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Journal articles on the topic 'India'
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VIRAKTAMATH, C. A., and H. M. YESHWANTH. "Leafhopper subfamily Hylicinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) in the Indian subcontinent with description of new species." Zootaxa 5319, no. 4 (July 27, 2023): 451–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5319.4.1.
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The genera and species of Hylicinae reported from the Indian subcontinent are reviewed. Hatigoria zhangi sp. nov. (India: Arunachal Pradesh), Hemisudra indica sp. nov. (India: Manipur), Kalasha confusa sp. nov. (India: Meghalaya), Kalasha manikya sp. nov. (India: Manipur) and Sudra manipurensis sp. nov. (India: Manipur) are described. Genera Hemisudra Schmidt, Hatigoria Distant and Sudra Stål are new records for India. All the taxa dealt with are illustrated and diagnosed, new taxa are described and illustrated. A revised diagnosis of the subfamily Hylicinae is provided. A revised key to Hylicinae genera of the Indian subcontinent and a checklist are also provided.
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Kumar Tomar, Ajay, and Suwa Lal Jangu. "CHINESE DEVELOPMENTS IN INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: AN ANALYSIS FROM SECURITY PRISM." International Journal of Advanced Research 12, no. 05 (May 31, 2024): 588–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/18756.
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Chinas growing strategic investment in the Indian subcontinent was a concern to India. Infrastructural investment of China in Indias neighbours indicated Chinas aggressive policy and agenda with India. Beijings investment was not only strategically significant but also reshaped political arrangements in the Indian Subcontinent. Chinas Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) aimed to create a Sino-centric global trading network and the realm of influence. For, India the Chinese strategic and infrastructural developments in the Indian subcontinent were an interest and concern – particularly the huge infrastructural project of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) which projected Pakistan as a transit hub and route for central Asia. Beijings growing economic and political influence in Indias neighbourhood could not be fully understood without a solid base of information. Indian apprehension is based on the assumption that economic and political avenues as the BRI creates for China in the IOR can also be utilised to supplement its military capability by facilitating the extension of PLANs operational reach across the region. India should also carefully analyse Chinese development activities in the neighbourhood and IOR from the security perspective and discern the futuristic plans of China.
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Rigby, J. Keith, and Manmohan Mohanti. "The first reported middle Eocene sponge from India; a Raphidonema from the Fulra Limestone Formation, Kutch, India." Journal of Paleontology 64, no. 4 (July 1990): 510–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000042530.
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A single specimen of the new sponge, Raphidonema indica n. sp., is the first Eocene sponge to be reported from India. It was collected from the Fulra Limestone Formation at Lakhpat, Kutch, India. The undulating, cup-like sponge is most similar to R. farringdonense (Sharpe, 1854), but the Indian species has a clustered, mounded excurrent system and numerous tangential canals on the upper, exhalant surface. Skeletal tracts in Raphidonema indica are 0.4–0.5 mm in diameter, in walls that are generally 12–14 mm, but range up to 18 mm thick.
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Kreisberg, Paul H. "India after Indira." Foreign Affairs 63, no. 4 (1985): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20042290.
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B, Kamaladevi. "Invest In India–The Foreign Direct Investment Scenario." Information Management and Business Review 2, no. 4 (April 15, 2011): 138–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v2i4.893.
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Invest in India is an initiative to market India as an investment destination all over the globe, to provide a networking platform to the Indian businesses at a global level and to provide information to the international investors about investment opportunities in India. It is the policy of the Government of India to attract and promote productive Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from non-residents in activities which significantly contribute to industrialization and socio-economic development. FDI supplements the domestic capital and technology. This paper firstly speaks about the FDI culture in India, secondly, reviews economic reforms in India and global response to India’s reforms, the next level discusses the policy issues that would address India’s relative lack of success in attracting FDI and the ‘Expanding Opportunities for Global Retailers’ with reference to the retail sector. The last part reveals the key recommendations towards attracting Diaspora FDI. Based on the objective analysis, the key recommendations towards attracting FDI are revealed like allow 100 % FDI in retail and Small & Medium Enterprises (SME), develop a strategic vision for FDI with focus on latest technology, reduce the transaction costs & improve the infrastructure, international and domestic entrepreneurship, decentralize the administration process, reduce overly bureaucratic FDI facilities, private public partnership with private sector taking the lead, Indian professionals placed in key decision making positions, creative joint ventures and partnership to tap entrepreneurship and fix the policies to convert remittances into investment & create venture capital.
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Yousuf, Mohd, Mohsin Ikram, and Neha Rajwar. "Description of a new species of Lathromeris Foerster (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) from India." ENTOMON 44, no. 2 (June 29, 2019): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33307/entomon.v44i2.440.
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Kumar, Ajit. "Ideas Old and New: Bharatiyakaran/Indianisation of Social Work." International Journal of Community and Social Development 1, no. 3 (September 2019): 254–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516602619878353.
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This article discusses the current development of Bharatiyakaran/Indianisation of social work education and practice in India. Drawing on relevant information from Bharatiyakaran workshops and conferences, it analyses mission and motives, and prospects and perils of Bharatiyakaran. The Indic-religions and emic approach are crafting a unique form of the Indian religio-cultural nationalism. The Bharatiyakaran advocates assert that their initiatives of de-colonisation, Indianisation and indigenisation would challenge the Eurocentric domination of the Indian social work. While indigenisation of social work in India is overdue, the current Bharatiyakaran trend raises more contradictions and questions.
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Sanghamithra, Devika, and P.O. Nameer. "The diel activity pattern of small carnivores of Western Ghats, India: a case study at Nelliampathies in Kerala, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 11 (September 26, 2021): 19466–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7012.13.11.19466-19474.
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The diel activity pattern of small carnivores was studied using the camera trap technique at Nelliampathy Reserve Forest, Kerala, India. Six species of small carnivores were recorded during the study. These include Brown Palm Civet Paradoxurus jerdoni, Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica, Stripe-necked Mongoose Herpestes vitticollis, Brown Mongoose Herpestes fuscus, Nilgiri Marten Martes gwatkinsii, and Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis. The maximum diel activity overlap was detected between the Brown Palm Civet and Small Indian Civet, while the activity overlap was minimal between the Stripe-necked Mongoose and Small Indian Civet.
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Desai, P., and N. Dharaiya. "Diet of the Indian fox (Vulpes bengalensis) in dry scrubland of north Gujarat, India." TAPROBANICA 11, no. 1 (May 23, 2022): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v11i1.281.
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Indian fox Vulpes bengalensis, a mesocarnivore of the Indian subcontinent, is distributed widely in all kinds of habitats in India except the Western Ghats. The Indian fox prefers semi-arid landscapes with low rainfall where it is easy to hunt and dig dens and where the vegetation is mainly short grasslands or scrub, thorn thickets or dry deciduous forests. They mostly avoid dense forests, steep terrain, tall grasslands, and true deserts. The Indian fox is listed as of Least Concern (LC) by the IUCN and legally protected in India under schedule II of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972. An opportunistic and omnivorous feeder, its diet includes insects, scorpions, centipedes, small rodents, monitor lizards and other reptiles, ground nesting birds, their eggs and fruit such as Ziziphus sp. (Rhamnaceae), Citrullus vulgaris (Cucurbitaceae), Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), Syzigium cumini (Myrtaceae), Melia azedarach (Meliaceae), and Ficus bengalensis (Moraceae). Some local shepherds have also reported seeing Indian foxes feed on the freshly voided pellets of sheep. Their presence and density in any area is closely related to the abundance of food.
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Sikander, Mushtaq Ul Haq Ahmad. "Islamophobia in India." Journal of the Contemporary Study of Islam 2, no. 2 (August 24, 2021): 180–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37264/jcsi.v2i2.66.
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The Indian Muslims are numerically largest among the South Asian nations. They constitute the largest minority in India. Since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 that ended British colonialism and resulted in freedom of India and creation of Pakistan, those Muslims that remained in India have been suffering immensely at the hands of Indian State, save for a minority of elites who have ‘progressed.’ This paper explores systematic Islamophobia in India against Kashmiris and Indian Muslims and how it impacts Muslims across the country despite diversity in the community. A historical analysis is first offered, tracing the long history of Islamophobia in India to British rule which acted as a catalyst in furthering the divide, animosity and hatred among the two communities. Through an analysis of Hindu communal organizations, the role of media and politics, the paper deliberates on the relationship between Islamophobia and communal riots in India, with case studies about the lived realities of Indian Muslims, who are legally entitled to be equal citizens of free India.
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Winer, Lise. "Indic Lexicon in the English/Creole of Trinidad." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 79, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2005): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-90002499.
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Examines the contemporary lexical component of the English/Creole of Trinidad (TEC) that is derived from languages of India. Author focuses on the TEC as spoken among Indo-Trinidadians, but also pays attention to Indic words used in the TEC of Afro-Trinidadians and other groups. Author sketches the history of Indian immigration into Trinidad, explaining how most came from the Bihar province in northern India and spoke Bhojpuri, rather than (closely related) Hindi, and how in the 20th c. Indian languages were replaced by English with education. She further focuses on retained Indic words incorporated in current-day TEC, and found 1844 of such words in usage. She discusses words misassigned locally as Indian-derived, but actually from other (European or African) languages. Then, she describes most of the Indo-TEC lexicon, categorizing items by their semantic-cultural domain, with major domains for Indian-derived words: religious practice, music, dance and stickfighting, food preparation, agriculture, kinship, and behaviour or appearance. Further, the author discusses to what degree Indic words have been mainstreamed within the non-Indian population of Trinidad, sometimes via standard English, sometimes directly assimilated into TEC, and made salient through the press or street food selling.
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Winer, Lise. "Indic Lexicon in the English/Creole of Trinidad." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 79, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2008): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002499.
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Examines the contemporary lexical component of the English/Creole of Trinidad (TEC) that is derived from languages of India. Author focuses on the TEC as spoken among Indo-Trinidadians, but also pays attention to Indic words used in the TEC of Afro-Trinidadians and other groups. Author sketches the history of Indian immigration into Trinidad, explaining how most came from the Bihar province in northern India and spoke Bhojpuri, rather than (closely related) Hindi, and how in the 20th c. Indian languages were replaced by English with education. She further focuses on retained Indic words incorporated in current-day TEC, and found 1844 of such words in usage. She discusses words misassigned locally as Indian-derived, but actually from other (European or African) languages. Then, she describes most of the Indo-TEC lexicon, categorizing items by their semantic-cultural domain, with major domains for Indian-derived words: religious practice, music, dance and stickfighting, food preparation, agriculture, kinship, and behaviour or appearance. Further, the author discusses to what degree Indic words have been mainstreamed within the non-Indian population of Trinidad, sometimes via standard English, sometimes directly assimilated into TEC, and made salient through the press or street food selling.
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Galistcheva, Natalia Valerievna, and Elena Vakhtangovna Nebolsina. "The U.S. and China in India’s Foreign Economic Policy: In Quest of Balance for Maintaining Strategic Autonomy." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 21, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 304–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2021-21-2-304-324.
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The paper investigates trade and investment relations between India and its two major trading partners, viz. the U.S. and China in the 2000-2010s. On the basis of mixed method research with equal use of quantitative and qualitative, as well as historical and statistical methods, the authors estimate the possibilities for expanding interstate interactions and the difficulties the countries might face. By comparing the scale and particulars of the product structure of Indo-American and Indo-Chinese trade, the authors reveal that intra-industry trade between India and the United States is at a fairly high level, which, in turn, is not typical for the trade between India and China, which is mostly inter-industry due to the sluggish cooperation of Indian and Chinese entrepreneurs. The authors assess the intensity of the Indo-American and Indo-Chinese bilateral trade between 2000-2018 by means of indices of intensity of Indias exports and imports to / from the USA and China, as well as indices of intensity of exports and imports of its partners to / from India. The obtained results outline the upward trend of the share of Indian exports to the U.S. relative to other countries, which indicates that India is successfully conquering the U.S. market, and Indian goods are becoming increasingly competitive. Meanwhile, the volume of Indian-Chinese trade remains on a much lower level than it could be expected with the current share of India in the world trade. In the meantime, neither for the United States nor for China, India is a dominant partner. The article also investigates major obstacles hindering the development of both Indo-American and Indo-Chinese bilateral relations. The obtained results enable the authors to predict that in the short- and mid-term economic cooperation between India and its leading partners is likely to strengthen, with India keeping striving for standing neuter while building the two most crucial vectors of its foreign economic policy.
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Nossiter, T. J. "India, Indira and After." Government and Opposition 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1985.tb01067.x.
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IN THE WESTERN MEDIA RECENT EVENTS IN INDIA HAVE OFTEN been trivialized by comparison with a soap opera called Dynasty. A more appropriate analogy would be the Greek tragedy: the rejection of Mrs Gandhi at the polls in 1977; her sweeping return to power in 1980; the death of her heir apparent, Sanjay, in 1980; the invasion of the Golden Temple in June 1984; and on 31 October her assassination. Greatness, tragedy, hubris and nemesis are all there.A fair assessment of Mrs Indira Gandhi's contribution to her country is far from easy, not least because she was regally enigmatic. Her friendships ranged from Michael Foot to Margaret Thatcher. Her presence was formidable yet both to old and non-political family friends she was a loving sister or aunt. Alone among Indian politicians she drew massive crowds and, Sikhs apart, her death was mourned by her opponents as much as her supporters. Indira had not expected to enter politics but by acting as her widowed father Pandit Nehru's hostess and confidante, and, in the late 1950s, as Congress General Secreta , she gained an invaluable apprenticeship in the techniques of political management and the art of statecraft. When Nehru's immediate successor as Indian Prime Minister, Lal Bahadur Shastri, died after less than two years in office, Congress chiefs found it easier to nominate Nehru's daughter as their leader than to agree on one of their own number, particularly since they all underestimated her strength of character and purpose.
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Paul, Subin. "“When India Was Indira”." Journalism History 42, no. 4 (January 2017): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2017.12059157.
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Roberts, William C. "India and Indian cardiology." American Journal of Cardiology 62, no. 17 (December 1988): 1326–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(88)90292-5.
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VIRAKTAMATH, C. A., and M. D. WEBB. "Revision of the bamboo leafhopper tribe Mukariini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) from the Indian subcontinent with description of new genera and species." Zootaxa 4547, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4547.1.1.
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Leafhopper genera and species of the tribe Mukariini from the Indian subcontinent are revised. Nine genera and 22 species including two new genera, one new subgenus and 12 new species are dealt with. The new taxa described are Aalinga gen. nov. with its type species Aalinga brunoflava sp. nov. (India: Andaman Islands), Buloria indica sp. nov. (India: Karnataka). Buloria zeylanica sp. nov. (Sri Lanka), Flatfronta bella sp. nov. (India: Karnataka; Bangladesh), Mohunia bifurcata sp. nov. (Myanmar), Mukaria omani sp. nov. (India: Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh), Mukaria vakra sp. nov. (India: Karnataka), Mukariella gen. nov. with its type species Mukariella daii sp. nov. (India: Manipur), Myittana (Benglebra) cornuta sp. nov. (India: Karnataka), Myittana (Myittana) distincta sp. nov. (India: Karnataka), Myittana (Savasa) subgen. nov. with its type species Myittana (Savasa) constricta sp. nov. (India: Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand) and Scaphotettix arcuatus sp. nov. (India: West Bengal, Meghalaya, Mizoram). Genera Buloria Distant (new placement), Crispina Distant (new placement) and Myittana Distant (new placement) are placed in the tribe Mukariini. Genus Mohunia is redefined based on the study of its type species. Benglebra Mahmood & Ahmed 1969 is synonymised with Myittana Distant 1908 and considered as its subgenus. Myittana (Benglebra) alami (Mahmood & Ahmed) comb. nov., Myittana (Savasa) bipunctata (Mahmood & Ahmed) comb. nov.. Myittana (Benglebra) introspina (Chen & Yang 2007) comb. nov. and Mukariella bambusana (Li & Chen) comb. nov. are proposed; the first two species were earlier placed in the genus Benglebra, the third species in the genus Mohunia and the fourth in the genus Mukaria. Genera Flatfronta Chen & Li and Myittana are new records for India and Scaphotettix striata Dai & Zhang is a new record for the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka. All taxa dealt with are described and illustrated and keys for genera and their species are also given.
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SAINI, MALKIAT SINGH, and MANPREET SINGH PANDHER. "New species and records of the genus Dolophilodes Ulmer (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae) from India." Zootaxa 3137, no. 1 (December 20, 2011): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3137.1.3.
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The genus Dolophilodes Ulmer (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae) is reviewed from India, with the description of 3 new species: D. malickyi sp. nov. and D. punjpullaensis sp. nov. from Punjpulla (Himachal Pradesh) and D. morsei sp. nov. from Lumla (Arunachal Pradesh). Dolophilodes ornatula Kimmins is reported for the first time from India. This species, D. tibetana Kimmins and D. indica Martynov are redescribed with additional collection records. A key to males of the known Indian species of this genus is provided.
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Madhale, Dr Paul D. "Effect of Digital India on Indian Society." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Special Issue, Special Issue-ICDEBI2018 (October 3, 2018): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18680.
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N. O. Sadiku, Matthew, Chandra M. M. Kotteti, and Janet O. Sadiku. "AGRICULTUREIN INDIA." International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering 10, no. 02 (2024): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31695/ijasre.2024.2.1.
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India is a global agricultural powerhouse. It is the world’s largest producer of milk, pulses, and spices, and has the world’s largest cattle herd, as well as the largest area under wheat, rice, and cotton.India’s farmers have been putting food on the table for India and the world for decades.Agriculture has been most enduring foundation for Indian economy. It constitutes the most significant part of Indian economy and it will continue to remain so for a long time. It still provides livelihood to the people in thecountry. It fulfills the basic need of human beings and animals. India ranks among the leading nations in the world that produce commodities like rice, wheat, cotton. sugar,milk, and horticulture.However, Indian agriculture is lagging in growth compared with the rest of the economy for decades. This paper examinesthe practice of agriculture in India.
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PADHYE, SAMEER M. "Taxonomical account of the Indian spiny clam shrimps (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata) from the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, USA." Zootaxa 4801, no. 2 (June 18, 2020): 374–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4801.2.11.
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I present taxonomical re-descriptions of two Indian spinicaudatan species deposited at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, USA, emphasizing on a few characters not highlighted in the original descriptions. Specimens collected from South India and deposited in the museum forty years ago were assessed and re-described. The study shows that the Cyzicidae species deposited as Caenestheriella sp. is Ozestheria indica while the Eulimnadia species is the widely distributed Eulimnadia michaeli. Many of the taxonomical characters were variable and did not exactly match the earlier description for both the species. Ozestheria indica could be distinguished from other valid Indian species on the telson characters and its occurrence proximity to the type locality of the species. This species is currently restricted to Peninsular India. Eulimnadia michaeli could be identified based on its characteristic egg surface morphology, though, the inner layers of the egg did vary when compared with the western Indian population. Using museum material, the validated species tally of Indian spiny clam shrimps now stands at 8 while 15 still await re-examination.
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Kumar, Dr Kishor. "Aatamanirbhar Bharat and Make in India: A step towards making India Self-dependant." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 10, no. 01 (January 8, 2023): 7560–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v10i01.01.
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AatmanirbharBharat is an advanced version of the Make in India. The term “Make in India” is an international slogan given by Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi to attract foreign investment around the world. Campaign concentrated to fulfill the objective of new job creation, growth of GDP, boosting Indian economy, converting India to a self-reliant country, and to give global recognition to the Indian economy by making India as global manufacturing hub. The COVID-19 pandemic is having an exceptional impact on the world economies and India is also fighting with the pandemic situation. However, India got an opportunity to be stand out as global manufacture and self- reliance under the Aatmanirbhar Bharat program. In order to help the nation to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi emphasized the requirement of a self-reliant India. The idea focuses on reviving the economy, generating employment, supporting start-ups, promoting domestic production, budding enterprises, strengthening supply chains and empowering people. To grow Indian economical condition, the government has also announced a special economic package of worth Rs. Twenty lakh crore under the ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan’.This research paper, which is an outcome of descriptive research, analyzes why India needed a plan like “Make in India” and needed India to become a “self-reliant India”, study also highlighted various initiatives taken by government to become self-reliant during pandemic situation and impactof this program on Indian economy.
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Zaiwalla, Sarosh. "LCIA India: Will It Change the International Arbitration Scene in India?" Journal of International Arbitration 27, Issue 6 (December 1, 2010): 657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2010036.
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Recently, the London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA) established LCIA India. Although LCIA India bears the name of its parent body in London, one hopes it is intended to be an Indian institution, of course with the support of LCIA London. This is a welcome development for the international business community in general and India in particular, as it is hoped that LCIA India will maintain a very high international standard in its awards. This in turn will encourage the Indian courts to have confidence in the awards published under the aegis of this institution. In order to consider whether the LCIA Rules will able to achieve this noble objective it is necessary to consider the background of international arbitration in India and the role of the Indian judiciary in relation to it.
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JAMEERA, A., SANTHOSH NAMPY, and A. P. JANEESHA. "A taxonomic revision of Pollia (Commelinaceae) in India with six lectotypifications." Phytotaxa 263, no. 3 (June 3, 2016): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.263.3.2.
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The genus Pollia consisting of five species in India is revised based on field and herbarium studies. Detailed descriptions, illustrations, photoplates and key to the identification of Indian species are provided. Six names viz., Aclisia indica, Pollia pentasperma, P. secundiflora, P. subumbellata, P. thyrsiflora and P. aclisia var. robusta are lectotypified.
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Raju, Vatsavaya S., and V. Sampath Kumar. "Polytrias indica (Poaceae: Andropogoneae): the name, species identity and its distribution in India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, no. 7 (June 26, 2018): 11969. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3436.10.7.11969-11972.
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Polytrias indica (Houtt.) Veldkamp is native to Java (Indonesia) but found outside its native range as a lawn grass or an escape. In India, it was first collected from Khasia (now Khasi) in Meghalaya and later reported as a garden escape in Indian Botanic Garden, Shibpur, West Bengal. Merrill created the confusion when he made the combination Ischaemum indicum (1938) for a taxon which is not an Ischaemum. The so-called Polytrias indica in certain Indian herbaria (e.g., PBL, BSID) is, indeed, Ischaemum ciliare Retz. (1791) to which name Ishaemum indicum has been misapplied in Indian grasses literature, and the IUCN assessment of Polytrias indica made in 2013 is not an exception.
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He, Zhizhou. "The Integration of Indian Christians into India Leading up to the Partition of 1947." Communications in Humanities Research 2, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/2/2022391.
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As one of Great Britains main oversea assets going into the 1900s and with its rich traditions and diversity, India and its road to independence have drawn much scholarly interest. Studies of pre-independence modern India have always centered around the development of Indian nationalism that became the backbone of the Quit India movement, eventually leading to the establishment of a new nation and exit of its colonizer. Almost inseparable from Indias independence is the Partition of 1947 that witnessed the formation of two sovereigns which, in existing works and research, features the culmination of religious conflicts between the two largest religious groups in the peninsula. This hyper-focus on the main players has led to gaps in comprehending the roles of other minority groups that shared the stage alongside Hindus and Muslims. While these groups did not and could not become as politically influential as the political triangle among Hindus, Muslims, and the British, their struggles and mere existence helped shape the political landscape within the region and paved the foundation to Indias path in becoming a secular state. This paper explores the discourse of Indian Christians, the nations third largest religious community, leading up to the fateful summer day in 1947. Using primary sources as evidence and secondary sources as guidance, it examines the majority vs. minority dichotomy within pre-independence India under a hypersensitive religious context and how Indian Christians maneuvered the political waters to achieve social integration. In doing so, it attempts to explore the prospect and methodology of achieving religious coexistence between a religious majority and religious minorities in the nation-building process.
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He, Zhizhou. "The Integration of Indian Christians into India Leading up to the Partition of 1947." Communications in Humanities Research 2, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/2/20220391.
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As one of Great Britains main oversea assets going into the 1900s and with its rich traditions and diversity, India and its road to independence have drawn much scholarly interest. Studies of pre-independence modern India have always centered around the development of Indian nationalism that became the backbone of the Quit India movement, eventually leading to the establishment of a new nation and exit of its colonizer. Almost inseparable from Indias independence is the Partition of 1947 that witnessed the formation of two sovereigns which, in existing works and research, features the culmination of religious conflicts between the two largest religious groups in the peninsula. This hyper-focus on the main players has led to gaps in comprehending the roles of other minority groups that shared the stage alongside Hindus and Muslims. While these groups did not and could not become as politically influential as the political triangle among Hindus, Muslims, and the British, their struggles and mere existence helped shape the political landscape within the region and paved the foundation to Indias path in becoming a secular state. This paper explores the discourse of Indian Christians, the nations third largest religious community, leading up to the fateful summer day in 1947. Using primary sources as evidence and secondary sources as guidance, it examines the majority vs. minority dichotomy within pre-independence India under a hypersensitive religious context and how Indian Christians maneuvered the political waters to achieve social integration. In doing so, it attempts to explore the prospect and methodology of achieving religious coexistence between a religious majority and religious minorities in the nation-building process.
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Mubarak, B. S., and Manish Sinha. "The Role of Commercial Diplomacy in Promoting India as a Destination for Higher Education: A Case Study of Sudan." Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal 17, no. 1 (2023): 205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v17i1.05.
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There are several studies on the internationalization of higher Education in India. However, most of these studies are based on initiatives that have been taken up by private universities in India. Indian Embassies and Consulates (Indian Missions) around the world play an important role in promoting India as a destination for higher education among foreign students. Indian Missions become the first interface for foreign students travelling to India. Sudan is the third largest African country, with a population of over 45 million. India is one of the preferred destinations for Sudanese students travelling abroad for higher studies. Annually about 1500 students travel to India for higher studies, mainly to Pune, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Chennai and Bangalore. A study was conducted on students who have completed University education in India to understand the role of Commercial Diplomacy and Indian Missions in promoting India as a destination for higher education. The outcome of the study provides insights into the importance of Commercial Diplomacy and the role of Indian Missions in promoting India as a destination for Higher Education. Outreach events to promote India as a destination for Higher Education and facilitation of Student visas play a major role in students choosing India as a destination for higher education.
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Rath, Devashis. "New Holland Tractors (India)." Asian Case Research Journal 06, no. 01 (June 2002): 55–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927502000191.
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With the opening up of the Indian economy many multinational companies are making a foray into Indian markets. Diverse strategies are being adopted to compete and establish themselves among Indian consumers. One such multinational who has entered India is CNH, the world's largest agricultural equipment manufacturer. The fully owned subsidiary, New Holland Tractors (India) Pvt. Ltd., NHI in short, has targeted the vast Indian tractor market. This case is about how NHI has experimented with the concept of a team and process based organization in India. The case details the processes involved in setting up a team and process based organizational design as well as the current challenges.
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Bharti, Manoj Kumar. "India–Ukraine: Partners in Progress." Diplomatic Ukraine, no. XIX (2018): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2018-20.
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The interview of Manoj Kumar Bharti, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of India to Ukraine, deals with connections between Ukraine and India, formed several thousand years ago. Experts found many similarities in languages of two states as well as in traditions of house holding among the rural population of Ukraine and India. Both states have faced economic instability for centuries and were subordinated to other states, and lastly both of them gained independence. For the last 26 years, India and Ukraine have had many summits and concluded not a few memoranda of understanding and agreements covering almost all aspects of bilateral cooperation. These 26 years were a period when Indian economy revealed its potential and achieved great results in the development of the state. The increase of incomes in India allows Ukrainian goods and services to penetrate the Indian market. Meanwhile, Ukrainian people are highly interested in Indian culture, traditions, and philosophy. Every year, thousands of people come together to participate in the Yoga festivals. The Embassy of India holds a lot of event in various cities of Ukraine to make Ukrainians aware of India and expand opportunities for business cooperation. India boasts an extensive network of higher educational institutions, however, many young people choose to study abroad. Ukraine offers Indian students excellent opportunities for professional training. The Ambassador of India underlines the current level of relations between India and Ukraine and the recent trend in their development allow us to hope for fruitful further cooperation. The Embassy of India in Kyiv will further contribute to strengthening collaboration and taking efficient measures in this regard. Keywords: India, the Yoga festivals, Indian culture, independence, Ukraine, markets.
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Sophia, Arambam. "WOMEN AND PLANNING IN INDIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): 1275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11785.
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Women who comprise half of humanity play a major role in the development of a society yet basic gender based disadvantages prevail all over the world. Hence it is important to make special efforts to empower women, especially through the planning process. Gender Planning frameworks have been implemented in the rest of the world. The objective of gender planning is achievement of gender equity, equality and empowerment through practical and strategic gender needs. Given the importance of women as ends and not just means in the process of development, the paper seeks to find how womens needs have been incorporated in Indian Planning. Indias planning commission was the institution which made five year Plans for India till the 12th Five year plan (2012-2017). It has since been dissolved with NITI Aayog replacing it.The approach towards women in India, in planning remain Gender Aware Planning and not Gender Planning.
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López Areu, Mario. "La Ilustración india: sus orÃgenes, naturaleza e ideas." Araucaria, no. 51 (2025): 222–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/araucaria.2023.i52.10.
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Este trabajo estudia el desarrollo de la Ilustración india, cuyas ideas reformistas sientan las bases del pensamiento polÃtico indio moderno. Su auge coincide con la expansión del gobierno de la CompañÃa de las Indias Orientales británica y de las ideas orientalistas ilustradas. El colonialismo, defendemos, espolea un debate entre la intelectualidad india acerca del orden social tradicional y la necesidad de su reforma. El artÃculo hace una distinción entre una Ilustración india moderada, que desea modernizar India manteniendo sus raÃces civilizatorias, y una radical, que busca reformular todo el edificio social y filosófico. Para ello, se estudia el pensamiento y activismo de dos destacados ilustrados indios, el liberal Rammohun Roy y el radical Jotirao Phule. El artÃculo concluye que la Ilustración india es una Ilustración por derecho propio, que, aunque bebe y dialoga con la modernidad occidental, desarrolla sus propios debates y propuestas de reforma. El trabajo también busca contribuir a la expansión de la historia intelectual de la Ilustración fuera de Occidente.
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Kupriyanov, Alexey V. "Searching for an Economic Basis for the Indo-Pacific: Evolution of India’s Approaches." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 22, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2022-22-1-153-165.
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The article is devoted to an analysis of Indias attempts to form an economic basis for its flagship foreign policy initiative - the concept of the Indo-Pacific. The author, using a multidimensional approach based on critical theory, historical sociology of international relations, the strategic culture approach and spatial approach, examines the evolution of the economic system of the Indo-Pacific in a historical perspective. India has historically played a key role in the system. So the Indian political elites believe that it has to be the regional hegemon. The rapid growth of the Indian economy at the beginning of the 21st century allowed New Delhi to start implementing its ambitions. The growth of neighboring China and its expansion into traditional Indian spheres of influence forced India to intensify the Indo-Pacific policy. Possible options for building the economic basis of the Indo-Pacific have been consistently explored in the article. The author highlights the economic mega blocs (TPP and RCEP), which India refused to join due to concerns about its economy; sub-regional trade and economic blocs and initiatives (SAARC, BIMSTEK, SAGAR, AAGC), local and relatively weak for providing the economic basis of the mega-region on their basis; finally, the latest infrastructure projects (Blue Dots Network, Build Back Better World), in which India is still hesitant to participate, not being sure of their effectiveness and fearing excessive involvement in anti-Chinese projects. The author concludes that India can either join Western infrastructure initiatives, or try to build an economic basis for the Indo-Pacific on a set of sub-regional initiatives. In the latter case, Russia could play an important role by implementing bilateral projects with India and participating in multilateral ones.
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Singhvi, S. R., and Jitender Sharma. "‘Indian’ Motor Cycle in India." Jaipuria International Journal of Management Research 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22552/jijmr/2019/v5/i2/189064.
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Singh, K. R. "India and the Indian Ocean." South Asian Survey 4, no. 1 (March 1997): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097152319700400112.
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Klopper, Susan. "India: Indian Business News Sites." Journal of Business & Finance Librarianship 14, no. 3 (July 15, 2009): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08963560802715855.
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Dr. M. K. Maru, Dr M. K. Maru. "Foreign Direct Ivestment In India & Indian Economy." Indian Journal of Applied Research 1, no. 10 (October 1, 2011): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/jul2012/3.
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Raj, Triranjan. "Unfinished Fight for Transparent India : Indian Ombudsman ‘Lokpal'." Contemporary Social Sciences 27, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 212–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.29070/27/58083.
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Srivastava, Dr Richa. "Impact of “Make in India” in Indian Economy." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-4 (June 30, 2019): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23728.
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Mikhailov, S. A. "North-Eastern India (NER) as an example of “clash of civilizations”." RUDN Journal of World History 12, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 324–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2020-12-4-324-337.
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This article attempts to analyze the current situation in North-Eastern India (NER) in the light of well-known concept clash of civilizations developed by S. Huntington (the American political scientist and proponent of the modern version of the civilizational approach to History). One may say that even a superficial glance at NER problems demonstrates a very characteristic example of the visual manifestation of this concept. The relevance of the work implies the possibilities of practical application of this concept for the analysis of India and NER existing ethnic and religious problems as well as the best ways to solve them. The author (besides S. Huntingtons work Clash of civilizations) used the works of the Russian indologists - S. Baranov (Separatism in India), B. Klyuyev (Religion and conflict in India), K. Likhachev (Ethnic separatism in NER: old problems in the new century) and the book of the Indian specialist on separatism in NER S. Bhaumik (Troubled periphery: crisis of Indias North East) as well as other sources.
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Zafar, Muhammad Naeem. "India National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (INDIA) and BJP: A Comparative Study." Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) 12, no. 3 (February 4, 2024): 819–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.61506/01.00133.
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This article focusses on the formation of a new alliance, namely the India National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (INDIA). The Indian National Congress, which has long dominated Indian politics, leads the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance. Opposition parties formed the India National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (INDIA) to challenge the BJP in the 2024 Lok Sabha elections. The coalition contends that the BJP is endangering India’s multiparty democracy and secular principles. The “Collective Resolve” campaign includes a pledge to preserve and uphold the idea of India as it is expressed in the Constitution of India. Efforts are being done to resist the claimed systemic conspiracy by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) to target, punish, and suppress specific Indians and address polarization. Findings of the reveal that there have been instances of Hindu extremist groups initiating anti-Muslim operations, resulting in numerous casualties and injuries among the Muslim community, as well as other minority groups within the region. The BJP challenged the Indian National Congress, the Nehruvian state, and secular democracy. The policies implemented by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) from 2014 to 2019 were highly detrimental to society, as they strategically employed the Hindutva ideology for political gain and suppressed minority groups through their uncompromising ideological stance. Contrarily, the policies implemented by Congress subsequent to 2009 exhibited a greater emphasis on principles such as freedom, economic growth, liberalism, and prioritization of the welfare of the populace.
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Jansari, Sushma. "From Geography to Paradoxography: the use, transmission and survival of Megasthenes’ Indica." Journal of Ancient History 8, no. 1 (May 26, 2020): 26–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jah-2019-0013.
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AbstractMegasthenes was the first Greek ambassador known to have been sent to the court of a Mauryan ruler. He wrote an Indica based on his travels and experiences in India, which survives in fragmentary form in the work of later authors. This was the first work to provide a Greek audience with first-hand knowledge of the Indian interior and Mauryan court. Traditionally, Megasthenes’ Indica has been excavated for information to reconstruct knowledge of Mauryan India, Seleucid-Mauryan relations or other aspects of this period and the personalities involved, either by focusing on individual fragments or collating fragments thematically. In contrast, instead of treating Megasthenes’ work as a mine for information, I evaluate the remaining fragments chronologically, and according to the type and range of information derived from Megasthenes. The aim is to better understand the thematic differences and chronological changes in the way later authors consulted and used the Indica, and therefore, why certain parts of the Indica, and information about Megasthenes himself, have survived.
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Dr. Ravi Kumar Tyagi and Mr. Rajender kumar. "Review Of Judicial System In Ancient India." Legal Research Development 3, no. I (September 30, 2018): 01–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.53724/lrd/v3n1.02.
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India has the highest law in the world. There is no other form of judgment with an individual or higher. But before describing the judiciary system in ancient India I have to give a warning. The learner should reject the major allegations of the Jurisprudence of India as well as the Indian law enforcement system by some British writers. I will make a few examples. Henry Maine described the ancient Indian legal system as "a tool for evil". The Anglo-Indian lawyer called this “Indian life” practices before Britain came back to India: “It (British rule in India) is a survey of foreign directors to oversee foreign sectors, to align Europe's Oriental cultural practices, and to formulate specific laws. The highest among the ruthless nations associated with the government for empty authorities1. ”Alan Gledhill, a retired member of the Indian Civil Service, wrote that when Britain took power in India," there was a breakdown of legal laws.
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ANISYUTKIN, LEONID N., and OLGA V. YUSHKOVA. "New data on cockroaches of the subfamily Epilamprinae (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae) from India and Sri Lanka, with descriptions of new species and the genital complex of Aptera fusca (Thunberg, 1784)." Zootaxa 4236, no. 1 (February 21, 2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4236.1.2.
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New cockroach species from South India (Aptera brindlei sp.nov., Rhabdoblattella alexeevi sp.nov., R. euptera sp.nov., Morphna indica sp.nov.) and Sri Lanka (Placoblatta beybienkoi sp.nov., Morphna srilankensis sp.nov.) are described. The genus Rhabdoblattella Anisyutkin, 2000 is re-diagnosed. A revised key to the genera of Epilamprinae from South India and Sri Lanka and detailed morphological descriptions of new species are provided. The structure of the female genital complex of Aptera fusca (Thunberg, 1784) is described for the first time. Possible biogeographical connections of the cockroach fauna of Indian subcontinent and the phylogenetic significance of the right phallomere are briefly discussed.
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Sachdev, H. PS, Anura Kurpad, Renu Saxena, and Umesh Kapil. "National expert group technical consultation on prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anemia." Indian Journal of Community Health 30, no. 1 (Supp) (April 25, 2018): I—XI. http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2018.v30i01supp.001.
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A “National Expert Group Technical Consultation on Prevention and Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia” was held from 23rd to 24th April 2018 at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. The Consultation was conducted under the aegis of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. The following were the Co-organizers i) Departments of Human Nutrition and Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; ii) Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research (SBISR), New Delhi; iii) Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), iv) Nutrition Society of India (NSI), v) Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine (IAPSM), vi) Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) Nutrition Sub-specialty Chapter , vii) Federation of Obstetric and Gynecological Societies of India (FOGSI), viii) Indian Public Health Association (IPHA), ix) Indian Society of Haematology and Blood Transfusion (ISHBT), x) International Epidemiological Association - South East Asia Region (IEA-SEA), xi) Alive and Thrive India, xii) Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT – BIRAC-DBT), and xiii) World Health Organization (WHO).
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Mishra, Suman. "Looking westwards: Men in transnational men’s magazine advertising in India." Global Media and Communication 13, no. 3 (October 5, 2017): 249–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742766517734254.
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This study examines advertising content of four top-selling Indian editions of transnational men’s lifestyle magazines ( Men’s Health India, GQ India, FHM India and Maxim India) to understand how it constructs masculinity for upper-class urban Indian men. Through content analysis of advertisements, the study finds greater presence of international brands and Caucasian models than domestic Indian brands and Indian models. Male models often appear alone and in decorative roles as opposed to professional roles. The study discusses the emergence of class-based glocal masculinity that helps assimilate upper-class Indian men into the global consumer base through shared ideals, goals and values.
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Sardella, Ferdinando. "Religious experiments in colonial Calcutta: modern Hinduism and bhakti among the Indian middle class." Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 23 (January 1, 2011): 364–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67395.
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Any discussion of India from the point of view of the West must deal with the problem posed by the colonial past and the ways in which India was colonized, interpreted and constructed to fit into an imperialist agenda. The terms ‘Hinduism’ and ‘religion’, for example, are themselves quite problematic, since they are born of Western and Judeo-Christian thought, and may not reflect the complexity and diversity of Indic traditions well enough. A translation and transmission of terms and concepts from one cultural domain to another is required, but it is bound to be merely tentative and approximate, since a comprehension of the full meaning of words and concepts related to Indic religions presupposes an extensive grounding in the rich religious thought of India. Bhaktisiddhānta lived on the border between the nineteenth and the twentieth century, between the black and the white towns of Calcutta, between India and the West, and between two world wars. His effort to search for and apply bhakti to the social, political and cultural crises of his time is important for grasping the vitality and dynamism of Indic religions in our time. It is also important for appreciating the struggle carried out by a growing Indian and Hindu middle class to bridge the gaps between East and West, and on the basis of indigenous culture produce new ideas for reciprocal co-operation, which in the case of Bhaktisiddhānta were related to the idea and practice of bhakti.
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Awasthi, S. P., and Ashoka Chandra. "Migration from India to Australia." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 3, no. 2-3 (June 1994): 393–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689400300207.
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The article examines the contemporary trends and future prospects of migration from India to Australia. The focus is on Indian Settlers and Temporary Entrants admitted to Australia for employment and Indian students admitted to Australia for higher studies. The volume of emigration for permanent residence during the early 1990s has made India one of the leading source countries of migration to Australia. A majority of Indians admitted as Settlers every year join the labor force. Recent data indicate that, among Indian Settlers, there is a preponderance of unsponsored Independent Skilled Migrants. Given the anticipated growth in the number of Indian students, the coming years are likely to witness a spurt in Skilled Temporary Workers from India.
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Rico Nur Ilham, Intan Eliana Putri, Fitri Randini, and Naila Salsabila Kusayuningrum. "INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT IN INDIA." International Journal of Social Science, Educational, Economics, Agriculture Research and Technology (IJSET) 2, no. 7 (June 30, 2023): 649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54443/ijset.v2i7.231.
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International Operations Management in India is becoming an increasingly important aspect in today's global business era. India, as one of the largest economies in the world, offers significant business opportunities for international companies. However, managing business operations in India also presents various challenges that need to be overcome. In facing this challenge, companies must adopt an effective strategy. The strategy includes local customization, deep understanding of the Indian market, development of local partnerships and the use of advanced information technology. In addition, it is also important to build good relations with the government, business partners and the local community. Through implementing the right strategy, companies can optimize their business operations in India. This includes efficiency in the supply chain, product and service quality improvement, product innovation relevant to the Indian market, and adaptation to consumer needs and local preferences. Management of international operations in India is a complex challenge but also offers great opportunities for companies. In dealing with these problems and optimizing the potential of the Indian market, companies need to adopt strategies that are adaptive, innovative and sustainable. Thus, companies can successfully manage their international business operations in India and gain a competitive advantage in this dynamic market. Management of international operations in India is a complex challenge but also offers great opportunities for companies. In dealing with these problems and optimizing the potential of the Indian market, companies need to adopt strategies that are adaptive, innovative and sustainable. Thus, companies can successfully manage their international business operations in India and gain a competitive advantage in this dynamic market. Management of international operations in India is a complex challenge but also offers great opportunities for companies. In dealing with these problems and optimizing the potential of the Indian market, companies need to adopt strategies that are adaptive, innovative and sustainable. Thus, companies can successfully manage their international business operations in India and gain a competitive advantage in this dynamic market.
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Sumanta Bhattacharya, Vinay Sahasrabuddhe, Arindam Mukherjee, and Bhavneet Kaur Sachdev. "An analytic interpretation on the importance of India's soft power in international cultural diplomacy over the centuries." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 12, no. 3 (December 30, 2021): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.12.3.0995.
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India’s Soft Power which is part of Smart Diplomacy or cultural diplomacy in India. India’s soft power diplomacy can be traced back to the time when Swami Vivekananda visited Chicago Parliament of Religion and spoke about Hinduism and India, which attracted many Indians and Foreigners who visited India and learnt about the Indian culture and the Sanskrit, his book on Raja Yoga influenced Western countries to practice Yoga who came to India and visited asharams, India’s main soft powers include spiritualism, yoga, Ayurveda, the world is shifting towards organic method of treatment which has its trace in India. There is culture exchange of arts, music, dance. Indian Diaspora and Young youth are the weapons for the spread of Indian culture across the globe, People are interested in Indian culture and epics of Ramayana and Mahabharat and studying on Kautliya. India literature and craft have received international recognition, countries abroad have included Sanskrit as part of their educational curriculum. India has also emerged has an export of herbs medicine to many foreign countries like Middle East, Europe, Africa etc. and this soft power of India will help in creating a massive influence across the world but before that Indian should have ample knowledge about their own history and culture and languages.