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1
Singh, Khujan, and Anil Kumar. "EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF INDIA’S FOREIGN TRADE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 10 (October 26, 2020): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i10.2020.1805.
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The present study is an attempt to examine long run relationship among India’s GDP, Exports and Imports for which yearly time series data from 1995 to 2018 has been collected. Data for India’s GDP has been collected from RBI website and India’s export and import data has been collected form Ministry of Commerce and Industry website. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test for stationarity found that studied variables become stationary at first order of difference. While, Johnson cointegration test revealed long run cointegration between India’s GDP, exports and imports. The results of VECM Granger causality test exhibited bi-directional relationship between India’s GDP and India’s exports, whereas uni-directional relation has been found between India’s GDP and India’s imports. These results have significant implication for India’s export import policy and to achieve a target of $5 trillion economy till 2024-2025.
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Sajeev, U., and V. P. Akhila. "India’s Foreign Trade Under Plan Periods." Shanlax International Journal of Economics 9, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v9i2.3785.
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International Trade is an engine of growth of an economy. Trade is just not a transfer/exchange of goods and services, but it is more than it. So, when we date back to the history of trade, there we can see its been long back people started to travel and trade with various countries. Here, the study focuses on the India’s Trade during plan periods, especially under five year plan. Through this research work, it tries to study and evaluate the India’s foreign trade and its value, composition and direction.
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Anusha, Tanneru, and Seema Nazneen. "India’s Major Trade Partners UK and US." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 8, no. 3 (January 1, 2021): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v8i3.3281.
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On the eve of planning the trade, the foreign trade of India with the US and the UK showed an excess of exports over imports from more than a decade. Foreign trade in India showed excess imports over exports. The trade deficit was largely due to the war pre-war and post-war. This paper is based on secondary data collected from commerce and industry and other various government reports and sources. It also demonstrates Indian trade from a global perspective. Indian trade with the United States and the United Kingdom and the relations trade terms are analyzed. The major sectors and products involved in the trade are studied. The Indian Institute of foreign trade promotes imports and exports trade terms and agreements and also envelops the full range of global business. Foreign trade policy or Exim policy along with simplification and merger reward schemes are studied. India’s trade for the past years was seen negative due to certain reasons. The trade analysis of India was done for the year 2019-20. The effect of India’s foreign trade for 2020 is studied. The world trade scenario in the recent estimated in the IMF.
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Tiwari, CA Naveen Kumar. "A Comparative Study of Indias Foreign Trade in Pre and Post Reform Era." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 12 (December 31, 2021): 2040–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39682.
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Abstract: Foreign trade has been playing a vital role in the economic progress and prosperity of every country.In modern days foreign trade has assumed an immense prominence and substance for economic development of a country because of interdependence of economies, increasing specialization and joining regional cooperation. In 1991, the major program of economic reform were introduced which emphasize on external sector wherein the protective tariffs were decreased, changes into foreigninvestment and the restrictive import licensing system was relaxed and simplified. After the New economic reforms, India’s foreign trade has undergone substantial changes, volume of trade rose up and composition of trade was also frequently changed. The main objective of the paper is to study the trends of India’s foreign trade pre and post new economic reforms in India. The entire data for the present study is collected from the secondary sources. The collected data has been analyzed by using Paired t-test from SPSS software package and graphs. The findings of this paper said that there is positive relationship between economic reforms and India’s foreign trade. A push has been given to theexports but analyzes says that the increasing rate of imports is higher in comparison to the increasing rate of exports. Keywords: Foreign Trade, New Economic Reforms, Exports, Imports, Growth Rate.
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Barik, Anirudha. "Post-crisis India’s Merchandise Export Growth: What Has Changed?" Indian Economic Journal 66, no. 3-4 (December 2018): 270–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019466219880132.
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This article comprehensively examines the growth and pattern of India’s merchandise exports during and following the financial crisis period (2007–08 to 2016–17) using Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics and United Nations Commodity Trade/World Integrated Trade Solution trade data. The entire analysis is based on leading trade indices and indicators and the results confirm that significant change in India’s trading structure is associated with the fast growth of foreign trade. The composition of exports has undergone changes overtime, bearing a strong influence of factor endowments and technology in favour of both human capital intensive and technology intensive sectors. The magnitude of product diversification shows that India’s export basket is poorly diversified but more diversified than BRICS countries except China. India’s export destinations showed a major shift from the developed countries market to the emerging markets in Asia and Africa. However, India holds more increased trade intensity with USA and Hong Kong. Dynamism in labour-intensive manufacturing sector is vital to promote India’s exports of agricultural value-added products and enable more competitive at the world. Also, the development of new markets should be viewed as part of a wider effort to enlarge the India’s foreign trade. JEL Code: F10, F14, F19
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Dwivedi, Dr Umesh. "A Comparative Study of India’s Foreign Trade in Pre and Post Reform Period." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, no. 12 (December 30, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem27825.
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Foreign trade has been playing a vital role in the economic progress and prosperity of every country. In modern days foreign trade has assumed an immense prominence and substance for economic development of a country because of interdependence of economies, increasing specialization and joining regional cooperation. In 1991, the major program of economic reform were introduced which emphasize on external sector wherein the protective tariffs were decreased, changes into foreign investment and the restrictive import licensing system was relaxed and simplified. After the New economic reforms, India’s foreign trade has undergone substantial changes, volume of trade rose up and composition of trade was also frequently changed. The main objective of the paper is to study the trends of India’s foreign trade pre and post new economic reforms in India. The entire data for the present study is collected from the secondary sources. The collected data has been analyzed by using Paired t-test from SPSS software package and graphs. The findings of this paper said that there is positive relationship between economic reforms and India’s foreign trade. A push has been given to the exports but analyzes says that the increasing rate of imports is higher in comparison to the increasing rate of exports.
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Goyal, Khushbu Singla, and Arti Gaur. "Sectoral Diversification of India’s Foreign Trade Portfolio:Exploring the Commodity Composition of India’s Trade-Basket." TSM Business Review 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.23837/tbr/2016/v4/n1/112766.
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Kryuchkov, Igor V., Natalia D. Kryuchkova, and Ashot A. Melkonyan. "Внешняя торговля Британской Индии на рубеже XIX–XX вв. (по материалам дипломатических представительств России)." Oriental studies 15, no. 2 (July 15, 2022): 200–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-60-2-200-213.
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Introduction. The history of British Raj’s foreign economic activity development at the turn of the 20th century remains somewhat understudied both in Russian and foreign historiography. Since the 1880s, India significantly increased foreign trade to become Asia’s leader in this regard. Goals. The paper aims at examining dynamics of India’s export-import operations and foreign trade by countries. Materials and methods. The article analyzes reports and accounts of Russian diplomats to have worked in British Raj, the Near East, and Great Britain. The employed research methods include the historical/genetic, comparative historical, and historical/typological ones. Results. Britain had been India’s dominating trading partner. However, gradually other states also increased trade operations with the latter, especially import ones. The paper emphasizes Russia failed to become a key foreign trade partner of British Raj (except for export of kerosene and import of tea). The identified reasons are contentious British-Russian relations in Central Asia in the 1860s–1890s, poor knowledge of the Indian market, and geographical remoteness. British Raj turned an outpost of Great Britain’s economic strength in the Persian Gulf. At the same time, Indian goods displaced products from other countries — including Britain manufactured ones — in many ports of the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula. The article stresses that the bulk of India’s foreign economic relations were maintained via maritime transport. This was due to complicated natural and climatic factors along land borders, instability in frontiers (Afghanistan and Persia). Nonetheless, British Raj was increasing its economic presence in Afghanistan, Persia, Nepal, Ceylon, Siam, and western provinces of China. An important place in India’s foreign trade was occupied by transit trade and re-export of goods from other states, which makes it difficult to accurately determine the actual volume of its foreign trade. Conclusions. The specifics of India’s national economic development can thus be traced in the structure of its foreign trade. The exports were dominated by raw materials and foodstuffs; manufactured products were only making their way to foreign markets. The difficulties were largely associated with the Great Britain’s colonial policy in India since the former sought to keep using the latter as a market for industrial products produced in the British Isles. On the eve of WW I, British Raj was building up its economic potential through strengthening its positions in world trade.
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Farasat, Shadan. "India’s Quest for Regional Trade Agreements: Challenges Ahead." Journal of World Trade 42, Issue 3 (June 1, 2008): 433–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2008020.
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Backed by high economic growth, India has been entering into numerous regional trade agreements (RTAs) in the past few years. This article carries out a holistic analysis of these RTAs in light of India’s commitments at the World Trade Organization (WTO). The thrust of the article is on the challenges India’s RTAs currently face. An examination of India’s RTAs reveals that many of them may not be fully consistent with the applicable WTO rules. Additionally, the article reveals an “implementation deficit” in respect of India’s RTAs. The article suggests changes to the existing Indian foreign trade policy, so as to make India’s regional trade endeavours complimentary to the multilateral process at the WTO.
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Gore, Manasi, and Meenal Annachhatre. "Trade-off between India’s Trade Promotion and its Environmental Sustainability." European Journal of Sustainable Development 8, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2019.v8n3p405.
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The concept of sustainable development involves three components namely economic, social and environmental. In a developing economy like that of India, the economic sustainability demands higher growth of key economic indicators such as National income, employment generation, production, consumption and even the foreign trade. The growth of foreign trade and that of the exports are very critical for the foreign exchange reserves essential to pay for the imports in India. Trade as an engine of the economic growth thus fulfils the essential implication for economic sustainability. But in achieving this growth, economy’s environmental sustainability is at stake. This is because, the top export products of India still comprise of petroleum products (18%) , agricultural products (12%), textiles and yarns together at 11 % and chemicals (10%). All these exports in their production have immensely contributed towards environmental pollution in one way or the other. Mining for gold, silver and diamonds resulted in water pollution, Green House Gas emission, and soil erosion. Petroleum refineries are a major source of hazardous and toxic air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM).Though India’s contribution to the total world trade is yet negligible, while promoting the major exports as mentioned above the natural resources are exploited too much and thus create a threat to India’s environmental sustainability. This paper therefore advocates the need for the Green products’ exports to make India’s growth story even environmentally sustainable. Keywords: Sustainable development, Green products, Exports, Imports, Environmental Pollution
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Kumar, Vipin, Veena Jha, and Pankhuri Bansal. "Indias Position in the International Economic Order." Global Trade and Customs Journal 14, Issue 7/8 (August 1, 2019): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2019036.
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India holds a dominant position in influencing global issues related to climate change, world trade, international terrorism, and nuclear proliferation. Considering the trade war between US and China, the threat to multilateralism from the US and the uncomfortable trade relationship between US and EU and Japan, India is now at a crossroads in the international economic order. This offers a leadership opportunity to ‘Aspirational India’ that is willing to engage in new issues of international economic order. This article examines India’s position in Multilateral Trade System by comprehensively reviewing the difference between its overall trade and sectoral interests; India’s role at the World Trade Organization (WTO) and how it has evolved; the role of India’s foreign policy in guiding its regionalism; and the opportunities that India may have in the trade war currently prevailing in the global economy. The article concludes that India’s interest is to preserve a stable multilateral trading order through the WTO, while using regionals or even sectoral agreements to augment its trade competitiveness
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Verma, Neel Mani Prasad. "India’s trade related policies during Atal Bihari Vajpayee government." Brazilian Journal of Development 10, no. 3 (March 18, 2024): e68144. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv10n3-049.
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The open policy of a large country influences the global economy and trade. In this context, India's foreign policy attracts countries to boost their trade relations. India's economy is now the fifth largest in the world, accounting for almost 3% of the global GDP. Many government leaders are responsible for strengthening the Indian economy at the global level. In this regard, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, as Prime Minister of India, has majorly boosted India's economic engagement with the international community through various policies and initiatives. This study aims to emphasise Atal Bihari Vajpayee's contributions to foreign trade and policy. In this paper, we have focused on the major contribution of the Vajpayee government to global community and countries' foreign trade relations and policy. This paper relies on secondary data sources. In the methods, we have used descriptive statistics, trend lines, and tables which are based on time series data. This study asserts that Atal Bihari Vajpayee's time as Prime Minister had a substantial impact on the development of India's international trade strategies, emphasizing liberalization, infrastructure development, bilateral relations, and export promotion in order to enhance India's integration into the global economy.
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Bhat, T. P. "India and China." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 68, no. 1 (March 2012): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492841106800105.
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India and China share many similarities. In the initial years, both adopted inward-looking import substitution policies with little consideration to foreign trade. During that period, China’s foreign trade policy was more regimented than that of India’s. As a result, both suffered on account of inefficiency in production and technological backwardness. China’s ‘open door’ policy came into force in 1978, and India adopted liberalisation policies much later in 1991. China’s economy grew much faster with an emphasis on export growth and attracting foreign direct investment. India, too, followed this approach in a calibrated manner. Domestic economic reform in China was carried out with a view to join the World Trade Organization (WTO). Entry of China into WTO unfolded trade liberalisation on an unprecedented scale. China’s foreign market access enhanced its export growth to a phenomenal level. Now it has become the number one exporter, surpassing the US. India’s exports also grew, but not as fast as China’s. Trade instrument deployed by both the countries varies in nature and substance. China’s export competitive power is well established in the global market, while India is yet to get to that level.
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Dahl, Michał. "India’s foreign policy towards Central and Eastern Europe in 2014-2019." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 12, no. 1 (September 24, 2021): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.6469.
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It has been said that Central and Eastern Europe can be seen as an interesting direction for Indian political and economic expansion. Both the data on diplomatic activity and India’s trade with the countries of CEE, however, prove that the region is not of key importance for New Delhi’s foreign policy. On the other hand, a steadily growing trade turnover allows assuming that the current situation will gradually change. The conclusions may be confirmed by the analysis of New Delhi’s diplomacy directions in the region. The Indian leaders (not the most important figures, taking into account symbolism and real significance) visited in the years 2014-2019 the CEE countries with the highest trade turnover with India, namely Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Romania. They also paid visits to Bulgaria, Croatia and Serbia, that is countries with which India’s trade turnover is relatively low, but steadily growing. It may indicate a desire to establish more active diplomatic and economic involvement in this region than previously.
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Naufal, Noudy. "Domestic Dynamics on Foreign Policy: India's Withdrawal from Regional Comprehensive Partnership Agreement (RCEP) Negotiations." Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 14, no. 1 (June 25, 2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jhi.v14i1.21043.
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India’s decision to withdraw from Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) has been one of the shocking event in the development of international trade. Not only obstructing many regionalist agenda between India and the whole of Asia-Pacific region, this decision is considered to be in the exact opposite of India’s attempts to direct its foreign policy towards its eastern neighbours, especially on the East and Southeast Asia, through India’s participations in several free trade agreements. This thesis will attempt to explain India’s withdrawal from RCEP negotiation by looking at domestic factors. It argues that domestic pressures are the main factors for India to withdraw from RCEP’s negotiation rounds. In this research, the author will use conceptual framework developed by Thomas Risse-Kappen to classify the influences of domestic actors on foreign policy of a country based on its political system and societal groups to understand more the influences of domestic actors to Indian foreign policy. This research also shows that apart from domestic stakeholders perceptions that the country’s membership in the RCEP doesn’t benefit their economic interests, huge pressures came especially from Hindu nationalist groups, especially from Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), as the core mass support of the current government’s party under the premiership of Narendra Modi (Bharatiya Janata Party – BJP), has been one of the major domestic pressures to understand the roots on India’s withdrawal from RCEP’s negotiation rounds.
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Dastagiri, M. B., and S. M. Jainuddin. "International Trading Prices Of India’s Oilseed Crops: Growth Rates, Elasticities And Foreign Trade Policy." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 31 (November 30, 2017): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n31p185.
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World prices influence international trade and so economic precision is required. This foreign trade research study examines exports and imports of India’s major oilseeds from 1990-91 to 2015-16. The methodology employed is the estimation of CAGR, Instability Index, Export import price elasticities of oilseeds and identification of top export import destinations. The results show that export prices of groundnut, soybean, niger, safflower, sesamum and sunflower were higher than import prices indicating that India has a comparative advantage in these crops. The terms of trade of India’s oilseeds were found to have increased for all oilseeds except mustard crop. The exports price growth rate of groundnut, niger, safflower and sunflower were higher than imports. The study found that among oilseeds, mustard (0.97 %) has high export elasticity and that export imports prices of groundnut, soybean, safflower, sunflower and niger crops were found to be stable. It also found that India’s major exports destinations for groundnut, soybean, niger seeds, sesamum, and sunflower are Indonesia, USA, South Korea and Philippines respectively, whereas major imports destinations are Germany, USA, Nigeria and Ukraine for groundnut, soybean, sesamum, and sunflower respectively. The study suggests that multilateral trade relationship with countries having high export imports share would help in smooth trade of oilseeds. These findings have important implications for policy research and R&D strategies in response and re-orientation of the R&D system to the changing trade scenario to benefit from WTO.
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Maiti, Moinak. "India’s services: sector, trade and employment." International Journal of Law and Management 60, no. 6 (November 12, 2018): 1377–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-08-2017-0179.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to detail about the India’s service sector with different aspects of services and the opportunities or challenges that lie within it. Design/methodology/approach Preliminary part of the study covers the following details of the India’s services sector: services gross domestic product (GDP), individual states/union territories’ services contributions, services foreign direct investment (FDI), services export, services employment, services inflation and overall service performance. Then the study compares India’s services sector performances with the top 15 services performance countries in the world in terms of GDP. Findings Study found R&D services, legal services, media and broadcasting services and “internal trade and repairs services” to be the potential services sub-sectors that will boost the services sector growth in future. Finally, the study concluded with the implication of the present study finding/results for the present Indian Government policies related to the services, trade, FDI for economic growth and employment. Practical implications The study has significant public policy content. The research focuses on the economic and commercial impact, mainly by practice. Originality/value The paper is original and brings out some valuable finding that will help the policymakers and economists to make policy decision regarding India’s services: sector, trade and employment. The study has found R&D services, legal services, media & broadcasting services and internal trade and repairs services as the potential services sub-sectors which are new and not addressed by any other studies.
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Malhotra, Ms Amita, and Dr Sucheta Gauba. "Role of ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement in India’s International Trade." Eduzone : international peer reviewed/refereed academic multidisciplinary journal 12, no. 02 (2023): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.56614/eiprmj.v12i2.529.
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Emerging economics view Foreign Trade Agreements (FTAs) as a means of development through reduced tariffs and access to low cost products. They not only lead to development of secure international trade but also promote manufacturing in domestic territories. AIFTA (ASEAN India Free Trade Agreement) inked in 2010 paved way for much needed manufacturing and trade boost for both India and ASEAN member states. With more than a decade’s performance till date, this research paper attempts to evaluate the role AIFTA played in meeting the intended objectives. This qualitative research is based on secondary data released by government of India. An attempt has been made to draw patterns and examine if ASEAN countries occupy a prominent place in India’s international trade. Further a comparison with major trading partners (USA, UAE, UK, China and Australia) reveals that a lot needs to be done. It is observed that the trade deficit of India with ASEAN is continuously increasing, depicting a case of trade diversion instead of trade creation against the expected lines.A deeper look at top fifteen commodity groups internationally traded by India highlight the role of only two ASEAN nations and more policy boosts are needed to reap desired benefits from ‘look east policy’ of the government. In order to bolster economic development, augment manufacturing sector and generate employment India needs to strategically look at bilateral trade options with each of the member states or revisit ASEAN FTA to for trade to peak leading to economic growth.
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Pavani, S. "Forex Reserves Accumulation in India." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 10 (October 31, 2023): 1875–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.56346.
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Abstract: Forex reserves play a pivotal role in stabilizing an economy, shielding it from external shocks, and facilitating international trade. This research paper presents an in-depth analysis of foreign reservesaccumulation in India, focusing on the trends, determinants, and policy implications. Utilizing comprehensive data spanning several decades, the study employs both quantitative and qualitative methods to investigate the dynamics surrounding India’s foreign reserves. The paper first examines the historical trends In India’s foreign reserves, highlighting key milestones, policy shifts, and the factors contributing to their growth. It scrutinizes the relationship between Forex reserves and economic indicators such as balance of payments, exchange rates, and external debt.
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Goldar, Bishwanath, Deb Kusum Das, Pilu Chandra Das, and Neha Gupta. "Domestic Versus Imported Contents in Exports: The Case of India’s Merchandise Trade." Journal of South Asian Development 15, no. 1 (April 2020): 62–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174120922451.
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This article combines national input–output tables (1998–1999 to 2007–2008) with World Input–Output Database (1995–2011) to evaluate foreign value-added (FVA) content in India’s exports at aggregate and disaggregate levels. The results confirm rising FVA and declining domestic value added (DVA) in India’s total and merchandise exports across a majority of the commodities. India’s international fragmentation has risen but continues to be lower than that of East Asia and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Strikingly, a regression-based decomposition analysis shows greater positive impact of rise in FVA on India’s export growth as compared to imports, leading to substantial net gains. Second, India’s DVA content in exports did not decline much during 2007–2011, thereby displaying a sluggish upward trend in its FVA content. This article advocates the need for striking a right balance between the goals of increasing FVA (improving linkages into global value chains) to enhance export competitiveness and maintaining DVA (supporting the ‘Make in India’ initiative) in exports to generate employment opportunities domestically.
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GAUR, Punit, Anurag TRIPATHI, and Shovan Sinha RAY. "INDIA’S ROLE IN KAZAKHSTAN’S MULTI-VECTOR FOREIGN POLICY." CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS 22, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 043–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.21.2.03.
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After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan’s economy was weak since most of the industrial enterprises were located in Russia. To attain economic growth, Kazakhstan crafted a unique foreign policy known as the multi-vector foreign policy, which facilitated an easy inflow of direct foreign investments into the state economy. After economic liberalization in 1991, India took a serious interest in Central Asia, and since then the two nations have come a long way marked by complex interdependence in the international arena. They have demonstrated a successful and sustained upward trend in their bilateral relationship through soft power, trade and long-standing historical connections. Thus, the prospects of mutual cooperation between Central Asia, particularly Kazakhstan, and India are quite promising in the near future.
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Burange, L. G., Pooja Thakur, and Hemangi K. Kelkar. "Foreign Direct Investment and Intra-industry Trade in India’s Manufacturing Sector." Foreign Trade Review 52, no. 4 (October 13, 2017): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732516660797.
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The post-liberalization era has witnessed a significant increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and intra-industry trade (IIT) of India. Considering this fact, the article attempts to investigate a causal relationship between FDI and IIT in the manufacturing sector of India for the period 1992–2013. Causality across various industries of the manufacturing sector has also been analyzed. For the manufacturing sector, causality tests depict unidirectional causality from IIT to FDI. The results at industry level vary across different industries. For majority of the industries, it is found that FDI inflows have led to an increase in IIT for the manufacturing sector of India.
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Nath, Hiranya K. "Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in India’s Retail Sector." Space and Culture, India 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2013): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v1i1.17.
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This article presents an overview of retail trade in India in the wake of the country’s new policy that will allow foreign capital in multi-band retailing. It discusses various potential benefits and costs of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the retail sector, particularly in terms of its effects on traditional retailers, employment, consumers, farmers, and local manufacturers. It argues that given somewhat slower growth projection for the Indian economy during the next decade, various structural issues including inadequate infrastructure and a lack of affordable real estate, and the prevalent structure of the agricultural markets, it is unlikely that all the potential benefits and costs will be realised to their fullest extent, at least in the foreseeable future. The economic dynamics and the political process will play an important role in determining the outcomes of this move to allow FDI in the retail sector and will ultimately determine the effects on various stakeholders.
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Biju and R.Ramki. "A STUDY ON MULTILATERAL TRADE AND INVESTMENTS AMONG BRICS COUNTRIES." international journal of engineering technology and management sciences 7, no. 1 (2023): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2023.v07i01.041.
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The paper analyzes the importance of the BRICS group as representatives of emerging countries in the global economy. It is worth noting that the financial crisis had no strong effect on the BRICS group and it had a much better economic performance than developed countries. The main factors that led to the economic expansion of the group were an increased input of factors, and enormous scales of population and resources. The study says that positive for the important relationship between economic growths for exports of BRICS countries. Export is an increase in the foreign exchange value of our country. In 2016-17, India’s overall exports USD 348.49 billion from April-December 2020-21. Thus, this research paper's purpose has based on India's export to BRICS countries. i.e Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The study concluded that though these economies have many challenges to sustain and maintain the trend. FDI will facilitate these economies to enhance large scale production, employment and sustainability.
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Et. al., Dr Mini Jain. "India’s Act-East Policy- A Critical Evidences." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 5 (April 10, 2021): 1846–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i5.2209.
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India and the USA are having an unprecedented warmness in their relationship presently. After all the hindrances and hiccups, the two largest Democracies are finally engaged optimally in economic and trade activities. Simultaneously, India is also developing fruitful relationship with East Asian countries and the present government has evolved the Indian foreign policy from “Look East “to “Act East”. However, this Act east policy need not to be seen in isolation and it has to be seen as a strategic alliance between India, USA, and east Asian countries to neutralize the strategically and economic advancement of China as the global economic superpower. This closeness is unprecedented, however it should not be subjected to the sovereignty of the Indian foreign policy and India should remain Non-aligned as it has reaped humongous benefits by being non-partisan.
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Amarasena, Damitha. "Growth and structure of India’s foreign trade since the post reform period." International Journal of Foreign Trade and International Business 2, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 08–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/26633140.2020.v2.i2a.35.
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Kalyan, Charlize. "An analysis of India’s foreign trade during pre and post economic policy." International Journal of Foreign Trade and International Business 2, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 04–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/26633140.2020.v2.i2a.34.
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S, KANAKA, and CHINADURAI M. "A study of comparative advantage of indian agricultural exports." Journal of Management and Science 1, no. 3 (December 30, 2012): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.2012.19.
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Recent developments in the international trade scenario and corresponding alterations in India’s foreign trade policies have depicted far reaching implications for India’s agricultural sector in general and agricultural exports in particular. The present study has ascertained the changes in comparative advantage status of India’s major agricultural exports during the postreforms period (1994-95 to 2008-09). India had enjoyed a comparative advantage in tea exports but had depicted a declining trend over the years. A similar pattern had been observed in coffee exports also, where India had been found losing its comparative advantage to other world coffee exporters. An unstable pattern of comparative advantage had been observed in the case of rice exports with intermittent ups and downs in the status. A gradual decline in India’s comparative advantage had been depicted for exports of sugar and cashew also.As opposed to other commodities, India had strengthened its position in the global markets in exports of Ground nut. But as far as the exports of fresh fruits and fresh vegetables are concerned, India cannot boast to have a comparative advantage. India has been found losing out its comparative advantage in export of some of the agricultural commodities to world during the period after economic reforms.
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Prasad, Pooja. "India’s Foreign Trade of Textile and Apparel Products: A Study of Composition and Direction of Trade." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research & Reviews 1, no. 4 (December 10, 2022): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.56815/ijmrr.v1.i4.2022/44-43.
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Prasad, Pooja. "India’s Foreign Trade of Textile and Apparel Products: A Study of Composition and Direction of Trade." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research & Reviews 1, no. 4 (December 10, 2022): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.56815/ijmrr.v1.i4.2022/44-53.
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Nandy, Debasish. "India and Russia: An Investigation of Relational Equations (1991-2020)." Social Inquiry: Journal of Social Science Research 2, no. 2 (November 25, 2020): 116–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sijssr.v2i2.33057.
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India’s relations with Russia has marked by ambiguity and uncertainty in the post-Cold War period. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, there was an uncertainty in India’s foreign policy about the direction of its Russia policy. The nature of global politics and power equation structure had posed a serious challenge to the nation-states whether they would be closer to the leader of the unipolar world or not. India was not an exception. India had face a lot of problems and challenges in the early 1990s regarding searching for alternative ways in reviving its fall-downed economy and acceptance of globalization. Bilateral trade is relatively low, but Russia is India’s largest supplier of weapons. Both countries have strong strategic relations and military engagement. Moreover, Russia plays an important role in India’s civilian nuclear program. India-Russia relations are multi-dimensional and on some issues it is complicated. This paper intends to investigate the relational equations between New Delhi and Moscow critically.
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Mukherjee, Rohan, and David M. Malone. "Global Responsibilities :." Jindal Journal of International Affairs 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2011): 182–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.54945/jjia.v1i1.15.
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This article offers an examination of international developments central to globalisation in India and reviews India’s approach to some prominent multilateral treaty systems such as the United Nations (UN), the World Trade Organisation (WTO), the international climate change regime, and the nuclear non-proliferation and test-ban regimes. It argues that, to be a responsible and true global player, India needs to move beyond its membership of narrowly based power caucuses within these regimes to constructively address the greater challenges that these treaties are focused on. Thus, India’s engagement with the multilateral system needs to be one that serves the interests of the system rather than the national interests of India alone. Through a historical overview of India’s multilateralism, the article probes India’s variable contemporary performance in four substantive fields of foreign policy to assess India’s multilateral stance during the postCold War period. It evaluates India’s diplomatic approach to global challenges like climate change and the wider multilateral system to reiterate the need for India to engage further in multilateral diplomacy and address global challenges, going beyond narrow conceptions of the nation’s bilateral partnerships. India’s aspiration to be a great power will only materialise if it is prepared to balance its political and economic obligations, both nationally and internationally.
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Khara, Nabin Kumar, and Brahmananda Satapathy. "Role of Soft Power in India’s Foreign Policy." Research Review Journal of Social Science 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrjss.2022.v02.n02.003.
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The article focuses on power and its ramifications which has always been the central point in all security studies in international relations. Power is a crucial element of international relations that influences world affairs. As a result, power plays a significant role in foreign policy formulation. Realism is the dominant theory of international relations, and it revolves around the concept of power. Power can come in a variety of forms and implies the capacity to influence others to do what one wants. There are two types of power: hard power and soft power. These two types of power influence international politics, security, economy, and foreign policy. Whereas hard power derives from a country’s military or economic might, soft power derives from the attractiveness of its culture, political ideals, and policies. In international relations, soft power is just as important as hard power. This paper argues that soft power is one dimension of power that refers to one’s ability to persuade others to do something. Different countries place a high value on soft power in today’s international politics. In international relations, the concept of soft power discourse emerged in the early 1990s. This article also argues that foreign policy of a country consists of self-interest strategies. It contains a general objective that guides the activities and relationship of one state in its interaction with other states. This paper intends to explain and analyze India’s foreign policy on the ideas of friendly relations, international cooperation, and peaceful coexistence among all nations, regardless of their political systems. Maintaining national security, advancing democracy, fostering world peace, providing aid, and establishing open trade are the main objectives of India’s foreign policy. The purpose of this paper is to theorize the dynamics of soft power in international relations and to analyze India’s soft power potential. In recent years soft power has become an important tool for governments to achieve their foreign policy goals. India, a country with rich sources of soft power, has made great efforts to use this capacity to achieve its foreign policy goals. Among Indian leaders Narendra Modi has paid considerable attention to the capacity of soft power in India’s foreign policy.
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Dobson, Wendy. "Deeper Integration between Canada and India?" Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research 5, no. 1 (February 2011): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097380101000500106.
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Relative to their economic sizes, structures and linkages, the bilateral relationship between Canada and India is too small. Trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) flows are gradually increasing within such sectors as finance, energy, power and environmental services, agriculture and information technology (IT) services. Two channels are identified to expand this economic footprint: deeper linkages among bilateral business groups to reduce Canadians’ transactions costs relative to those in the United States (US) market; and improved market access for India’s competitive low-cost producers. Governments, which focus primarily on incremental improvements, should elevate the bilateral relationship to a strategic level with the negotiation of a free trade agreement (FTA). Although each government prefers the World Trade Organization (WTO) as the venue for liberalising agricultural trade, it is argued that a services-only FTA would yield mutual gains by removing many of the restrictions affecting both domestic markets and foreign entrants in the two countries revealed by the comparative analysis in this paper.
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Hue, Quach Thi, Le Thi Chien, Dinh Quang Thanh, Bui Viet Huong, and Nguyen Minh Man. "Adjustment of India’s Foreign Policy for Southeast Asia in the Time of Prime Minister Narendra Modi and its Impacts on India - Vietnam Relationships." Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 11, no. 4 (August 24, 2023): e568. http://dx.doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i4.568.
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Objective: The purpose of the article will present and analyze the adjustment of India’s foreign policy towards Southeast Asia under Prime Minister N. Modi and its impacts on Vietnam - India relations. Theoretical framework: In this study, International Relations theories such as those of Realism, Liberalism and Constructivism have been used to clear the goals, approaches and content of India’s policies for Southeast Asia, the adjustment of Prime Minister N. Modi towards ASEAN and Southeast Asian countries. Method: The author uses historical methods, interdisciplinary research methods and comparative methods to present and evaluate India’s foreign policy with ASEAN and Southeast Asian countries under Prime Minister Modi compared to before and evaluate the impacts of this adjustment on Vietnam - India relations in the future. Results and conclusions: Historically, India has reached Southeast Asia by way of peace, trade and religion. Entering the 21st century, Southeast Asia is one of the focal points in India’s strategic adjustment to the Asia-Pacific region because of its extremely important geo-political and geo-economical position. However, India’s foreign policy before 2014 (Look East Policy) was primarily “observation” rather than “action”. Since Prime Minister Narendra Modi came to power in May 2014, the Look East Policy has been adjusted into the Act East Policy to expand the goals, scope and areas of cooperation, and enhance the actions and strategic priorities in relations with its extended neighbor Southeast Asia. Implication of the research: This adjustment has greatly impacted on India, Southeast Asian countries and the Vietnam - India Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. The article provides some policy implications for Vietnam to promote the Vietnam - India Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in the coming time. Originality/ Value: This study is an elaborate, comprehensive and systematic work of the authors through an international approach.
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Bapat, Jyotsna. "COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine Conflict : Emergence of India as a Global Leader." Jindal Journal of Public Policy 6, no. II (October 1, 2022): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54945/jjpp.v6iii.173.
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India’s foreign policy has four clearly-stated principles that have been practised over the past seven years, namely, taking care of national trade and security interests (including using aggressive defence if needed), helping its citizens in foreign countries, taking care of partner countries, and continuing to participate in global governance organizations and institutions while maintaining its non-aligned stand. India over the last seven years has initiated various foreign policy strategies: Act East policy, Sagar (trans-ocean) outlook, Gulf engagement and Central Asia strategies that have focussed on resource use, humanitarian aid, and defence. Greater investment in defence strategies can be done through strengthening national defence, providing maritime security with India’s neighbours in the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea, and restructuring the defence organization. As a irst responder, India takes on a leadership role for its partner countries that are in need of disaster management. Over the last few years, India has taken on the leadership of the global south and engaged with the United Nations as a temporary member.
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Annachhatre, Meenal, and Manasi Gore. "Rebooting and Rejuvenating India’s External Sector Post-Pandemic." European Journal of Marketing and Economics 4, no. 1 (May 15, 2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/980idk43a.
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The integration of Indian economy through the channels of trade and capital flow has been accelerated over the last two decades. Even during the Covid-19 pandemic, policy stimulus continued to promote export-led growth in the economy. These decadal efforts to retain the exiting market share and capturing the new market continues to face number of challenges for India. India is presently known as one of the most important players in the global economic landscape. After the US-China trade war scenes, the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic has questioned China’s integrity across many countries of the world. When developed countries thinking over shifting their manufacturing base out of China, attracting this large chunk of capital flight has challenged Indian government. Data shows that the aggressive policy measures taken by both the central and state government to tap the crowding out of investment from China apparently succeeding. But this is a short-term picture, will it continue in the long-run? That is questionable. The ‘Make in India’ or ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ initiatives, export-led growth policy stimulus during pandemic, rise in exports of food products, generic medicines, newly entered FDIs and flood of FIIs in Indian economy. All these dots need to be connected at the backdrop of India’s New Foreign Trade Policy (2021-26). This research paper would like to focus on each one of the above mentioned initiatives by the Indian government and its significance to the entire trade policy as such. Paper would also like to consider the sustainability part of these initiatives.
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Guha, Supratik. "Does Rising Energy Prices Lead to Production Fragmentation? An Example from Indian Manufacturing Industries." South Asia Economic Journal 24, no. 1 (March 2023): 78–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13915614231167724.
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How does the price of energy affect the extent of production fragmentation in India’s manufacturing industries? The prevailing literature has engaged with production fragmentation and trade in middle products for a long time, but the relationship between energy prices and production fragmentation is less understood. This article deals with firm-level panel data of India’s manufacturing industries between 2005 and 2018 to estimate the impact of rising energy prices on the outsourcing decisions/production organization of the manufacturing firms. The article also uses a number of covariates, including wages, welfare expenses, sales, profit after tax, dividend rate, foreign exchange earnings and an interaction term between energy prices and foreign exchange earnings. The empirical results of this article indicate that larger firms tend to outsource production in part to smaller firms in order to cope with rising energy prices and keep their profitability intact. Static and dynamic panel estimates with a variety of robustness analyses support the main conjectures. JEL Classification: F18, L23, Q410, Q500
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Islam, Md Kamrul, and Ashish Nath. "Bilateral Trade Between India and Bangladesh: A Pre- and Post-SAFTA Period Analysis." Global Trade and Customs Journal 18, Issue 2 (February 1, 2023): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2023008.
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India and Bangladesh, the two neighbouring economies of South Asia, are at the centre of attraction in the foreign trade literature. The present article analyses the pattern of trade between India and Bangladesh before and after joining the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA). The study covers twenty-five years, from 1996 to 2020 and used indices, namely, the Index of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA)Index, Trade Intensity Index (TII) and Trade Complementarity Index (TCI), to analyses the bilateral trade. Although Bangladesh has a relative comparative advantage in some of the products, India has a maximum comparative advantage in relatively more product groups. The index value of the TII is more than one for both countries during the study period, which means that the bilateral trade flows are highly intensive compared to their trading partner of the rest of the world. Furthermore, at the bilateral level, the index value of trade complementarity reflects a partial match between each country’s export supply and import demand because the value of indices stays between 0 and 100 during the entire study period. It also reflects that India’s export complementarity with Bangladesh is reciprocating, indicating growing trade demand for Indian product in Bangladesh’s market and India’s export supply becomes more compatible to meet imports demand of Bangladesh. India and Bangladesh have huge potential for bilateral trade, because they belong to Indian subcontinent, have geographical proximity, abundant natural resources and pursed similar policies towards achieving economic development. Neighbouring Countries, Bilateral Trade, Trade Intensity, Index of Revealed Comparative Advantage, Trade Complementarity, Trade Pattern, Exports, Imports JEL Classification: F10, F13, F14, F47
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Galistcheva, Natalia Valerievna, and Elena Vakhtangovna Nebolsina. "The U.S. and China in India’s Foreign Economic Policy: In Quest of Balance for Maintaining Strategic Autonomy." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 21, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 304–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2021-21-2-304-324.
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The paper investigates trade and investment relations between India and its two major trading partners, viz. the U.S. and China in the 2000-2010s. On the basis of mixed method research with equal use of quantitative and qualitative, as well as historical and statistical methods, the authors estimate the possibilities for expanding interstate interactions and the difficulties the countries might face. By comparing the scale and particulars of the product structure of Indo-American and Indo-Chinese trade, the authors reveal that intra-industry trade between India and the United States is at a fairly high level, which, in turn, is not typical for the trade between India and China, which is mostly inter-industry due to the sluggish cooperation of Indian and Chinese entrepreneurs. The authors assess the intensity of the Indo-American and Indo-Chinese bilateral trade between 2000-2018 by means of indices of intensity of Indias exports and imports to / from the USA and China, as well as indices of intensity of exports and imports of its partners to / from India. The obtained results outline the upward trend of the share of Indian exports to the U.S. relative to other countries, which indicates that India is successfully conquering the U.S. market, and Indian goods are becoming increasingly competitive. Meanwhile, the volume of Indian-Chinese trade remains on a much lower level than it could be expected with the current share of India in the world trade. In the meantime, neither for the United States nor for China, India is a dominant partner. The article also investigates major obstacles hindering the development of both Indo-American and Indo-Chinese bilateral relations. The obtained results enable the authors to predict that in the short- and mid-term economic cooperation between India and its leading partners is likely to strengthen, with India keeping striving for standing neuter while building the two most crucial vectors of its foreign economic policy.
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Loganathan, V. "Trends of India’s Agricultural Import During the Pre-reform and Post-reform Periods." Shanlax International Journal of Economics 11, no. 2 (March 1, 2023): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v11i2.6067.
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Agriculture has been the largest sector of the Indian economy. It plays a vital role in providing food for the nation, raw materials to the industry providing employment. Past two and a half decades, India has implemented comprehensive trade policy reforms in the agriculture sector due to internal and external factors. This study has investigated patterns of India’s foreign trade in agriculture during pre-reform and reform periods. The effect of liberalization of India’s foreign trade has greatly influenced the structure of trade in goods and services. For this study, the agriculture communities have been classified into Food Crops and food items, Pulses, Oil and oilseeds, Commercial crops, Plantation crops, Animal products, and Oilseed cake meals. Data for this study have been collected from Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) official website (www.faostat.fao.org), from 1970 to 2013. In 1970, the highest value of percentage share is observed for the food and food crops import at 55.56 per cent followed by commercial crops at 29.15 per cent, animal products at 6.83 per cent, pulses at 5.73 per cent, and oilseeds and oil at 1.29 per cent. In 2017, the highest value of percentage share is observed for oilseeds and oil import at 40.45 per cent followed by commercial crops at 27.87 per cent, pulses at 14.03 and food crops and food items at 10.59 per cent. Overall, there is a significant increase is noted for the percentage share of oilseeds and oil in total agricultural imports in the study period. In the case of pulses, the percentage share of imports in total agricultural export has been increasing during the study period among the other major group of products. There is downward movement is observed for the import of food crops and food items during the study period.
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Naumenko, Roman V. "Russian-Indian trade relations in the period of global economic transformation." RUDN Journal of Economics 31, no. 4 (December 15, 2023): 635–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-4-635-654.
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Development of bilateral trade relations between countries in the period of deglobalization of world economy is a priority issue of the foreign economic policy of the state, aimed at ensuring its economic security. Particular attention should be paid to the study of trade and economic interrelations of the main actors of world economy, which are representatives of the new gravitational centers of economic activity. The interaction of such states, as a rule, is characterized by macro-regional effects that tend to reach the level of the global agenda. Undoubtedly, Russia’s foreign trade with India belongs to the above type of bilateral cooperation. The study shows the transformation of the countries’ economies over the past 10 years, characterized by the consistency of India’s economic growth and the turbulence of Russia’s economic policy, based on the need to adapt the economy as a result of systemic external pressure. The relationship of this retrospective with the cardinal trade changes in 2022 as a result of the geopolitical and energy crisis is determined. The author concludes that past events is an attempt to break the theoretical paradigm of trade and economic relations between countries that has existed in recent decades.
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Kochetkova, Ekaterina V. "RELATIONS BETWEEN MALAYSIA AND INDIA: MAJOR DIRECTIONS AND PROSPECT." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 4 (26) (2023): 302–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2023-4-302-312.
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India and Malaysia have long-standing trade ties dating back to the pre-Christian era. Official diplomatic cooperation between India and Malaysia was established in 1957, after the declaration of independence of the Federation of Malaysia. Malaysia occupies an important place in India’s foreign policy, and due to its regional location, Malaysia could contribute to strengthening cooperation and interaction with other ASEAN countries. Currently, India and Malaysia are witnessing growing interaction in all aspects of bilateral cooperation, including politics, economy and trade, defense and security, healthcare, education and tourism, human resources, public administration, etc. New aspects have emerged in trade and economic relations between the two countries, as well as the common determination of the parties to expand and strengthen bilateral cooperation. cooperation.
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Dygas, Robert. "Determinants of foreign direct investment outflow from India to Poland." International Journal of Management and Economics 56, no. 2 (May 20, 2020): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2020-0008.
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AbstractThis article concerns the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) outflow from India to Poland with some insights to other European countries. This topic strongly relates to globalization of foreign trade and especially new economic initiatives between European Union (EU) and India, which was one of the first countries to develop trade relations with EU. According to CEIC data – Financial Data and Economic Indicators, India’s FDI outflow increased slightly to 1.4 billion USD in September 2019 in comparison with 996.5 million USD in September 2018, but it is still below the average of 1.8 billion USD for a period of 2007–2019.Available at: https://www.ceicdata.com/en/india/foreign-direct-investment-outflow/foreign-direct-investment-outflow (accessed October 19, 2019). Very limited number of the scientific research can be found in European literature about India’s FDI outflow to EU countries in period of 2004–2019. Indian economists made some research on that topic. Professor J. Ramachandran (listed among the Best Management Thinkers for the year 2015, the first Bain Fellow in India) from Indian Institute of Management Bangalore in 2004 and Professor Jaya Prakesh Pradhan from Central University of Gujarat in 2008 explored the evolution in Indian outward FDI, referring to a shift in the pattern of overseas expansion and basis of competitiveness of Indian companies. The main goal of this article is to explain what really triggers Indian investors to go to Poland and what kind of businesses they form. Some examples of the Indian-based companies are mentioned to support the analysis. The author of this article also researched on different governmental bilateral trade agreements and initiatives, trying to find any direct impacts of that on the India FDI outflow to Poland and other EU countries. He used empirical method of the analysis based on accessible data for period 2004–2019 and literature in that topic and also direct interviews with private Indian investors who made decision to start and run their business in Poland or other EU countries. The main conclusion is that Poland the leader of Visegrad Group is an interesting investment for India and India can be for Poland a counterpart investment partner to China.
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Khati, Priyanka, and Chanwahn Kim. "Impact of India’s Free Trade Agreement with ASEAN on Its Goods Exports: A Gravity Model Analysis." Economies 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies11010008.
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The relationship between India and ASEAN has emerged as a crucial basis of their foreign policy. Both the regions signed a Free Trade Agreement in 2009, which came into effect in 2010. They are now reviewing the FTA to further enhance their economic cooperation. At this critical juncture, this study aimed to analyze the trade and export relationship between India and ASEAN and examine the extent to which the AIFTA effectively influenced it. Additionally, the study intended to determine what other factors influenced the trade and export relationship between the two regions and what future changes are needed in order to make this partnership mutually beneficial. To fulfill this objective, a gravity model was applied to a panel data from 2000–2019. A random effect model was utilized for the estimation. The empirical analysis concludes that the adoption of the AIFTA increased trade significantly; however, had no significant impact on raising exports. The study has identified rising NTMs as one of the important variables impeding realization of India’s export potential to ASEAN. This study suggests that in order to increase India’s exports and for the future of the FTA, India needs to emphasize on building stronger and extensive relationships with those countries in the ASEAN that are witnessing a higher GDP growth rate, such as Cambodia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam.
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Arora, Aastha, and Sarika Rakhyani. "Investigating the Impact of Exchange Rate Volatility, Inflation and Economic Output on International Trade of India." Indian Economic Journal 68, no. 2 (June 2020): 207–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019466220966701.
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Four models have been constructed separately for exports of goods, imports of goods, exports of services and imports of services to explore the impact of exchange rate volatility, inflation and economic output on India’s foreign trade. AutoRegressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds test run on monthly data over the period of 2011–2020 reports that in the long run, growth in production positively impacts the trade in goods and services. Rise in level of prices negatively impacts the exports of goods. In the short run, a rise in volatility brings a decline in the imports of goods but in the long run, it has a positive impact on the exports of goods. Volatile exchange rate has no impact on trade in services. An increase in inflation in the short run leads to a rise in the imports of goods but brings a decline in the trade of services.
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Gupta, Shikha, and Nand Kumar. "Globalization Versus Slowbalization: A Perspective on the Indian Economy." Journal of South Asian Development 17, no. 1 (March 10, 2022): 84–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09731741221084762.
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The crisis and ensuing recession have led the global leaders to focus inwards. While the trend had taken off with countries having to face rising inequality and a focus towards self-development, there is little evidence besides newspaper articles to support this hypothesis from the Indian perspective. The results, using dynamic hierarchical factor model analysis, over a subset of 21 economies which account for 66% of India’s trade, reveal that India’s globalization has been withering away over time. Using time-varying parameter regression estimation on the domestic and factors loading, it is observed that the portion of growth explained by domestic factors is increasing over time and that of foreign factors is degrading. The study provides evidence of slowbalization in Indian economy. As the government looks forward to an era of self-reliance and Make in India, the results hold significance for the future growth trajectory of the Indian economy.
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Jha, Parthsarathi, Sanjay Notani, and Ambarish Sathianathan. "Multilateralism and E-commerce: Assessing Indias Position." Global Trade and Customs Journal 14, Issue 7/8 (August 1, 2019): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2019040.
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With the digital revolution gaining momentum in the last decade, electronic commerce or e-commerce has emerged as a key platform for marketing, distribution and sale of goods and services. This article attempts to map the discussions surrounding e-commerce at the World Trade Organization (WTO) and outlines the issues which are the key concerns for India. India’s response to negotiations on e-commerce at the WTO has been somewhat reserved. Various Indian policies indicate a preference to cultivate a favourable ecosystem for domestic firms. The Draft E-commerce Policy emphasizes India’s domestic aspirations so as to enable the domestic stakeholders to fully benefit from the opportunities that would arise from progressive digitalization of the domestic digital economy. The article assesses the merits of India’s position on the contentious issues of e-commerce, namely customs duties on electronic transmission, differential treatment of foreign and domestic firms and restrictions on cross-border flow of data (including data localization requirements). It concludes that while some of the concerns raised by India are justified, India would benefit from devising a coherent and long-term strategy on e-commerce.
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Vats, Nikita. "Australia: The Missing Piece in India’s Energy Security Puzzle." Jindal Journal of International Affairs 11, no. 1 (August 23, 2023): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54945/jjia.v11i1.188.
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Over the last few decades, India's demand for natural gas has risen. Although the country's domestic production has increased, it can only meet a portion of the country's overall increasing demand. Approximately half of the country's gas supply comes from domestic production, with the remainder coming from imports from other countries. India's import ratio is rising to bridge the demand-supply gap. The country's reliance on foreign sources exposes its energy security to regional and global events. Thus, to ensure an uninterrupted supply of LNG, India needs to continuously analyse the geopolitical dynamics of the source countries, as well as come up with diversification strategies to meet its needs. This paper attempts to evaluate how India can benefit by increasing the LNG trade with Australia and how New Delhi can strengthen its stakes in the Indo-Pacific region.
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Shankar, Nitin, and Fatima Beena. "INDIAN IT FIRMS CREATING MANAGEMENT CODES FOR FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK." Indian Journal of Finance and Banking 5, no. 2 (April 8, 2021): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijfb.v5i2.1067.
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Purpose: India has been a preferred I.T. service sourcing nation globally and has been registering high growth. India has a significant pie of the global sourcing market, accounting for nearly 55 % share. It covers significant global through its more than one thousand centres spread across continents. With a year-on-year growth of 6.1%, India’s I.T. and ITES industry will increase to the U.S. $ 350 million by 2025. The extensive expanse of geographical coverage also translates into foreign exchange risk; hence foreign exchange risk management becomes an important strategy. The current study attempts to assess the impact of foreign exchange risk management on the Indian sector over 2007-2017; the period includes the 2008 financial crisis taken up in the current study.
Design/Methodology/ Approach: We analyzed the Indian I.T. companies listed on the BSE Ltd on their exposure, approach, and management towards foreign exchange risk. We investigated their annual reports from 2007 -2017 to understand their exposure and the adopted external foreign exchange risk management techniques. We further assessed the impact of these foreign exchange risk management techniques on the firm’s value.
Findings: The impact of foreign exchange risk management was significant on small-cap I.T. companies for the study period. Though for the during the 2008 crisis term, it was found to be insignificant.
Practical/Implications: Foreign exchange risk management is crucial for Indian I.T. companies indulging in cross-border trade. The current study incorporates external methods of managing foreign exchange risk management; hence even if the impact were found to be insignificant for Mid Cap and some Large-cap companies, they would be practicing internal hedging methods, which puts a strong case tapping trillion-dollar business through a fully functional competitive International Financial Centre.
Originality/Value: Our paper contributes to the literature on Foreign exchange risk management by Indian I.T. companies, which contributes handsomely to India’s GDP and Foreign exchange reserve.
JEL Classification Codes: F31, G32.