nations. Given that survival story, the tired myths of the disappearing redman or wandering savage which have distorted our understandings of Indian history are being revised. The reasons for our nearly four-century-long gullibility are manifold. The religion of winners and losers, saints and sinners, combined effectively with the scientific racism inherent sine qua non in the secular beliefs of winners and losers expressed through Linnaean and Darwinian conceptions of order and evolution. After colonizers cast their imperial gaze through lenses made of the elastic ideology of “City Upon a Hill,” “Manifest Destiny,” “Young America,” and “White Man's Burden,” most Euro-Americans rationalized a history and present in survival of the fittest terms. By 1900, the near-holocaust of an estimated ten million Indians left only 200,000 survivors invisible in an overall population of 76 million. The 1990 census count of two million Native Americans affirms resilience not extinction.
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Singh, Yambem Tenjing. "Biometrics, condition index and meat yield of edible rock oyster, Saccostrea cucullata (Born, 1778)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, no. 2 (May 7, 2018): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315418000309.
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Rock oysters of the genus Saccostrea are the dominating group of filter-feeding communities on rocky beaches worldwide. The edible rock oyster (Saccostrea cucullata) is used as food and fish bait along the Indian coast. Morphometric analyses of S. cucullata from Baindur, Karnataka (India) were performed from June 2010 to May 2011, aiming to establish relationships between length and weight (total weight, shell weight, meat wet weight and meat dry weight). Morphometric relationships between length (L)-breadth (B) and length (L)-width (W) were B = 6.4952 + 0.4619 L and W = 3.1806 + 0.3276L, respectively. The equations of the length (L)-total weight (TW), length (L)-shell weight (SW), length (L)-meat wet weight (WW) and length (L)-meat dry weight (DW) were TW = 0.001227L2.3973, SW = 0.001165L2.3164, WW = 0.000037L2.1327 and DW = 0.000030L2.3289, respectively. The allometric growth pattern revealed changes in shell shape and weight variation throughout ontogeny in rocky habitats. The condition index and meat yield of S. cucullata exhibited seasonality, with higher values recorded during the periods post-monsoon and pre-monsoon.
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Tulet, Pierre, Bertrand Aunay, Guilhem Barruol, Christelle Barthe, Remi Belon, Soline Bielli, François Bonnardot, et al. "ReNovRisk: a multidisciplinary programme to study the cyclonic risks in the South-West Indian Ocean." Natural Hazards 107, no. 2 (March 10, 2021): 1191–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04624-w.
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AbstractToday, resilience in the face of cyclone risks has become a crucial issue for our societies. With climate change, the risk of strong cyclones occurring is expected to intensify significantly and to impact the way of life in many countries. To meet some of the associated challenges, the interdisciplinary ReNovRisk programme aims to study tropical cyclones and their impacts on the South-West Indian Ocean basin. This article is a presentation of the ReNovRisk programme, which is divided into four areas: study of cyclonic hazards, study of erosion and solid transport processes, study of water transfer and swell impacts on the coast, and studies of socio-economic impacts. The first transdisciplinary results of the programme are presented together with the database, which will be open access from mid-2021.
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Simha, C. P., P. C. S. Devara, S. K. Saha, K. N. Babu, and A. K. Shukla. "Spatiotemporal Spectral Variations of AOT in India’s EEZ over Arabian Sea: Validation of OCM-II." International Journal of Oceanography 2012 (December 2, 2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/473162.
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We report the results of sun-photometric measurements of Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) in India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) over the Arabian Sea along with synchronous Ocean Color Monitor (OCM-II) derived AOT estimates during December 12, 2009–January 10, 2010. Relatively higher values of Angstrom exponent (α) around 1.2 near coast and 0.2–0.8 in the India’s EEZ, observed during the cruise period, indicate the presence of smaller particles near the coast due to anthropogenic activities; and larger particles in the India’s EEZ due to advection of pollutants from Indian subcontinent via long-range transport. Results related to α and its derivative reveal four different aerosol types (urban-industrial, desert-dust, clean-marine, and mixed-type) with varying fraction during the study period. Surface radiative forcing due to aerosols is found to be 20 W/m2 over India’s EEZ. OCM-derived AOTs showed good corroboration with in situ measurements with a correlation coefficient of about 0.95. A reasonably good correlation was also observed between AOT and wind speed (R = 0.6); AOT and relative humidity (R = 0.58). The concurrent MODIS AOT data also agree well with those observed by the OCEANSAT (OCM-II) satellite during the campaign period.
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Naik, N. Rajendra, S. M. Shivaprakash, H. N. Anjaneyappa, S. R. Somasekhara, Jaya Naik, and S. Benakappa. "Reproductive biology of the commercially important Indian squid Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvaucelii (d’ Orbigny [in Ferussac & d’ Orbigny], 1835) off Mangalore, south-west coast of India." Indian Journal of Fisheries 64, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21077/ijf.2017.64.1.53127-13.
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Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvaucelii is one of the commercially important inshore squid resources off the south-west coast of India. Length-weight relationship for this species indicated no significant difference between the sexes and hence, the relationship for both the sexes was represented with the common equation W = 0.4624 L2.1158. U. (P.) duvaucelii spawned throughout the year with peak spawning in May. Absolute fecundity ranged from 1,545 to 13,585 eggs with an average of 7,554 eggs. Size at first maturity indicated that females matured earlier at 70 mm DML (dorsal mantle length) whereas males matured little later at 90 mm DML. Males were observed to be dominant during most of the study period with overall male to female ratio of 1:0.93. Seasonal and size dependent variations in sex ratio were distinct.
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Bateson, Marion F., Rosemarie E. Lines, Peter Revill, Worawan Chaleeprom, Cuong V. Ha, Adrian J. Gibbs, and James L. Dale. "On the evolution and molecular epidemiology of the potyvirus Papaya ringspot virus." Journal of General Virology 83, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 2575–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-83-10-2575.
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The potyvirus Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is found throughout the tropics and subtropics. Its P biotype is a devastating pathogen of papaya crops and its W biotype of cucurbits. PRSV-P is thought to arise by mutation from PRSV-W. However, the relative impact of mutation and movement on the structure of PRSV populations is not well characterized. To investigate this, we have determined the coat protein sequences of isolates of both biotypes of PRSV from Vietnam (50), Thailand (13), India (1) and the Philippines (1), and analysed them together with 28 PRSV sequences already published, so that we can better understand the molecular epidemiology and evolution of PRSV. In Thailand, variation was greater among PRSV-W isolates (mean nucleotide divergence 7·6%) than PRSV-P isolates (mean 2·6%), but in Vietnamese populations the P and W biotypes were more but similarly diverse. Phylogenetic analyses of PRSV also involving its closest known relative, Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus, indicate that PRSV may have originated in Asia, particularly in the Indian subcontinent, as PRSV populations there are most diverse and hence have probably been present longest. Our analyses show that mutation, together with local and long-distance movement, contributes to population variation, and also confirms an earlier conclusion that populations of the PRSV-P biotype have evolved on several occasions from PRSV-W populations.
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Thampi, B. V., and R. Roca. "Investigation of negative cloud radiative forcing over the Indian subcontinent and adjacent oceans during the summer monsoon season." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 11 (November 6, 2013): 28895–951. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-28895-2013.
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Abstract. Radiative properties of clouds over the Indian subcontinent and nearby oceanic regions (0–25° N, 60–100° E) during the Asian summer monsoon season (June–September) are investigated using the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) Top of the Atmosphere (TOA) flux data. Using multi-year satellite data, the net cloud radiative forcing (NETCRF) at the TOA over the Indian region during the Asian monsoon season is examined. The seasonal mean NETCRF is found to be negative (with its magnitude exceeding ~ 30 W m−2) over (1) the northern Bay of Bengal (close to the Myanmar–Thailand coast), (2) the Western Ghats and (3) the coastal regions of Myanmar. Such strong negative NETCRF values observed over the Indian monsoon region contradicts the assumption that near cancellation between LWCRF and SWCRF is a generic property of all tropical convective regions. The seasonal mean cloud amount (high and upper middle) and corresponding cloud optical depth observed over the three regions show relatively large values compared to rest of the Indian monsoon region. Using satellite derived cloud data, a statistical cloud vertical model delineating the cloud cover and single scattering albedo was developed for the three negative NETCRF regions. The shortwave (SW), longwave (LW) and net cloud radiative forcing over the three negative NETCRF regions are calculated using the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model (RRTM) with cloud vertical model as input. The NETCRF estimated from CERES observations show good comparison with that computed using RRTM (within the uncertainty limit of CERES observations). Sensitivity tests are conducted using RRTM to identify the parameters that control the negative NETCRF observed over these regions during the summer monsoon season. Increase in atmospheric water vapor content during the summer monsoon season is found to influence the negative NETCRF values observed over the region.
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Campbell, C. A., F. Selles, J. T. Harapiak, and G. P. Lafond. "Relative cost to soil fertility of long-term crop production without fertilization." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-071.
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An earlier analysis of yield trends of stubble-wheat in six cropping systems, over 35 yr, in a thin Black Chernozemic soil at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, showed that fertilizer improved soil quality, while absence of fertilizer, combined with frequent fallowing, led to soil degradation. The inclusion of a legume green manure crop in the rotation failed to maintain soil fertility, apparently because legumes do not supply P. Because the fertility and stored moisture effects were confounded, we conducted a growth chamber experiment to quantify soil responses to N and P in these six cropping systems. Soil from the top 15-cm of the rotation phase that had just grown two successive wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops was used. Various factorial combinations of ammonium nitrate-N and triple superphosphate-P were applied at N/P2O5 rates up to 200/200 kg ha−1. Soil moisture was maintained in the available range. Regression analysis showed that the fallow-wheat-wheat (F-W-W) and continuous wheat (Cont W) systems that had not been fertilized in 35 yr, and which had moderate amounts of NaHCO3-P, only responded to N. In contrast, the green manure (GM)- and hay (H)- containing systems, which had also not been fertilized before had low levels of NaHCO3-P and responded to both N and P. In the field, the yields of wheat grown on stubble in 1991 rated: Cont W (N + P) > F-W-W (N + P) > F-W-W-H-H-H > Cont W > GM-W-W > F-W-W. However, in the growth chamber the rating was: Cont W (N + P) > F-W-W-H-H-H > GM-W-W > Cont W > F-W-W (N + P) > F-W-W. We suggest that the growth chamber results more accurately reflect the present fertility status of these soils, because fertility is no longer confounded with soil moisture. Grain yields in the growth chamber were directly proportional to the previously measured initial potential rate of N mineralization, indicating the value of the latter parameter as a useful index of soil N fertility. Key words: Nitrogen, phosphorus, soil degradation, legumes, fertilizers
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Buell, Lawrence. "Teaching English in American Universities—1895." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 112, no. 1 (January 1997): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/463055.
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Although modem literary studies in the United States began well before the turn of the century, it was only through gradual evolution that the field acquired a self-conscious pedagogy differentiated from the methods of classical and philological education. A provocative barometer of this emergence is English in American Universities (Boston: Heath, 1895), a late-Victorian collection of twenty-five position statements by professors from leading universities and colleges from coast to coast, assembled by William Morton Payne in large part from papers previously published in the Dial. The following excerpts from this book concern pedagogical ethos (Martin W. Sampson, Univ. of Indiana), pedagogical drill (F. A. March, Lafayette Coll.), the undergraduate English curriculum (Melville B. Anderson, Stanford Univ.), and the premises of comparative literature (Charles Mills Gayley, Univ. of California, Berkeley).
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LAL, B., O. P. SINGH, and ONKARI PRASAD. "Value addition in district level dynamical forecast during intense rainfall spells over the west coast of India." MAUSAM 57, no. 3 (November 26, 2021): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v57i3.485.
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lkj & ekulwu _rq ds nkSjku Hkkjr ds if’peh rV ij Hkkjh o"kkZ dh ?kVukvksa dk vjc lkxj ds Åij iouksa dh vf/kdre xfr ds ØksM ¼dksj½ ds lkFk ?kfu"B laca/k gSA bl 'kks/k&i= esa bZ- lh- ,e- MCY;w- ,Q- ¼;wjksih; e/;e vof/k iwokZuqeku dsUnz½ }kjk 850 gSDVkikLdy ij iwokZuqekfur 72 ?kaVs ds izokg izfr:i dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS ftlls if’peh rV ij Hkkjh o"kkZ dk iwokZuqeku djus ds fy, ftyk Lrjh; xfrdh; iwokZuqeku iz.kkyh dh {kerk c<+kus gsrq ek=kRed i)fr dk fodkl fd;k tk ldsA ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd if’peh rV ij o"kkZ dh ek=k dk if’peh rV ij vjc lkxj esa iou dh vf/kdre xfr ds 72 ?kaVs ds bZ- lh- ,e- MCY;w- ,Q- }kjk fd, x, iwokZuqeku ds lkFk egRoiq.kZ lglaca/k gSA if’peh rV ij Hkkjh o"kkZ ds {ks= ds v{kka’kh; foLrkj dk if’peh rV ij iou dh vf/kdre xfr ds ØksM ¼dksj½ ds lkFk egRoiw.kZ lglaca/k gSA bl 'kks/k&i= esa ;g crk;k x;k gS fd xzh"edkyhu ekulwu _rq ds nkSjku Hkkjr ds if’peh rV ij Hkkjh o"kkZ ds 72 ?kaVs dk iwokZuqeku djus ds fy, iouksa dh vf/kdre xfr ds 72 ?kaVs ds iwokZuqekfur ØksM ¼dksj½ vkSj foLrkj dh rhozrk vkSj fLFkfr dh {kerk c<+kus ds fy, laHkkfor iwoZlwpdksa ds :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Occurrences of intense rainfall events over west coast of India during monsoon are intimately linked to the core of maximum winds over the Arabian Sea. ECMWF (Europian Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting ) predicted 72 hr flow pattern at 850 hPa has been used to develop a quantitative method for value addition in the district level dynamical forecast system for intense rainfall over the west coast. It has been found that the amount of rainfall over the west coast is significantly correlated to 72 hr ECMWF forecast of maximum wind speed over the Arabian Sea along the west coast. The latitudinal width of the heavy rainfall belt over the west coast has got significant correlation with the location of maximum wind core along the west coast. It has been shown that the strength and location of the 72 hr predicted core and fetch of maximum winds could be used as potential predictors in the value addition for 72 hr heavy rainfall forecast along the west coast of India during summer monsoon.
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Basheer Ahammed, K. K., and Arvind Chandra Pandey. "Correction to: Coastal Social Vulnerability and Risk Analysis for Cyclone Hazard Along the Andhra Pradesh, East Coast of India." KN - Journal of Cartography and Geographic Information 70, no. 1 (December 12, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42489-019-00036-w.
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The article "Coastal Social Vulnerability and Risk Analysis for Cyclone Hazard Along the Andhra Pradesh, East Coast of India", written by K. K. Basheer Ahammed and Arvind Chandra Pandey, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal on 21 August 2019 without open access. With the author(s)’ decision to opt for Open Choice the copyright of the article changed in December 2019 to © The Author(s) 2019 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
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Kane, R. P. "El Niño effects on rainfall in South America: comparison with rainfalls in india and other parts of the world." Advances in Geosciences 6 (January 9, 2006): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-6-35-2006.
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Abstract. As a finer classification of El Niños, ENSOW were defined as years when El Niño (EN) existed on the Peru coast, Southern Oscillation Index SOI (Tahiti minus Darwin pressure) was negative (SO), and Pacific SST anomalies were positive (W). Further, Unambiguous ENSOW were defined as years when SO and W occurred in the middle of the calendar year, while Ambiguous ENSOW were defined as years when SO and W occurred in the earlier or later part of the calendar year (not in the middle). In contrast with India and some other regions where Unambiguous ENSOW were associated predominantly with droughts, in the case of South America, the association was mixed. In Chile on the western coast and Uruguay etc. on the eastern coast, the major effect was of excessive rains. In Argentina and central Brazil, the effects were unclear. In Amazon, the effects were not at all uniform, and were different (droughts or excess rains) or even absent in regions only a few hundred kilometers away from each other. Even in Peru-Ecuador, the effects were clear only in the coastal regions. In the interior and in the Andes, the effects were obscure. In NE Brazil, El Niños have been popularly known to be causing severe droughts. The fact is that during 1871–1998, there were 52 El Niño events, out of which 31 were associated with droughts in NE Brazil, while 21 had no association. The reason is that besides El Niños, another major factor affecting NE Brazil is the influx of moisture from the Atlantic. In some years, warmer Atlantic in conjunction with westward winds can bring moisture to NE Brazil, nullifying the drought effects of El Niños. A curious feature at almost all locations is the occurrence of extreme events (high floods or severe droughts) in some years, apparently without any El Niño or La Niña events. This possibility should always be borne in mind.
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PATTANAIK, D. R., M. MOHAPATRA, B. MUKHOPADHYAY, and AJIT TYAGI. "A preliminary study about the prospects of extended range forecast of tropical cyclogenesis over the north Indian Ocean during 2010 post-monsoon season." MAUSAM 64, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v64i1.664.
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o"kZ 2010 esa ekulwuksRrj _rq ds nkSjku nks pØokrh; rwQku fufeZr gq, FksA tSls ‘fxjh’ uked vfr izpaM pØokrh; rwQku ¼oh-,l-lh-,l-½ 19 vDrwcj dks fufeZr gqvk vkSj ;g 22 rkjh[k dks E;kaekj leqnz rV dks ikj dj x;k vkSj nwljk ‘tky’ uked izpaM pØokrh; rwQku ¼,l-lh-,l-½ 2 uoacj dks fufeZr gqvk vkSj ;g psUuS ds mRrjh Hkkx ds lehi mRrjh rfeyukMq & nf{k.kh vka/kz izns’k ds leqnzh rVksa dks 07 uoacj dks ikj dj x;k ftldh otg ls rfeyukMq vkSj nf{k.kh vka/kz izns’k ds leqnz rVh; {ks=ksa esa u dsoy rhoz iou ls cfYd mlls gqbZ Hkkjh o"kkZ ls Hkkjh {kfr gqbZA
okLrfod le; foLr`r {ks= iwokZuqeku xR;kRed fHkUurkvksa ds lkIrkfgd vkSlr ds vk/kkj ij nks lIrkg ds fy, rS;kj fd, x, gSa tks- bZ- lh- ,e- MCY;w- ,Q-] ,u- bZ- lh- ih- rFkk nksuksa ds 2 ekWMYl vkSlr ¼2 ,e- ,- oh- bZ-½ ds ;qfXer ekWMy ifj.kke ij vk/kkfjr gSaA lkIrkfgd vkSlr] iou vkSj lkisf{kd Hkzfeyrk ds 5&11 fnuksa ds izpkyukRed iwokZuqeku 14 vDrwcj 2010 ds vkjafHkd fLFkfr ij vk/kkfjr gSa ftlls irk pyk gS fd 18&24 vDrwcj dh vof/k ds nkSjku e/; caxky dh [kkM+h ds Åij fuEu nkc dk pØokrh; ldqZys’ku Fkk tks vfr izpaM pØokrh; rwQku ‘fxjh’ ds leku FkkA ‘tky’ uked pØokr dh mRifRr dk 2 ,e- ,- oh- bZ- esa vPNh rjg irk yxk fy;k x;k FkkA bldk iwokZuqeku 12&18 fnuksa ds fy, oS/k Fkk vkSj ;g 21 vDrwcj 2010 dh vkjafHkd fLFkfr ij vk/kkfjr FkkA 2 ,e- ,- oh- bZ- iwokZuqeku 1&7 uoacj rd ds fy, oS/k Fkk tks 28 ,oa 21 vDrwcj dh vkjafHkd fLFkfr;ksa ij vk/kkfjr Fkk ¼buds iwokZuqeku dh vof/k Øe’k% 5&11 fnuksa rFkk 12&18 fnuksa dh Fkh½ ftlesa Li"V :i ls n’kkZ;k x;k gS fd rfeyukMq leqnz rV vkSj blls yxs gq, vka/kz izns’k ds {ks= esa izsf{kr dh xbZ folaxfr;ksa ls dkQh vf/kd ?kukRed o"kkZ folaxfr;k¡ ns[kh xbZ gSaA bl izkjafHkd v/;;u esa vkxs crk;k x;k gS fd lkIrkfgd pØokrh; Hkzfeyrk ds ekWMy iwokZuqekuksa dh vf/kdre folaxfr =qfV yxHkx &0-8 ls &1-0 × 10&5 izfr lSds.M dks fuEu LRkjh; vf“lj.k folaxfr yxHkx &0-8 ls &1-0 × 10&5 izfr lSds.M ds lkFk feyus ij m".kdfVca/kh pØokr cuus dh laHkkouk curh gSA rFkkfi bl flLVe ds pØokr ds :i esa rhozhdj.k gsrq Fkzs’kgksYM oSY;w dh igpku djus ds fy, vkSj vf/kd ekeyksa ds fo’ys"k.k djus dh vko’;drk gSA
There were two cyclonic storms formed during the post monsoon season of 2010 viz., “Giri” a very severe cyclonic storm (VSCS) formed on 19th October and crossed the Myanmar coast on 22nd and the second system “Jal” a severe cyclonic storm (SCS) formed on 2nd November and crossed north Tamil Nadu-south Andhra Pradesh coasts, close to north of Chennai on 7th November, which caused lot of damage in Tamil Nadu and south Andhra Pradesh coast associated with not only strong wind but also due to associated heavy rainfall.
The real time extended range forecasts in terms of weekly mean of dynamical variables are prepared for two weeks based on the coupled model outputs from ECMWF, NECP and the 2 models average (2MAVE) of both. The operational forecast for days 5-11 of weekly mean wind and relative vorticity based on 14th October, 2010 initial condition indicates cyclonic circulation at low level over the central Bay of Bengal during the period from 18-24 October associated with the very severe cyclone “Giri”. The genesis of the cyclone “Jal” was very much captured in the 2MAVE forecast valid for 12-18 days forecast based on the initial condition of 21st October, 2010. The 2MAVE forecast valid for 1-7 November based on 28 October and 21 October initial conditions (with forecast period of days 5-11 and days 12-18 respectively) also clearly indicated large positive rainfall anomalies over Tamil Nadu coast and adjoining coastal Andhra Pradesh region like that of observed rainfall anomalies. This preliminary study further indicates that the model forecasts anomaly of weekly cyclonic vorticity maximum of about 2.5´10-5 sec-1 combined with a low level convergence anomaly of about -0.8 to -1.0 ´ 10-5 sec-1 may lead to formation of a tropical cyclone. However, more number of cases required to be analysed for the proper identification of the threshold values for intensification of the system into a cyclone.
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Nugroho, Suciadi Catur, Irwan Jatmiko, and Arief Wujdi. "Pola pertumbuhan dan faktor kondisi madidihang, Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788) di Samudra Hindia Bagian Timur." Jurnal Iktiologi Indonesia 18, no. 1 (June 25, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32491/jii.v18i1.371.
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Yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788) is one of the important economically for tuna species that spread in Indonesian waters, including in WPP 572 (Indian Ocean west coast of Sumatra). One important aspect relating to sustainable utilization is the growth pattern and the condition factor. This study aims to examine growth patterns and factor conditions of yellowfin tuna in the Eastern Indian Ocean. The number of fish samples measured in length and weight is 7,550 with length range from 76-176 cm (average: 129.03 cm) and mode at 150 cm. The length weight relationship of the species is W=4x10-5L2.842 (R2 0,957). In general the growth pattern of yellowfin tuna is negative allometric which means that the length increase is faster than the weight. The average relative condition factor of yellowfin tuna is 0.975 with a tendency to decrease along with the increasing of its length. The highest relative condition factor occurred at the length class of 80 cm with 1,061 and the lowest occurred at length 170 cm with 0.918. The monthly relative condition factor generally increased twice in one year from February to June and from July to December. AbstrakTuna madidihang, Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre,1788), merupakan salah satu spesies tuna ekonomis penting dan ter-sebar di perairan Indonesia, termasuk di WPP 572 (Samudra Hindia bagian barat Sumatera). Salah satu aspek penting yang berkaitan dengan upaya pemanfaatan berkelanjutan adalah pola pertumbuhan dan faktor kondisi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pola pertumbuhan dan faktor kondisi ikan madidihang di Samudra Hindia Bagian Timur. Jumlah ikan contoh yang diukur panjang dan bobotnya adalah 7.550 ekor yang mempunyai sebaran panjang 76-176 cm (rata-rata 129,03 cm) dan modus 150 cm. Hubungan panjang bobot ikan tersebut adalah W = 4x10-5L2,842 (R2 0,957). Secara umum pola pertumbuhan madidihang bersifat allometrik negatif yang berarti bahwa pertambahan panjang lebih cepat daripada bobotnya. Faktor kondisi relatif rata-rata madidihang adalah 0,975 dengan kecenderungan menurun seiring bertambahnya ukuran panjang. Faktor kondisi relatif tertinggi terjadi pada kelas panjang 80 cm sebesar 1,061 dan terendah terjadi pada kelas panjang 170 cm sebesar 0,918. Faktor kondisi relatif bulanan secara umum mengalami dua kali peningkatan dalam satu tahun yaitu dari bulan Februari hingga Juni dan dari Bulan Juli hingga Desember.
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ZENTNER, R. P., J. E. STEPHENSON, P. J. JOHNSON, C. A. CAMPBELL, and G. P. LAFOND. "THE ECONOMICS OF WHEAT ROTATIONS ON A HEAVY CLAY CHERNOZEMIC SOIL IN THE BLACK SOIL ZONE OF EAST-CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 68, no. 2 (April 1, 1988): 389–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps88-050.
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The effects of changes in product prices and input costs on the economic performance of 14 spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotations on a calcareous Black chernozemic heavy clay soil at Indian Head, Saskatchewan were examined over 25 yr. The rotations comprised fertilized and unfertilized treatments and several mixed cereal-oilseed and cereal-legume systems. In 1960–1977 the fertilized rotations received N and P according to the generally recommended rates for the region, but during 1978–1984 fertilizer was applied based on soil tests which resulted in substantially higher rates of N for stubble crops. Four of the rotations showed good economic performance under most reasonable economic situations. These included fertilized fallow-wheat-wheat (F-W-W), fertilized continuous wheat, unfertilized sweet clover [Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.] green manure-wheat-wheat (Gm-W-W), and unfertilized fallow-wheat-wheat- legume hay-hay-hay (F-W-W-H-H-H). During the first 18 yr, Gm-W-W provided the highest net income for wheat prices ranging from 73 to 221 $ t−1; F-W-W-H-H-H generally ranked second highest. During the last 7 yr, fertilized continuous wheat was most profitable for wheat prices greater than 180 $ t−1. Continuous wheat, F-W-W, and F-W-W-H-H-H were about equal and provided the highest net income for wheat prices between 145 and 180 $ t−1, while at wheat prices below 145 $ t−1 net income was highest for the legume-containing rotations. Except for the fallow-wheat rotation, higher economic benefits were obtained when fertilizer was applied based on soil tests than when based on the general recommendations for the region. Further, the application of fertilizer reduced the cash cost per unit of wheat produced for the more intensive crop rotations. Rotations containing high proportions of fallow or legume crops generally had the lowest frequency and risk of financial loss.Key words: Crop rotations, net income, input costs, income variability, riskiness
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Knippertz, Peter, Heini Wernli, and Gregor Gläser. "A Global Climatology of Tropical Moisture Exports." Journal of Climate 26, no. 10 (May 8, 2013): 3031–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00401.1.
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Abstract In a recent paper, a climatology of tropical moisture exports (TMEs) to the Northern Hemisphere (NH) was constructed on the basis of 7-day forward trajectories, started daily from the tropical lower troposphere, which were required to reach a water vapor flux of at least 100 g kg−1 m s−1 somewhere north of 35°N. It was shown that TMEs contribute significantly to regional precipitation. Here, the authors complement and extend this work by (i) using 6-hourly European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) data from 1979 to 2010 instead of the earlier 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40), (ii) extending the climatology to the Southern Hemisphere (SH), and (iii) relating TME events to atmospheric rivers (ARs) previously discussed in the literature. The main conclusions are as follows: First, the TME climatology is not sensitive to the reanalysis dataset. Second, SH TME shows four activity centers: the central and eastern Pacific Ocean (170°–90°W, near the South Pacific convergence zone), eastern South America and the adjacent Atlantic Ocean (60°W–0°, near the South Atlantic convergence zone), the western Indian Ocean (30°–80°E), and western Australia (110°–140°E). Third, TME activity in the SH peaks in austral summer because of higher moisture contents and possibly because of increased Rossby wave activity from the NH. Fourth, El Niño warm events are associated with reduced activity over the South Pacific and increased activity over the South Atlantic and around Australia, while correlations with the southern annular mode are generally weak. Finally, around 90% of all ARs affecting the U.S. West Coast during December–May are connected to TME events, revealing their importance for heavy rain and flooding.
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Mounier, Flore, Serge Janicot, and George N. Kiladis. "The West African Monsoon Dynamics. Part III: The Quasi-Biweekly Zonal Dipole." Journal of Climate 21, no. 9 (May 1, 2008): 1911–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1706.1.
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Abstract This paper presents an investigation of the mechanisms giving rise to the main intraseasonal mode of convection in the African monsoon during northern summer, here identified as the quasi-biweekly zonal dipole (QBZD). The QBZD is primarily characterized by a quasi-stationary zonal dipole of convection whose dimension is larger than the West African monsoon domain, with its two poles centered along the Guinean coast and between 30° and 60°W in the equatorial Atlantic. The QBZD dynamical processes within the Atlantic–Africa domain are examined in some detail. The QBZD has a dipole pattern associated with a Walker-type circulation in the near-equatorial zonal plane. It is controlled both by equatorial atmospheric dynamics through a Kelvin wave–like disturbance propagating eastward between its two poles and by land surface processes over Africa, inducing combined fluctuations in surface temperatures, surface pressure, and low-level zonal winds off the coast of West Africa. When convection is at a minimum over central and West Africa, a lack of cloud cover results in higher net shortwave flux at the surface, which increases surface temperatures and lowers surface pressures. This creates an east–west pressure gradient at the latitude of both the ITCZ (10°N) and the Saharan heat low (20°N), leading to an increase in eastward moisture advection inland. The arrival from the Atlantic of the positive pressure signal associated with a Kelvin wave pattern amplifies the low-level westerly wind component and the moisture advection inland, leading to an increase in convective activity over central and West Africa. Then the opposite phase of the dipole develops. Propagation of the QBZD convective envelope and of the associated 200 high-level velocity potential anomalies is detected from the eastern Pacific to the Indian Ocean. When the effect of the Kelvin wave propagation is removed by filtering, the stationary character of the QBZD is highlighted. The impact of the QBZD in combination with a Kelvin wave is illustrated by a case study of the monsoon onset in 1984.
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RAJ, Y. E. A., R. ASOKAN, and P. V. REVIKUMAR. "Contrasting movement of wind based equatorial trough and equatorial cloud zone over Indian southern peninsula and adjoining Bay of Bengal during the onset phase of northeast monsoon." MAUSAM 58, no. 1 (November 26, 2021): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v58i1.1126.
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ABSTRACT. The northeast monsoon sets in over southern parts of peninsular India after the retreat of southwest monsoon and in association with the southward movement of equatorial trough. The INSAT satellite imageries scrutinised during the past several years revealed that the cloud bands at the time of northeast monsoon onset moved from south Bay into the southern peninsula, a feature that contrasts with the north to south movement of the equatorial trough. The paper investigates this aspect based on a dataset of lower level upper winds of the peninsula, rainfall data and INSAT OLR data for the 20 year period 1981–2000. The super epoch profiles of zonal winds, latitudinal position of equatorial trough with reference to northeast monsoon onset dates have been derived and studied. The region with OLR values less than 230 W/m2 was defined as the equatorial cloud zone and the movement of northern limit of ECZ was studied based on the normal pentad OLR data and also the superposed epoch profiles. From these analysis it has been established that at the time of northeast monsoon onset, the wind based equatorial trough moves south of Comorin whereas the cloud zone in the Bay of Bengal moves from south to north. Reasons for the occurrence of such a contrasting feature have been ascribed to features such as decreasing strength of lower level easterlies from north to south over coastal Tamil Nadu, reversal of temperature gradient between Chennai and Thiruvananthapuram at the time of onset and the dynamics of 40-day oscillation. The northeast monsoon activity over coastal Tamil Nadu has been found to be negatively correlated with the low level zonal winds over the coast, the degree of relation decreasing from north to south and also from October to December. Based on the results derived in the study and also the other known features of northeast monsoon a thematic model of northeast monsoon onset listing the events that precede and succeed the onset has been postulated.
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Ghosh, Sanhita, Shubha Verma, Jayanarayanan Kuttippurath, and Laurent Menut. "Wintertime direct radiative effects due to black carbon (BC) over the Indo-Gangetic Plain as modelled with new BC emission inventories in CHIMERE." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 7671–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7671-2021.
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Abstract. To reduce the uncertainty in climatic impacts induced by black carbon (BC) from global and regional aerosol–climate model simulations, it is a foremost requirement to improve the prediction of modelled BC distribution, specifically over the regions where the atmosphere is loaded with a large amount of BC, e.g. the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) in the Indian subcontinent. Here we examine the wintertime direct radiative perturbation due to BC with an efficiently modelled BC distribution over the IGP in a high-resolution (0.1∘ × 0.1∘) chemical transport model, CHIMERE, implementing new BC emission inventories. The model efficiency in simulating the observed BC distribution was assessed by executing five simulations: Constrained and bottomup (bottomup includes Smog, Cmip, Edgar, and Pku). These simulations respectively implement the recently estimated India-based observationally constrained BC emissions (Constrainedemiss) and the latest bottom-up BC emissions (India-based: Smog-India; global: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 – CMIP6, Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research-V4 – EDGAR-V4, and Peking University BC Inventory – PKU). The mean BC emission flux from the five BC emission inventory databases was found to be considerably high (450–1000 kg km−2 yr−1) over most of the IGP, with this being the highest (> 2500 kg km−2 yr−1) over megacities (Kolkata and Delhi). A low estimated value of the normalised mean bias (NMB) and root mean square error (RMSE) from the Constrained estimated BC concentration (NMB: < 17 %) and aerosol optical depth due to BC (BC-AOD) (NMB: 11 %) indicated that simulations with Constrainedemiss BC emissions in CHIMERE could simulate the distribution of BC pollution over the IGP more efficiently than with bottom-up emissions. The high BC pollution covering the IGP region comprised a wintertime all-day (daytime) mean BC concentration and BC-AOD respectively in the range 14–25 µg m−3 (6–8 µg m−3) and 0.04–0.08 from the Constrained simulation. The simulated BC concentration and BC-AOD were inferred to be primarily sensitive to the change in BC emission strength over most of the IGP (including the megacity of Kolkata), but also to the transport of BC aerosols over megacity Delhi. Five main hotspot locations were identified in and around Delhi (northern IGP), Prayagraj–Allahabad–Varanasi (central IGP), Patna–Palamu (mideastern IGP), and Kolkata (eastern IGP). The wintertime direct radiative perturbation due to BC aerosols from the Constrained simulation estimated the atmospheric radiative warming (+30 to +50 W m−2) to be about 50 %–70 % larger than the surface cooling. A widespread enhancement in atmospheric radiative warming due to BC by 2–3 times and a reduction in surface cooling by 10 %–20 %, with net warming at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) of 10–15 W m−2, were noticed compared to the atmosphere without BC, for which a net cooling at the TOA was exhibited. These perturbations were the strongest around megacities (Kolkata and Delhi), extended to the eastern coast, and were inferred to be 30 %–50% lower from the bottomup than the Constrained simulation.
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Wani, Shoib Bashir, Tahir Hussain Muntazari, and Nusrat Rafique. "Study on concrete proportioning methods: a qualitative and economical perspective." Challenge Journal of Concrete Research Letters 12, no. 1 (March 12, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjcrl.2021.01.003.
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The various approaches, established for concrete mix design, are not universal because design mixes are explicit to local climate, available materials, and type of exposure. The new-generation mix design method should be developed based on the performance criteria. The concrete strength obtained from the designed concrete mix and optimum cement content should not be considered as the only parameter for the suitability of the concrete mix. This study was carried to compare the proportioning of concrete mixes obtained by following procedures of Indian Standard (IS), American Concrete Institute (ACI) and British Standard (BS) of concrete mix design without the use of admixtures to validate for use in a moderate climate like Kashmir, India. The concrete mixes have been prepared with the necessary 28 days resistance in compression as “15 MPa, 20 MPa, 25 MPa, 30 MPa and 35 MPa”. The assessment of water-cement (w/c) ratio; cement, water, fine aggregate (FA) and coarse aggregate (CA) proportion was carried. The w/c ratio among all formulated mixes is significantly high in the BS method and low for IS method. The BS method uses less quantity and IS method uses the maximum quantity of cement. In addition, the ratio of total aggregate content (TAC) and the aggregate-cement ratio is higher in BS design method as compared to IS and ACI design methods. The aggregate content in ACI mix design appears to be consistent and it added to the relative high compressive strength. The specimens cast following BS guidelines failed to attain the target mean strength (TMS) due to a higher volume of aggregate content, high w/c proportion, less quantity of cement in the mix. The specimens cast by ACI and IS mix design upon compression testing showed higher results than the calculated TMS. The cost analysis per cubic meter of concrete revealed that IS and ACI mix proportioning are expensive than BS method. The IS procedure results in dense concrete followed by ACI procedure. It is expected that with a comprehensive investigation on selected design parameters concentrating more on local challenges, the present study will floor the way for the development and adoption of performance-based design mix selection for moderate climate.
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Khadidja KERZABI-KANOUN, Nabila BELYAGOUBI-BENHAMMOU, Larbi BELYAGOUBI, Meriem BENMAHDJOUB, Ghania AISSAOUI, Wassila BENGHEDDA, and Fawzia ATIK BEKKARA. "Antioxidant Activity of Brown Seaweed (Padina pavonica (L.) Extracts From the Algerian Mediterranean Coast." Journal of Natural Product Research and Applications 1, no. 02 (December 3, 2021): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46325/jnpra.v1i02.15.
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The crude methanolic extract, ethyl acetate and butanolic fractions, tannins, saponins and polysaccharides of the marine brown alga, Padina pavonica, growing on the Algerian Mediterranean Coast were measured for antioxidant activity, using total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reducing power and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays. Total phenolic, flavonoid and proanthocyanidin contents were determined. The total phenolic, proanthocyanidin and flavonoid contents of methanolic extract were about of 2.007 ± 0.104 mg GAE/g DM, 4.611 ± 0.346 mg CE/g DM and 1.132 ± 0.091 mg CE/g DM, respectively. The total antioxidant capacity was higher (4.365 ± 0.452 mg AAE/g DM) in crude methanolic extract. For the other two tests, the tannins and ethyl acetate fraction presented high activities compared to the other extracts with EC50 about 1.430 ± 0.000 and 1.615 ± 0.009 mg/mL), respectively for the reducing power and 5.718 ± 1.111 and 5.848 ± 0.186 mg/mL for the DPPH radical scavenging. The seaweed extracts displayed moderate antioxidant activity compared to ascorbic acid.
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Herman, J., M. T. DeLand, L. K. Huang, G. Labow, D. Larko, S. A. Lloyd, J. Mao, W. Qin, and C. Weaver. "A net decrease in the Earth's cloud, aerosol, and surface 340 nm reflectivity during the past 33 yr (1979–2011)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 16 (August 27, 2013): 8505–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8505-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Measured upwelling radiances from Nimbus-7 SBUV (Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet) and seven NOAA SBUV/2 instruments have been used to calculate the 340 nm Lambertian equivalent reflectivity (LER) of the Earth from 1979 to 2011 after applying a common calibration. The 340 nm LER is highly correlated with cloud and aerosol cover because of the low surface reflectivity of the land and oceans (typically 2 to 6 RU, reflectivity units, where 1 RU = 0.01 = 1.0%) relative to the much higher reflectivity of clouds plus nonabsorbing aerosols (typically 10 to 90 RU). Because of the nearly constant seasonal and long-term 340 nm surface reflectivity in areas without snow and ice, the 340 nm LER can be used to estimate changes in cloud plus aerosol amount associated with seasonal and interannual variability and decadal climate change. The annual motion of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), episodic El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and latitude-dependent seasonal cycles are apparent in the LER time series. LER trend estimates from 5° zonal average and from 2° × 5° , latitude × longitude, time series show that there has been a global net decrease in 340 nm cloud plus aerosol reflectivity. The decrease in cos2(latitude) weighted average LER from 60° S to 60° N is 0.79 ± 0.03 RU over 33 yr, corresponding to a 3.6 ± 0.2% decrease in LER. Applying a 3.6% cloud reflectivity perturbation to the shortwave energy balance partitioning given by Trenberth et al. (2009) corresponds to an increase of 2.7 W m−2 of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface and an increase of 1.4% or 2.3 W m−2 absorbed by the surface, which is partially offset by increased longwave cooling to space. Most of the decreases in LER occur over land, with the largest decreases occurring over the US (−0.97 RU decade−1), Brazil (−0.9 RU decade−1), and central Europe (−1.35 RU decade−1). There are reflectivity increases near the west coast of Peru and Chile (0.8 ± 0.1 RU decade−1), over parts of India, China, and Indochina, and almost no change over Australia. The largest Pacific Ocean change is −2 ± 0.1 RU decade−1 over the central equatorial region associated with ENSO. There has been little observed change in LER over central Greenland, but there has been a significant decrease over a portion of the west coast of Greenland. Similar significant decreases in LER are observed over a portion of the coast of Antarctica for longitudes −160° to −60° and 80° to 150°.
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Prasad, Saraju. "Changing Preferences of Indian Customers’ towards combinations of services offered through Credit Cards: A Conjoint Analysis." International Journal of Management Excellence 1, no. 3 (August 30, 2013): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/ijme.v1i3.69.
Full textAbstract:
Goals: Increasing competition and growing risks are major challenges. In a fiercely competitive industry, credit card issuers need to develop a loyal customer base and motivate their card holders to use their cards at a sufficient level to assure profitability.
Objectives: The objectives of this article is to know the weightage given by the customer to the different attributes of the credit cards and to design a consumer model of credit card to retain customer loyalty.
Results: It is a convenience sample of several cities and metros which shares almost major characteristics of Indian consumers. This study has identified four schemes like Medi-claim facility (M, Assigned Value-1), Insurance facility (I, Assigned Value-2), Discounts facility for purchases (D, Assigned Value-3) and Wide Acceptance in different sectors (W, Assigned Value-4) as independent variables that provides stability and sustainability to the firm-customer relationship. The loyalty model of customer has developed through the conjoint analysis by taking the utilities of different service factors associated with the credit cards. The highest service factor score was 25.891 and 20.274 at the different timings of (2002-05) and (2006-09) respectively.
Conclusions: In order to develop sustainable relationships, marketers of credit cards should leverage involvement in their customers by employing strategies such as branding, positioning, and attractive and flexible service benefits to retain the customer loyalty. Further, credit card customers have an affinity towards high service quality with an affordable cost, therefore making value a prime consideration for achieving loyalty.
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Alterskjær, K., J. E. Kristjánsson, and Ø. Seland. "Sensitivity to deliberate sea salt seeding of marine clouds – observations and model simulations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 10 (October 31, 2011): 29527–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-29527-2011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Sea salt seeding of marine clouds to increase their albedo is a proposed technique to counteract or slow global warming. In this study, we first investigate the susceptibility of marine clouds to sea salt injections, using observational data of cloud droplet number concentration, cloud optical depth, and liquid cloud fraction from the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instruments on board the Aqua and Terra satellites. We then compare the derived susceptibility function to a corresponding estimate from the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM). Results compare well between simulations and observations, showing that stratocumulus regions off the west coast of the major continents along with large regions in the Pacific and the Indian Oceans are susceptible. We then carry out geo-engineering experiments with a uniform increase of 10−9 kg m−2 s−1 in emissions of sea salt particles with a modal radius of 0.13 μm. The increased sea salt concentrations and the resulting change in marine cloud properties lead to a globally averaged forcing of −4.8 W m−2 at the top of the atmosphere, more than cancelling a doubling of CO2 concentrations. The forcing is large in areas found to be sensitive by using the susceptibility function, confirming its usefulness as an indicator of where to inject sea salt for maximum effect. Results also show that the effectiveness of sea salt seeding is reduced because the injected sea salt provide a large surface area for water vapor and gaseous sulphuric acid to condense on, thereby lowering the maximum supersaturation and suppressing the formation and lifetime of sulphate particles. In some areas, our simulations show an overall reduction in the CCN concentration and the number of activated cloud droplets decreases, resulting in a positive globally averaged forcing.
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Srinivas, T. N. R., P. Anil Kumar, Ch Sasikala, Ch V. Ramana, and J. F. Imhoff. "Rhodobacter vinaykumarii sp. nov., a marine phototrophic alphaproteobacterium from tidal waters, and emended description of the genus Rhodobacter." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57, no. 9 (September 1, 2007): 1984–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.65077-0.
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A rod-shaped, phototrophic, purple non-sulfur bacterium was isolated in pure culture from seawater collected from the seashore of Visakhapatnam, on the east coast of India, in a medium that contained 2 % NaCl (w/v). Strain JA123T was Gram-negative and non-motile and had a requirement for NaCl. Photo-organoheterotrophic and chemo-organoheterotrophic growth occurred with organic compounds as carbon sources and electron donors. Photolithoautotrophic, chemolithoautotrophic and fermentative growth could not be demonstrated. Strain JA123T contained vesicular intracellular photosynthetic membrane structures. Bacteriochlorophyll a and probably carotenoids of the spheroidene series were present as photosynthetic pigments. Biotin was required for growth. Phylogenetic analysis on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain JA123T clustered with species of the genus Rhodobacter. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and morphological and physiological characteristics, strain JA123T is sufficiently different from other Rhodobacter species to propose a novel species, Rhodobacter vinaykumarii sp. nov., to accommodate this strain; the type strain is JA123T (=DSM 18714T =JCM 14544T =CCUG 54311T).
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Das, Debasish, Rajeev Verma, and Vipul Pathak. "Plasma Sprayed WC-12%Co-Coatings for TBC Applications on Diesel Engine Piston." International Journal of Surface Engineering and Interdisciplinary Materials Science 7, no. 1 (January 2019): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijseims.2019010103.
Full textAbstract:
In the present study, plasma sprayed WC-12%Co coatings with 100µm NiCrAlY bond coat on a substrate of A336 cast aluminum alloy have been investigated for a thermal barrier coating (TBC) application. The coatings deposited with varying topcoat thickness up to 500µm were deposited on the piston top surface of an Indian hatchback diesel car to act as a thermal barrier and enhance the thermal efficiency of the engine. Although all the specimens with distinct coating overlays survived 350 thermal cycles, the one with 200µm thickness exhibited the best thermal shock behavior as they exuded the most cycles to surface cracks initiation. Moreover, SEM analysis also suggested 200 µm thick coating to be optimal for thermal shock behavior in diesel engine components. The coating phase analysis by XRD and the lattice strain analysis performed by a Williamson-Hall (W-H) analysis did not reveal any structural changes after the thermal shock experiment.
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KANE, R. P. "Precipitation anomalies in the United States associated with a finer classification of El Niño events." MAUSAM 55, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v55i1.878.
Full textAbstract:
A finer classification of El Niño events is attempted. Each year was examined to check whether it had an El Niño (EN) and or a Southern Oscillation Index SOI minimum (SO) and or warm (W) or cold (C) equatorial eastern Pacific sea surface temperatures (SST). Several years were ENSOW, which were further subdivided into two groups viz. Unambiguous ENSOW where SOI minima and SST maxima were observed in the middle of the calendar year (May-Aug) and Ambiguous ENSOW where these conditions were obtained in the early or late part of the calendar year. Other El Niño events were of the type ENSO; ENW, ENC, EN. Years not having El Niño were of the types SOW, SOC, SO, W, C, the last one (C) containing all Anti-El Niños or La Niñas.
For the all India summer monsoon rainfall, Unambiguous ENSOW were overwhelmingly associated with droughts and the cold (C) events with floods. For the rainfall in USA during 1900-90, several regions showed distinct ENSO relationships, but different for different regions. Generally, there were good associations between (i) western USA/Great lakes droughts and ambiguous ENSOW, (ii) midwest/central USA floods and unambiguous ENSOW, (iii) south coastal plain/Gulf coast/eastern/southeastern droughts and both ambiguous and unambiguous ENSOW. La Niñas showed effects mostly opposite to those of unambiguous ENSOW, but not always, especially in the far west. For the same region, ENSO effects were often substantial and different (opposite) for the main rainy season and the pre and or post-rainy season. Many other details are also presented.
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Verma, Pankaj, Prashant Kumar Pandey, Arvind Kumar Gupta, Ho Jun Kim, Keun Sik Baik, Chi Nam Seong, Milind Shivaji Patole, and Yogesh Shreepad Shouche. "Shewanella indica sp. nov., isolated from sediment of the Arabian Sea." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61, no. 9 (September 1, 2011): 2058–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.026310-0.
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A Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, catalase- and oxidase-positive bacterium, motile by means of a single polar flagellum and designated strain KJW27T, was isolated from the marine sediment of Karwar jetty, west coast of India. The strain was β-haemolytic and grew with 0–10 % (w/v) NaCl, at 10–45 °C and at pH 6.5–10, with optimum growth with 2 % (w/v) NaCl, at 37 °C and at pH 7.5. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 (22.2 %), C17 : 1ω8c (21 %), summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c; 10.2 %), C16 : 0 (7.1 %), iso-C13 : 0 (5.6 %) and C17 : 0 (4.4 %). The DNA G+C content was 51.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences showed that strain KJW27T forms a lineage within the genus Shewanella and is closely related to Shewanella algae ATCC 51192T (98.8 %), Shewanella haliotis DW01T (98.8 %) and Shewanella chilikensis JC5T (98.2 %). Sequence identity with other members of this genus ranges from 92.2 to 96.4 %. The DNA–DNA relatedness of strain KJW27T with S. algae ATCC 51192T, S. haliotis DW01T and S. chilikensis JC5T was 52, 44 and 33 %, respectively. The phenotypic, genotypic and DNA–DNA relatedness data indicate that strain KJW27T should be distinguished from S. algae ATCC 51192T, S. haliotis DW01T and S. chilikensis JC5T. On the basis of the data presented in this study, strain KJW27T represents a novel species, for which the name Shewanella indica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KJW27T ( = KCTC 23171T = BCC 41031T = NCIM 5388T).
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Kamei, David. "Benefit: Cost Ratio (BCR) analysis of Botanical extracts against Brown spot disease of rice caused by Helminthosporium oryzae (Breda de Haan)." Journal of Advanced Agriculture & Horticulture Research 1, no. 1 (November 16, 2021): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.55124/jahr.v1i1.139.
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Many investigations has been done on the efficacy of botanicals against various pest and diseases of crops but there is paucity of information on benefit cost ratio of their application. In the present study five indigenous botanicals extracts of Solanum incanum, Allium hookerii, Mariandra benghalensis and Flogacanthus thyrsiflorus, the indigenous plants of Manipur have been used against the brown spot disease of rice caused by Helminthosporium oryzae. The analysis of benefit cost ratio (BCR) recorded maximum value of BCR in Millettia pachycarpa (1.45:1) followed by Solanum incanum (1.36:1), Allium hookerii (1.33:1), Mariandra benghalensis (1.30:1) and Flogacanthus thyrsiflorus (1.26:1) and in Control (1.13:1). It was found that in treatment M. Pachycarpa an investment of Re.1.00 will generate a gross income of Rs.1.45 or net return (Rs.0.45) and net return for following treatment S. incanum (Rs. 0.36), A. hookerii (Rs.0.33), M. Benghalensis (Rs. 0.30) and F. thyrsiflorus (0.26) as compared to low net return in Control (Rs.0.13). References 1.Arivudainambi, S.; Selvamuthukumaran, T.; Baskaran, P Efficacy of herbal extracts in management of amaranth leaf caterpillar. Int.J.Veg.Sci. 2010, 16: 167-173. Aziz, M.A.; UI Hasan, M.; Ali, A.; Iqbal, J Comparative efficacy of different strategies for management of spotted bollworms, Earias spp .on Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L). Moench. Pak. J. Zool. 2012, 44: 1203-1208. Bedi, K.S.; and Gill, H.S. Losses caused by the brown leaf spot disease in the Punjab. Indian Phytopath . 1960, 13: 161-164. Blankson, W.; Amoabeng, Geoff M. Gurr.; Catherine W. Gitau.; Philip C. Stevenson Cost: benefit analysis of botanical insecticide use in cabbage: Implications for small holder farmers in developing countries. Crop Protection. 2014, 57: 71-76. Datnoff E. L.; and Lentini, S. Richard Brown spot in Florida Rice. 1994, 128 Devi. O.; Jitendiya. D and Chhetry, G.K.N Evaluation of antifungal properties of certain plants against Drechlera oryzae causing brown leaf spot of rice in Manipur valley, Int.J.of Scientific & Res.Publications. 2013, 3(5) 1-3. Chavan, R.T.; Deshmukh, V.L and Kadam, A.S Antibacterial activity of Cassia toria leaves. Recent Research in Science and Technology. 2011, 3(5): 12-14. Gaichui, G Studies on efficacy of plant extracts and used of panchagavya against wilt disease of Chilli caused by Fusarium oxysporum, M.Sc.(Agri.) Thesis submitted to COA, CAU, Imphal. 2008, 54-65. Khalili, E.; Sadravi, M.; Naeimi, S. and Khosravi,V Biological control of rice brown spot with native isolates of three Trichoderma species. Braz. J. Microbiol. 2012, 43: 297-305. Khus, N Assessment of organic and inorganic fertilization and plant density on production potential of rice-rice- cropping system. Madras Agric. J. 2011, 85 (12): 604-607. Oerke, E. C., Dehne D. W., Schonbeck F and Weber A Crop production and crop protection: estimated losses in major food and cash crops. Elsevier Hardcover, Amsterdam. 1994, 830. Pundir, R. K and Jain, P. Comparative studies on the antimicrobial activity of black paper (Piper nigrum) and turmeric (Curcumalonga) extracts. Int. J. of Applied Bio. and Pharmaceutical Techno. 2010, 1(2): 491-501. Shabozoi, N.U.K.; Abro, G.H.; Syed, T.S and Awan, M.S Economic appraisal of pest management options in Okra. Pak. J. Zool. 2011, 43: 869-878. Reddy,V.R.; Reddy, P.P and Kumar, U.H Ecological and economic aspects of shrimp farming in Andhra Pradesh, Indian Journal of agriculture Economics. 2004, 20(1): 435. R.S. Singh. Plant Diseases. 2005. Oxford publisher. Sunder, S.; Singh, R.; Dodan, D.S and Mehla, D.S Effect of different nitrogen levels on brown spot (Drechslera oryzae) of rice and its management through host resistance and fungicides. Pl. Dis.Res. 2005, 20: 111-114.
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Alterskjær, K., J. E. Kristjánsson, and Ø. Seland. "Sensitivity to deliberate sea salt seeding of marine clouds – observations and model simulations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 5 (March 15, 2012): 2795–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-2795-2012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Sea salt seeding of marine clouds to increase their albedo is a proposed technique to counteract or slow global warming. In this study, we first investigate the susceptibility of marine clouds to sea salt injections, using observational data of cloud droplet number concentration, cloud optical depth, and liquid cloud fraction from the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instruments on board the Aqua and Terra satellites. We then compare the derived susceptibility function to a corresponding estimate from the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM). Results compare well between simulations and observations, showing that stratocumulus regions off the west coast of the major continents along with large regions over the Pacific and the Indian Oceans are susceptible. At low and mid latitudes the signal is dominated by the cloud fraction. We then carry out geo-engineering experiments with a uniform increase over ocean of 10−9 kg m−2 s−1 in emissions of sea salt particles with a dry modal radius of 0.13 μm, an emission strength and areal coverage much greater than proposed in earlier studies. The increased sea salt concentrations and the resulting change in marine cloud properties lead to a globally averaged forcing of −4.8 W m−2 at the top of the atmosphere, more than cancelling the forcing associated with a doubling of CO2 concentrations. The forcing is large in areas found to be sensitive by using the susceptibility function, confirming its usefulness as an indicator of where to inject sea salt for maximum effect. Results also show that the effectiveness of sea salt seeding is reduced because the injected sea salt provides a large surface area for water vapor and gaseous sulphuric acid to condense on, thereby lowering the maximum supersaturation and suppressing the formation and lifetime of sulphate particles. In some areas, our simulations show an overall reduction in the CCN concentration and the number of activated cloud droplets decreases, resulting in a positive forcing.
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de Jesús Yáñez Morales, Ma, I. Alanis Martínez, J. Manuel Soto Rocha, D. K. Malvick, J. E. Kurle, C. M. Floyd, and S. V. Krupa. "Soybean Rust Caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Detected in the State of Campeche on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico." Plant Disease 93, no. 8 (August 2009): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-8-0847a.
Full textAbstract:
Soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd is a destructive foliar disease of soybean (Glycine max L), which was first confirmed in North America in Louisiana during 2004 (4). Soybean rust (SBR) has also been reported late in the growing season as far north as Illinois, Indiana, and Iowa. SBR was first confirmed in Mexico in 2005 in the state of San Luis Potosi on soybean (3) and subsequently reported in the states of Tamaulipas, Veracruz, and the southwestern coast of Chiapas. Symptoms of SBR were observed on leaves of multiple, nearly mature soybean plants near the city of Campeche (19.72796°N, 90.0771°W) on the Gulf Coast of the Yucatan Peninsula during November 2008. Angular and irregular chlorotic lesions on leaves contained necrotic spots and pale brown, erumpent, cone-like uredinia with a central opening. Ellipsoid to obovoid, echinulate, light tan urediniospores (10 to 13 × 16 to 18 μm) were observed microscopically. DNA was extracted from leaf tissue containing uredinia and from asymptomatic tissue with the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). P. pachyrhizi was confirmed in the symptomatic leaves by a PCR assay with Ppm1/Ppa2 primers, but not from the asymptomatic leaves (1). Subsequently, the DNA extracted from symptomatic and asymptomatic leaf tissues was tested again in another laboratory by a specific quantitative PCR assay (1), and positive results for the presence of soybean rust were obtained only from the symptomatic tissue. As a final confirmatory step, amplified DNA from the PCR assay was sequenced, and the results matched P. pachyrhizi sequences in the GenBank database. To our knowledge, these observations confirm for the first time the presence of P. pachyrhizi in the state of Campeche of southern Mexico. Although it was confirmed on soybean during 2008, it is not known how long the pathogen has been present or which other hosts may be infected there. The presence of SBR on the Yucatan Peninsula is significant because of its potential effects on local plant hosts. In addition, the climate allows possible year-round survival of the pathogen and long-distance transport of urediniospores to the United States. Potential transport of SBR spores from this part of Mexico to the United States has been reported through the application of NOAA's HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Transport) model and atmospheric back-trajectory analysis (2). References: (1) R. D. Frederick et al. Phytopathology 92:217, 2002. (2) S. V. Krupa et al. Plant Dis. 90:1254, 2006. (3) A. C. Rodriguez et al. Plant Dis. 90:1260, 2006. (4) R. W. Schneider et al. Plant Dis. 89:774, 2005.
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Srinivas, T. N. R., P. Anil Kumar, Ch Sasikala, Ch V. Ramana, J. Süling, and J. F. Imhoff. "Rhodovulum marinum sp. nov., a novel phototrophic purple non-sulfur alphaproteobacterium from marine tides of Visakhapatnam, India." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 1651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64005-0.
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A yellowish-brown bacterium was isolated from enrichment cultures inoculated with seawater samples from the eastern coast of India (Visakhapatnam) under photoheterotrophic conditions. Enrichment and isolation in a medium containing 2 % NaCl (w/v) yielded strain JA128T, which has ovoid to rod-shaped cells, also forms chains and is non-motile. Phylogenetic analysis on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain JA128T clusters with the Alphaproteobacteria and the sequence similarity with its closest relatives, Rhodovulum iodosum and Rhodovulum sulfidophilum, was 95 %. Strain JA128T contained vesicular intracytoplasmic membranes, bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids of the spheroidene series. Strain JA128T was mesophilic, slightly acidophilic, slightly halophilic and grew photoheterotrophically with a number of organic compounds as carbon source and electron donor. It was unable to grow photoautotrophically, chemoautotrophically or by fermentative modes. It did not utilize sulfide, thiosulfate or hydrogen as electron donors. Thiamine was required as a growth factor. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, morphological and physiological characteristics, strain JA128T was significantly different from other species of the genus Rhodovulum and was recognized as a novel species for which the name Rhodovulum marinum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JA128T (=ATCC BAA 1215T=CCUG 52183T=JCM 13300T).
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Xavier, Janifer Raj, K. V. Ramana, and R. K. Sharma. "Screening and statistical optimization of media ingredients for production of microbial transglutaminase." Defence Life Science Journal 2, no. 2 (May 31, 2017): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.2.11369.
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<p>Transglutaminase is a calcium dependent enzyme that catalyses acyl transfer reactions between primary amino groups and protein bound glutamine residues. Eighteen bacterial and twenty eight actinomycetes were screened for the presence of transglutaminase. Among the microbial cultures screened <em>Streptomyces</em> sp. D1, showed maximum transglutaminase activity. In this study characterization of transglutaminase and its application to modifying the properties of panner (Indian cottage cheese) in the form of cross linking was investigated. Optimum temperature and pH for enzyme was found to be at 50°C and 6.0, respectively. Optimization of media ingredients for maximizing the transglutaminase activity using <em>Streptomyces</em> sp. D1 was carried out using central composite design. Response surface methodology was employed to standardize the optimum media composition for maximum enzyme activity. Three factors such as carbon source, nitrogen source and pH were tested for the maximum enzyme activity as response. The optimized medium with sugarcane molasses as carbon source 6.0% (w/v), peptone as nitrogen source 1.75% (w/v) were found to be optimal at initial pH 6.5 and incubation temperature 30.0°C with agitation at 100 rpm for 96h. The enzyme activity of transglutaminase obtained from the optimized medium was found to be 4.1 (AU/ml). Low cost substrate such as sugarcane molasses in the form of a renewable substrate is proposed to be suitable even for scale-up production of enzyme and for industrial applications. The ethanol fractionated transglutaminse treated milk was found to produce more paneer with increased moisture content while reduction in cooking loss of the paneer prepared using enzyme treated milk is also reported.</p>
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Kumar, Ashwani, and Surjeet Kumar. "Easurement the attitude and priority of farmers about privatization of extension in district of Meerut of western Uttar Pradesh." International Journal of Agricultural Invention 2, no. 01 (June 30, 2017): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.46492/ijai/2017.2.1.17.
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At present we are facing the challenges of implication of WTO on Indian agriculture. Thus the extension would focus the quality cost of production, market led extension and cyber application in extension. These challenges require the change in present extension services. Private extension's filling up the gap which is created by the government extension agencies. This transition from resource based to technology based system agriculture however places greater responsibility upon the agriculture extension sector. Keeping in view the situation this study is carried out in district Meerut Four blocks were also chosen from the twelve blocks of district Meerut. Accordingly a total of eight villages were selected for the study. Thus a sample size comprised to two hundred farmers respondents. The inference that could be drawn from the analysis is that the respondents have realized the advantages of privatization in case of cultivation practices of medicinal plants and cultivation practices of fruits and vegetable crops. Besides farmers prefer those agencies that responsibility to supervise agriculture operations and ensure better income i.e. marketing to farmers. It is evident the study area that seed production is confirmed to commercial and horticulture crops and mainly managed by private agencies. It is also concluded from the analysis of the study that mostly fanner are willing to pay extension services rendered. It is true that farmers will be ready for cost sharing only when the benefits and w and weight their cost (Samanta,1977).
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Carbone, Federico, and Giovanni Accordi. "The Indian Ocean Coast of Somalia." Marine Pollution Bulletin 41, no. 1-6 (January 2000): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(00)00107-7.
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Roshan, A. D., Prabir C. Basu, and R. S. Jangid. "Tsunami hazard assessment of Indian coast." Natural Hazards 82, no. 2 (February 15, 2016): 733–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2216-1.
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Herman, J. R., M. T. DeLand, L. K. Huang, G. Labow, D. Larko, S. A. Lloyd, J. Mao, W. Qin, and C. Weaver. "A net decrease in the Earth's cloud plus aerosol reflectivity during the past 33 yr (1979–2011) and increased solar heating at the surface." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 12 (December 13, 2012): 31991–2038. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-31991-2012.
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Abstract. Measured upwelling radiances from Nimbus-7 SBUV, seven NOAA SBUV/2 and the AURA-OMI instruments have been used to calculate the 340 nm Lambertian Equivalent Reflectivity (LER) of the Earth from 1979 to 2011 after applying a new common calibration. The 340 nm LER is highly correlated with cloud and aerosol cover because of the low surface reflectivity of the land and oceans (typically 2 to 6 RU, where 1 RU = 0.01 = 1.0%) relative to the much higher reflectivity of clouds plus aerosols (typically 10 to 90 RU). Because of the nearly constant seasonal and long-term 340 nm surface reflectivity, the 340 nm LER can be used to estimate changes in cloud plus aerosol amount associated with seasonal and interannual variability and decadal climate change. The annual motion of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, episodic El Nino Southern Oscillation ENSO, and latitude dependent seasonal cycles are apparent in the LER time series. LER trend estimates from 5° zonal average and from 2° × 5° latitude × longitude time series show that there has been a global net decrease in cloud plus aerosol reflectivity. The decrease in global cos2 (latitude) weighted average LER from 60° S to 60° N is 0.79 ± 0.03 RU over 33 yr, corresponding to a 3.6 ± 0.2% change in LER. Based on energy balance partitioning (Trenberth et al., 2009) this corresponds to an increase of 2.7 W m−2 of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface (an increase of 1.4% or 2.3 W m−2) absorbed by the surface, which is partially offset by an increase in longwave cooling to space. Most of the decreases in cloud reflectivity occur over land, with the largest decreases occurring over the US (−0.97 RU decade−1), Brazil (−0.9 RU decade−1), and Central Europe (−1.35 RU decade−1). There are reflectivity increases near the west coast of Peru and Chile (0.8 ± 0.1 RU decade−1) over parts of India, China, and Indochina, and almost no change over Australia. The largest Pacific Ocean change is −2 ± 0.1 RU decade−1 over the central equatorial region associated with ENSO. An area in Central Greenland shows a decrease in reflectivity of −0.3 ± 0.03 RU decade−1 caused by cloud and possible surface changes.
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Jagtap, Tanaji G. "Distribution of seagrasses along the Indian coast." Aquatic Botany 40, no. 4 (January 1991): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(91)90082-g.
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Hoover, Alan L., and Roy L. Carlson. "Indian Art Traditions of the Northwest Coast." American Indian Quarterly 11, no. 1 (1987): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1183747.
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Chowdhury, Piyali, Manasa Ranjan Behera, and Dominic E. Reeve. "Wave climate projections along the Indian coast." International Journal of Climatology 39, no. 11 (May 8, 2019): 4531–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.6096.
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Unnikrishnan, A. S. "Perigean spring tides along the Indian coast." Current Science 123, no. 8 (October 25, 2022): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v123/i8/1050-1053.
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Rajawat, A. S., H. B. Chauhan, R. Ratheesh, S. Rhode, R. J. Bhanderi, M. Mahapatra, M. Kumar, et al. "Assessment of coastal erosion along Indian coast on 1 : 25, 000 scaleusing satellite data." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 27, 2014): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-119-2014.
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The long stretch of coastline on the either side of Indian peninsula is subjected to varied coastal processes and anthropogenic pressures, which makes the coast vulnerable to erosion. There is no systematic inventory of shoreline changes occurring along the entire Indian coast on 1:25, 000 scale, which is required for planning measures to be taken up for protecting the coast at national level. It is in this context that shoreline change mapping on 1:25, 000 scale for the entire Indian coast based on multidate satellite data in GIS environment has been carried out for 1989–91 and 2004–06 time frame. The paper discusses salient observations and results from the shoreline change inventory. The results show that 3829 km (45.5 %) of the coast is under erosion, 3004 km (35.7 %) of the coast is getting accreted, while 1581 km (18.8 %) of the coast is more or less stable in nature. Highest percentage of the shoreline under erosion is in Nicobar Islands (88.7 %), while percentage of accreting coastline is highest for Tamil Nadu (62.3 %) and the state of Goa has highest percentage of stable shoreline (52.4 %). The analysis shows that the Indian coast has lost a net area of about 73 sq km during 1989–91 and 2004–06 time frame. In Tamilnadu, a net area of about 25.45 sq km have increased due to accretion, while along Nicobar Island about 93.95 sq km is lost due to erosion. The inventory has been used to prepare “Shoreline Change Atlas of the Indian Coast”, brought out as Six Volumes for the entire Indian coast.
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Rathore, Koshish, and Er R. S. Shekhawat. "Experimental Study of Use of Steel Fiber and Silica-Fume in High Strength Concrete." International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation 09, no. 09 (2022): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.51244/ijrsi.2022.9902.
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Steel Fiber is found to be the most suitable for increasing strength of concrete mix. Using Steel Fiber would increase some cost but it gives return many times of its cost as a increasing of Compressive strength, Split Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength and as well as provide better stability against Earthquake as the need for greater importance as a drawn-out arrangement in the Indian concrete industry. In the present analysis, we have added steel fiber i.e. 0.5 % to 2.0 % of cement content in concrete mix for getting better test results. The focus of this research is to Increase strength of concrete mix in various manner for getting high heights in construction industry. This study examines the effect of using steel fiber with silica fume in High Strength Concrete Mix i.e. M 60. Total 270 concrete specimens were cast in this study. The specimens were prepared for the concrete mix of M 60 grade using w/c ratio 0.32. The effects on different properties of concrete with Steel Fiber added concrete mix were evaluated in this study. The specimens of concrete mixes were tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength and carbonation test. Test results of the samples show that the strength of concrete mix increases with the use of Steel Fiber added concrete mix as 0.5 % to 2 % of cement content in M 60 Design Concrete mix. It is also found that carbonation depth for Steel Fiber added concrete mix concrete mix is few more as compared to Normal OPC M60 Design concrete mix. The overall results of this study show that Steel Fiber added concrete performs well in various strength tests with some modification in the mix design.
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Sukumaran, Sandhya, Wilson Sebastian, and A. Gopalakrishnan. "Population genetic structure of Indian oil sardine, Sardinella longiceps along Indian coast." Gene 576, no. 1 (January 2016): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2015.10.043.
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Ravichandran, S., K. Kumaravel, G. Kaliyavarathan, and G. Rameshkumar. "First record of Eurypanopeus orientalis crab from Indian Coast." Biotemas 22, no. 4 (January 1, 2009): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2009v22n4p247.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2009v22n4p247The present study reports the first occurrence of a male crab Eurypanopeus orientalis caught on 7th of March 2009 at Parangipettai coast (Bay of Bengal) which is an East coastal region of Southern India. Eurypanopeus orientalis was first reported in 1939 by Sakai in the Sagami bay coast of Japan. This is the first record in Indian Coast which expands in its known range.
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Tang, Alex, David Ames, John McLaughlin, Ganapathy Murugesh, Graham Plant, Mark Yashinsky, Martin Eskijian, et al. "Coastal Indian Lifelines after the 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 3_suppl (June 2006): 607–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2206089.
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Damage to the electric power system was confined to the distribution system, in particular to electric power poles that were downed by the tsunami. The power generation plants and substations were over 1 km inland and escaped damage. The telecommunication system performed well, and the postdisaster response was reasonably efficient, but inundation caused the shutdown of equipment. The major Tamil Nadu port, the Port of Chennai, performed well, and its seawalls reduced the tsunami impact. However, all the fish auction stations were damaged, thus affecting many villagers’ livelihoods. The transportation system in the southern coast suffered heavy damage, and much of the infrastructure along the east coast was damaged. Most municipal water storage tanks remained intact. However, seawater contaminated wells and arable land, and the long-term environmental and ecological effects of this are unknown.
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King, Jonathan, and Bill Holm. "The Box of Daylight: Northwest Coast Indian Art." Man 20, no. 2 (June 1985): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2802428.
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Yeh, Harry, R. K. Chadha, Mathew Francis, Toshitaka Katada, G. Latha, Curt Peterson, G. Raghuraman, and J. P. Singh. "Tsunami Runup Survey along the Southeast Indian Coast." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 3_suppl (June 2006): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2202651.
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The 26 December Indian Ocean tsunami was an extraordinary event in the history of natural hazards. It severely affected many countries surrounding the Indian Ocean: Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and African countries. Unlike the previous tsunami events in the last 40 years, the seriously affected areas are so vast that a traditional ground-level tsunami survey covering all the necessary areas by a single survey team was impractical. This destructive event will undoubtedly provide many opportunities to explore both basic and applied research in tsunami science and engineering fields and will lead to better preparedness for future disasters. A tsunami runup survey was conducted that spans Vedaranniyam (10° 23.5′ N) to Vodarevu (15° 47.6′ N)—more than 600 km of the southeast Indian coast—which suffered from the distant tsunami, whose source was more than 1,500 km away.