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Roberts, Justin Gareth. "Aid programmes by the governments of India and China to Nepal." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18812430.
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Guruswamy, Menaka. "Designing enduring constitutionalism : constitution-making in India, Pakistan and Nepal." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669800.
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Atreya, Gagan. "Group Status and Inter-Group Trust in Nepal and India." W&M ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539720279.
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Kantha, Pramod Kumar. "Partisan competition and democratic transition and consolidation in South Asia : a comparative study of democracy in India, Pakistan and Nepal /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9988674.
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Upreti, Trilochan. "Equitable utilisation of international watercourses : a case study of India and Nepal." Thesis, University of Reading, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402612.
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Barma, Shyam Charan. "Exchange Rate and Purchasing Power Parity : with special reference to India & Nepal." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1263.
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Formigatti, Camillo Alessio [Verfasser], and Harunaga [Akademischer Betreuer] Isaacson. "Sanskrit Annotated Manuscripts from Northern India and Nepal / Camillo Alessio Formigatti. Betreuer: Harunaga Isaacson." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1076359973/34.
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Chettri, Deepika. "Socio-economic Condition and Political Status of the Tibetan Refugees in India and Nepal: A Comparative Study." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2020. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/4355.
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LETIZIA, CHIARA. "Le confluenze sacre dei fiumi in Nepal." Doctoral thesis, Università di Roma La Sapienza, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/38390.
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This PhD Thesis studied the sacred geography of Nepal and of pilgrimages to holy places situated at river confluences. I conducted fieldwork between 2000 and 2003 at three famous pilgrimage sites in Southern Nepal: Dev Ghat, Ridi Ghat and Varahakshetra. Pilgrimage at these confluences was particularly interesting because it gave rise to a large gathering of different castes and ethnic groups. Each group was connected to the site through specific (but often) superposing myths, the worship of different deities or the respective performance of rituals that differed in terms of their timing, the officiating persons or the type of offering made. For each of these three places, I studied the festivals, the rituals, the mythology (and the relationship between the Great tradition and the local stories) and I translated the pilgrimage guides utilized by pilgrims coming from all the regions of Nepal and from India.
The study of these places also gave me an occasion to reflect critically on the category of “the sacred”; my attempt was to avoid considering “the sacred” as an ontological, transcendental and non-empirical category, and to see it rather as the result of a construction process that should be understood in terms of society, politics, kinship and territory. The “sacredness” of the confluences of rivers in Nepal did not appear to me as something intrinsic to the place, but rather as a product of ritual action performed there. It seemed more important to me to understand the process of constructing sacredness, than to postulate an a priori sacredness of confluences. Thus, when I speak of the sacredness of a confluence, I mean a place which receives significance and value thanks to a series of rules and prescriptions and, in particular, thanks to the performance of a precise ritual in a given space and at a given time. As a result of these ritual prescriptions, this place is no longer just any section of space, but is specifically marked: a place where cultural norms and ritual rules are inscribed and practised in the landscape.
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Ferreira, Paula Andreia Rosa. "Características alimentares e estado de saúde oral em crianças institualizadas na Índia e Nepal." Bachelor's thesis, [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/1240.
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Monografia apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em Medicina DentáriaIntrodução: As duas doenças mais prevalentes em odontologia são a cárie e doenças periodontais, são preveníveis ou passíveis de controlo mediante procedimentos relativamente simples, como a escovagem dentária, o controle da frequência do consumo de açúcares, o uso adequado do flúor e visitas periódicas ao dentista. Uma das possíveis explicações para a alta prevalência e incidência dessas patologias é sua associação a condições sociais, económicas, políticas e educacionais e não apenas a factores determinantes biológicos que interagem na etiologia dessas doenças. Uma alimentação saudável tem um impacto na saúde em geral e na salde oral em particular. Existe uma conexão clara entre o tipo de alimentos e a frequência da sua ingestão como desenvolvimento da cárie dentária, defeitos de esmalte, e doenças periodontais, especialmente se não forem tomadas medidas preventivas adequadas. Objectivos: Neste estudo pretende-se avaliar o estado de saúde oral e diferenças alimentares, de crianças e jovens institualizadas em orfanatos da Índia e Nepal, tendo em conta o baixo nível económico existente nestes dois países e instituições. Pretende-se também fazer promoção de higiene oral como forma de promover saúde oral. Métodos: Foi seleccionado um grupo de idades compreendida entre os 6 e os 14 anos inclusivo. Para registo de dados foram usados três tipos de questionário, um de avaliação de saúde oral, outro de frequência alimentar de 24h por orfanato e um ultimo de frequência alimentar individual de 24h. As variáveis dependentes foram a idade, o sexo, o país, as condições de Saúde Oral segundo critérios normativos (índice de cárie, CPOD, IPB, IG, índice de Dean e Fci), quantas vezes escovavam os dentes e visita ao dentista. A variável dependente foi a relação entre a alimentação e o estado saúde oral. Resultados: Na população estudada a prevalência de cárie dentária era de 90,2%, mostrando uma condição de Saúde Oral insatisfatória apesar de apresentar um índice de placa bacteriana médio (62,4%), e uma maior prevalência de gengival normal (72,3). O CPOd[10-14] total dos dois países de foi de 4,01( Nepal apresentou um valor ligeiramente mais elevado). 57,1% apresentou dentes com fases normais, sem opacidade. Apenas 21,8% não apresentou nenhum tipo de anomalia dentária. 65,1 apresentou classe I. Apenas no grupo dos cereais e leguminosas as doses mínimas foram ultrapassadas, estando o grupo das carnes, ovo e pescado com valores mais baixos. Conclusões: A excepção de um orfanato na Índia, todos consumiam <50gr/dia de sacarose (e menos que 4 vezes ao dia), apesar do índice de CPO ser elevado e superior ao esperado. Em contradição com a normalidade, o país (Índia) que consumida uma maior quantidade de sacarose (40,5), apresentou um CPOd [10-14] menor (3,91) que o que consumida quase metade (27,1). Este ultimo apresentou um índice de CPO[10-14] de 4,17. Em ambos os países mais recursos médicos dentários e gerais são necessários de modo a satisfazer toda a população e principalmente as crianças, e assim combater não só a cárie dentária mas todos os problemas de malnutrição típica destes países. Introduction: The two most prevalent diseases are dental caries and periodontal diseases are preventable or subject to control by relatively simple procedures such as brushing teeth, control the frequency of consumption of sugars, the appropriate use of fluorides and regular visits to dentist. One possible explanation for the high prevalence and incidence of these diseases is their association with social, economic, political and educational and not just the biological factors that interact in the etiology of these diseases. A healthy diet has an impact on health in general and oral health in particular. There is a clear connection between the type and frequency of food intake and development of dental caries, enamel defects, and periodontal disease, especially if not taken preventive measures. Objectives: This study aims to assess the state of oral health and dietary differences, children and young institualizadas in orphanages in India and Nepal, given the low economic level existing in these two countries and institutions. It is also intended to promote oral hygiene as a means to promote oral health. Methods: We selected a group of ages between 6 and 14 years inclusive. To record data were used three types of questionnaires, an evaluation of oral health, food frequency other than 24 hours per pound and a final frequency of 24 individual food. The dependent variables were age, sex, and country, the conditions of oral health normative criteria (caries prevalence, DMFT, PI, GI, Dean's index and Fci), how often brushed their teeth and visit the dentist. The dependent variable was the relationship between nutrition and oral health status. Results: The population studied the prevalence of dental caries was 90.2%, showing a condition of poor oral health despite having a plaque index average (62.4%), and a higher prevalence of gingival normal (72, 3). DMFT [10-14] for the two countries was 4.01 (Nepal showed a slightly higher). 57.1% had teeth with normal stages, opaqueness. Only 21.8% did not show any type of dental anomaly. 65.1 showed class I. Only the group of cereals and pulses the minimum doses were exceeded, with the group of meat, egg and fish with lower values. Conclusions: The exception for an orphanage in India, all consumed <50gr/dia sucrose (and less than 4 times a day), although the rate of DMFT to be high and higher than expected.Contrary to the normal, the country (India) who consumed a greater amount of sucrose (40.5), presented a DMFT [10-14] lower (3.91) than that consumed almost half (27.1). The latter presented a rate of DRMT [10-14] of 4.17. In both countries, more resources and general dental practitioners are required to meet all people and especially children, and so prevent not only tooth decay but all the typical problems of malnutrition in these countries.
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Forester, Andrea Blair Hernandez. "Nonstate actors and the open border policy: the border security case study of Nepal and India." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/44563.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedBoth scholars and politicians continually debate how to best address border security issues. As events such as 9/11 have proven, even when states implement a restricted border policy, that action may not be enough. It is the nonstate actors—individuals or organizations with significant political influence but not allied to any particular country or state—that significantly impact border relations. To better secure a border, whether restricted or open, these nonstate state actors must be maintained. This research examines three central border security issues: how and which nonstate actors influence the security of state borders, and whether countries can make borders more secure. The analysis focuses specifically on the bordering states of India and Nepal, two countries engaged in open border policy for military and economic reasons that, at the same time, face issues such as of transnational crime organizations, economic disparities, and political tension. Two case studies, one of an open border and one of a restricted border, provide a framework for analysis and recommendation for the challenges that Nepal and India face. At conclusion of this research, findings proved that it is indeed nonstate actors that have the most impact on border security. Despite open or restricted border policies being implemented, nonstate actors, such as criminal organizations, existed in the framing case studies as well as the border of Nepal and India. How each state chose to address these security issues varied. The U.S.-Mexico case study showed a restricted border where the U.S. enforced more security while Mexico implemented programs to improve border activity. The open border between Poland and Germany also saw an increase in criminal activity but used minimized use of border security. For India and Nepal the tools of a decent and valuable border security team are available to both these countries, but need to be implemented to better protect an open border.
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Ghimire, Anupama. "Nepal and Bhutan two similar nations with different strategic approach towards their big neighbors-India and China." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177158.
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There have has been instances when a powerful neighboring countries are observed as being difficulty for the smaller ones. Moreover, the phenomena of subjugation roots back to imperialism era and its loitered notion of superiority is still practiced by most of the developed and sturdy countries. But the most vital thing here to be considered is the other nations’ (or smaller nations’) action against the dominance, which sometimes is demonstrated either in a resilient fashion or completely in submissive manner. In the era of globalization where nations’ relationship is intricate in a complex web of dependency, the nations with limited resources, weak diplomacy and instable politics are mostly compelled to succumb itself in front of relatively huge powers. And if the powerful states happens to be the immediate neighbors than the things might get more complex. In addition to this, the situation can be worse if the nation is a Least Developed Country (LDC hereafter) and also Land Locked States like Nepal and Bhutan. This research paper intends to analyze situation of such two nations, namely Nepal and Bhutan that are squeezed between China– a rising global power and India- an aspiring regional power. The interfering and controlling nature of these giants, at times, through diplomatic and coercive tactics has been evident in both the nation. But, despite the similarities these two small countries are seen to have adopted different strategies while dealing with their neighbors. If we look at Nepal we can see that it has developed bilateral relation with its both neighbors. And Bhutan has bilateral relation only with India and still has not welcomed China in its friendship zone, and this puzzle drives the research paper. The paper attempts to understand the situation from the lens of realism, as the theory implies that the nation is the nucleus and whatever action it undertakes is based on the advantage and mostly concerned in their individual power growth. It believes that any nation’s behavior does not involve the utopian notion but functions solely on the self-indulgence manner. Furthermore, the paper has tried to make an analysis with the help of inductive theory. The research finds that realism along is to sufficient to understand the small country’s perspective. There are many other factors that have contributed in making the strategic choices that these small countries have opted in order to establish a certain kind of relationship with their neighbors. Along with this the area of study needs to be broadened in order to comprehend the situation completely.
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Furze, Brian James 1957. "Protected areas and socio-environmental justice : the case for participatory protected area management." Monash University, School of Humanities, Communications and Social Sciences, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8744.
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Hamal, Pragya. "Evidenced-Based Support Services for Informal Caregivers of Individuals with Dementia in the United States, India, and Nepal." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1403796240.
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Jigyasu, Rohit. "Reducing Disaster Vulnerability through Local Knowledge and Capacity. The Cace of Earthquake Prone Rural Communities in India and Nepal." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Urban Design and Planning, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1995.
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This dissertation investigates the past and present status of local knowledge, skills and capacity of rural communities in India and Nepal for reducing their vulnerability to earthquakes. Disaster vulnerability is investigated not only as pre disaster condition but also as a continuous process, which is influenced by underdevelopment, process and various response decisions in post disaster situation. To get an integrated and dynamic picture of how local knowledge and capacity and disaster vulnerability influence each other, three case studies are investigated, namely Marathwada region in India, Kutch and Saurashtra regions in Gujarat in India and Kathmandu valley in Nepal. While the first case looks into the impact of post earthquake rehabilitation after seven-eight years, the second case looks in detail into the immediate transition phase from relief to rehabilitation, in a span of one year after the quake. To get an overview of total situation in both the cases, post disaster situation is essentially linked to the pre-disaster vulnerability situation. The third case looks into various transformation processes in rural communities, which create conditions for predisaster vulnerability. The three case studies are analysed for various underlying structural and non-structural causes that create negative conditions in which disaster vulnerability of these communities is increasing because of weakening local knowledge and capacity.
These case studies throw significant light on three inter-related aspects. First, they show key features of local knowledge and capacity of rural communities for mitigation, preparedness and recovery from earthquakes. They are embodied in physical planning and buildings, skills for using local resources, mutual support systems and informal livelihood mechanisms. Second, these (especially the Kathmandu case) provide an in-depth understanding of various transformation processes (pertaining to changes in built form, land use and ownership, occupational structure and social and economic structure) and their impact on traditional knowledge and capacity and resulting pre-disaster vulnerability to earthquakes. Third, these (especially Marathwada and Gujarat cases) show the implications of post earthquake rehabilitation on disaster vulnerability in the long run. These show, how certain decisions taken as part of rehabilitation not only reinforce pre-disaster vulnerabilities but also create new ones.
Five main issues and challenges in the context of rural communities of India and Nepal are pointed at for reducing their disaster vulnerability through building local knowledge and capacities. These are loss of material and land resources, loss of traditional skills, cultural incompatibility of external interventions, increasing social and economic inequity and weakening of local governance. The issue of culturally insensitive "transfer" of local knowledge is also taken up here. The research concludes by articulating socio-cultural, territorial and eco-developmental perspectives that can contribute towards developing a new framework (paradigm) for disaster management in India and Nepal.
Finally, I suggest strategies for introducing disaster management into strategies for rural development by regenerating rural livelihoods, formulating strategies for rural land management, improving spatial planning and building, improving quality of education on disaster mitigation and preparedness and most importantly finding out ways of intervening in local power structure. Several measures for improving post earthquake rehabilitation are also suggested.
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Mills, Stephen Jay. "A passage to India : male migration and the spread of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in rural Nepal." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415674.
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Britto, Carl D. "The molecular epidemiology of paediatric enteric fever in Nepal between 2008 and 2016, and South India between 2016 and 2017." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b58d6ae6-ba7d-4277-ba8a-8cf84dd56455.
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Enteric fever continues to affect people living in endemic settings substantially causing at least 20 million cases of febrile illnesses every year with 1% mortality. Over the last decade there has been considerable debate surrounding the burden and disease profile of enteric fever in the paediatric population. This is partially due to the similarity of the clinical features of paediatric enteric fever to most other febrile illness seen in endemic settings. The treatment of enteric fever is proving to be a challenge with the emergence of antimicrobial resistant strains, particularly the 4.3.1 genotype (H58 haplotype), which is spreading rapidly. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) enteric fever, defined as infection with typhoidal Salmonellae that exhibit a combined resistance to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and chloramphenicol emerged in the 1990s and was mediated primarily via the 4.3.1 genotype population through the horizontal acquisition of antimicrobial resistance determinants. Subsequently, fluoroquinolones became the drug of choice and the treatment of enteric fever following which fluoroquinolone resistance emerged, again through the 4.3.1 genotype. However, these antimicrobial trends may not be uniform across endemic regions and an understanding of these differing patterns as well the temporal changes in these trends are important in planning treatment strategies. In the short and medium term work needs to be focused on achieving the greatest benefits from the prudent use of the recently WHO pre-qualified Vi-TT conjugate vaccine candidate. Whilst the long term vision towards eradicating enteric fever needs to focus on better understanding the underlying the biology of this disease through the use of contemporary technologies while simultaneously improving infrastructure for the provision of clean water, adequate sanitation and hygiene. This thesis aims to age-characterise the disease burden of typhoid fever in endemic regions of South and South-East Asia as well as the African continent. Following this, the molecular epidemiology of enteric fever in two endemic settings in the Indian subcontinent is delineated with a keen focus on the 4.3.1 genotype (H58) population as well the phenotypic patterns and molecular determinants of antimicrobial resistance. This thesis finally systematically reviews the global trends of antimicrobial resistance of S. Typhi isolates over time both from a phenotypic and molecular perspective. The key results from this thesis include; the age stratification of disease occurrence in endemic regions which showed a substantial proportion occurs in the youngest age group in both Africa and Asia, the uniform dominance of 4.3.1 genotypes conferring a high degree of fluoroquinolone resistance contrary to earlier suggestions of younger children being more susceptible to a broader range of infecting genotypes, the dissimilarities between the antimicrobial resistance carrying capabilities of lineage I and lineage II strains of the 4.3.1 genotype as well as novel AMR gene arrangements and finally the temporal trends of AMR in S. Typhi which were different between Asia an Africa. The high prevalence of lineage I strains in Africa and South-East Asia in contrast to the high prevalence of lineage II strains in the Indian subcontinent reflect the antimicrobial selection pressures as well the evolutionary characteristics of circulating pathogen populations in these regions. The implications of the data reported in this thesis have implications for treatment and prevention strategies. For the first time in history an opportunity has risen to effectively vaccinate the youngest age group (0-4 years) from typhoid through the Vi-TT conjugate vaccine. As highlighted in this thesis the youngest age group (0-4 years) have a high disease occurrence in endemic areas as seen in a meta-analysis as well as through data from two endemic sites collated and reported in this thesis. The older age groups also suffer greatly from this disease calling for a broad based vaccine strategy. The implications for treatment of enteric fever are however more relevant in the immediate term which suggest that in endemic regions in Asia, fluoroquinolones have little role to play in treatment protocols while fluoroquinolones are still relevant in the African setting. In Asia, reverting back to former first-line antimicrobials might be an option but the possibility of re-emergence of widespread resistance to these currently sensitive antimicrobials is very high exemplifying the ability of S. Typhi to adapt to changing antimicrobial pressures.
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Berry, Ana. "“Dismantling the Big” Critiquing the Western Development Model and Foreign Aid and Analyzing Alternatives for Domestic Development of Dams in Nepal." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/25.
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This paper argues for the importance of scale, management and sovereign-led development in considering a more human-centric model for Third World development. It begins by reviewing the history of the mainstream Western development model through the evolution of modernization theory and foreign aid. It explores general critiques of this model offered by scholars, focusing on unequal power relations, the high cost of aid, and problems with ‘cookie cutter’ style development projects that don’t take into account disparate environments. As the paper progresses, focus shifts more specifically to hydropower development and ‘Big Dams’. Nepal is the main case study for exemplifying the problems with foreign-aid-funded dam projects and for proposing the alternative model of smaller scale, management-focused, nation-led development projects. While the scope of this study is limited, the growing success of these projects in Nepal suggests that more focus should be paid to applying these methods in other developing countries.
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Amberg, Anni. "A story of names : a zigzag road to finding my feet via Mexico, India, Nepal, England, Italy and Iceland : a memoir /." Connect to online version, 2009. http://ada.mtholyoke.edu/setr/websrc/pdfs/www/2009/385.pdf.
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Galli, Lucia Maria Sara. "The accidental pilgrimage of a rich beggar : the account of tshong dpon Kha stag 'Dzam yag's travels through Tibet, Nepal, and India (1944-1956)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:28e5ea72-794c-443e-b626-651a71a0974a.
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The Tibetan literary corpus offers a wide array of (auto)biographical accounts; Tibetans have been recollecting - and narrating - life stories in earnest since the "later diffusion" (Tib. phyi dar) of Buddhism in the 11th century. The hybrid essence of life writing, suspended between fact and fiction, finds a perfect expression in the text at the core of the present dissertation, i.e. the journal (Tib. nyin deb) of a 20th century Khams pa trader, Kha stag 'Dzam yag. The text records the events, travels, and impressions experienced by the author between 1944 and 1956; structured like a diary, this autodiegetic text, originally written in a scroll-paper format, was later edited and finally published in India in 1997. Two different heuristic devices, i.e. narratology and socio-economic analysis, are used in the present dissertation to analyse the structure and content of the nyin deb, as well as the author's idiosyncrasies emerging from the process of narrativisation. Whereas the narratological approach allows the identification of the interplay of memory, self, and culture in the socio-historical context of mid-20th century Tibet, the socio-economic analysis reflects on the nyin deb as a form of social history rather than personal narrative. The identification of "true", historical facts confirms the author's claims to factuality, thus providing unique information and insight regarding the political and economic role of Khams pa traders in 1940s-1950s Tibet, as well as the development of new pilgrimage rituals and the emergence of forms of "spiritual tourism" in modern India.
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Adhikary, Madhab Chandra. "ETHNO-CULTURAL IDENTITY CRISIS OF THE RAJBANSHIS OF NORTH EASTERN PART OF INDIA AND NEPAL AND BANGLADESH DURING THE PERIOD OF 1891 TO 1979." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2009. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/173.
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McConeghy, David Walker. "Shifting the Seat of Awakening." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1154557985.
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Wallrapp, Corinna [Verfasser], Heiko [Akademischer Betreuer] Faust, Heiko [Gutachter] Faust, and Markus [Gutachter] Keck. "Governance systems of yarshagumba collection and trade in the border region of India, Nepal and China / Corinna Wallrapp ; Gutachter: Heiko Faust, Markus Keck ; Betreuer: Heiko Faust." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/118802518X/34.
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Chand, Bibek. "Buffer States in Sub-Systemic Rivalries: Analyzing Nepal's Role in Sino-Indian Security Dynamics." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3779.
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This dissertation analyzes the relevance and importance of small buffer states for contemporary International Relations. It argues that sub-systemic interactions reinvigorate the role of buffer states in regional security. Using the case study of the triadic relationship among India, Nepal, and China, this study explains the evolving role of buffer states. The technological innovations in weapons systems, transportation, and communication have extended the reach of potential adversaries, rendering intermediate territorial space less significant than in the past. Thus, it is hypothesized in this dissertation that increased sub-systemic rivalry reinvigorates differently the relevance and significance of buffer states. The role of such states has evolved from an overwhelmingly geographic concept based on spatial discontinuity between larger rival powers to that of a fluid political space in which Great/Middle Power rivalry and competition play out.
The research utilizes a mixed research design, specifically called the convergent parallel design. Data was collected based on specific critical junctures between 1990-2017. For quantitative analysis, data on trade, foreign direct investment, and foreign aid were collected; for the qualitative data analysis, foreign policy statements, press releases, and media briefs were used. Incorporating the Kruskal-Wallis Test and content analysis, both the results of the qualitative and quantitative analyses were collectively interpreted. Results demonstrate that during critical historical junctures, material and rhetorical engagements of both China and India invigorate within the buffer state of Nepal. In periods that India increases its material and rhetorical engagements, China concomitantly decreases its material engagement all the while increasing its rhetorical engagement. In essence, buffer states maintain relevance through the externalization of interactions between larger powers in the form of dynamic rhetorical and material engagements. In this case, Nepal maintains its relevance as a dynamic political space for interactions between its neighbors, India and China.
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Shrestha, Shritu [Verfasser], Bernd [Gutachter] Kochendörfer, and Peter [Gutachter] Hennicke. "Comparison of energy efficient and green buildings : technological and policy aspects with case studies from Europe, the USA, India and Nepal / Shritu Shrestha ; Gutachter: Bernd Kochendörfer, Peter Hennicke." Berlin : Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1156332745/34.
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Emerson, Ann. "Educating Pakistan's daughters : the intersection of schooling, unequal citizenship and violence." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/68415/.
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The purpose of this thesis is to explore how education in one girls' government school teaches understandings of citizenship and to identify potential links to the reproduction of identity-based violence in Pakistan. This in-depth qualitative case study was conducted in a girls' government model school. This study focuses on curriculum and school practices of the secondary school section. Data was collected through interviews with staff, a participatory workshop with teachers, focus groups with students, classroom observation, and informal discussions. I also analyzed the Pakistan Studies textbook used in the secondary section of the school. Using theories of critical education, intersectionality, and Galtung's violence triangle, I argue that despite recent political and curricular reform attempts, education in Pakistan reproduces a homogeneous concept of a legitimate citizen (male Sunni Muslim). While this evolved to unite an ethnically diverse Pakistan, it has contributed to identity-based violence (direct, structural, and cultural) against those that do not fit within this conception. In this school, the Pakistan Studies textbooks create an official discourse that promotes this gendered and exclusionary citizenship. I show how the Pakistan studies textbook uses history and constitutional lessons to promote citizenship that is based in a masculine Islam meant to oppose the Hindu ‘other' as well as to promote the exclusion of women and minorities from full citizenship. I also found that teachers own understandings of citizenship, which closely reflect the text, are deeply rooted in their understanding of their notions of the ideal Muslim woman. I find that the school rewards gendered behavior in both students and teachers. I then explore the extent to which the school reproduces other social divisions including religious, ethnicity, and class. I find that the school simultaneously reproduces, mitigates, and exacerbates these tensions. I then argue that the teachers' and students' understandings of the role of women to counter violence is rooted in the notions of middle class women's roles as mothers and supporters of men that are reproduced through school practice. This study furthers the knowledge on the links between education and violence by showing that promoting a homogeneous ideal of a citizen through education, while intended as a nation building project, can contribute to structural, cultural and direct violence against women and minorities, limiting their agency to engage in social transformation.
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Biehl, Paul. "How may we explain Nepal’s foreign policy behavior and strategy? The case of a weak and small state in the international system and its foreign policy behavior and strategy." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23488.
Full textAbstract:
This paper focuses on the foreign policy behavior and strategy of weak and small states in the international system. Further, it explains the behavior and strategies employed by those states by examining several concepts and theories and applying them on the case of Nepal. In a realist world and among states that are most interested in their own integrity and survival, and partly in maximizing their power, weak and small states like Nepal try to keep a neutral position between all actors, try to maintain and extend bilateral relations to the immediate neighbors and other actors in the international system, and further integrate themselves into regional and international frameworks to secure their survival. Because they are the most vulnerable actors, the study of those states and their behavior and strategies is both interesting and compelling. Methodologically, this paper employs interviews as the main source of data and additionally peruses the foreign policy reports of Nepal from the last five years (2015-2019). The data is being analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. After studying the case and its implications, the author suggests that especially geographic patterns are important to understand the foreign policy of weak and small states, and further neutrality and bilateral as well as multilateral relations are indispensable for those actors to secure their integrity and survival in the international system.
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Sancho, David. "'The year that can break or make you' : the politics of secondary schooling, youth and class in urban Kerala, South India." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43282/.
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Education harbours some of the most pervasive contradictions in contemporary India. While it produces world famous human capital enhancing the country's rising competitiveness as a global ‘knowledge economy', millions of children still lack access to basic education. In Kerala, a state famous for the success of its educational achievements, the benefits of education that can be gained by those in the lower strata of society continue to be marginal regardless of policies of positive discrimination. Focusing on youth at the higher secondary school level (grades 11-12), ‘the primary bottleneck in the education system today' (World Bank 2012), this thesis seeks to understand the social processes that go into making education a key resource to the (re)production of inequalities. Based upon a year's ethnographic fieldwork in and around two schools in Ernakulam, South India, this thesis examines the ways in which two distinct groups of youth – one attending a top end private English medium school at the heart of a city and the other educated in an institution at the bottom of the schooling ladder – inhabit their final year of schooling and generate future projects and aspirations. I located their experiences at the intersection of the two educational sites par excellence: the school and the house. In the city, middle-class schooling and parental regimes attempt to orient youth's lives towards the acquisition of multiple competences aimed at enhancing their individual prospects towards becoming competitive professionals, depicted as garnering maximum amounts of wealth and prestige in today's globalised economy of paid employment and migration. At the fringes of middle-class urban life and the quest for professionalism, youth are becoming subject of an increasing ghettoisation: only the educationally, financially and socially poor are left to attend their school. In that stark scenario, education emerged as central to both youth performances of class, status and gender. They constructed and embodied identities based on education and more generally with ideas of competence. This creative work revealed an overtly hierarchical field formed of distinctive peer groups engaged in overt practices of exclusion and inclusion according to imagine futures: mostly elusive fantasies that reveal the youth marked by uncertainties in a time shaped by rising expectations and increasingly intricate and unequal paths leading to them.
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Iyer, Padmini. "Risk, rakhi and romance : learning about gender and sexuality in Delhi schools : young people's experiences in three co-educational, English-medium secondary schools in New Delhi, India." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/59533/.
Full textAbstract:
Based on multi-method research with Class 11 students (aged 15-17) and their teachers at three English-medium, co-educational secondary schools in Delhi over nine months in 2013-14, this thesis explores how young people's understandings and experiences relate to national and international understandings of gender, sexuality and education. The thesis examines the interplay between institutional practices and students' agency within schools (drawing on Connell's 2000 framework), while I use the concept of ‘sexual learning' in order to consider young people's experiences both within and beyond the classroom (Thomson & Scott 1991). Study findings indicate the influence of concerns about adolescent sexuality on school curricula and on disciplinary practices, which sought to maintain gender segregation in co-educational spaces. The thesis also reveals the ways in which narratives of girlhood and masculinities shaped young people's lives; particularly in the wake of the December 2012 gang rape case in Delhi, these gender narratives were both contradicted and reinforced by seemingly ubiquitous stories of sexual violence. Stories of sexual violence also formed a source of gendered, risk-based sexual learning, which reinforced risk-based narratives of sexuality within formal and informal sources of sexual learning accessed by young people. The thesis also reveals heterosocial dynamics within school peer cultures as an important source of sexual learning. Students proved adept at negotiating assumptions about ‘appropriate' interactions such as idealized rakhi (brother-sister) relationships, and formed less restrictive heterosocial friendships and romantic relationships. In particular, stories about peer romances emerged as an alternative source of sexual learning, which undermined dominant risk-based narratives of young people's sexuality and offered more positive understandings of pleasure and intimacy. A key methodological contribution is the use of a narrative analytical framework in which Plummer's (1995) sexual stories are considered in terms of Andrews' (2014) political narratives. Using this framework, the thesis examines the text and context of ‘small stories' told within research encounters, and the interrelations between these micro-narratives and macro-narratives of gender, sexuality and education in post-liberalization India. This framework facilitates the examination of interrelations between local experiences and national and international understandings in the thesis. A key substantive contribution of the study is to address a lack of research on how young people learn about gender and sexuality in Indian schools. As the study largely captures the experiences of urban, middle-class young people, the thesis also contributes to the existing body of literature on middle-class experiences in post-liberalization India (e.g. Gilbertson 2014; Sancho 2012; Donner & De Neve 2011; Lukose 2009), and specifically underlines the importance of education as a site for middle-class young people's negotiation of gendered and sexual politics.
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Wehella, Madura Mangalika. "School-based management initiatives in Sri Lanka : policy into practice." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/51349/.
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This thesis evaluates the policy intentions, practices and effects of two different types of School-Based Management (SBM) initiatives in Sri Lanka: the Programme for School Improvement (PSI) and the Child-Friendly Schools Initiative (CFSI). Moreover, it examines the similarities and differences between these two initiatives and, when they co-exist in the same school, the ways in which schools have integrated them. PSI is the national SBM initiative of Sri Lanka introduced to the schools during 2006-2011 following a prolonged process of designing and consensus building which started in the 1990s. Running parallel to PSI, the CFSI - a rights-based approach to education which also has SBM features - is being implemented in selected primary schools. The policy discourse of SBM/PSI focused on the proposition that schools should be empowered to meet the expectations of their communities and that the administrative decentralisation which had shifted power from national to provincial levels was not addressing adequately disparities between schools. At the same time, there was scepticism as to whether SBM would be able to address the issues of a heterogeneous school system. CFSI was introduced by UNICEF in response to the government's request to strengthen disadvantaged schools. The policy intentions of these two initiatives were investigated through interviews with key policy officials and with the representatives of development partner agencies who assisted PSI and CFSI. The influences of the policy-intents of PSI and CFSI on organisational practices, their effects, similarities, differences and complementarities were explored through six school case studies and experiences of the principals, teachers and parents. The thesis reveals that PSI is expected to empower schools with autonomy for making collaborative decisions, create a sense of ownership among the school community and permit improvement of schools. CFSI is intended to promote inclusiveness, child-centredness and democratic participation. They are both, in principle, guided by the concerns for ensuring equitable opportunities for all to learn, improving the quality of education which is judged by student learning outcomes and improving efficiency in resource allocation and use. At the school level, each case-study school has forged collaboration between school-parent-community and ensured democracy in decision-making. School-based decision-making is promoted by PSI through a set of Ministry guidelines and by CFSI through a participatory approach recommended by UNICEF and the Ministry, but having less official ‘force' than PSI. Both initiatives have influenced to increase parents' contribution in the school physical infrastructure development and in the educational projects. School-based planning has been promoted by both initiatives, and in some cases has resulted in the production of two separate plans. Some schools have combined these plans in accordance with the thematic structure of national Education Sector Development Framework. These initiatives have involved principals and teachers in decision-making, planning and implementation of programmes in collaboration with the community. The emphasis given to school-based teacher development is, however inadequate. Nonetheless, the increases in attendance and retention was influenced by CFSI rather than PSI, while both initiatives have had a positive influence by improving student learning and performance through various interventions at school and learning at home. The several ways in which these initiatives are integrated by schools, ensuring that each contributes towards filling the gaps left by the other are described. Considering their complementarities, the positive features of management in PSI and rights-based approach to education in CFSI in a rational manner, the author recommends an integrated ‘Learner-Friendly School-Based Management Model' which will effectively address learners' needs. It also recommends a methodology to pilot this model in Sri Lanka, thus putting the new knowledge produced by this research into practice.
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Jerrard, Jane. "What does 'quality' look like for post-2015 education provision in low-income countries? : an exploration of stakeholders' perceptions of school benefits in village LEAP schools, rural Sindh, Pakistan." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/51459/.
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The continuing disadvantage that poor and marginalized communities face in low-income countries is well recognized but international initiatives and government policies still fall short of providing sustainable quality education. The recently published Global Monitoring Report 2013 – 2014 “Teaching and Learning: Achieving Quality for All” recommends strategies for solving the quality crisis through attracting the best teachers, getting them where they are most needed and providing incentives to retain them. Few would dispute these strategies but their achievement is problematic, given the vastness of the challenge in a financially constrained global environment. This study is predicated on the acknowledgement that the strategies proposed provide too narrow a focus and that poor quality education is also due to contextual factors that have been relatively ignored. These contextual factors are investigated through this research. This research study explores community perceptions of school benefits as a lens through which to engage with marginalized rural communities' conceptualization of “quality” education. It utilizes Tikly and Barrett's (2011) framework for analysing quality education with its three key dimensions of inclusion, relevance and democracy. It investigates the factors and processes that are shaping perceptions of benefits within the three environments of policy-making, school and community. The research study uses a qualitative methodology, employing a critical stance, but engaging also with the insights of Bourdieu and Foucault viewing power as both repressive and productive. This research engages with the “regimes of truth” that have constrained social action as well as the process of discourse deconstruction and reconstruction that has shaped agency and facilitated social change. This is a multiple case study of four rural primary schools in marginalized communities in Sindh, Pakistan (two opened in 2002, two in 2007), using purposive sampling to maximize data heterogeneity. Data, mostly qualitative, was generated from semi-structured interviews with community leaders, school management committee members, parents and teachers. Focus groups were conducted with school graduates and teachers. Photographs were used as a participatory tool to facilitate interview and focus group discussions. The findings indicate that context-led policy, contextualized teacher training, pedagogy and curriculum and community leadership that facilitates agency are the key factors shaping perceptions of benefits. Emerging from these factors is both the employment of local teachers who can experience a transformational process that enables them to bring social change and a dynamic interaction between pedagogy and benefits. Positional benefits are highly valued with social skills being key to the development of social capital, which the findings indicate should be included in the discourse of “quality” education. The study provides empirical data demonstrating how the recent theoretical frameworks for quality education are being “fleshed out” in specific contexts and addresses issues raised in quality debates. It makes recommendations for the complementary role of non-government schools in the post-2015 EFA strategy and the provision of quality education in hard to reach areas characterized by poverty and marginalization in the global South.
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Ahmed, Irfan. "Investigating students' experiences of learning English as a second language at the University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43289/.
Full textAbstract:
The recent emphasis on the importance of English language teaching and learning in public universities in Pakistan has resulted in the introduction of a new English as Second Language (ESL) programme including revised teaching approaches, content and assessment. However, to date, no rigorous and independent evaluation of this new programme has been undertaken particularly with respect to students' learning and experiences. This thesis seeks to address this gap by examining the effects of the new ESL programme on students' learning experiences, as well as teachers' perspectives and the broader institutional context. The study uses a qualitative case study approach basing its findings on the responses of purposively sampled students (n=17) and teachers (n=7) from the Institution of English Literature and Linguistics (IELL), University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan (UoSJP). Semistructured interviews, observations and document review were used as the main tools to collect a wide variety of data. The analysis of the data was informed by different theories including Symbolic Interactionism, Community of Practice, and Bourdieusian notions of habitus, field and capital. These theories offered an approach which bridges the structure and agency divide in understanding students' learning experiences. The study employed the concepts of institutional influences to examine the impact of UoSJP's policies and practices on the teaching and learning of the ESL programme. The concept of community, which is understood as the community of the ESL classroom, is used to examine the interactions of students-students and students-teachers. The notion of identity was used to examine the interaction of students' gender, rurality, ethnicity and previous learning experiences with different aspects of the ESL programme. In relation to institutional influences, the study found that UoSJP's institutional policies and practices are shaped by its position in the field of higher education, and in turn, these influences shape teaching and learning in the ESL programme. Specifically, UoSJP defines its capital as higher education for all, which in practice translates as admitting students who have been rejected by other universities and/or cannot afford private universities' high fees. In order to meet the language needs of disadvantaged students from non-elite English and vernacular medium schools, UoSJP offers the ESL programme. This initiative aims to improve students' English language skills in their first two years, and to fulfil requirements set by the Higher Education Commission (HEC). However, the university's treatment of the ESL programme significantly impacts on teaching and learning in terms of its policies and practices, in relation to faculty hiring, teacher training, relationship between the administration and ESL teachers, number of students in ESL classrooms, assessment criteria, ESL quality assurance, and learning support resources like up-to-date libraries. In relation to the community of ESL classroom, the study found that participation plays an important part in defining students' roles and their relationship with teachers and peers in the classroom. Teachers' pedagogic strategies and large classes were found to be influential factors affecting students' participation in the classroom. It was found that teachers use different pedagogic strategies, which define them as facilitators or knowledge transmitters accordingly. The facilitators allow students' full participation in the classroom by listening to their opinions, respecting their arguments, appreciating their feedback, acknowledging their contributions to the class, and demonstrating empathy to their problems. When in class with these teachers, students feel encouraged, confident and motivated to participate in the classroom. By contrast, the knowledge transmitters prefer monologue lectures when teaching ESL, and strongly discourage students' participation. Students are usually not allowed to ask questions or express their concerns to these teachers. In their presence, students revealed that they lacked confidence, and felt discouraged and demotivated from participating in the classroom. Moreover, in the context of large classes only students sitting on the front-benches are given opportunities of participation, while those at the back of the classroom are considered to be educationally weak, inactive, therefore ignored in interactive activities. The treatment of these students by teachers and students at the front of the class alike limits their participation in the classroom. In relation to identities, the study found that students frequently foreground their gender identities, rural-ethnic identities and identities as medical or engineering students in interaction with different aspects of the ESL programme. Some aspects of ESL textbooks including units which depict stereotypical gender roles conflict with female students' gender identities; units which are based on exclusively Western, urban contexts conflict with students' rural-ethnic identities, and units that are based on graph-comprehension conflict with students' identities as medical students. While others aspects of ESL textbooks particularly those units that are constructed on experiences and activities which are exclusively associated with men in Pakistan such as driving complement female students' gender identities; and those units which are set in a village, and focus on the culture and life of villages complement students rural-ethnic identities. Moreover, it was found that female students struggled in maintaining their role as ESL learners in comparison with their gender roles as sister and daughter. This thesis provides new insights into students' learning experiences and ESL in higher education. It also contributes to and enhances the literature on higher education in Pakistan. Furthermore, it enables policy-makers to reflect upon their policies, as well as provides suggestions to the UoSJP and its teachers.
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Zia-Us-Sabur, Mohammed. "State-non-state relationship within the context of decentralization : understandings of school-level actors in Gopalpur sub-district, Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/60172/.
Full textAbstract:
The focus of this study is to understand how policies to decentralize governance have affected the primary education sector in Bangladesh with specific reference to non-state schools. Decentralizing education has emerged as an important strategic tool to reform and enhance education quality globally. The study analyzes the relationship between the state and non-state primary education providers in the context of education reforms delivered via decentralization. The investigation used a qualitative case study approach with respondents residing and working in Gopalpur, a small township 125 km away from the capital of Bangladesh, Dhaka. Three categories of school-level actors were interviewed - School Management Committee (SMC) members, head teachers and teachers within two types of schools: Registered Non-Government Primary Schools (RNGPS) and Quomi madrassas. A primary focus of the study is to explore what the basic comprehension of the respondents regarding concepts and the implications of decentralization. The findings indicate that most of the school-level actors interviewed in the Gopalpur area were in fact familiar with the concepts of decentralization and related to it as an act of transfer of power and participatory education processes. The study further revealed that most of the RNGPS respondents supported policy guidelines and directives from the state, which is based on deconcentration, while the Quomi madrassas preferred delegated space. The research also explored the operational relationship between state and non-state providers in terms of two specific aspects. The first aspect was the relationship between state and non-state providers in three specific areas: the SMCs, monitoring activities and the training of education personnel with a focus on teachers. The other aspect involves the extent of trust and respect displayed from the center towards the school-level actors. The SMCs apparently do not feel motivated to be proactive in schools‘ affairs due to limited scope as dictated by the state and lack of authority to hold the school administrations accountable for their actions. However, Quomi Madrassa Management Committees (MMC) is very involved and act as effective mediators on behalf of the community as well as madrassas. In regards to monitoring and training inputs, the state‘s centralized system does not produce far-reaching enough results according to the RNGPS respondents. This study also investigated the mindset of officials belonging to the DPE (Directorate of Primary Education) and MOPME (Ministry of Primary & Mass Education) towards the school-level actors, which are characterized by lack of mutual trust and respect. This study reveals that given the diverse nature of non-state providers, each category of non-state providers has its own historical origins and its own understanding and approaches towards the state. The study also shows that SMCs, monitoring and training sub-systems within the governance play an important role in defining operational relationship between the state and non-state providers. The findings and analyses included herein contribute to the current policy discourse on decentralizing education in Bangladesh within the context of non-state providers and their relationship in operational terms with the state. It adds to more informed and participatory policy formulation and planning processes. Along this process, it serves to inform policy makers, school-level actors and researchers about the value of collective ownership of the policy discourse through meaningful dialogue.
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Bughio, Faraz Ali. "Improving English language teaching in large classes at university level in Pakistan." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/45170/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis describes a collaborative Action Research project that works to improve the quality of English language teaching (ELT) and learning in a public sector university in Pakistan. It demonstrates how teachers and students can take responsibility for engaging in active learning and teaching by developing their roles beyond traditional models of teaching and learning. The findings of the study are validated through critical thinking, the active critique of colleagues and students who participated in the study, reflection on critical aspects of data collection and by contextualising findings within existing literature. The thesis comprises eight chapters. Chapter one provides an introduction. It presents the overall organization of the thesis. This includes the aims of the study, rationale of the research, brief overview of methodology and the structure of the thesis. In chapter two, the literature review focuses on the defining factors of large class teaching and learning. Much of the research on large classes is written in the context of the West and has limited application to the problems of developing countries. Existing literature suggests a need for further work on large class teaching and learning in the developing world. In chapter three I present the Context of the Study. I provide an historical overview of language policies in Pakistan which have influenced the educational structure and the development of the country. The status and importance of the English language in Pakistan is highlighted. I outline the classification of various English language teaching institutes in Pakistan. The chapter concludes with an account of teaching and learning and the sociopolitical conditions that affect the educational process at University of Sindh, Jamshoro Pakistan (UoSJP), the site of the project. Chapter four discusses the methodology of the study. It is divided into two sections. In section one I outline the rationale behind the choice of Action Research as a methodological framework for an intervention strategy. In the second section, I discuss the research design, and various data collection tools used for the study. In chapter five, I discuss the first reconnaissance phase of data collection. This has several foci: the teaching methods currently used in large classes at UoSJP; the students and teachers perceptions of ELT and the socio-political conditions that affect teaching and learning. Overall this chapter exposes the complexities involved in teaching at UoSJP and provides the basis for developing an intervention strategy. Chapter six presents the intervention phase of the action research strategy aimed at introducing cooperative practices. It contains the narrative of how a new teaching strategy was planned and collaboratively conducted in two different classes. Chapter seven focuses on the findings of the research and the analysis of data. I also reflect on the key emerging themes of both phases of the project. Evaluation criteria in action research are also discussed along with the monitoring strategy. The final chapter looks at the future implications of the study and offers practical guidelines on the management of large classes. There is a concluding reflection on critical issues that might affect future research. The thesis promotes ‘learner-focused' teaching through critical reflection on professional practice. The study also suggests how students can be empowered to take control of their own learning, by giving them autonomy and, by creating a socially just and democratic atmosphere in class. It also shows how large classes, exceeding a hundred students, can be managed by changing teaching methods and by increasing students' participation through group learning and the deployment of group leaders.
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Pachauri, Anupam. "Multi-stakeholder partnerships under the Rajasthan education initiative : if not for profit, then for what?" Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43256/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis explores the development of a multi-stakeholder partnership model using a multiple case study research design. Specifically this study examines the rationale for the launch of the Rajasthan Education initiative, its development and its impact on educational development and reaches conclusions about the scalability and sustainability of multistakeholder partnerships (MSPs) in the context of Rajasthan. The literature review shows that there is insufficient independent research evidence to support the widespread claims that public private partnerships (PPPs), of which MSP is a new ‘avatar', are able to deliver results in terms of developmental gains and added value. This paucity of evidence and profusion of claims is partly explained by the fact, that the research that has been commissioned is not independent and its conclusions have been shaped by vested interests of those promoting the organisations they claim to evaluate. In particular organisations associated with the World Economic Forum (WEF) have been projecting PPPs and programmes of corporate responsibility as a way to engage for-profit organisations and enhance the effectiveness of external support for the delivery of services to basic education. Alongside this not-for-profit PPPs are seldom scrutinised in terms of public accountability, value for money, scalability, or sustainability partly due to the voluntary nature of such inputs to the public system. I believe my research makes a new and unique contribution to the independent evaluation of state enabled, not-for-profit MSPs in action. The research selected eight formal partnerships for case study which were selected using a matrix of organisational characteristics, scale and scope of interventions. The case studies are organised into four thematic groups i.e, School adoption, ICT based interventions, teachers' training and universalisation of elementary education in underserved urban localities. Each case study is examined using a framework which highlights three dimensions. These are i) the design of the partnership, ii) stakeholder involvement and intra agent dynamics and iii) the Governance of the partnership. A cross case analysis of the eight partnerships is used to arrive at conclusions about MSPs in Rajasthan. This uses the concept of double contingency of power (Sayer 2004), and specifically the concept of causal power and causal susceptibilities and Stake's (2006) multiple case analysis, to discuss the commonalities and differences across partnerships and emerging themes while cross analysing the partnerships. I have engaged in interpretivist inquiry and sought to understand the workings of an MSP which involves businesses and CSR groups alongside NGOs and government agencies with an aim to place Rajasthan on a fast development track. Rather than looking for an ideal type MSP, I problematise the MSPs in Rajasthan as I explain the workings of an MSP model in action. Given this methodological perspective, I have used semi structured interviews, observations of the partnership programmes in action, and document analysis as methods to collect and corroborate data for this study. The study concludes that the exiting MSP arrangements in REI are not scalable, unsustainable and have very limited impact. Moreover, the MSPs are unstable and reflect fluid inter-organisational evolution, as well as ambiguous public accountability. There was no purposeful financial management at the REI management level. In addition the exit routes for partners supporting interventions were not planned, resulting in the fading away of even those interventions that showed promise in accruing learning gains for children, and by schools and teachers. Non-scalability and lack of sustainability can be inferred from the fact that the partners do not have a long term view of interventions, lack sustained commitment for resource input and the interventions are implemented with temporary work force. The instability of the partnerships can be explained through the absence of involvement of government teachers and communities. Also economic and political power dominated the fate of the programmes. In this MSP it was clear that corporate social responsibility (CSR) was a driving force for establishing the MSP but was not backed by continued and meaningful engagement. The ‘win-win' situation of greater resources, efficiency and effectiveness, which formed the basic premise for launching the REI was not evident in reality. MSPs are gaining currency globally. This research points to the fact that much more intentional action needs to be taken to ensure that partnerships such as these have a sustained impact on development. The problems and issues of education are historically, politically and socially embedded. Any action that does not take this into account and which is blind to the interests of different stakeholders in MSPs, will surely fall short of achieving what it set out to do. Further independent research examining the ambitions and realities of other MSPs is needed to inform policy development and implementation. This is essential for achieving the goals of education for all before investing further in what appears to be a flawed modality to improve access, equity and outcomes in education.
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Bohlin, Madeleine Sassaya. "Silicate weathering in the Himalayas : constraints from the Li isotopic composition of river systems." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270728.
Full textAbstract:
Chemical weathering of silicate rock consumes atmospheric CO2 and supplies the oceans with cations, thereby controlling both seawater chemistry and climate. The rate of CO2 consumption is closely linked to the rate of CO2 outgassing from the planetary interior, providing a negative feedback loop essential to maintaining an equable climate on Earth. Reconstruction of past global temperatures indicates that a pronounced episode of global cooling began ~50 million years ago, coincident with the collision of India and Asia, and the subsequent exhumation of the Himalayas and Tibet. This has drawn attention to the possible links between exhumation, erosion, changes in silicate weathering rates, and climate. However, many of the present-day weathering processes operating on the continents remain debated and poorly constrained, hampering our interpretations of marine geochemical archives and past climatic shifts. To constrain the controls on silicate weathering, this thesis investigates the lithium (Li) isotopic composition of river waters, suspended sediments and bed load sediments in the Alaknanda river basin, forming the headwaters of the Ganges. Due to the large fractionation of Li isotopes in the Earth’s surface environment, Li is sensitive to small changes in silicate weathering processes. As a consequence of the pronounced gradients in climate (rainfall and temperature) and erosion across the basin, the river waters show large variations in their Li isotopic composition (δ7Li), ranging from +7.4 to +35.4‰, covering much of the observed global variation. This allows a detailed investigation of the controls on Li isotope fractionation, and by extension silicate weathering. The Li isotopic composition is modelled using a one-dimensional reactive transport model. The model incorporates the continuous input of Li from rock dissolution, removal due to secondary mineral formation, and hydrology along subsurface flow paths. Modelling shows that the Li isotopic variations can be described by two dimensionless variables; (1) the Damköhler number, ND, which relates the silicate dissolution rate to the fluid transit time, and (2) the net partition coefficient of Li during weathering, kp, describing the partitioning of Li between secondary clay minerals and water, which is primarily controlled by the stoichiometry of the weathering reactions. The derived values of the controlling parameters ND and kp, are investigated over a range of climatic conditions and on a seasonal basis, shedding light onto variations in the silicate weathering cycle. In a kinetically limited weathering regime such as the Himalayan Mountains, both climate and erosion exert critical controls the weathering intensity (the fraction of eroded rock which is dissolved) and the weathering progression (which minerals that are being weathered), and consequently the fractionation of Li isotopes and silicate weathering in general. Modelling of the Li isotopic composition provides an independent estimate of the parameters which control silicate weathering. These estimates are then used to constrain variables such as subsurface fluid flux, silicate dissolution rates, fluid transit times and the fraction of rock which is weathered to form secondary clay minerals. The simple one-dimensional reactive transport model therefore provides a powerful tool to investigate the minimum controls on silicate weathering on the continents.
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Tewari, Santwana. "Democratic movement in Nepal and the Indian left." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1236.
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Candau, Marie-Amélie. "Politique de gestion des inondations et (re)productions d'inégalités socio-spatiales dans la plaine de la Koshi : Téraï oriental népalais et Bihar indien septentrional." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100178.
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Les inondations ont toujours représenté un défi aux sociétés humaines qui s’y sont plus ou moins bien adaptées. Le piémont méridional himalayen est certainement le lieu du défi le plus important posé à l’homme en raison de la puissance et l’irrégularité des débits, de la force de cette eau chargée de sédiments, de l’imprévisibilité des variations du fait de pluies de mousson erratiques, de l’instabilité des cours d’eau due à la rupture brutale de pente et de gradient hydraulique lorsque les rivières atteignent la plaine gangétique, mais aussi de la forte densité de population (plus de 500 hab./km²). L’aménagement de ces rivières, longtemps délaissé en raison de ces facteurs, est devenu l’obsession des états modernes de l’Inde et du Népal qui développent cette plaine, respectivement dans le Nord-Bihar et au Téraï, au potentiel socio-économique important, voire fondamental pour le Népal. Cet aménagement a pour but de maintenir les flux capricieux entre des digues, de répartir l’eau dans des canaux à l’aide de barrages d’écrêtage. Cependant, les résultats escomptés ne sont pas au rendez-vous. Les inondations se sont multipliées, devenant plus fréquentes et souvent plus longues à se résorber ; les superficies exposées se sont étendues, et surtout les causes se sont diversifiées, démontrant très clairement l’inadaptation des aménagements au but recherché. Cette inadaptation a pour conséquence des accidents de plus en plus nombreux, fréquents et destructeurs, à l’image de la spectaculaire catastrophe de 2008, encore vive dans les mémoires dix ans plus tard. L’analyse sur le terrain, sur 6 sites localisés entre les digues comme à proximité d’affluents de la puissante Koshi, confirment très largement ce constat, alourdi par l’étude de villages népalais et indiens dévastés en 2008. Les conséquences humaines sont dramatiques. La paupérisation des classes populaires est impressionnante, avec une augmentation incontrôlable du nombre de familles sans terre, vivant dans de terribles conditions de dénuement, sans soins, sans école, tandis qu’à côté la puissance des classes aisées ne cesse de croître. L’étude des circuits de décision et de distribution fait apparaître une organisation sociale à fondement « semi-féodal », où les héritiers des anciens zamindars sont restés de puissants propriétaires terriens qui orientent le choix des aménagements afin de protéger leurs terres, aux dépens des plus pauvres. Ainsi s’établit un mécanisme de passe-droit et de détournement des richesses, avec l’aide d’un pouvoir politique largement corrompu et clientéliste, qui atteint tous les centres de décision, de l’élu à l’ingénieur, de l’entrepreneur à l’ONG, et qui est désormais gangréné par les réseaux mafieux. La déliquescence du pouvoir central ou régional est tellement évidente que l’insécurité gagne l’ensemble du territoire, s’ajoutant à la vulnérabilité forte face au risque d’inondation qui stérilise de plus en plus de surfaces agricoles et menace des populations de plus en plus nombreusesFloods have always been a challenge to human societies whether they are well adapted to them or not. The southern Himalayan foothills are certainly the greatest challenge to humans due to a combination of factors such as the force and irregularities of flows, the strength of this sediment-laden water, the unpredictability of variations due to erratic monsoon rains, the instability of the riverpath due to the sudden rupture of slope and the high hydraulic gradient of the rivers when entering the gangetic plain, and also the relatively high density of the population (over 500 inhabitants/km²).The planning development of these rivers, long neglected due to the unique combination of these factors, has become the obsession of the modern nations of India and Nepal which develop this plain, respectively in North Bihar and Tarai, with significant socio-economic potential, even fundamental for Nepal. The aim of such development is to keep the capricious flows of these rivers within dikes and to divert water into irrigation canals with the help of a barrage. However, the expected results are not at the rendezvous. Flooding in recent times has increased in both frequency and duration; the areas exposed have expanded, and above all the causes have diversified, which clearly indicates the failure of current management strategies. Consequently, the loss of life and property has continued to increase, culminating in the 2008 catastrophe which resulted in over thirty thousand deaths and massive damage to property and livestock. The fieldwork confirms this observation very largely. It focuses on six villages located between dikes, or close to tributaries of the Koshi river, or along the devastating Koshi path of 2008 both in Nepal and India. The human consequences have been dramatic. The impoverishment of much of the working class, mostly peasant population, is impressive, with an uncontrollable increase in the number of landless families living in terrible conditions of destitution, without care, without schools while at the same time the power of the wealthy classes have continued to thrive. The study of the decision-making and distribution circuits reveals a semi-feudal social system, controlled by the heirs of the former "zamindars" who have remained powerful landowners and influence all management decisions to protect their property, often at the expense of the poor. Thus, a mechanism of privilege and misappropriation of wealth is established, with the help of a largely corrupt and clientelist political power of all levels of decision making, from the elected representative to the engineer, from the entrepreneur to the NGO, and in which mafia networks are now involved. The decline of central or regional power is so obvious that insecurity is spreading throughout the region, in addition to the high vulnerability in the face of serious floods that are destroying and sterilizing more and more agricultural lands, and thus threatening more and more people
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Pakhrin, Kalyani. "Indias nationalist movement and the participation of Nepali women of Darjeeling." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2596.
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Chalmers, Rhoderick Alasdair MacDonald. "'We Nepalis' : language, literature and the formation of a Nepali public sphere in India, 1914-1940." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.405875.
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Reservation, Confedered Tribes of the Umatilla Indian, Richard W. Stoffle, and Richard A. Arnold. "NEPA Analysis for CTUIR at Hanford." Department of Energy, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297133.
Full textAbstract:
The Greater than Class C (GTCC) Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) evaluated the potential impacts from the construction and operation of a new facility or facilities, or use of an existing facility, employing various disposal methods (geologic repository, intermediate depth borehole, enhanced near surface trench, and above grade vault) at six federal sites and generic commercial locations. For three of the locations being considered as possible locations, consulting tribes were brought in to comment on their perceptions on how GTCC low level radioactive waste would affect Native American resources (land, water, air, plants, animals, archaeology, etc.) short and long term. The consulting tribes produced essays that were incorporated into the EIS and these essays are in turn included in this collection. This essay was produced by the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation.
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Thapa, Vivek. "Analysis of the One-Horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros Unicornis) Habitat in the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4926/.
Full textAbstract:
This study analyzes the remaining suitable habitat of the one-horned rhinoceros, Rhinoceros unicornis, in Royal Chitwan National Park of Nepal. An April 2003 Landsat image was classified into eight land cover types: wetland, sand, water, mixed forest, sal forest, agriculture, settlement, and grassland. This image was converted into habitat suitability maps using cover, food, and water. The rhinoceros prefers grassland habitat with oxbow lakes and closed canopy during the monsoon season. Nominal values of five parameters were used to create a map of habitat suitability index. The map was categorized into four habitat classes: highly unsuitable, unsuitable, moderately suitable habitat, and suitable. Landscape metrics, patch metrics and class metrics associated with habitat were determined through the use of FRAGSTATS.
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Liagre, Sebastien. "John Neal, une écriture-frontière." Thesis, Lille 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL30029.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse se propose d’étudier comment, à travers sa singulière écriture, John Neal, prenant son contemporain James Fenimore Cooper pour anti-modèle, ambitionne de réformer la littérature américaine, afin de satisfaire au besoin naissant d’indépendance et de renouveau national. Dans une certaine tradition américaine, la frontière est moins une limite territoriale qu’un seuil dynamique, un locus americanus, lieu de tous les possibles. Et c’est bien en ce sens que le romancier du Maine, homme des transgressions, homme de l’entre-deux, écrit «à la frontière» : entre littérature et engagement, entre la scène et la chaire, le masculin et le féminin, l’Indien et le Blanc, sa prose hésite, souvent. Il conviendra en somme d’analyser au plus près cette fabrique alternative de littérarité qu’est l’écriture nealienne, dans l’incertitude des commencements, lorsque l’expression du «génie national» prétend s’instaurer en critère de jugement et faire table rase des modèles d’importationThis thesis explores how, through his singular writing style, John Neal, using fellow-writer James Fenimore Cooper as an anti-model, sets out to pioneer a thorough reformation of the so-called American literature, in an attempt to satisfy the ever-increasing need for independence and national renewal. In a certain American tradition, the frontier is less a territorial boundary than a « dynamic threshold », a locus americanus where wishful thinking comes true. Thus it is that this transgressive Maine author, a man of the neutral ground, or, rather, of the middle ground, writes «at the frontier»: between literature and committed literature, between the stage and the pulpit, the masculine and the feminine, or the Indian and the white man, his prose often wavers. Hence, our focus will be on the alternative literary vision for « the great Republic of Letters », encapsulated within Neal’s own writing, shaped as it was by the uncertainties of a nation in the making. Those were the days when «national genius» had an edge on European models. Those were John Neal’s days
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Karmacharya, Jagadishwor. "Climate processes over the Himalaya : the added value from high resolution regional climate modelling." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a8cec5ba-b837-49c0-abd4-62c26d71dffd.
Full textAbstract:
The Himalaya plays a vital role in shaping the hydro-climate of South Asia and beyond, but their climate has not yet been monitored and modelled as well as some other regions. As the summer monsoon is the dominant climate system over South Asia, including the Himalaya, realistic simulation of the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) should be a prerequisite for the satisfactory simulation of the Himalayan climate. The present research tests the assumption that higher resolution modelling will provide improved representation of the SASM, both regionally and over the Himalaya region. The first part of this research assesses the strength and stability of the temporal relationships between the monsoon rainfall indices (MRIs) and the large-scale monsoon circulation indices (MCIs), as a precursor to using such indices for model evaluation. The remainder of the thesis evaluates model performance in simulating various characteristics of SASM, mainly with regard to precipitation. In particular, the sensitivity of a regional climate model (RCM) simulation to domain size and added value of high resolution RCM simulation are evaluated. For this purpose, the Hadley Centre unified model - HadGEM is utilized in its regional and, in few instances, global configurations. The RCM simulations are performed at 0.44° and 0.11° horizontal resolutions and they are forced by the ERA interim dataset. Results show that i) the MRI-MCI relationship exhibits considerable low-frequency variability, ii) RCM simulation of SASM, particularly precipitation, shows sensitivity to domain size and simulation with a moderately sized domain that partially excludes bias prone equatorial Indian ocean outperform those with larger domains, iii) high resolution RCM simulation adds value in many aspects of SASM precipitation, including the seasonal mean, relative frequency distribution, extremes, and active and break monsoon composites, but the improvements are generally seen over the Indo-Gangetic plain rather than the Himalaya. The findings promote use of a high resolution RCM over a moderate sized domain (~ 25,000,000 sq. km) for the realistic simulation of SASM, but the study needs to be repeated with multiple realizations and different RCMs before arriving at a robust conclusion.
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Jain, Sanyogita. "India"s foreign policy - A study of Indo-nepal relations after independence." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/1075.
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Wallrapp, Corinna. "Governance systems of yarshagumba collection and trade in the border region of India, Nepal and China." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0003-C11B-5.
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Ingram, JM. "Volunteer tourism as development? Assessing the role of non-government organisations through case studies from Asia." Thesis, 2014. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/18673/1/front-Ingram-thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Volunteer tourism is a relatively recent tourism phenomenon that provides
individuals with opportunities to volunteer their labour or services as part of
their holiday. The slogans used to sell volunteer tourism promise an
opportunity for individuals to engage directly with local communities in order
to ‘make a difference’ to people’s lives. There is an implicit message that
volunteer tourism contributes towards development. The marketing slogans,
however, simplify the complex issue of development into something where
people can ‘feel good’ by ‘doing good’.
The portrayal of volunteer tourism in the literature is also overwhelmingly
positive, based largely on anecdotal evidence or the volunteer tourist
perspective. Furthermore, volunteer tourism is predominantly recognised as
an unmediated ‘authentic’ engagement between host and volunteer tourist.
There is limited acknowledgement of the complicated web of stakeholders
involved in the phenomenon, or that volunteer tourism is a mediated process.
This thesis seeks to rectify this anomaly by testing the simplistic portrayal of
volunteer tourism and shifting the focus onto the neglected volunteer tourism
stakeholder, that is, the local non-government organisation (NGO) which acts
as the conduit between host and volunteer tourist. To accomplish this, the
thesis places volunteer tourism within a development framework and
examines: first, the influences that have legitimised volunteer tourism as a
worthy ‘helping’ activity, and, second, the perspective of the local
development NGO, a vital facilitator of the volunteer tourism experience.
Unravelling the historical legacies of colonial practice and the post-World War
II era reveals how the beliefs of today’s volunteer tourists have been shaped
by the past. The impacts of globalisation further influence the actions of, and
the decisions made by, the various volunteer tourism stakeholders. Volunteer
tourism, placed within historical and globalised contexts, reveals a more complex picture than the simplified version sold to potential volunteer
tourists. This thesis contends that a cumulation of influences has popularised
development, and this, in turn, has changed the way development is viewed
today. Development is now secured by volunteer tourism as an unskilled
activity where good intentions, rather than skills and experience, are what
matter.
In 2010 I undertook field research in India and Nepal with the aim of giving
agency to the local development NGO and understanding its position in
volunteer tourism. Inquiry utilised a critical theory paradigm through case
studies as the means of unravelling the complexities in volunteer tourism
relationships. Significantly, research findings reveal that tensions exist within
the complex web of relationships. In particular, as conduit between local
communities and volunteer tourists, local NGOs are placed in a challenging
position as they attempt to balance volunteer tourist needs, local community
development needs and organisational needs. As a result, many of the
transformative outcomes promised in the volunteer tourism marketing and
scholarship fall short of expectations.
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Chand, Deepjyoti. "Active Participation of Developing Countries in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Cases Comparison of India, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh." Doctoral thesis, 2020. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/3644.
Full textAbstract:
The United Nations is an international organization that is committed to preserving international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, and promoting social process and human rights. To help control and resolve armed conflict, the United Nations established a technique called peacekeeping. A new global security dynamic began with the approval of the first UN peacekeeping mission, the UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) in 1948. From the beginning of the UN peacekeeping operations, member states of the UN have been contributing peacekeepers. With the end of the Cold War, the contributions of the developing countries in UN peacekeeping operations have increased significantly.
The research aims to find, understand, and explain the efforts of developing countries in managing interstate and intrastate disputes through peacekeeping operations. With the focus on a comparative study, the research also describes the multiple motivations behind the active participation of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal in United Nations peacekeeping operations. Furthermore, domestic and international conditions and their impact on the participation in UN peacekeeping operations is another essential part of the research. Moreover, it also attempts to examine shape, scope, and extent of involving in UN peacekeeping operations. The study covers the period from 1948 to 2018.
This research confirmed that the participation of these four South Asian countries influenced by multi-dimensional interests. All these four countries are actively participating in UN peacekeeping because they want to achieve their goals and objectives. UN peacekeeping had become a convenient, rational, and practical activity for these countries to achieve their goals. These four states try to maintain their status in UN peacekeeping as it is incredibly beneficial to them. While enjoying a favourable reputation as peacekeepers, they can pursue their national interests. Furthermore, it is observed that the domestic and international conditions have impacted the participation of these four countries in UN peacekeeping operations. It shows that their contribution is higher when domestic and international conditions are in their favour, and it is at a slow pace when encountered with unfavourable circumstances.Organizacja Narodów Zjednoczonych jest organizacją międzynarodową, która zobowiązana jest do zachowania międzynarodowego pokoju i bezpieczeństwa, rozwijania przyjaznych stosunków między narodami oraz promowania rozwoju społecznego i praw człowieka. W celu opanowywania i rozwiązywaniu konfliktów zbrojnych, ustanowiła technikę zwaną operacjami utrzymywaniem pokoju. Pierwszą operacją pokojową była Organizacji Nadzoru Rozejmowego ONZ (UNTSO), powołana w 1948 roku. Od początku personel operacji pokojowych ONZ dostarczały państwa członkowskie. Wraz z końcem zimnej wojny znacznie wzrosły udziały państw rozwijających się jako kontrybutorów operacje pokojowe. Badanie ma na celu opisanie i wyjaśnienie wysiłków krajów rozwijających się na rzecz zarządzaniu międzypaństwowymi i wewnętrznymi sporami poprzez operacje pokojowe. Skupiając się na metodzie porównawczej, badanie identyfikuje motywacje aktywnego udziału Indii, Pakistanu, Bangladeszu i Nepalu w operacjach pokojowych ONZ. Ponadto określa uwarunkowania wewnętrzne i międzynarodowe udziału w operacjach pokojowych badanych państw. Ponadto próbuje także zbadać charakter i zakres ich zaangażowania w operacje pokojowe ONZ. Badanie obejmuje lata 1948 - 2018 . Badania potwierdziły, że udział tych czterech państw Azji Południowej był służył realizacji ich licznych interesów. Misje pokojowe ONZ stały się dogodnym, racjonalnym i praktycznym działaniem dla osiągania narodowych celów. Starają się utrzymać swój status w misjach pokojowych ONZ, ponieważ jest to dla nich niezwykle korzystne. Korzystając z dobrej reputacji, jaką daje uczestnictwo w operacjach, mogą realizować swoje narodowe interesy. Badania pokazują również, że warunki krajowe i międzynarodowe wpływały na udział tych czterech krajów w operacjach pokojowych ONZ. Wskazują, że udział w operacjach był wyższy, gdy warunki krajowe i międzynarodowe były sprzyjające , natomiast gdy były niekorzystne, zaangażowanie w operacje słabło.
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Hanasz, Paula Maria. "An examination of the South Asia Water Initiative and associated donor-led processes in the transboundary water governance of the Ganges-Brahmaputra problemshed." Phd thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/125169.
Full textAbstract:
Because of the complex nature of transboundary water governance,
and the inherent unpredictability of complex adaptive systems,
this thesis argues that international actors alone are unable to
directly bring about positive water interaction between riparian
states.
This thesis analyses a major World Bank-led program of
transboundary water governance, and provides a critique of the
recent trend in international development to address
transboundary water conflicts in developing countries through
foreign-led interventions. This thesis examines the perspectives
and needs of stakeholders affected by the South Asia Water
Initiative (SAWI) to evaluate the effect that this, and other
donor-led processes, may have on the quality of transboundary
water interaction between riparian states. These in-basin views
have remained absent from, or secondary to, international
assessments and approaches to addressing water conflict and
cooperation.
The portion of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna mega-basin that is
shared between Nepal, Bhutan, northern India, and Bangladesh is
one of the poorest, most densely populated, ecologically
vulnerable, and socially and politically unstable in the world.
It is possible that water will be a stress multiplier in
socio-political conflict in this problemshed. Reducing the
potential for transboundary water conflict by increasing
cooperation between riparian states has been of particular
interest to policymakers, aid donors, and scholars of conflict
for more than a decade. The World Bank began to intervene in the
transboundary water governance in South Asia in the mid-2000s,
and SAWI is its most ambitious of its initiatives in this regard.
Yet, in more than a decade of existence, neither SAWI nor other
international initiatives, such as those of the Australian and UK
governments, have been able to improve transboundary water
interactions between India, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh. An
analysis of more than 30 semi-structured interviews with subject
matter experts from within the Ganges-Brahmaputra problemshed
reveals several weaknesses in the approach of these interventions
in improving transboundary water interactions. The methods of
Track II dialogue and benefit sharing favoured by the World Bank
are found to have very limited effect on increasing transboundary
water cooperation. In addition, stakeholders identified a number
of contextual factors that make the goal of increased
transboundary water cooperation particularly challenging in this
region: addressing transboundary water issues is not a top
priority for the riparian states; there is significant resentment
about India’s hydro-hegemony; and international actors in
general do not have substantial support of the elites in the
region. But the analysis suggests some ways forward for
increasing water cooperation and decreasing water conflict in
this, as well as other, problemsheds.
This thesis argues that there is no one single approach or actor
that can definitively improve transboundary water interaction. As
such, international organisation and foreign aid donors should
not expect to have significant or immediate effects on
transboundary water cooperation, but there may nonetheless be a
role, albeit highly circumscribed, for them in slowly ‘chipping
away’ (in the words of one regional analyst) at the complex and
cumbersome problem of water conflicts through the approaches
identified as desirable by the stakeholders within the
problemshed.
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Clarke, Andrew Charles. "Cook or Curzon : a comparison of British and Indian human rights diplomacy towards Nepal." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/16502.
Full textAbstract:
This paper analyses the behaviour of India and the U K towards the
human rights crisis in Nepal, in order to explain how and why the
human rights policies of two democracies can differ. It is argued that
two factors - political ideology and the foreign policy-making
process - are the most critical determinants of the importance of
human rights in the foreign policies of India and the UK. Economic
and social development and geopolitics are seen as constraints on
human rights diplomacy. This study supports Christopher Brewin's
thesis that international obligations are, in part, a reflection of
national self-image. Significant domestic developments in India and
the UK from the mid- to late 1990s have been echoed in foreign
policy. Attempts to make British foreign policy-making more
transparent have ensured that the British Government considers the
fundamental rights of people abroad, under the scrutiny of
Parliament, NGOs and the wider public. Despite a self-perception of
democratic values, India's foreign policy-making receives much less
public scrutiny and is therefore less constrained by human rights
concerns. This study argues that Nepal's proximity to India
prioritises traditional Indian security concerns, preventing a more
hard-line approach to Nepalese human rights abuses. Two
worldviews are analysed: Robin Cook's "ethical" foreign policy,
with human rights at its heart; and Lord Curzon's view of India as
the "natural" seat of Asian power.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate