Academic literature on the topic 'India`s federal system'

“What distinguishes the American Indians from other native groups is . . . the nature of their relationship with a government which, while protecting their welfare and their rights, is committed to the principles of tribal self-government and the legal equality of races.”Felix S. Cohen, Chairman, Board of Appeals, United States Department of Interior (1942)“[T]he objective of Congress is to make the Indians self-supporting and into good individual American citizens . . . . You cannot have a good American citizen . . . unless you have a good citizen of the State.”United States Representative Antonio M. Fernández (D., New Mexico) (1949)“While all this red tape is being untangled, one in need dies without assistance.”David A. Johnson, Sr., Governor and Chairman of the Gila River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community (1949)These three quotations come from a period in modern American history often remembered for economic depression and war, but perhaps most remarkable for the accompanying changes in governance. Building on Progressive Era innovations, America's federal system became ever more “cooperative”— that is, marked by intricate federal-state personnel and revenue sharing. Meanwhile, Americans witnessed the steady expansion of central state authority. By the 1940s, neither the states nor the federal government enjoyed many areas of exclusive jurisdiction. The federal and state governments' relationships with their subjects were similarly in flux, and the stakes were high. As a result of New Deal social welfare programs, as well as numerous war-related measures, the benefits of state and national citizenship had expanded by the late 1940s. The burdens of citizenship had expanded, too, in the form of higher and broader taxation, compulsory military service, and more government oversight. The stage was set for fierce conflicts over the borders of the nation's political communities and the terms of belonging.

PRODUÇÃO E RESPOSTAS FISIOLÓGICAS DA MANGUEIRA CV. KEITT SOB DIFERENTES SISTEMAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO NO SUBMÉDIO DO SÃO FRANCISCO WELSON LIMA SIMÕES1; PEDRO PAULO BEZERRA FERREIRA2; MARIA APARECIDA DO CARMO MOUCO3; MARIA AUXILIADORA COELHO DE LIMA4; MIGUEL JULIO MACHADO GUIMARÃES5 E JOSÉ ALIÇANDRO BEZERRA DA SILVA6 1 Embrapa Semiárido, rodovia BR-428, Km 152, s/n, Zona Rural, EMBRAPA, Petrolina, PE, CEP 56302-970. E-mail: welson.simoes@embrapa.br2 Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, UNIVASF, Juazeiro, BA, CEP 48.902-300. E-mail: pedro_k77@hotmail.com3 Embrapa Semiárido, rodovia BR-428, Km 152, s/n, Zona Rural, EMBRAPA, Petrolina, PE, CEP 56302-970. E-mail: maria.mouco@embrapa.br4 Embrapa Semiárido, rodovia BR-428, Km 152, s/n, Zona Rural, EMBRAPA, Petrolina, PE, CEP 56302-970. E-mail: auxiliadora.lima@embrapa.br5 Engenharia Agrícola - Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, UFRPE, Recife, PE, CEP 52171-900. E-mail: mjmguimaraes@hotmail.com6 Departamento de fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, UNIVASF, Juazeiro, BA, CEP 48.902-300. E-mail: jose.alicandro@univasf.edu.br 1 RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de quatro arranjos de sistemas de irrigação sobre a fisiologia, a produtividade e a qualidade pós-colheita dos frutos da mangueira (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Keitt, no Submédio do Vale São Francisco. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com 04 tratamentos e 05 repetições, durante dois ciclos de cultivo. Os tratamentos foram: T1 – Um microaspersor sob copa; T2 – Um microaspersor entre plantas; T3 – Duas linhas laterais de gotejadores por fileira de planta; e T4 – Uma faixa de gotejo em formato de anel ou espiral (rabo de porco) ao redor da planta. Foram avaliadas: as respostas fisiológicas das plantas (fotossíntese líquida, condutância estomática, transpiração e temperatura foliar); o peso médio dos frutos; a produtividade; a quantidade de frutos por planta; e a qualidade dos frutos: volume, densidade, firmeza da polpa, teor de sólidos solúveis e acidez titulável. O sistema de irrigação por gotejamento é o mais indicado para o cultivo da mangueira cv. Keitt no Submédio do Vale do São Francisco, por interferir positivamente na fisiologia e na produtividade da planta e no número e firmeza dos frutos. Palavras-chave: fotossíntese, produtividade, qualidade de fruto SIMÕES, W. L.; FERREIRA, P. P. B.; MOUCO, M. A. do C.; LIMA, M. A. C.; GUIMARÃES, M. J. M.; SILVA, J. A. B. da.PRODUCTION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF MANGO CV. KEITT UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN SÃO FRANCISCO RIVER’S LOWER MIDDLE 2 ABSTRACT In order to assess the effect of four irrigation systems on post-harvest physiology, productivity and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Keitt fruits, in São Francisco river’s lower middle, an experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with 04 treatments and 05 repetitions for two crop cycles. The treatments were: T1 - One micro-sprinkler under plant; T2 – One micro-sprinkler between plants; T3 - Two lines of drippers per plant; and T4 - One line of drippers around the plant. The physiological characteristics of plants (net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and leaf temperature); the average weigh of fruits; productivity; amounts of fruits per plant; and fruit quality (volume, density, pulp firmness, content of soluble solids, and titratable acidity) were assessed. It was found that the drip irrigation system is best suited for the cultivation of mango cv. Keitt in São Francisco river lower middle, for positively affecting the plant physiology and productivity and the number firmness of fruits. Keywords: photosynthesis, productivity, fruit quality

<p>O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade de insetos em área de policultivo e monocultivo agroecológico de frutíferas no município de Ipanguaçu, Rio Grande do Norte. O levantamento foi realizado na fazenda escola do Instituto Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), <em>Campus</em> Ipanguaçu, no período de junho à agosto de 2012, em duas áreas distintas (0,8 ha cada): Área 1 (5°32'14.86"S e 36°52'19.81"W) - Pomar agroecológico (policultivo com goiaba, acerola, graviola, limão, manga e banana) e Área 2 (5°32'1.55"S 36°53'2.21"W) - monocultivo agroecológico de banana. Foram identificadas ao final do levantamento nove ordens na área de policultivo agroecológico de frutíferas: Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Blattodea, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Odonata e Dermaptera e quatro na área com monocultivo agroecológico de banana: Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera e Orthoptera. O resultado obtido no presente trabalho indica que, mesmo sob o mesmo sistema de manejo, em áreas cultivadas com mais de uma espécie frutífera ocorre à presença de uma maior diversidade de insetos. </p><p align="center"><strong><em>Primary inventory of entomofauna in polyculture and monoculture fruit trees areas in municipality of Ipanguaçu, RN</em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract:</strong> This study aimed to evaluate the insect diversity in polyculture and monoculture agroecological of fruit trees in municipality of Ipanguaçu, Rio Grande do Norte. The survey was carried out at the experimental farm of the Federal Institute of Rio Grande do Norte, <em>Campus</em> Ipanguaçu, in period from June to August 2012, in two distinct areas (0.8 ha each): Area 1 (5°32'14.86"S e 36°52'19.81"W) - Agroecological orchard (polyculture with guava, acerola, graviola, lemon, mango and banana) and 2 (5°32'1.55"S 36°53'2.21"W) – Banana’s agroecological monoculture. At the end of the survey, nine orders were identified in area of fruit trees’s agroecological polyculture: Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Blattodea, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Odonata e Dermaptera e quatro na área com monocultivo agroecológico de banana: Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera e Orthoptera. The results obtained in the present study indicate that even under the same management system, in areas cultivated with more than one fruit species, the presence of a greater diversity of insects occurs.</p><p><strong> </strong></p>

SISTEMA WEB DE MANEJO DA IRRIGAÇÃO – SISMI EDUARDO DE PIERI PRANDO[1]; LUIZ SERGIO VANZELA2; KARLA NASCIMENTO SENA3 E GUILHERME MORAIS4 [1]Mestre, Professor Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo - IFSP, Votuporanga/SP, Email: eduardoprando@yahoo.com.br.2 Doutor, Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco - UNICASTELO, Fernandópolis/SP, Email: lsvanzela@yahoo.com.br.3 Mestranda, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" Ilha Solteira/SP, Email: karlla_senna@hotmail.com.4 Mestre, Professor Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo - IFSP, Votuporanga/SP, Email: morais_guilherme@yahoo.com.br. 1 RESUMO Como os atuais métodos de manejo da irrigação são de difícil aplicação e custo relativamente elevado para irrigantes de baixa renda, este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um aplicativo de baixo custo denominado SISMI (Sistema Web de Manejo da Irrigação), para o controle da água pelo manejo da irrigação.A plataforma foi desenvolvidautilizando a IDE NetBeans com o módulo da linguagem PHP, adaptada para computadores e celulares.O aplicativo SISMI indica o momentoe calcula o tempo de irrigação de acordo com uma adaptação da metodologia do balanço hídrico para o controle da irrigação, tanto para sistemas de irrigação por aspersão quanto para localizada. Para isso, são utilizados dados do clima (temperatura máxima e mínima, e precipitação), dados do tipo de solo da área (textura ou capacidade média de água disponível), dados da planta (espécie, fase de desenvolvimento, fator de disponibilidade de água no solo e profundidade efetiva do sistema radicular) e do sistema de irrigação (método de irrigação, eficiência de aplicação, vazão do emissor e espaçamento). O aplicativo (disponível em http://www.sismmi.com.br/), proporciona aos usuários uma ferramenta capaz de auxiliá-los no controle da aplicação de água pelo manejo da irrigação via atmosfera, de forma simples, de baixo custo e confiável, com aumento da eficiência do uso da água e energia na irrigação. Palavras-chave: recursos hídricos,evapotranspiração, irrigação por aspersão, irrigação localizada. PRANDOE. P.; VANZELAL. S.; SENA K. N.; MORAIS G.SYSTEM WEB FOR MANAGEMENT OF IRRIGATION - SISMI 2 ABSTRACT As the current water management methods are difficult to apply and relatively high cost for low-income irrigators, this study aimed to develop a low cost single application SISMI (Web Management System of Irrigation), for control water for irrigation management. The platform was developed using NetBeans IDE with the module of the PHP language, adapted to computers and mobile phones. The application SISMI indicates the time, and calculates the time of irrigation according to an adaptation of the method of water balance control for irrigation, both irrigation sprinkler systems and for localized. For this, climate data are used (maximum and minimum temperature and precipitation), soil type data area (texture or medium capacity available water), plant data (type, developmental stage, water availability factor in soil and effective depth of the root system) and irrigation system (irrigation method, application efficiency, emitter flow and spacing). The application (available in http://www.sismmi.com.br/), provides users with a tool to assist them in controlling the application of water for irrigation management in the atmosphere, so simple, inexpensive and reliable, with increased efficiency of water use and energy in irrigation. Keywords: drip irrigation, evapotranspiration, sprinkler irrigation, water resources.

Ambedkar was a multifaceted personality who made deep impression on the social-political-economic life of India of his times. Ambedkar provided valuable guidance on the socio-political-economic platform in colonial India and independent India as well; yet economists have generally ignored his contributions to India. In this context, this article examines his significant role in federal finance, which is an important branch of economics and makes an effort to understand and evaluate the process of its development and his contribution to it. He had played a major role in a newborn country like India. He had been one of the contributors to the Constitution of India and had contributed towards the development of the federal finance system in independent India. His main insistence on the federal finance system was for economic welfare of the people with the establishment of such an economic system from the local to centre levels, which could progressively raise their economic level without jeopardizing their interests.

The pandemic of COVID-19 has afflicted every individual and has initiated a cascade of directly or indirectly involved events in precipitating mental health issues. The human species is a wanderer and hunter-gatherer by nature, and physical social distancing and nationwide lockdown have confined an individual to physical isolation. The present review article was conceived to address psychosocial and other issues and their aetiology related to the current pandemic of COVID-19. The elderly age group has most suffered the wrath of SARS-CoV-2, and social isolation as a preventive measure may further induce mental health issues. Animal model studies have demonstrated an inappropriate interacting endogenous neurotransmitter milieu of dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and opioids, induced by social isolation that could probably lead to observable phenomena of deviant psychosocial behavior. Conflicting and manipulated information related to COVID-19 on social media has also been recognized as a global threat. Psychological stress during the current pandemic in frontline health care workers, migrant workers, children, and adolescents is also a serious concern. Mental health issues in the current situation could also be induced by being quarantined, uncertainty in business, jobs, economy, hampered academic activities, increased screen time on social media, and domestic violence incidences. The gravity of mental health issues associated with the pandemic of COVID-19 should be identified at the earliest. Mental health organization dedicated to current and future pandemics should be established along with Government policies addressing psychological issues to prevent and treat mental health issues need to be developed. References World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. 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This article provides a new conceptual and empirical analysis of party system nationalization, based on four different measurements. Unlike previous nationalization studies, these measurements conceptualize party system nationalization on the basis of electoral performance in national (general or federal) and sub-national (state) elections. After introducing these measurements we apply them to 16 general and 351 state elections in India, the world’s largest democracy with strong sub-national governments. By incorporating state election results we are able to demonstrate that: (1) the pattern of denationalization in India has been more gradual than assumed in previous studies of party system nationalization; (2) denationalization in recent decades results less from dual voting (vote shifting between state and federal elections) than from the growing divergence among state party systems (in state and federal elections); (3) the 2014 general election result, although potentially transformative in the long run, provides more evidence of continuity than change in the short run.

Hindu-Muslim conflict and riots in India are enduring intergroup conflicts in south Asia, destabilizing the region for a long time. Despite having federal democracy and secular nationalism in the political system of India, the state and its various technology of power take sides with religious groups abetting the persecution of minority Muslims as religious or ethnic groups. Among the various ethnic groups and communities living in India, Muslims are among the most deprived communities in contemporary times. In the issue of minority conflict, a permanent solution in the federal system of government has become a dream. This paper analyses India’s divergent political systems and state ideology and its failure and success in respective cases to counter communal and ethnic violence. We argue that, rather than focusing on the weakness of the existing political systems of India, the common failure to adequate power sharing can better explain these conflicts and successive persecution of minority Muslims. Keywords: Minority, Conflict, India, Political System, Muslim, Community.

The concept of sustainable development attained prominence after the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) held at Johannesburg in September, 2002. Earlier, the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), also known as Brundtland Commission Report (1987), named after its chairperson Gro Harlem Brundtland of Norway, had warned the global community on unwise use of natural resources for economic development. It defined sustainable development, “ the development that meets the need of present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” The report highlighted the fundamental components of sustainable development, environment protection, economic growth and social equity. Much could not be done till September 2015, when 70th session of UN general assembly adopted 17 sustainable goals. These goals together constitute a blue print of development by the people and for the people conceived by active participation of UNESCO. Amongst these, five goals viz. good health and well- being, clean water and sanitation, decent work and economic growth, life below water and life on land, fall under the ambit of toxicology. National Toxicology Program (NTP) that was established by US Department of Health and Human Services in 1978 with its headquarters at National Institute of Environment Health Sciences, administers a unique collaboration between several federal agencies to develop new ways to test adverse effects of substances on human health. This program is known as Toxicology in 21st century (Tox- 21) (http://tox21.gov). The Tox21 collaboration was formalized in 2008 through a MOU between the National Institutes of Health, NTP, National Chemical Genomics Centre and the National Centre for Computation Toxicology. FDA joined Tox21 in 2010.The goal of Tox 21 is to research, develop, evaluate and translate innovative test methods that will better predict the effects of chemicals on human and environment health. The new focus areas include – development of expanded portfolio of alternative test systems to predict human toxicity, to address limitations of in vitro test systems, to curate the legacy of in-vivo testing, to establish confidence in in-vitro test systems. Excellent job has been done by Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast). Through robotic screening system housed at NCATS, toxicologists are screening 10.000 environmental chemicals for their potential to cause toxicity (www.ncats.nih.gov). Toxicology is also contributing to Planetary Health initiative launched by Lancet (2015). The European Union (EU) has introduced a regulation – Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) by legislation in 2007. Other programs that address the goal of good health and well being include, International Program on Chemical safety (IPCS), Inter-organization Program for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOSMC), Inter-government forum for Chemical Safety (IFCS),Health and Environment Linkage Initiative (HELI), Strategic Approach to International Chemical Management (SAICM) and Global Chemical Outlook. The next goal of clean water and sanitation is addressed by regulatory toxicology through Clean Water Act (1972; amended 1977, 1978, 1987), Safe Drinking Water act (1974, amended in 1977, 1986, 1996) and Water Quality Act of 1987. In India, Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1974) addresses this issue. The sub-discipline of aquatic toxicology nicely embraces this particular goal of sustainable development. Decent work or safe work environment is directly associated with human health. Science of toxicology considers it under another sub-discipline, i.e., occupational health/ industrial health or hygiene. Agencies like Occupational Safety and Health Association (OSHA), American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and International Labour Organization (ILO) have enacted suitable laws/ regulations to safeguard human health. Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA, 1976) remains to be the most powerful act. In India, National Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH), an ICMR institute located at Ahemdabad, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR) located at Lucknow and Factory Advice Service Labour Institute (FASLI) Mumbai, are contributing to sustainable development through their commitment to safe work environment. Universities in India and abroad do teach occupational toxicology, thus generating a good human resource to work for sustainable development. Next goal, i.e., life below water is covered by aquatic toxicology. This discipline by definition is the study of the effects of chemicals and other anthropogenic and natural materials on aquatic organisms and ecosystems. The concepts of eco-magnification or bio-magnification emerged from aquatic toxicology. A toxicologist understands that life below water is vulnerable to toxins. Famous episodes related to aquatic toxicology include acid rain, toxic oil syndrome and contamination of water bodies with pesticides, heavy metals, TCDD and phenols. Therefore, the powerful acts like Federal Insecticides Fungicides and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and TSCA have been enacted to deal with health issues raised by the presence of hazardous materials in water. Accidental release of hydrocarbons in sea and their effects on flora and fauna have been studied by toxicologists. Efforts are being made to restore ecosystems like Great Barrier Reefs. Sustainability of life on land is a big issue. It includes- animal toxicology, plant toxicology, wild life toxicology and veterinary toxicology. Eco-toxicological problems, soil contamination by chemicals, air pollution, solid waste pollution and bio hazards, fall under the scope toxicology. Clean Air Act (1970, amended in 1974, 1977, 1990 ) and Central Air Pollution Control and Prevention Act (1981), Wild Life Protection Act (1972) are available to safe guard life on land. The foregoing paragraphs establish a link between toxicology and sustainable development. It offers an opportunity to ponder that principles of environment management viz. environmental impact assessment (EIA), environmental auditing, Environmental Impact Assessment and risk assessment - need to be supplemented with toxicological assessment/ monitoring of exposure to chemical hazards ( Rana ,2018 , Everyman Science.,103,373-380).Quantitative concepts, i.e., NOEL, LOEL, PEI, BEI etc., need to be introduced in parameters that monitor sustainable development. Putting toxicological inputs into the selected goals of sustainable development will help in making our planet chemically safe. In other words, multiphase science of toxicology too, is a partner of other sciences that are working towards sustainable development. Efforts being made by Journal of Environment Biology in encouraging the activities related to sustainable development deserve profound appreciation. It is my proud privilege to describe, in brief, my association with Journal of Environmental Biology since its inception in 1980. I am a witness to its journey of 42 years and persistent growth. There were no computers at that time and publication of a journal was an ardous task. I have seen its Editor-in-chief Dr. R. C. Dalela devoting most of his time and energy to the regular publication of journal. With the increase in the reputation of journal, number of foreign contributors also increased and it succeeded in becoming an international journal. Today, it is very popular amongst Asian Environmental Biologists. Special issues on a particular theme were also published from time to time. It encouraged the young scientists by awarding them JEB Award every year. Dr. R. C. Dalela Oration Lectures were also organised under the aegis of this journal. It was enlisted as online journal in 1988 and continues to maintain the same status even today. Its h index today is 48. This all could be possible due to tremendous energy and efforts put by Dr. R. C. Dalela in this journal. I fondly cherish my association with Dr. R. C. Dalela, as his student and with JEB as a contributor, the member of its editorial board, research advisor and editor of special volume(s). My articles published in this journal achieved good citations. I must appreciate the present Editor of Journal, Dr. Sumati Gaumat and her publication team for their efforts in maintaining the standard of this journal. I wish it all success in coming years

This Bachelor’s thesis, financed by scholarships, companies and private individuals, was made as a part of the Energy engineering program at Halmstad University. It investigates the possibilities of solar power plants in India and how it is implemented in reality. The project was made in cooperation with the charity organization AVI, (Adventures and Volunteering in India) and during two months an off-grid solar power plant were installed at their boarding house in Kanwar Pura, India. The boarding house will be home for children during their education. Research of the Indian market and the first system design was made prior to our journey. The solar plant package was bought from an Indian company, Nordic India Solutions. Once the delivery arrived on site, the practical work begun. With help from the company a complete system was successfully installed. The Indian conditions are beneficial for solar power and since 2010 the market has grown rapidly. The National Solar Mission is one of the reasons for this development. Solar power has great preconditions and has a big part in Indian development, towards higher living standards and a decreasing use of coal.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Este estudo identifica o perfil do aluno do Sistema UAB/UFAL analisando se as condições institucionais oferecidas pelo Sistema UAB/UFAL se aproximam das necessidades, objetivos, expectativas e demandas de formação desse aluno, como decorrência de uma política de acesso e expansão da EAD nos últimos oito anos, tendo o Sistema UAB como uma das suas principais políticas. Apresenta as diferenças conceituais entre política pública e social com o objetivo de constatar sob qual política o Sistema UAB se implementa. Realiza um resgate histórico de como a EAD se desenvolveu como política educacional antes e depois da LDBEN e, em Alagoas, por meio da UFAL. Parte da reflexão de pressupostos teóricos referentes ao perfil do aluno da EAD, como acesso, habilidades, abertura, comunicação, comprometimento, colaboração, reflexão, flexibilidade, autonomia. Esses pressupostos contribuíram para a construção das variáveis deste estudo: aspectos gerais, sociais, as experiências em EAD, os aspectos profissionais, econômicos, culturais, infraestruturais, institucionais, tecnológicos, de interação, de aprendizagem e educacionais, representando o universo desse aluno. Analisa o Decreto nº 5.800/06 e os planos de cursos do Sistema UAB/UFAL, identificando qual o perfil de aluno é esperado para a formação em EAD. A metodologia utilizada foi a quanti-qualitativa, com a abordagem do estudo de caso para discutir como o perfil dos alunos se constitui e é reconhecido pelo Sistema UAB/UFAL. Apresenta o perfil do aluno do sistema UAB/UFAL e reflexões para corroborar com o aperfeiçoamento e a qualificação do Sistema UAB/UFAL

The Great Depression elucidated the shortcomings of the banking system and its control by Wall Street. The creation of the Federal Reserve System in 1913 was insufficient to correct flaws in the banking system until the Banking Acts of 1933 and 1935. A.P. Giannini, the American-Italian founder of the Bank of America and Mormon Marriner S. Eccles, chairman of Federal Reserve Board (1935-1949), from California and Utah respectively, successfully worked to restrain the power of the eastern banking establishment. The Banking Act of 1935 was the capstone of their cooperation, a bill that placed open market operations in the hands of the Federal Reserve, thus diminishing the power of the New York Reserve. The creation of the Federal Housing Act, as orchestrated by Eccles, became a source of enormous revenue for Giannini. Giannini's wide use of branch banking and mass advertising was his contribution to American banking. Eccles's promotion of compensatory spending and eventual placement of monetary control in the hands of the Federal Reserve Board with Banking Act of 1935 and the Accord of 1951 and Giannini's branch banking diminished the likelihood of another sustained depression. As the Bank of America grew, and as Eccles became more aggressive in his fight for control of monetary policy, Secretary of State Henry Morgenthau, Jr., became a common enemy to both bankers. Morgenthau caused the Securities and Exchange Commission to launch an investigation of the Bank of America. Later, when Eccles and Giannini were no longer friends, the Board of Governors filed suit under the Clayton Act against Transamerica, a Giannini bank holding company. By 1945, Giannini's bank was the largest in the world. When John W. Snyder replaced Morgenthau, the "freeze" against Giannini's expansion stopped. Eccles was demoted by Truman but served on the Board of Governors until the Accord of 1951 making the Reserve no longer responsible for supporting the pegged interest rates of government bonds.

The master´s thesis is about the conceptions of the Czech National Bank, the Federal Reserve System, the European Central Bank and People's Bank of China. It focuses on the comparison of these conceptions with the created universal model of the central bank and its parameters, and finds out that the selected central banks are lot away from this model. Important is also a perspective of the Czech National Bank after joining the euro area and the fact that at this moment her role will be replaced by the European Central Bank. The European Central Bank, compared with the Federal Reserve and the People's Bank deviates the least from its inflation target and therefore is pretty close to reach a price stability. However, ECB clearly financed some government debts, and that is inconsistent with the law. In conclusion can be noted that the central banks of the Czech Republic, the United States and the euro area reach the high level of freedom and are independent of the other components of state power and vice versa People's Bank of China remains strongly dependent on the executive power.

A presente dissertação pretende estudar a história da origem e crescimento da fé cristã, bem como as alterações e conflitos sócio-culturais-espirituais provocados em Malabar, Índia (atual estado de Kerala). A fé cristã, de acordo com a tradição em Malabar, possui raízes no primeiro século de Nosso Senhor. De acordo com estudos históricos, bem como com a tradição, foi S. Tomé Apóstolo quem trouxe a fé aos povos de Malabar. Estes tornaram-se historicamente conhecidos como “Cristãos de Tomé”. A fé cristã em Malabar enfrentou três tipos de inculturações sociais e atravessou vários conflitos sociopolíticos: (a) a chegada do Apóstolo, em 52 AD., (b) a migração de cristãos persas (siríacos/caldaicos), em 345 AD., e (c) o aparecimento dos primeiros europeus, portugueses, em 1498.Três capítulos deste trabalho abordam detalhadamente cada um destes aspetos. Uma origem, crescimento e sustentabilidade do cristianismo na Índia possui variados fenómenos históricos. Esta história encontra-se abundantemente relacionada com a Teologia e Espiritualidade da fé cristã em Malabar e ainda mais com o modo de vida do povo da região. Como sociedade ancestral, com muitas tradições culturais e sociais e com um sistema de castas, Malabar aceitou uma religião como o cristianismo, à época da sua origem, muito recente e dissemelhante das suas crenças. Diferentes nações chegaram a Malabar e transformaram as convicções e modo de vida dos nativos. A Pérsia e Portugal deram-lhes diferentes Ritos de rituais e devoções, da mesma fé cristã. Mas, não obstante, o cristianismo em Malabar é forte e encontra-se em crescimento. Existem três Ritos católicos: latino, sírio-Malabar e sírio-Malankara.
This dissertation intends to study the history of origin and growth of Christian faith and the socio-cultural-spiritual changes and conflicts which made in Malabar, India (now state of Kerala). The Christian faith, according to the tradition in Malabar, has a root from the first century of our Lord. According to the historical studies and tradition St. Thomas the Apostle has given faith to the people of Malabar. They became known in the history as ‘Thomas Christians’. Christian faith in Malabar faced three kinds of social inculturations and passed through many socio-political wars. (a) The arrival of Apostle in 52 AD., (b) the migration of Persian Christians (Syriac/Chaldaic) in 345 AD., and (c) the arrival of first Europeans, Portuguese in 1498. Three chapters of this work consider each of these aspects in detail. An origin, growth and sustainability of Christianity in India had many historical phenomena. This history has many things to relate with Theology and Spirituality of Christian faith in Malabar and more over the way of life of people in the land. As an ancient society with many cultural and social customs, and caste systems, Malabar received a religion like Christianity in its time of origin, which was very new and different from their thoughts. Different nations came to Malabar and changed the convictions and way of life of natives. Persia and Portugal have given them different Rites of rituals and devotions of same Christian faith. But even though Christianity in Malabar is strong and growing. There exists three Catholic Rites: Latin, Syro-Malabar, and Syro-Malankara.

AbstractThis chapter documents the growth and evolution of local self-government in India. Despite some major obstacles, the past 75 years have seen the gradual institutionalisation of local government. The historic 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts of 1992 set out, for the first time, to provide local bodies within the country’s federal system with certain mandatory structures and powers, but these have not been fully effectuated. Although India has experienced increasing levels of participation from marginalised groups (including women and Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes), active resistance by state-level elites as well as feudal and bureaucratic leadership, in addition to a range of structural challenges, has significantly impeded the deepening of decentralisation and self-governance in the country.

AbstractThe chapter deals with the salient features of India’s federal fiscal architecture which is regarded, by many, as unitary in nature. Like other federations, India’s multi-level fiscal system is characterized by two kinds of imbalances, i.e. vertical (due to mismatch in expenditure responsibilities and taxation powers to union, state and local governments) and horizontal (due to high degree of disparities among sub-national governments in their fiscal capacities and fiscal needs). The chapter narrates the structure, process and interplay of institutions including successive union and state finance commissions and their treatments to correct various fiscal asymmetries. It also summarizes the recent reforms in intergovernmental fiscal relations including the system of fiscal transfers, equity and efficiency concerns, role of political institutions and public debts to understand India’s federal finance.

AbstractIndia’s coal contribution to the total electricity generation mix stood at 73% in 2018. To meet India’s NDC ambitions, the federal government announced determined targets to integrate 450 GW Renewable Energy in the grid by 2030. This paper explores the pathways to integrate high RE generation by 2030 with effective balancing of supply and demand and associated challenges of flexibility requirements. A Unit commitment and economic dispatch model, which simulates the power system operation was used. The overall share of variable renewables reaches 26% and 32% in the Baseline Capacity Scenario (BCS) and High Renewable Energy Scenario (HRES) respectively. Improved ramp rates and a minimum thermal loading limit induce flexibility in the thermal fleet. In the HRES, more than 16 GW of coal plants are required for two-shift operations in April and more than 50% of days see an aggregate all-India ramp from the coal fleet in excess of 500 MW per minute. Battery Storage provides daily balancing while reducing VRE curtailment to less than 0.2% in the HRES. Nationally Coordinated dispatch shows increased power transfer from high VRE regions to export power during high VRE generation periods. It is thus found that high RE penetration is possible by 2030 at no extra system costs.

Abstract India provides a fascinating case of the world’s most ambitious auction programme under the banner of the country’s National Solar Mission. Due to the federal governance system in India, parallel state and federal government renewable energy programmes have been run, securing good prices. India has also experimented with the use of solar parks to address land availability and other site-related risks and costs. A breakdown in the planning and procurement processes between the federal and state governments has, however, seen India struggle to maintain project realization rates. This is compounded by the poor financial standing of many state-level utilities, which necessitated a multipronged risk-mitigation approach.

Abstract Electioneering has changed considerably in India since the first exercise of universal suffrage in 1952, but this owes far less to legal or technological changes than to changes in the political system. It is mainly attributable to political awakening within the electorate and to decay within political institutions.1 India’s parliamentary and electoral systems bear a strong resemblance to those of Britain. Elections to the Lok Sabha, the dominant lower house of India’s parliament, must in normal circumstances be held within five years of the previous election (although by act of parliament during the State of Emergency declared in mid-1975, six years were allowed to elapse between the 1971 and 1977 polls). The same is true of elections to the state legislatures in this federal system.

Abstract India has a history of populist politics, with its strongest manifestations at the state level of India’s federal system. Recent national governments have displayed populist tendencies. The current Hindu nationalist government, headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has personalistic characteristics which echo populist projects elsewhere. Personalist rule creates uncertainty for capital, and it has reduced the political influence of business. Populism in regional politics is a matter of concern for business in India, but it has created less uncertainty. Populist regimes at the state level might encroach on economic freedom but they also manage the social disruption that follows from rapid economic growth and can create conditions conducive for private sector investment.

This chapter reviews India's common law system, deriving most of its modern judicial framework from the British legal system. The Indian Constitution provides for a Parliamentary form of government that is federal in structure with certain unitary features. The chapter then clarifies the Indian Succession Act 1925 (‘ISA’) and defines a will as ‘the legal declaration of the intention of the testator with respect to his property which he desires to be carried into effect after his death’. It illustrates the two types of wills under Indian law: privileged wills and unprivileged wills. This chapter also elaborates on the order of succession in cases of intestacy. It stresses that a person is considered to have died intestate in respect of all property in relation to which they have not made a testamentary disposition, e.g., when they have left no will, or they have made a will but that will is not capable of taking effect. Ultimately, the chapter assesses the property that is jointly owned by husband and wife. It also considers the concept of ‘matrimonial regime’ in India.

Abstract With India having a federal system of governance in place, both the Centre and States have the freedom to operate and function in their allotted spheres of jurisdiction. Under the federal structure, responsibilities are distributed between the Centre and States, and division of powers is given in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution in the three lists, i.e. Union List, State List, and Concurrent List. Developmental responsibilities such as healthcare, land policies, law and order are with the States, while the Centre is responsible for defence, foreign affairs, atomic energy, banking, and insurance. For the last three decades, States are being governed by different political parties while the Centre is governed by mostly coalition governments which otherwise means weak in command. To enable smooth administration, it is important that the Centre and States work in coordination with each other. The chapter discusses how keeping aside political differences once in the government, Central and State Governments should work hand in hand so that developmental, as well as welfare measures, are effectively implemented without any unnecessary hurdles.

The use of S-CO2 as working fluid in a power cycle has been growing in recent years due to associated benefits such as highly compact power plant and high cycle thermal efficiencies for application including waste heat, solar thermal and nuclear power plants. Many authors have presented studies on S-CO2 cycle and its modifications and there also exists many patents which claim different embodiments of the S-CO2 cycle for different heat sources. Each author of the S-CO2 cycle embodiment uses some specific tool to analyze the cycle performance with assumed values of component efficiencies. In the S-CO2 cycle the ratio of turbine work to compressor work is relatively small and its variation may cause a significant influence on cycle performance estimation accuracy. Exact prediction of the S-CO2 cycle performance requires defining exact turbomachinery efficiency magnitudes. However, S-CO2 turbines and compressors are in development stage except for several low power scale prototypes and hence it is very difficult to make assumptions on efficiency and they need to be designed. To enable design of cycle from concept to detailed design of the turbomachinery, the authors in this work have developed a flexible design system which is starting from heat balance calculation, continues with sizing of turbomachinery flow path, through 1D/2D/3D aero and structural multidisciplinary optimization. Such a design process is iterative because a refinement of the turbomachinery efficiencies lead to change in cycle boundary conditions for turbomachinery design and the design needs to be refined by recalculation of the cycle. In the present work, four different embodiments of S-CO2 thermodynamic cycles were analyzed using assumed component efficiencies and based on the actual design of the turbomachinery components the cycle was recalculated and accurate performance of the cycle was predicted. It is observed that the turbine efficiency has significant influence on the overall cycle performance compared to the compressor efficiency.

In the present work, the performance of Steam Ejector System in High Altitude Test (HAT) facility is numerically studied, in the absence of the condenser. Steam is used as secondary fluid to eject the burnt gases into atmosphere. Experimental visualization of mixing of burnt gas and steam and subsequent flow pattern is difficult, hence numerical simulation using FLUENT was done and the resulting flow stream lines, static and total pressures, shock patterns are computed along the ejector system to understand the physics of the problem. Three burnt gas flow rates of 9.17, 27.5 and 45.8 kg/s corresponding to lower, mid and upper limits of ejection from the HAT facility with the steam flow rate of 50 kg/s from Ejector I and 130 kg/s from Ejector II are studied. This corresponds to three cases of Entrainment Ratios for each of the ejector. Results show that for a burnt gas flow rate of 27.5 and 45.8 kg/s with the given dimensions of the HAT facility provided by ASL, DRDO, the gas and steam start mixing in the converging duct, pass through the mixing tube and attains atmospheric pressure at the exit of the HAT facility. For the burnt gas flow rate of 9.17 kg/s, reverse flow is observed in the Ejector II, indicating the malfunction mode of the system for the given design parameters.

Abstract Axial turbines are gaining prominence in supercritical carbon-di-oxide (S-CO2) Brayton cycle power blocks. S-CO2 Brayton cycle power systems designed for 10 MW and upwards will need axial turbines for efficient energy conversion and compact construction. The real gas behavior of S-CO2 and its rapid property variations with temperature presents a strong challenge for turbomachinery design. Applying gas and steam turbine philosophies directly to S-CO2 turbine could lead to erroneous designs. Very little information is available in the open literature on the design of S-CO2 axial turbines. In this paper, design of a 10 MW axial turbine for a simple recuperated Brayton cycle waste heat recovery system is presented. Three repeating stages with nominal stage loading coefficient of 2.3 and flow coefficient of 0.37 were designed. An axial turbine mean-line design method tuned to S-CO2 real gas fluid medium is discussed. 3D blade design was made suing commercial turbomachinery design software AxSTREAM. The turbine was designed for inlet temperature of 818.15 K, pressure ratio of 2.2, rotational speed of 12000 rpm and mass flow rate of 104.5 kg/s. 3D CFD simulations were carried out using the commercial RANS solver ANSYS CFX 2020 R2 with SST turbulence model for closure. S-CO2 was modelled as real gas with Refrigerant Gas Property tables generated over the appropriate pressure and temperature ranges using NIST Refprop database. CFD studies were carried out over a range of mass flow rates and speeds, covering the design and several off-design conditions. The performance maps generated using 3D CFD simulations of the turbine are presented. The geometrical parameters obtained with the mean-line design matched well with that of the 3D turbine design arrived using AxSTREAM. It was observed that the turbine produced 10 MW power at the design condition while passing the required mass flow. CFD studies also showed that the preliminary turbine design achieved a moderate total-to-total efficiency of 80 % at the design condition. The design has potential for further optimization to obtain improved efficiency and for reducing the number of stages from three to two.

Abstract Introduction There has been an increase in the incidence of malignancies in young Indians, and there is no data reflecting the trend and profile of adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancers. Objectives This study was aimed to ascertain the epidemiology of AYA cancers in a tertiary care center in south India and the trend of AYA cancers during the past 9 years. Materials and Methods All patients aged 15 to 39 years with the diagnosis of cancer who were registered and received treatment with M.S. Ramaiah Hospital during a 9-year period from January 2011 to December 2019 were included. Basic demographic information on age, gender was available along with address and contact information. Using cancer site and morphology codes, the cancers were grouped by the ICD-O coding system of AYA cancers and their clinical information on disease and treatment status were collected retrospectively and analyzed. Results Of the total 946 registered AYA cancer patients, majority of AYA cancer were in age group of 35 to 39 years (39%) and females (58%). When analyzing the data and dividing the AYA population into early (15–24 years) and late (25–39 years), we found that whereas the majority of the patients had hematolymphoid malignancies (48%) in the early group (15–24 years), the late group (25–39 years) had more carcinomas (68%). The percentage distribution of AYA cancers among the study population, lymphoma and leukemia contribute 11% and 15%, respectively, to the patient load and still the carcinomas formed the bulk (58%) of the population. It is interesting to know that breast, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies constituted 17.75%, 14.16%, and 14.69% individually. Conclusion AYA oncology consists of a heterogeneous population and the profile differs by geography, sex, and other factors. There has been limited improvement in the past decade but there is a lot more to be done. To assess the problem, we have to identify and characterize the problem and look at the epidemiology of this population. This will require multicenter and international studies with focus on improving outcomes as in pediatric inspired ALL protocols. The trials should be started at local levels to ensure maximum participation. We need to generate data on epidemiology and channel our resources properly to save this precious but so called lost tribe of oncology.

This study provides useful information and insights on strengthening the public health infrastructure of Maharashtra, the largest state economy, second most populous, and third most urbanized state in India. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of strong and resilient health systems for sustainable development. The national health system in India is the conglomeration of state health systems operates within the country’s federal structure. Although focusing on Maharashtra, this study presents a state health system assessment and sources of information that may also be useful to other states in India.

Miniature natural gas sensors weighing a few hundred grams with 10 ppb s-1 sensitivity towards methane and ppb s-1 sensitivity towards methane and ethane present the energy industry with cost effective ways to improve safety, comply with State and Federal regulations, decrease natural gas emissions, and attribute natural gas indications to thermogenic or biogenic sources. One particularly promising implementation is on small unmanned aerial systems (sUASs) flown by service providers or in-house personnel or even more ambitiously as part of larger network conducting autonomous, continual monitoring. This report describes refinement of the OPLS measurement system to include all ancillary instruments needed to put OPLS methane and ethane measurements into context for leak surveillance, localization, and quantification. Flights were conducted on a variety of VTOLs and fixed wing drones as described below to ensure that the overall system development resulted in a system that was platform agnostic. This report describes: - The complete agnostic OPLS measurement system.The individual components are described and their performance investigated.Technical issues that arose during testing and field deployment are described. - Field experiments of the refined OPLS measurement system at a real-world oil and gas production site.These experiments exercise the OPLS system's ability to do leak surveillance, localization, and quantification. - Laboratory development of the OPLS instrument to improve its performance in terms of signal-to-noise and accuracy. - Field experiments demonstrating the successful application of OPLS on a fixed-wing hybrid flown at altitudes higher than 50 m. - Field experiments demonstrating the utility of source attribution using the ethane measurement capability. There is a related webinar.

The past decade has witnessed an unprecedented surge in the emphasis given to the role of vocational education and training in Brazil. This has been characterized by an increasing flow of resources from the government to vocational education and training and a substantial increase in the number of enrollments. Particularly from 2011 onwards, with the launch of the PRONATEC program as one of the main flagship initiatives of President Dilma Roussef's government, VET has gained even more visibility.The coverage of vocational education and training in Brazil is low, but it has an increasing trend. When compared to general education courses over time, the path is clear: VET education is gaining momentum, attracting more students that would otherwise follow a purely general track. Enrollment in VET courses still represents a small portion of total secondary education in Brazil but it has notably increased over the past years. The Federal government's spending on vocational education has risen from 0.04% of GDP in 2007 to around 0.2% of GDP in 2013. As a result, in 2007, 9% of total students enrolled in general secondary education were also enrolled in a VET program whereas in 2013, this number reached 17%. Regarding VET provision, although private institutions still enroll less students than public ones, their importance is far from negligible. Such institutions play an important role in VET in Brazil, with special attention to the so-called S System, which is privately managed but receive public funds through taxes over firms' payrolls. The S System is responsible for the provision of approximately 43% of professional and technical education in Brazil. Alongside of undeniable advancements pertaining to the recent surge of VET in Brazil, there are also several challenges. The challenges related to VET students and providers in Brazil are multidimensional and stretch over the entire student experience from a student's entry in a VET program, passing through school retention until the transition of students to the labor market. Among the main challenges pertaining VET in Brazil are the mismatch between supply and demand of professional skills, school evasion and lack of transparency by the government and VET providers.

The Big Thicket National Preserve (BITH) vegetation inventory project classified and mapped vegetation within the administrative boundary and estimated thematic map accuracy quantitatively. National Park Service (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program provided technical guidance. The overall process included initial planning and scoping, imagery procurement, vegetation classification field data collection, data analysis, imagery interpretation/classification, accuracy assessment (AA), and report writing and database development. Initial planning and scoping meetings took place during May, 2016 in Kountze, Texas where representatives gathered from BITH, the NPS Gulf Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network, and Colorado State University. The project acquired new 2014 orthoimagery (30-cm, 4-band (RGB and CIR)) from the Hexagon Imagery Program. Supplemental imagery for the interpretation phase included Texas Natural Resources Information System (TNRIS) 2015 50 cm leaf-off 4-band imagery from the Texas Orthoimagery Program (TOP), Farm Service Agency (FSA) 100-cm (2016) and 60 cm (2018) National Aerial Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery, and current and historical true-color Google Earth and Bing Maps imagery. In addition to aerial and satellite imagery, 2017 Neches River Basin Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data was obtained from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and TNRIS to analyze vegetation structure at BITH. The preliminary vegetation classification included 110 United States National Vegetation Classification (USNVC) associations. Existing vegetation and mapping data combined with vegetation plot data contributed to the final vegetation classification. Quantitative classification using hierarchical clustering and professional expertise was supported by vegetation data collected from 304 plots surveyed between 2016 and 2019 and 110 additional observation plots. The final vegetation classification includes 75 USNVC associations and 27 park special types including 80 forest and woodland, 7 shrubland, 12 herbaceous, and 3 sparse vegetation types. The final BITH map consists of 51 map classes. Land cover classes include five types: pasture / hay ground agricultural vegetation; non ? vegetated / barren land, borrow pit, cut bank; developed, open space; developed, low ? high intensity; and water. The 46 vegetation classes represent 102 associations or park specials. Of these, 75 represent natural vegetation associations within the USNVC, and 27 types represent unpublished park specials. Of the 46 vegetation map classes, 26 represent a single USNVC association/park special, 7 map classes contain two USNVC associations/park specials, 4 map classes contain three USNVC associations/park specials, and 9 map classes contain four or more USNVC associations/park specials. Forest and woodland types had an abundance of Pinus taeda, Liquidambar styraciflua, Ilex opaca, Ilex vomitoria, Quercus nigra, and Vitis rotundifolia. Shrubland types were dominated by Pinus taeda, Ilex vomitoria, Triadica sebifera, Liquidambar styraciflua, and/or Callicarpa americana. Herbaceous types had an abundance of Zizaniopsis miliacea, Juncus effusus, Panicum virgatum, and/or Saccharum giganteum. The final BITH vegetation map consists of 7,271 polygons totaling 45,771.8 ha (113,104.6 ac). Mean polygon size is 6.3 ha (15.6 ac). Of the total area, 43,314.4 ha (107,032.2 ac) or 94.6% represent natural or ruderal vegetation. Developed areas such as roads, parking lots, and campgrounds comprise 421.9 ha (1,042.5 ac) or 0.9% of the total. Open water accounts for approximately 2,034.9 ha (5,028.3 ac) or 4.4% of the total mapped area. Within the natural or ruderal vegetation types, forest and woodland types were the most extensive at 43,022.19 ha (106,310.1 ac) or 94.0%, followed by herbaceous vegetation types at 129.7 ha (320.5 ac) or 0.3%, sparse vegetation types at 119.2 ha (294.5 ac) or 0.3%, and shrubland types at 43.4 ha (107.2 ac) or 0.1%. A total of 784 AA samples were collected to evaluate the map?s thematic accuracy. When each AA sample was evaluated for a variety of potential errors, a number of the disagreements were overturned. It was determined that 182 plot records disagreed due to either an erroneous field call or a change in the vegetation since the imagery date, and 79 disagreed due to a true map classification error. Those records identified as incorrect due to an erroneous field call or changes in vegetation were considered correct for the purpose of the AA. As a simple plot count proportion, the reconciled overall accuracy was 89.9% (705/784). The spatially-weighted overall accuracy was 92.1% with a Kappa statistic of 89.6%. This method provides more weight to larger map classes in the park. Five map classes had accuracies below 80%. After discussing preliminary results with the parl, we retained those map classes because the community was rare, the map classes provided desired detail for management or the accuracy was reasonably close to the 80% target. When the 90% AA confidence intervals were included, an additional eight classes had thematic accruacies that extend below 80%. In addition to the vegetation polygon database and map, several products to support park resource management include the vegetation classification, field key to the associations, local association descriptions, photographic database, project geodatabase, ArcGIS .mxd files for map posters, and aerial imagery acquired for the project. The project geodatabase links the spatial vegetation data layer to vegetation classification, plot photos, project boundary extent, AA points, and PLOTS database sampling data. The geodatabase includes USNVC hierarchy tables allowing for spatial queries of data associated with a vegetation polygon or sample point. All geospatial products are projected using North American Datum 1983 (NAD83) in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 15 N. The final report includes methods and results, contingency tables showing AA results, field forms, species list, and a guide to imagery interpretation. These products provide useful information to assist with management of park resources and inform future management decisions. Use of standard national vegetation classification and mapping protocols facilitates effective resource stewardship by ensuring the compatibility and widespread use throughout NPS as well as other federal and state agencies. Products support a wide variety of resource assessments, park management and planning needs. Associated information provides a structure for framing and answering critical scientific questions about vegetation communities and their relationship to environmental processes across the landscape.