Journal articles on the topic 'India and Australia trade'
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1
Kalirajan, K. P. "TRADE FLOWS BETWEEN AUSTRALIA AND INDIA: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS." International Journal of Commerce and Management 10, no. 2 (February 2000): 32–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb047401.
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Cho, Sang-Wook (Stanley), and Gordon Yoon. "Sectoral analysis of an Australia–India free trade agreement." Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 19, no. 2 (July 29, 2013): 205–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2013.820469.
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Rafiqul Islam, M., Shawkat Alam, and Pundarik Mukhopadhaya. "Integrating trade in education services between Australia and India." Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 11, no. 2 (June 15, 2012): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14770021211239659.
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Ray, Ashutosh. "White Industries Australia Ltd. v. Republic of India: A New Lesson for India." Journal of International Arbitration 29, Issue 5 (October 1, 2012): 623–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2012038.
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The Indian arbitration landscape is set for a completely new twist in the wake of the first investment arbitration award rendered against India. The decision was rendered in the matter between White Industries Australia Ltd. and the Republic of India in an United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) arbitration. This article examines the case, observes the questions which were considered by the tribunal, and discusses the rationale of the tribunal in arriving at its decision. Apart from an analysis of the case, the article also discusses its ripple effect which has already set in.
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Jain, Monika. "Was India Right in Not Joining RCEP? A Cost–Benefit Analysis." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 77, no. 4 (October 31, 2021): 542–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09749284211047728.
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India dropped out of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)—which included the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries, China, South Korea, New Zealand, Japan and Australia—after negotiating for almost seven years in November 2018 on the grounds of national interest and also that free trade agreements (FTAs) did not amount to free trade and led to more trade diversion than trade creation. The cost and benefit of a regional agreement depend on the amount of trade creation with respect to trade diversion (Panagriya, 2000). This study tries to examine India’s concerns and, at the same time, highlights the cost of not joining RCEP. India’s trade deficit with 11 out of the 15 RCEP nations has been a major cause of concern. Unfavourable trade balance, concerns about the impact on dairy sector, economic slowdown, past experience with FTA’s, China factor, data localisation, rules of origin and the experience of ASEAN countries with Sino-FTA have been some of the reasons behind India’s decision to opt out of this mega multilateral agreement. Also, bilateral trade agreements with some RCEP countries such as Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and South Korea were operational. A multilateral trade agreement with ASEAN countries was very much in place. So, trade between India and 12 of the RCEP member countries would not have changed much after India’s inclusion in the RCEP. The impact of lower tariffs would have been evident for the remaining three countries: China, Australia and New Zealand. Furthermore, there was fear of a massive surge in imports of manufactures from China and dairy imports from Australia and New Zealand. This study also examines the long-term impact of this decision and if India has missed out on becoming a part of the global value chain and gaining greater market access in the Asia-Pacific region. India’s policy of import substitution and protectionism did not capitulate desired results in the past. Hence, a critical evaluation of India’s decision and some validation on her concerns and fears have been done.
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KALIRAJAN, K. P., and R. T. SHAND. "TRADE FLOWS BETWEEN AUSTRALIA, INDIA AND SOUTH AFRICA: A GROWTH TRIANGLE?" Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 17, no. 3 (September 1998): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.1998.tb00191.x.
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Palit, Amitendu. "Will India's Disengaging Trade Policy Restrict It from Playing a Greater Global Role?" World Trade Review 20, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 203–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745620000518.
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AbstractIndia's ambition of playing a prominent role in regional and global affairs has been particularly visible since the assumption of office by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in May 2014. The ambition has resulted in India's external engagement, abandoning the posturing of non-alignment for a more proactive multi-alignment strategy. Its efforts to engage with major powers such as the US and China, as well as other global middle powers such as Japan, the UK, and Australia, have been positioned on rapid economic progress, enabled by one of the fastest rates of growth among major economies. Attempts to expand global strategic influence, a natural outcome of robust economic expansion, should have seen India pursuing an aggressive outward-oriented external trade policy for increasing its share in global trade. India, though, has shown a marked resistance to open trade, including being reluctant to engage in regional and bilateral trade negotiations. This paper examines the dichotomy between India's desire to play a prominent global role and its aversion to open trade policies. Attributing the inward-looking approach to lack of competitiveness of Indian industry, absence of domestic pro-trade constituencies, and discomfort in negotiating new-generation trade issues, the paper argues India's quest for greater global strategic influence might be adversely affected by its restrictive trade policies.
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Walters, Robert. "Cross-Border Insolvency and the 2022 Australia-India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement." Business Law Review 43, Issue 5 (October 1, 2022): 194–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2022029.
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Since 2020, the world has been plunged into uncertain times. The world economy was significantly affected by the outbreak of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), which rapidly evolved and was quickly declared a global pandemic. As conflict in Eastern Europe raged from the beginning of 2022, the pandemic being far from over and inflation gripping the world economy, the financial stress individuals and entities were experiencing continued to escalate. At the time Australia and India signed the Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (AI-CECA) in April 2022. The signing of this economic partnership is a major step forward for both countries. The proposed economic benefits for both nation states are estimated to be significant, and will extend across many sectors including agriculture, financial services, science and innovation. This article will examine the AI-CECA and make the case that cross-border insolvency cooperation must be an ongoing priority for both countries to ensure strong economic management, and inserted into future amendment of this agreement. Problematic though is the fact that the current approach taken by Australia and India varies greatly. This article will also examine the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law , Cross-Border Insolvency Model Law, in the context of Australia and India. Australia, India, Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement, Cross-Border Insolvency, Trade Agreement
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Moulis, Daniel, and Alistair Bridges. "Administrative and Judicial Review of Anti-dumping Measures in Australia." Global Trade and Customs Journal 7, Issue 5 (May 1, 2012): 200–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2012026.
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This collection of articles analyses the problems with judicial review of trade remedy determinations in ten user countries - Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa, and the United States - and is a follow-up to similar studies in 2004 and 2007 respectively. Each article succinctly describes the major problems with judicial review in their jurisdictions covering the period from 2001 to 2010 with an aim to examine the effectiveness of judicial review (and/or, where applicable, review by an administrative tribunal) of trade remedy determinations in the light of Article 13 of the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement. Two problems have been underlined: (1) the excessively long duration of the judicial review procedures; and (2) the considerable deference given to the administrative authorities on substantive issues by the courts typically on account of the technicality of the anti-dumping determinations and the absence of expert judges versed with trade remedy laws. These two problems have deeply impacted the effectiveness of the judicial review systems in most jurisdictions investigated and the situation is far from what is envisaged in Article 13 of the ADA. Both problems are related to the absence of specialized courts and chambers with judges trained in trade remedy laws. In contrast, the United States and India - the only two countries that have specialized courts - have effective judicial review systems. For the ten year period covered by this study, the ten countries investigated can be divided into two groups as regards the recourse to judicial review of anti-dumping determinations. One group comprises the European Union, India, Mexico and the United States where judicial review of anti-dumping determinations has been frequent. The second group comprises the remaining countries namely Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Indonesia and South Africa where judicial reviews have been more limited. In fact the judicial review systems for trade remedy determinations in countries such as China and Indonesia are in the early stages of development.
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Bano, Sayeeda. "Intra-Industry Trade and Determinant: Evidence for ASEAN-Australia and New Zealand in the Context of AANZFTA." International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 8, no. 4 (October 11, 2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v8i4.13778.
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This study examines the changing patterns and direction of trade between Association of South- East Asian Nations (ASEAN), Australia and New Zealand in the context of the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area/Agreement (AANZFTA) signed in 2010. It investigates the extent of ASEAN’s intra-industry trade with Australia and New Zealand at the 3-digit disaggregated SITC level for the period 1990 to 2014. The study includes an analysis of intra-industry trade indices of trade intensities, the marginal intra-industry trade and the econometric model to identify the determinants of intra-industry trade. The results show that trade in general has increased and intra-industry trade between ASEAN-Australia increased specifically in manufacturing. New Zealand has developed intra-industry trade in both the manufacturing and agriculture sectors. Marginal intra- industry results suggest that some industries transforming from inter-industry trade patterns to intra-industry trade. The results of regression analysis provide some support to the thesis that increase in IIT comes naturally with high average incomes of trade partners and large average market size. As a country’s level of income goes up and its standard of living rise, its citizens tend demand and consume more high quality differentiated products, leading to higher levels of intra-industry trade. This study differs from the existing literature in terms of its scope, methods and policy perspectives. The findings have policy relevance for the ongoing negotiations for a regional comprehensive economic partnership with ASEAN 10, India, China, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. It is reasonable to suggest that intra-industry trade be given due consideration in ongoing regional and bilateral trade negotiations for potential mutual gains from trade for a sustainable regional economic growth.
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Chadha, Rajesh. "Commentary: FTAS and the WTO Doha Development Round--Asian Response to EEU and FTAA." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 4 (December 7, 2005): 1850068. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1155.
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Commentary on FTAs and the Doha Development Round. Rajesh Chadha is Chief Economist at the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) in New Delhi, India. His Teaching and research experience of more than 29 years includes the University of Delhi and the NCAER. Chadha’s specialization is international trade with significant experience in applied economic research and economic modeling. His international experience includes Visiting Scholar in the Department of Economics, University of Michigan, and in the Department of Economics, University of Melbourne, Australia. He has also held visiting faculty positions at IIT, Delhi; IIT, Roorkee; IEG, Delhi; IIFT, New Delhi; IIPA, New Delhi; MDI Gurgaon and AIMA, New Delhi. Chadha was consultant to the World Bank in 1989, 1990, and 1999, and Consultant to the Australian Government in 2002. He was nominated as a GTAP Research Fellow for 2004-2007 by Purdue University. His research experience includes national as well as international research projects sponsored by the Ministry of Commerce and the Ministry of Finance, Government of India; Government of Australia, Ford Foundation, European Union, World Bank, USAID, and ESCAP. He earned a B.Sc. Honours in Physics and an M.A. in Business Economics at the University of Delhi and a Ph.D. at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi.
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MBAATYO, AKPE, and ROBERT A. BERG. "OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENTREPRENEURS: A TRADE UNION BETWEEN CHINA AND INDIA." Journal of Enterprising Culture 03, no. 03 (September 1995): 343–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495895000180.
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With heated debate on the benefits to business, to labour, and to governments from economic union, many nations commit their people within the European Union (EU), North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Australia and New Zealand Closer Economic Relations (CER), and other trade pacts. What if two emerging giants and neighbours, India and China, were to form an economic union? This paper undertakes a preliminary discussion of the viability of a China-India economic integration and recommends further study of the subject. Using Huang and Tu's (1994) revealed comparative advantage (RCA) as a backdrop, this paper discusses areas of possible trade creation (TC) and trade diversion (TD) that will occur should a China-India economic integration take place. The role of the government and information flow as new factors of production have been examined. After considering the history, economic growth zones, economic liberalisation programs in China and India, available resources, and regional and global trade, the paper concludes that a China-India economic integration holds the key to prosperity in the so called "Asian century". This paper suggests that such integration will be economically viable and should be studied and encouraged, both by business and government.
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Caspersz, Donella. "Asian Working Women and Agency: Their Voices." Economic and Labour Relations Review 14, no. 1 (June 2003): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530460301400105.
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The aim of this paper is to discuss the challenges of organising women workers in Asia, and to discuss how trade unions can facilitate their more effective participation in these movements. The paper is primarily informed by research undertaken with Southern Initiative on Globalization and Trade Union Rights (SIGTUR). Formed in Perth, Western Australia in 1991 and made up of delegates from India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Thailand, Malaysia, South Korea, the Philippines, Hong Kong, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Brazil, the aim of SIGTUR is to promote collaborative activity by independent trade unions in the ‘South’ or rather countries within the Asia-Pacific. The paper highlights the effects of neo-liberalism on workers and develop appropriate international responses.
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DIACONESCU, Luca, and Mirela Elena MAZILU. "EURASIA'S RESISTANCE TO THE OCEANIC POWERS THE US-RUSSIA CONFLICT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EU, CHINA OR INDIA." Revista Română de Geografie Politică 24, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/rrgp.242101-355.
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Geopolitical Eurasia is the large continental mass with the Heartland core group: Russia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Mongolia and so on, exporters of raw materials by direct land and the Continental Rimland: China, Germany, Turkey, Italy, South Korea, India, Pakistan, Thailand and so on, made up of Continental Powers, while the Oceanic Powers, led by the US dominating maritime trade and oceanic embargo capacity, brings together exporting powers: Australia, Canada, Saudi Arabia, UAE and so on and industrialized maritime powers: Great Britain, Japan, etc., alongside exporting states constrained by them, from Africa, Latin America and island Asia. If the US succeeds in the trade blockade of the Heartland, stopping the export of cheap and abundant raw materials, it indirectly brings the European Union, mainland East Asia (China) and South Asia (India) to its knees, delivering four strikes direct and preventing the emergence of a power that would take its place as world leader. If the Rimland manages to bypass the American embargo by continuing to import from Heartaland, Britain will lose dominance in Europe to Germany, Japan will lose the dominance of Asia before China, Saudi Arabia before Iran and India will dominate the Indian Ocean, hence the 3+1 main regions taking over Africa, America and Australia, which will culminate in the decline of the US power, the dominance of the Eurasian world and of the continental powers before the maritime powers.
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Seetharaman, Sampath. "Judicial Review of Anti-dumping Actions Country Study: India." Global Trade and Customs Journal 7, Issue 5 (May 1, 2012): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2012031.
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This collection of articles analyses the problems with judicial review of trade remedy determinations in ten user countries - Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa, and the United States - and is a follow-up to similar studies in 2004 and 2007 respectively. Each article succinctly describes the major problems with judicial review in their jurisdictions covering the period from 2001 to 2010 with an aim to examine the effectiveness of judicial review (and/or, where applicable, review by an administrative tribunal) of trade remedy determinations in the light of Article 13 of the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement. Two problems have been underlined: (1) the excessively long duration of the judicial review procedures; and (2) the considerable deference given to the administrative authorities on substantive issues by the courts typically on account of the technicality of the anti-dumping determinations and the absence of expert judges versed with trade remedy laws. These two problems have deeply impacted the effectiveness of the judicial review systems in most jurisdictions investigated and the situation is far from what is envisaged in Article 13 of the ADA. Both problems are related to the absence of specialized courts and chambers with judges trained in trade remedy laws. In contrast, the United States and India - the only two countries that have specialized courts - have effective judicial review systems. For the ten year period covered by this study, the ten countries investigated can be divided into two groups as regards the recourse to judicial review of anti-dumping determinations. One group comprises the European Union, India, Mexico and the United States where judicial review of anti-dumping determinations has been frequent. The second group comprises the remaining countries namely Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Indonesia and South Africa where judicial reviews have been more limited. In fact the judicial review systems for trade remedy determinations in countries such as China and Indonesia are in the early stages of development.
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Vu, Jo, and Tran Van Hoa. "Contribution of Chinese and Indian tourism to Australia: A comparative econometric study." Archives of Business Research 8, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.81.7498.
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Under the current widespread economic integration of new international trade theory, the world’s two most populous countries, China and India, have achieved high growth, reducing poverty, increasing income and living standards and, as a result, provided good sources of much needed income-generating tourism to international destinations in recent years. The trend in rising tourism including education from China and India to Australia is exponential, and particularly important where the country’s geographical, cultural and educational quality attributes are internationally key attractions. Appropriate studies of this trend and economic outcomes, with robust and reliable empirical findings for credible analysis have been inadequate to date. The project addresses this gap by proposing to investigate the economic contributions of China and India’s tourism to Australia, and their determination for strategic international policy analysis. Significantly, this is done from an economic integration framework, which is also the expenditure (as opposed to production or income) perspective of the United Nations System of National Accounts 1993/2008. A multi-simultaneous equation model of endogenous Australian growth and Chinese and Indian tourism determination is developed. The model novelly incorporates gravity theory and classical consumer demand contributors, Ironmonger-Lancaster commodity attributes and Johansen policy impact add-and sub-factors explicitly in the economic integration framework, and is estimated by system methods with official economic and tourism 1992-2016 data. The findings will provide appropriate and much needed evidence-based inputs on the major economic integration contributors to Australia’s growth, Chinese and Indian tourism causality to key stake-holders such as tourism policy-makers, analysts and operators for international strategic policy analysis and practical implementation.
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Maclean, Kama. "Comrade Ryan, International Trade Unionism and White Australia: Global Communism, Trade Unionism and Empire in Interwar India." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 47, no. 6 (March 4, 2019): 1125–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2019.1576834.
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Susilo, Ignatia Bintang Filia Dei. "Trade Analysis of RCEP Member Countries Plus India: Have They Been Competing?" WELFARE Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi 2, no. 2 (January 21, 2022): 94–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.37058/wlfr.v2i2.3537.
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Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) and Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) increased significantly. One of the most prominent PTA negotiation is Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (RCEP). When making arrangements, countries should consider its effect on current trade pattern. This research studies comparative advantage and its pattern for 10 countries involved in RCEP (Australia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) plus India. This study uses Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) to examine trade data from 2004-2019. The findings are: (i) Comparative advantages between some RCEP member countries’ plus India are relative similar. It should be a concern for those countries to maintain their product’s competitiveness; (ii) Several countries show relevance on the trade theories that country will export products which use abundant factors in its production. These conditions also match the theory of comparative advantage which stated that countries will export product which have comparative advantages and become specialized on those products; and (iii) All countries (except China) have concentration on the products with low comparative advantage. The standard deviation of RSCA scores remains constant overtime showing that difference in comparative advantages in each countries remain constant, but indicate slight downward trend for India, in which indicates despecialization.Jumlah Perjanjian Perdagangan Regional (Regional Trade Agreements/RTA) dan Perjanjian Perdagangan Preferensial (Preferential Trade Agreements/PTAs) meningkat signifikan. Salah satu negosiasi PTA yang terbesar adalah Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (RCEP). Dalam suatu perjanjian perdagangan, penting untuk mempertimbangkan pola perdagangan negara-negara yang terlibat. Penelitian ini mempelajari keunggulan komparatif dan pola perdagangan untuk 10 negara yang terlibat dalam RCEP (Australia, China, Indonesia, Jepang, Korea, Malaysia, Selandia Baru, Filipina, Singapura, Thailand) dan India. Penelitian ini menggunakan Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) untuk menguji data perdagangan tahun 2004-2019. Diperoleh bahwa: (i) Keunggulan komparatif antara beberapa negara anggota RCEP serta India relatif sama. Dengan demikian, penting bagi negara-negara tersebut untuk menjaga daya saing produknya; (ii) Beberapa negara menunjukkan relevansi dengan teori perdagangan bahwa negara tersebut akan mengekspor produk yang menggunakan faktor yang melimpah dalam produksinya. Kondisi ini juga sesuai dengan teori keunggulan komparatif yang menyatakan bahwa negara akan mengekspor produk yang memiliki keunggulan komparatif dan menjadi spesialis pada produk tersebut; dan (iii) Semua negara (kecuali China) memiliki konsentrasi pada produk dengan keunggulan komparatif rendah. Standar deviasi dari nilai RSCA relatif konstan sepanjang waktu menunjukkan konsistensi pola spesialisasi keunggulan komparatif di masing-masing negara terdapat sedikit pola penurunan untuk India, yang mengindikasikan terjadinya despesialisasi.
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Evelyn Nathania Dianzah, Yoshi. "The Effect of Regional Trade Agreements on ASEAN Trade Flows." Journal of Indonesian Applied Economics 10, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): 40–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiae.2022.010.02.2.
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The total number of Regional Trade Agreement (RTA) has increased rapidly over the past 30 years, from 22 in 1990 to 308 in 2020. The association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) aimed to increase regional integration among members through ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) that came into force in 1993 and broadened its regional integration started in 2005 through trade agreements with China, Japan, Korea, Australia, New Zealand, and India. This paper study the impact of 5 ASEAN RTAs simultaneously to get comprehensive results. The Hausman-Taylor estimator was used to overcome endogeneity problems in the gravity equation without dropping the time-invariant variables which become the advantage of this method. The results show that AFTA increases trade flows between members and promotes imports and exports to the rest of the world. ASEAN regional integration outside the region with six trade partners show positive effect to members and has a minimal negative effect to non-members globally.
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Marthinus, Domidoyo. "Hindu-Buddha: Cara Masyarakat Nusantara dalam Berspiritual Sebelum Datang Islam." Jurnal Kajian Islam Interdisipliner 5, no. 2 (December 27, 2020): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/jkii.v5i2.1142.
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Nusantara adalah suatu wilayah kepulauan yang berada di antara dua benua, Asia dan Australia, sebagai benua yang berada dalam dua samudera raya yang di kenal sebagai samudera India dan samudera Pasifik. Kepulauan ini memotong ekuator dari 95 derajat sampai 141 derajat bujur timur. Penduduk pulau ini menarik perhatian berbagai masyarakat dari penjuru dunia, karena tanah subur dengan limpahan rempah-rempah dan corak masyarakat yang akomodatif dengankecenderunganfriendly dengan kehadiran tamu. Hal ini memicu para pedagang untuk berniaga dan sekaligus bersyiar atau berdakwah. Orang India yang beragama Hindu dan Buddha menjadi orang pertama yang berlabuh untuk berdagang dan sekaligus memperkenalkanagama yang di anut. Hal ini menjadikan identitas sangat bagus untuk diperbincangkan. Sebagai pendatang dantamu di Nusantara, orang-orang India membawa segala identitas termasuk budaya dan agama. Paper ini menjelaskan cara agama dari India hidup dan besar di tengah masyarakat.[The Nusantara is an archipelago located between two continents, Asia and Australia, as a continent located in two major oceans known as the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. These islands intersect the equator from 95 degrees to 141 degrees east longitude. The inhabitants of the island attract the attention of various people from all over the world because the land is fertile with an abundance of spices and an accommodating community style with a friendly inclination to the presence of guests. It triggered the traders to trade and simultaneously spread or preach. Indians who were Hindus and Buddhists were the first to anchor to trade and at the same time introduce the religion adherence embraced. It makes identity important to talk about. As guests and guests in the archipelago, Indians carry all identities, including culture and religion. This paper explains the way religions from India live and grow in society.]
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Vebiyanto, Sony, and Hastarini Dwi Atmanti. "Impact of ASEAN Plus Five Free Trade Area: Trade Creation and Trade Diversion." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan 20, no. 2 (January 15, 2023): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29259/jep.v20i2.18718.
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One of the ways to reduce international trade barriers is through the Free Trade Area (FTA). Collectively, ASEAN already has five FTAs with trading partners outside Southeast Asia. This study intends to analyze the effect of free trade agreements between ASEAN and China, South Korea, Japan, India, and Australia – New Zealand (ASEAN+5 FTA). The implications of an FTA are explained using the concepts of trade creation and trade diversion through economic integration. The trade gravity model is expanded with three dummy variables to determine whether trade creation and trade diversion occur in the formation of each of these FTAs. Static panel data regression is used to analyze the effect of Free Trade Agreements on intra-regional trade flows, export flows to non-members, and import flows from non-FTA members. The fixed effect model is applied to overcome endogeneity problems, while the PPML estimator is chosen to get the best estimation results amid heteroscedasticity and zero trade flow problems that usually occur in trade flows. Estimation results show that the trade creation effect occurs only in ACFTA and AIFTA, while other FTAs harm member countries through trade diversion. Therefore, further evaluation and efforts regarding the use of FTAs are needed to achieve the goals of FTAs.
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Srabani Roy Choudhury. "Economic trade between Australia and India: A case study of foreign direct investment." Thesis Eleven 105, no. 1 (May 2011): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513611400388.
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Wang Chao. "Future development prospects for countries after signing the RCEP Agreement based on the GTAP Model." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 21, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.21.1.167.
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Subject. The article addresses impact factors for signing the RCEP Agreement (Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership) on the macro- and microeconomic environment and economic consequences of India's refusal to sign the said Agreement. Objectives. The purpose is to assess the possible impact of signing the RCEP Agreement on the world economy. Methods. The study employs the GTAP Model from the perspective of tariffs. I created two scenarios to simulate and analyze the impact of signing the RCEP Agreement on GDP, changes in human well-being, import and export trade, and specific industries. Results. The study shows that import and export trade and changes in the welfare of RCEP member countries have increased, and the economies of Japan, South Korea, China, Australia and New Zealand have boosted production and improved terms of trade, while the economies of India and ASEAN have experienced a certain negative impact and deterioration in terms of trade. The economies of non-RCEP countries have experienced a negative effect in all aspects. Conclusions. The signing of the RCEP Agreement has a significant positive impact on the economic interests of the participating countries, especially on the developed economies (Japan, Korea and Australia). At the same time, negative values of China, India and ASEAN in terms of GDP and terms of trade may indicate that developing economies will have negative consequences at the initial stage of free trade. However, from the point of view of changing imports and exports, the signing of the RCEP Agreement may increase the overall level of well-being.
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Folan, Lucie. "Wisdom of the Goddess: Uncovering the Provenance of a Twelfth-Century Indian Sculpture at the National Gallery of Australia." Collections: A Journal for Museum and Archives Professionals 15, no. 1 (March 2019): 5–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550190619832383.
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The history of Prajnaparamita, Goddess of Wisdom, a twelfth-century Indian Buddhist sculpture in the National Gallery of Australia collection, has been researched and evaluated through a dedicated Asian Art Provenance Project. This article describes how the sculpture was traced from twelfth-century Odisha, India, to museums in Depression-era Brooklyn and Philadelphia, through dealers and private collectors Earl and Irene Morse, to Canberra, Australia, where it has been since 1990. Frieda Hauswirth Das (1886–1974), previously obscured from art-collecting records, is revealed as the private collector who purchased the sculpture in India in around 1930. Incidental discoveries are then documented, extending the published provenance of objects in museum collections in the United States and Europe. Finally, consideration is given to the sculpture’s changing legal and ethical position, and the collecting rationales of its various collectors. The case study illustrates the contributions provenance research can make to archeological, art-historical, and collections knowledge, and elucidates aspects of the heterodox twentieth-century Asian art trade, as well as concomitant shifts in collecting ethics.
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Wu, Yongzhong, Kang Wen, and Xuelian Zou. "Impacts of Shipping Carbon Tax on Dry Bulk Shipping Costs and Maritime Trades—The Case of China." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081105.
Full textAbstract:
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in shipping have been receiving growing concerns in the maritime industry. Recently, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is considering the introduction of a global shipping carbon tax, which has become the most talked-about topic in both industry and academia. To assess the potential impact of the carbon tax on maritime trades, a trade-volume-based model of shipping carbon emissions was developed. Considering that bulk shipping is the second-largest carbon emitter in the maritime industry and the low value-to-weight nature of bulk cargoes, the model was applied to analyze the dry bulk trade in China, one of the leading countries in the global dry bulk trade. The results show that the introduction of the carbon tax could have significant impacts on freight rates and commodity prices. Depending on the trading regions and the carbon charges, shipping freight rates would increase by 10–30%, which is equivalent to 1–4% of the trading prices. Additionally, since shorter shipping distances may have less emission per trading tonnage, the shipping carbon tax may significantly change the dry bulk trade patterns, resulting in China’s increasing reliance on nearby countries, e.g., India and Australia, for the import of key commodities. These findings can help shipping companies and sectors make better carbon reduction responses, such as redeploying their fleets, promoting the development of low-carbon shipping technologies, and increasing investments in Australia, as well as South and Southeast Asia.
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Kai, Zhou, Laila Arjuman Ara, Mohammad Masudur Rahman, and Qiner Jiang. "Assessing the Economic Impact of the Proposed Indian Ocean Rim-Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC) Preferential Trade Agreement." Global Trade and Customs Journal 9, Issue 10 (October 1, 2014): 478–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2014058.
Full textAbstract:
A draft text on IOR-ARC Preferential Trade Agreement was negotiated in the Trade Expert Group and latest revision was completed in August 2010. However, before finalizing the Agreement, the parties decided that a feasibility study was required to examine the possible benefits of the proposed PTA. The main objective of this study is to do just this, investigate the economic impact of the preferential agreement. The commutable general equilibrium (CGE) simulations show that if the four high income countries i.e., Australia, Singapore, UAE, and Oman eliminate all tariffs and at the same time middle income countries like Malaysia, Mauritius, Iran, South Africa, Thailand, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and India successively cut tariffs by 75% and LDCs cut tariffs by 50% respectively, then all IOR-ARC countries except Madagascar could gain welfare significantly. The largest welfare could be gained by India which is around USD 10.8 billion followed by Australia around USD 5.8 billion. Thailand, UAE, Indonesia, Singapore, etc. may also gain under the PTAs. At the same time, exports may increase significantly for all IOR-ARC countries except Madagascar.
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Vermulst, Edwin, and Edwin Vermulst. "Judicial Review of Trade Remedy Determinations in Ten User Countries." Global Trade and Customs Journal 7, Issue 5 (May 1, 2012): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2012025.
Full textAbstract:
This collection of articles analyses the problems with judicial review of trade remedy determinations in ten user countries - Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa, and the United States - and is a follow-up to similar studies in 2004 and 2007 respectively. Each article succinctly describes the major problems with judicial review in their jurisdictions covering the period from 2001 to 2010 with an aim to examine the effectiveness of judicial review (and/or, where applicable, review by an administrative tribunal) of trade remedy determinations in the light of Article 13 of the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement. Two problems have been underlined: (1) the excessively long duration of the judicial review procedures; and (2) the considerable deference given to the administrative authorities on substantive issues by the courts typically on account of the technicality of the anti-dumping determinations and the absence of expert judges versed with trade remedy laws. These two problems have deeply impacted the effectiveness of the judicial review systems in most jurisdictions investigated and the situation is far from what is envisaged in Article 13 of the ADA. Both problems are related to the absence of specialized courts and chambers with judges trained in trade remedy laws. In contrast, the United States and India - the only two countries that have specialized courts - have effective judicial review systems. For the ten year period covered by this study, the ten countries investigated can be divided into two groups as regards the recourse to judicial review of anti-dumping determinations. One group comprises the European Union, India, Mexico and the United States where judicial review of anti-dumping determinations has been frequent. The second group comprises the remaining countries namely Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Indonesia and South Africa where judicial reviews have been more limited. In fact the judicial review systems for trade remedy determinations in countries such as China and Indonesia are in the early stages of development.
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Chia, Siow Yue. "Whither East Asian Regionalism? An ASEAN Perspective." Asian Economic Papers 6, no. 3 (October 2007): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep.2007.6.3.1.
Full textAbstract:
East Asia is catching up with the rest of the world in establishing regional trade arrangements (RTAs). This region is responding to pressures from globalization, regionalism in the Americas and Europe, the rise of China and India, improved political relations in the region with the end of the Cold War, as well as market-driven trade and investment integration and the emergence of production networks. ASEAN formed the first RTA in 1992, and by the turn of the decade, ASEAN was signing or negotiating free trade agreements (FTAs) with Japan, China, South Korea, India, Australia–New Zealand, and the European Union. It also entered into bilateral FTAs with the United States and countries in Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. ASEAN is also considering an East Asian FTA. Can ASEAN remain in the driver's seat of regional integration and be an effective hub? The FTA proliferation also has important consequences and effects for East Asia and the world trading system.
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Lingchen, Pu. "Judicial Review of Anti-dumping Measures in China." Global Trade and Customs Journal 7, Issue 5 (May 1, 2012): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2012029.
Full textAbstract:
This collection of articles analyses the problems with judicial review of trade remedy determinations in ten user countries - Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa, and the United States - and is a follow-up to similar studies in 2004 and 2007 respectively. Each article succinctly describes the major problems with judicial review in their jurisdictions covering the period from 2001 to 2010 with an aim to examine the effectiveness of judicial review (and/or, where applicable, review by an administrative tribunal) of trade remedy determinations in the light of Article 13 of the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement. Two problems have been underlined: (1) the excessively long duration of the judicial review procedures; and (2) the considerable deference given to the administrative authorities on substantive issues by the courts typically on account of the technicality of the anti-dumping determinations and the absence of expert judges versed with trade remedy laws. These two problems have deeply impacted the effectiveness of the judicial review systems in most jurisdictions investigated and the situation is far from what is envisaged in Article 13 of the ADA. Both problems are related to the absence of specialized courts and chambers with judges trained in trade remedy laws. In contrast, the United States and India - the only two countries that have specialized courts - have effective judicial review systems. For the ten year period covered by this study, the ten countries investigated can be divided into two groups as regards the recourse to judicial review of anti-dumping determinations. One group comprises the European Union, India, Mexico and the United States where judicial review of anti-dumping determinations has been frequent. The second group comprises the remaining countries namely Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Indonesia and South Africa where judicial reviews have been more limited. In fact the judicial review systems for trade remedy determinations in countries such as China and Indonesia are in the early stages of development.
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Monteiro de Carvalho, Carol, and Andrea Weiss Balassiano. "Administrative and Judicial Review of Anti-dumping Determinations in Brazil." Global Trade and Customs Journal 7, Issue 5 (May 1, 2012): 211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2012027.
Full textAbstract:
This collection of articles analyses the problems with judicial review of trade remedy determinations in ten user countries - Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa, and the United States - and is a follow-up to similar studies in 2004 and 2007 respectively. Each article succinctly describes the major problems with judicial review in their jurisdictions covering the period from 2001 to 2010 with an aim to examine the effectiveness of judicial review (and/or, where applicable, review by an administrative tribunal) of trade remedy determinations in the light of Article 13 of the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement. Two problems have been underlined: (1) the excessively long duration of the judicial review procedures; and (2) the considerable deference given to the administrative authorities on substantive issues by the courts typically on account of the technicality of the anti-dumping determinations and the absence of expert judges versed with trade remedy laws. These two problems have deeply impacted the effectiveness of the judicial review systems in most jurisdictions investigated and the situation is far from what is envisaged in Article 13 of the ADA. Both problems are related to the absence of specialized courts and chambers with judges trained in trade remedy laws. In contrast, the United States and India - the only two countries that have specialized courts - have effective judicial review systems. For the ten year period covered by this study, the ten countries investigated can be divided into two groups as regards the recourse to judicial review of anti-dumping determinations. One group comprises the European Union, India, Mexico and the United States where judicial review of anti-dumping determinations has been frequent. The second group comprises the remaining countries namely Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Indonesia and South Africa where judicial reviews have been more limited. In fact the judicial review systems for trade remedy determinations in countries such as China and Indonesia are in the early stages of development.
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Bundjamin, Erry. "Judicial Review of Anti-dumping Determinations in Indonesia." Global Trade and Customs Journal 7, Issue 5 (May 1, 2012): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2012032.
Full textAbstract:
This collection of articles analyses the problems with judicial review of trade remedy determinations in ten user countries - Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa, and the United States - and is a follow-up to similar studies in 2004 and 2007 respectively. Each article succinctly describes the major problems with judicial review in their jurisdictions covering the period from 2001 to 2010 with an aim to examine the effectiveness of judicial review (and/or, where applicable, review by an administrative tribunal) of trade remedy determinations in the light of Article 13 of the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement. Two problems have been underlined: (1) the excessively long duration of the judicial review procedures; and (2) the considerable deference given to the administrative authorities on substantive issues by the courts typically on account of the technicality of the anti-dumping determinations and the absence of expert judges versed with trade remedy laws. These two problems have deeply impacted the effectiveness of the judicial review systems in most jurisdictions investigated and the situation is far from what is envisaged in Article 13 of the ADA. Both problems are related to the absence of specialized courts and chambers with judges trained in trade remedy laws. In contrast, the United States and India - the only two countries that have specialized courts - have effective judicial review systems. For the ten year period covered by this study, the ten countries investigated can be divided into two groups as regards the recourse to judicial review of anti-dumping determinations. One group comprises the European Union, India, Mexico and the United States where judicial review of anti-dumping determinations has been frequent. The second group comprises the remaining countries namely Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Indonesia and South Africa where judicial reviews have been more limited. In fact the judicial review systems for trade remedy determinations in countries such as China and Indonesia are in the early stages of development.
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Trendl, Thomas J. "Judicial Review of Anti-dumping Determinations in the United States." Global Trade and Customs Journal 7, Issue 5 (May 1, 2012): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2012035.
Full textAbstract:
This collection of articles analyses the problems with judicial review of trade remedy determinations in ten user countries - Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa, and the United States - and is a follow-up to similar studies in 2004 and 2007 respectively. Each article succinctly describes the major problems with judicial review in their jurisdictions covering the period from 2001 to 2010 with an aim to examine the effectiveness of judicial review (and/or, where applicable, review by an administrative tribunal) of trade remedy determinations in the light of Article 13 of the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement. Two problems have been underlined: (1) the excessively long duration of the judicial review procedures; and (2) the considerable deference given to the administrative authorities on substantive issues by the courts typically on account of the technicality of the anti-dumping determinations and the absence of expert judges versed with trade remedy laws. These two problems have deeply impacted the effectiveness of the judicial review systems in most jurisdictions investigated and the situation is far from what is envisaged in Article 13 of the ADA. Both problems are related to the absence of specialized courts and chambers with judges trained in trade remedy laws. In contrast, the United States and India - the only two countries that have specialized courts - have effective judicial review systems. For the ten year period covered by this study, the ten countries investigated can be divided into two groups as regards the recourse to judicial review of anti-dumping determinations. One group comprises the European Union, India, Mexico and the United States where judicial review of anti-dumping determinations has been frequent. The second group comprises the remaining countries namely Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Indonesia and South Africa where judicial reviews have been more limited. In fact the judicial review systems for trade remedy determinations in countries such as China and Indonesia are in the early stages of development.
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Vermulst, Edwin, and Edwin Vermulst. "Judicial Review of Anti-dumping Determinations in the EU." Global Trade and Customs Journal 7, Issue 5 (May 1, 2012): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2012030.
Full textAbstract:
This collection of articles analyses the problems with judicial review of trade remedy determinations in ten user countries - Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa, and the United States - and is a follow-up to similar studies in 2004 and 2007 respectively. Each article succinctly describes the major problems with judicial review in their jurisdictions covering the period from 2001 to 2010 with an aim to examine the effectiveness of judicial review (and/or, where applicable, review by an administrative tribunal) of trade remedy determinations in the light of Article 13 of the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement. Two problems have been underlined: (1) the excessively long duration of the judicial review procedures; and (2) the considerable deference given to the administrative authorities on substantive issues by the courts typically on account of the technicality of the anti-dumping determinations and the absence of expert judges versed with trade remedy laws. These two problems have deeply impacted the effectiveness of the judicial review systems in most jurisdictions investigated and the situation is far from what is envisaged in Article 13 of the ADA. Both problems are related to the absence of specialized courts and chambers with judges trained in trade remedy laws. In contrast, the United States and India - the only two countries that have specialized courts - have effective judicial review systems. For the ten year period covered by this study, the ten countries investigated can be divided into two groups as regards the recourse to judicial review of anti-dumping determinations. One group comprises the European Union, India, Mexico and the United States where judicial review of anti-dumping determinations has been frequent. The second group comprises the remaining countries namely Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Indonesia and South Africa where judicial reviews have been more limited. In fact the judicial review systems for trade remedy determinations in countries such as China and Indonesia are in the early stages of development.
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McIlroy, James. "Judicial Review of Anti-dumping Determinations in Canada." Global Trade and Customs Journal 7, Issue 5 (May 1, 2012): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2012028.
Full textAbstract:
This collection of articles analyses the problems with judicial review of trade remedy determinations in ten user countries - Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa, and the United States - and is a follow-up to similar studies in 2004 and 2007 respectively. Each article succinctly describes the major problems with judicial review in their jurisdictions covering the period from 2001 to 2010 with an aim to examine the effectiveness of judicial review (and/or, where applicable, review by an administrative tribunal) of trade remedy determinations in the light of Article 13 of the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement. Two problems have been underlined: (1) the excessively long duration of the judicial review procedures; and (2) the considerable deference given to the administrative authorities on substantive issues by the courts typically on account of the technicality of the anti-dumping determinations and the absence of expert judges versed with trade remedy laws. These two problems have deeply impacted the effectiveness of the judicial review systems in most jurisdictions investigated and the situation is far from what is envisaged in Article 13 of the ADA. Both problems are related to the absence of specialized courts and chambers with judges trained in trade remedy laws. In contrast, the United States and India - the only two countries that have specialized courts - have effective judicial review systems. For the ten year period covered by this study, the ten countries investigated can be divided into two groups as regards the recourse to judicial review of anti-dumping determinations. One group comprises the European Union, India, Mexico and the United States where judicial review of anti-dumping determinations has been frequent. The second group comprises the remaining countries namely Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Indonesia and South Africa where judicial reviews have been more limited. In fact the judicial review systems for trade remedy determinations in countries such as China and Indonesia are in the early stages of development.
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Uruchurtu, Gustavo A. "Judicial Review of Anti-dumping Determinations in Mexico." Global Trade and Customs Journal 7, Issue 5 (May 1, 2012): 263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2012033.
Full textAbstract:
This collection of articles analyses the problems with judicial review of trade remedy determinations in ten user countries - Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa, and the United States - and is a follow-up to similar studies in 2004 and 2007 respectively. Each article succinctly describes the major problems with judicial review in their jurisdictions covering the period from 2001 to 2010 with an aim to examine the effectiveness of judicial review (and/or, where applicable, review by an administrative tribunal) of trade remedy determinations in the light of Article 13 of the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement. Two problems have been underlined: (1) the excessively long duration of the judicial review procedures; and (2) the considerable deference given to the administrative authorities on substantive issues by the courts typically on account of the technicality of the anti-dumping determinations and the absence of expert judges versed with trade remedy laws. These two problems have deeply impacted the effectiveness of the judicial review systems in most jurisdictions investigated and the situation is far from what is envisaged in Article 13 of the ADA. Both problems are related to the absence of specialized courts and chambers with judges trained in trade remedy laws. In contrast, the United States and India - the only two countries that have specialized courts - have effective judicial review systems. For the ten year period covered by this study, the ten countries investigated can be divided into two groups as regards the recourse to judicial review of anti-dumping determinations. One group comprises the European Union, India, Mexico and the United States where judicial review of anti-dumping determinations has been frequent. The second group comprises the remaining countries namely Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Indonesia and South Africa where judicial reviews have been more limited. In fact the judicial review systems for trade remedy determinations in countries such as China and Indonesia are in the early stages of development.
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Brink, Gustav. "Anti-dumping and Judicial Review in South Africa: An Urgent Need for Change." Global Trade and Customs Journal 7, Issue 5 (May 1, 2012): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2012034.
Full textAbstract:
This collection of articles analyses the problems with judicial review of trade remedy determinations in ten user countries - Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa, and the United States - and is a follow-up to similar studies in 2004 and 2007 respectively. Each article succinctly describes the major problems with judicial review in their jurisdictions covering the period from 2001 to 2010 with an aim to examine the effectiveness of judicial review (and/or, where applicable, review by an administrative tribunal) of trade remedy determinations in the light of Article 13 of the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement. Two problems have been underlined: (1) the excessively long duration of the judicial review procedures; and (2) the considerable deference given to the administrative authorities on substantive issues by the courts typically on account of the technicality of the anti-dumping determinations and the absence of expert judges versed with trade remedy laws. These two problems have deeply impacted the effectiveness of the judicial review systems in most jurisdictions investigated and the situation is far from what is envisaged in Article 13 of the ADA. Both problems are related to the absence of specialized courts and chambers with judges trained in trade remedy laws. In contrast, the United States and India - the only two countries that have specialized courts - have effective judicial review systems. For the ten year period covered by this study, the ten countries investigated can be divided into two groups as regards the recourse to judicial review of anti-dumping determinations. One group comprises the European Union, India, Mexico and the United States where judicial review of anti-dumping determinations has been frequent. The second group comprises the remaining countries namely Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Indonesia and South Africa where judicial reviews have been more limited. In fact the judicial review systems for trade remedy determinations in countries such as China and Indonesia are in the early stages of development.
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Qiao, Xiaoyong. "The Empirical Research on Macro Decision-Making Factors of Implementing Countervailing Policy." Journal of Systems Science and Information 1, no. 1 (February 25, 2013): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jssi-2013-0060.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAt present, with the rapid development of foreign trade, trade friction of China has transformed from the microcosmic aspects of enterprise to the macroscopical aspects of government. Countervailing policy as a trade policy has a profound effect on many aspects. Based on constructing Binary Choice Model of the influencing factors of macro decision-making, this paper tries to carry out an empirical study on the influencing factors of macro decision-making form foreign countries against China with the data of the 38 countervailing files initiated by the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa and India from 2004 to 2009. This paper makes contributions to provide reference to China’s macro decision-making sectors.
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Ali, Rizwan. "The Politics of Energy Trade Between Iran and Pakistan." Forman Journal of Social Sciences 02, no. 01 (December 17, 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32368/fjss.20220206.
Full textAbstract:
Pakistan and Iran are neighboring countries that have longstanding historical ties. However, there is little research available about Pakistan-Iran energy trade relations, especially with respect to the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline. This research is based on primary data collected through qualitative interviews with key policymakers, academicians, and social activists, from Australia, India, Pakistan, and the United States. Based on the analysis of the data, this paper argues that there are risks involved for Pakistan in either honoring United States’ sanctions on Iran or bypassing them. In the former, Pakistan is incurring a huge cost in terms of delayed energy import from Iran while in the latter Pakistan, its officials, and its relevant organizations may face heavy sanctions by the United States. The study concludes that Pakistan must adopt a safer policy to pursue energy import from Iran while conducting good relations with both U.S. and Iran. The participation of India in the Iran-Pakistan energy project can increase the likelihood of its success. Key Words: Iran-Pakistan Relations, Energy Trade, United States, Politics, Foreign Policy
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Bannor B., Emmanuel, and Alex O. Acheampong. "Deploying artificial neural networks for modeling energy demand: international evidence." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 14, no. 2 (October 14, 2019): 285–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-06-2019-0008.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose This paper aims to use artificial neural networks to develop models for forecasting energy demand for Australia, China, France, India and the USA. Design/methodology/approach The study used quarterly data that span over the period of 1980Q1-2015Q4 to develop and validate the models. Eight input parameters were used for modeling the demand for energy. Hyperparameter optimization was performed to determine the ideal parameters for configuring each country’s model. To ensure stable forecasts, a repeated evaluation approach was used. After several iterations, the optimal models for each country were selected based on predefined criteria. A multi-layer perceptron with a back-propagation algorithm was used for building each model. Findings The results suggest that the validated models have developed high generalizing capabilities with insignificant forecasting deviations. The model for Australia, China, France, India and the USA attained high coefficients of determination of 0.981, 0.9837, 0.9425, 0.9137 and 0.9756, respectively. The results from the partial rank correlation coefficient further reveal that economic growth has the highest sensitivity weight on energy demand in Australia, France and the USA while industrialization has the highest sensitivity weight on energy demand in China. Trade openness has the highest sensitivity weight on energy demand in India. Originality/value This study incorporates other variables such as financial development, foreign direct investment, trade openness, industrialization and urbanization, which are found to have an important effect on energy demand in the model to prevent underestimation of the actual energy demand. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the most influential variables. The study further deploys the models for hands-on predictions of energy demand.
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Yadav, Amit, Gaurang P. Nazar, Tina Rawal, Monika Arora, Premila Webster, and Nathan Grills. "Plain packaging of tobacco products: the logical next step for tobacco control policy in India." BMJ Global Health 3, no. 5 (September 2018): e000873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000873.
Full textAbstract:
India implemented larger 85% pictorial health warnings on all tobacco products from 1 April 2016. However, to remove the last bit of glamour and attraction from the tobacco packs, it must now embrace plain packaging. Plain packaging prevents tobacco packs from carrying the tobacco industry brand imagery as mobile billboards. Postimplementation of larger 85% pictorial health warnings on all tobacco products, this analysis was undertaken to assess the feasibility of plain packaging as the next logical tobacco control policy measure in India. As part of this analysis, the research team reviewed the available literature on legal and policy challenges to plain packaging as a tobacco control policy initiative for India. Literature from 2010 to 2016 in English language was reviewed, which reveals that, India has taken several preparatory steps implemented by other countries like Australia and the UK that have introduced plain packaging, for example, stronger smoke-free laws, ban on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship, increase in taxes and a report from civil society task force on plain packaging. The trade and investment agreements signed by India are also within the international trade norms relating to public health. A Private Member’s Bill on plain packaging is also pending in the Parliament of India. Other potential challenges against such policy decision, for example, freedom of trade, right to property, violation of competition law and other laws including consumer protection laws, were found unsubstantiated by the research team. Plain packaging is the next logical step for tobacco control policy in India.
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Kupriyanov, Alexey V. "Indian South Pacific turn: causes and possible consequences." Asia and Africa Today, no. 12 (2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750017783-3.
Full textAbstract:
Until recently, Oceania was on the periphery of Indian foreign policy. This was due to a number of historical, political and economic reasons: the polities of Oceania historically weren’t a part of the Indian Ocean world; they gained independence too late, and the volume of India's trade with most of them is insignificant. The situation began to change after Narendra Modi came to power in 2014, but this process soon stalled. However, in recent months, there has been a sharp surge in Indian interest in Oceania. In the author's opinion, this is due to three processes: India's desire to enlist the support of its solar energy initiatives, the awareness of the weakness of its strategy of containing China in the Indian Ocean and and the formation of a triple informal alliance with the participation of India, Australia and France, which seems beneficial for these countries. The article analyzes the main imperatives and tasks of India, shows the process of their changes. The author points out that Fiji has historically played a major role in Indian politics in Oceania, but notes that in the near future Indian interest in Papua New Guinea and Tonga, two other island countries with their own armed forces, will grow. The article describes the existing interaction between India and the countries of the South Pacific and promising fields of cooperation. The author notes that Indian expansion in the region opens up new prospects for Russia and puts before it the question of formulating its own Indo-Pacific strategy, which would be combined with the Indian vision.
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Dr. Jasdeep Kaur Dhami, Manbir Singh,. "Analysis of Real GDP, Imports and Exports of Indian Ocean RIM Association Member Nations." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 68–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i2.1057.
Full textAbstract:
The Indian Ocean woven together by transmission of trade, commands the control of majority of the world’s cargo ships, one third of the worlds cargo traffic and two thirds of total world’s oil shipments. The main aim of this paper is to analyse Real GDP, Imports and Exports of Indian Ocean RIM Association Member Nations. Time period of the study is from 1980 to 2019. Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC) contributes 11.7 per cent share in world exports, in case of member nations highest share is of Singapore 2.1 per cent followed by India and UAE 1.7 per cent, Australia 1.5 per cent, Thailand and Malaysia 1.3 per cent. Indonesia, South Africa, Bangladesh, Oman, Iran, Islamic Republic of, Sri Lanka the share in world exports is less than 1 per cent.
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Anderson, Clare. "Convicts, Commodities, and Connections in British Asia and the Indian Ocean, 1789–1866." International Review of Social History 64, S27 (March 26, 2019): 205–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859019000129.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis article explores the transportation of Indian convicts to the port cities of the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean during the period 1789 to 1866. It considers the relationship between East India Company transportation and earlier and concurrent British Crown transportation to the Americas and Australia. It is concerned in particular with the interconnection between convictism and enslavement in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean worlds. Examining the roots of transportation in South Asia in the repressive policies of the East India Company, especially in relation to its occupation of land and expropriation of resources, it moves on to discuss aspects of convicts’ lives in Moulmein, Singapore, Mauritius, and Aden. This includes their labour regime and their relationship to other workers. It argues that Indian convict transportation was part of a carceral circuit of repression and coerced labour extraction that was intertwined with the expansion of East India Company governance and trade. The Company used transportation as a means of removing resistant subjects from their homes, and of supplying an unfree labour force to develop commodity exports and to build the infrastructure necessary for the establishment, population, and connection of littoral nodes. However, the close confinement and association of convicts during transportation rendered the punishment a vector for the development of transregional political solidarities, centred in and around the Company's port cities.
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Asaturov, Sergey, and Andrei Martynov. "Trends in international relations in the Indo-Pacific region." ScienceRise: Juridical Science, no. 1(19) (March 31, 2022): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2523-4153.2022.254248.
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The global Indian and Pacific region is playing an increasing role in modern international relations. At the beginning of the XXI century, this region is a crossroads of different interests of great powers. The United States continues to play a leading role. The Pentagon introduced the concept of the Indo-Pacific region. From a military-strategic point of view, this concept is a symbol of American-Chinese competition. This process intensified under the Trump administration in 2017-2020. The Biden administration is consolidating regional democracies. Australia, India and Japan play a key role in this process. The European Union promotes the values and ideas of democracy in the Indo-Pacific region. China is an important trading partner of the EU. The intensification of the Sino-US confrontation in early 2022 has blocked the entry into force of the China-EU Free Trade and Investment Agreement. In early 2022, the United States, Great Britain and Australia announced the creation of a military alliance. India and Japan are concerned about China's growing military power. The Republic of Korea has a similar position. Hotspots of confrontation in the region are Taiwan, the Korean Peninsula, the disputed Spratly Islands. The Indo-Pakistani conflict around Kashmir destabilizes regional security. The Indo-Pacific region is an example of a complex multipolar system of international relations. This system is more risky in terms of security. The functioning of internal regional and interregional communication networks is complicated by military-technical, environmental, demographic, socio-cultural, interstate contradictions. The formation of a regional security system is limited by political problems. Post-modern democracies, such as Australia, India, Japan and the modernized Chinese autocracy and the North Korean Stalinist dictatorship, coexist in the Indo-Pacific region. The balance of interests is maintained by the United States and the European Union. This balance is volatile and unpredictable
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Henry, Nancy. "GEORGE ELIOT AND THE COLONIES." Victorian Literature and Culture 29, no. 2 (September 2001): 413–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150301002091.
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Women are occasionally governors of prisons for women, overseers of the poor, and parish clerks. A woman may be ranger of a park; a woman can take part in the government of a great empire by buying East India Stock.— Barbara Bodichon, A Brief Summary in Plain Language, of the Most Important Laws Concerning Women (1854)ON OCTOBER 5, 1860, GEORGE HENRY LEWES VISITED a solicitor in London to consult about investments. He wrote in his journal: “[The Solicitor] took me to a stockbroker, who undertook to purchase 95 shares in the Great Indian Peninsular Railway for Polly. For £1825 she gets £1900 worth of stock guaranteed 5%” (qtd. in Ashton, Lewes 210). Thus Marian Evans, called Polly by her close friends, known in society as Mrs. Lewes and to her reading public as George Eliot, became a shareholder in British India. Whether or not Eliot thought of buying stock as taking part in the government of a great empire, as her friend Barbara Bodichon had written in 1854, the 5% return on her investment was a welcome supplement to the income she had been earning from her fiction since 1857. From 1860 until her death in 1880, she was one of a select but growing number of middle-class investors who took advantage of high-yield colonial stocks.1 Lewes’s journals for 1860–1878 and Eliot’s diaries for 1879–80 list dividends from stocks in Australia, South Africa, India, and Canada. These include: New South Wales, Victoria, Cape of Good Hope, Cape Town Rail, Colonial Bank, Oriental Bank, Scottish Australian, Great Indian Peninsula, Madras. The Indian and colonial stocks make up just less than half of the total holdings. Other stocks connected to colonial trade (East and West India Docks, London Docks), domestic stocks (the Consols, Regents Canal), and foreign investments (Buenos Aires, Pittsburgh and Ft. Wayne) complete the portfolio.2
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Jain, Purnendra. "Hesitant Realism: China–India Border Tensions and Delhi’s Deepening Strategic Ties with Tokyo and Canberra." Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 77–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347797021992529.
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The deadly conflict on the Ladakh border in June 2020 will force India to re-evaluate its approach to foreign policy. This dangerous turn, despite decades of mutual restraint, border talks, agreements and recent bonhomie between the Indian and Chinese leaders, has intensified the strategically tense environment of the Indo-Pacific region. China’s assertiveness in the South China and East China seas and its technology and trade tensions with a number of neighbouring Asian and Western nations have already raised political temperatures in global politics. In that light, this article considers how the June 2020 border incident may influence India’s strategic rethink, especially in relation to two key nations of the Indo-Pacific, Japan and Australia. The article suggests that forcing a re-evaluation of the strategic challenge posed by China, the June 2020 border confrontation has inspired a more realist edge to India’s security thinking. India is continuing the strategic autonomy with a multi-alignment approach it has favoured, but with a keener sense of realpolitik it is pressing ahead to deepen its defence and strategic alignments with like-minded nations in the Indo-Pacific region. This means that India is not abandoning its relations with traditional partners such as Russia to instead pursue a more formal alliance with one or a group of other powers. Rather, India is further developing strategic partnerships with the United States and its allies, while continuing strong relations with Russia and other long-standing partners to ‘balance’ its national security position. This article identifies India’s approach as ‘hesitant realism’, an explanatory term to explore India’s moves to balance its external relations through growing ties with Japan and Australia—two US allies that are key Indo-Pacific nations.
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Chia, Siow Yue. "The Emerging Regional Economic Integration Architecture in East Asia." Asian Economic Papers 12, no. 1 (January 2013): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00179.
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This paper examines regional market integration through production networks and free trade agreements in East Asia and their attendant challenges and issues. It examines progress in the ASEAN Economic Community and in various ASEAN+1 free trade and economic integration agreements. It argues that there is a strong case for a region-wide agreement to maximize economic synergy and resolve emerging problems, including market fragmentation and the “noodle bowl” effect. It explores three possible paths to region-wide integration, namely, the East Asia Free Trade Area (encompassing ASEAN+3 [the People's Republic of China, Japan, and Korea]), the Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia (encompassing ASEAN+3 countries and Australia—New Zealand and India) and the Trans-Pacific Partnership, currently involving nine negotiating countries in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. The paper explores the economic and political benefits and challenges of forming these three regionwide agreements.
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Siddiqui, Areej Aftab, and Parul Singh. "Identifying export markets for Indian medical devices." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing 14, no. 4 (September 21, 2020): 587–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijphm-09-2019-0059.
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Purpose Medical device industry in India is a niche sector with few key players but it possesses huge potential for both domestic and international trade. In recent years, a number of regulatory relaxations have been provided to medical device manufacturers in India to enhance production and further trade especially exports. Though the industry is highly dependent on imports, the purpose of this paper is to identify key medical devices using the revealed comparative advantage, which can be exported from India by identifying new markets. Design/methodology/approach For the selected medical devices, India’s exports to the world and the newly identified markets are forecasted using the autoregressive integrated moving average model of regression. Findings It is seen that three major medical devices emerge to be the ones where India has the capacity and potential to manufacture and export. These medical devices are electro-cardiographs, magnetic resonance imaging apparatus and oscilloscopes and oscillographs being exported to the USA, Australia; China and the USA, respectively, which is rising in recent years. Research limitations/implications As the forecasted values indicate that there is an increasing potential in exports from India to the world of the selected medical devices, there is an urgent need to develop this industry and enhance exports from India. Very few studies have been carried out to examine and forecast exports from specific sectors or industries which is the need of the hour now. Originality/value The paper also provides suggestions to exporters and policymakers on leveraging the future export potential of selected medical devices.
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da Conceição-Heldt, Eugénia. "The Clash of Negotiations: The Impact of Outside Options on Multilateral Trade Negotiations." International Negotiation 18, no. 1 (2013): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-12341247.
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Abstract While the number of preferential trade agreements (PTA) has increased rapidly in recent years, the Doha round of multilateral trade negotiations has been deadlocked since 2006. Most PTAs were even concluded after the start of the Doha round. Does the shift to PTAs “marginalize” the multilateral system? And is there a clash between preferential and multilateral trade liberalization? To answer these questions, we build upon negotiation analysis literature, arguing that the proliferation of PTAs draws negotiating capacity away from the multilateral level and thus reduces the incentives to agree on multilateral trade agreements. The willingness of actors to move from their initial bargaining positions and make concessions at the multilateral level depends on their outside options, that is, their best or worst alternatives to a negotiated agreement. The more credible an actor’s argument that he has a good alternative to multilateralism, the greater his bargaining power will be. In order to support the argument we will analyze the negotiation process at the multilateral level and link it to PTAs under negotiation by the EU, US, Brazil, Australia, and India.
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Hu, Luoming, Changqing Song, Sijing Ye, and Peichao Gao. "Spatiotemporal Statistical Imbalance: A Long-Term Neglected Defect in UN Comtrade Dataset." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 26, 2022): 1431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031431.
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The bilateral trade data provided by the United Nations International Trade Statistics Database are some of the most authoritative trade statistics and have been widely used in many research fields. Here, we propose a new form of inconsistency in its records, namely statistical imbalance, which refers to the phenomenon of inequality between the import or export trade value of a commodity category and the total value of all its subcategories. We investigated the frequency and spatial-temporal patterns of the statistical imbalances of 15 reporters (i.e., Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, the Netherlands, the Rep. of Korea, the Russian Federation, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates, the United States of America, and Vietnam) from 1996–2016 and explored their distributional differences in commodity categories with a co-clustering algorithm. The results show that statistical imbalance is widespread with obvious clustering patterns. Trade records related to specific categories such as fossil fuels, pharmaceuticals, machinery, and unspecified commodity categories presented severe statistical imbalances, which may lead to erroneous trade research results. Since statistical imbalance is difficult to detect in studies focusing only on specific commodity categories, we suggested that researchers should prescreen the data for statistical imbalance to ensure the validity of their results.