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Journal articles on the topic 'Index switching'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Hajek, Jerry J., Thomas J. Kazmierowski, and Graham Musgrove. "Switching to International Roughness Index." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1643, no. 1 (January 1998): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1643-15.

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The International Roughness Index (IRI) has become a well-recognized standard for measurement of pavement roughness. The main objectives of the study were to evaluate the consequences of switching to IRI roughness measurements, and to develop a procedure for switching from measuring roughness with a response-type device, used for more than 10 years, to an IRI device. The study consisted of two parts. In the first part, the repeatability and consistency of roughness measurements obtained by three different IRI-measuring systems using a 10-section calibration circuit was evaluated. In the second part, transfer functions relating IRI with a subjectively measured ride condition rating for a large pavement network consisting of asphaltic concrete, rigid, and surface-treated pavements were developed. Based on the results of the calibration circuit, the three IRI-measuring systems were proved equally capable of providing repeatable and reliable roughness measurements for network-level monitoring purposes, and their individual results correlated very well. However, because of systematic differences between the results, the IRI-measuring systems cannot be used interchangeably and without proper calibration. Based on the results obtained for the network, different transfer functions were required and developed for the four pavement types (asphaltic concrete, composite, jointed portland cement concrete, and surface-treated). IRI roughness measurements provided better prediction of the ride condition rating than the response-type roughness measurements. These results support the switch to IRI roughness measurements.

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2

Banks, Jeffrey S., and Rangarajan K. Sundaram. "Switching Costs and the Gittins Index." Econometrica 62, no. 3 (May 1994): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2951664.

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3

Li, R., Z. G. Feng, K. L. Teo, and G. R. Duan. "Tracking control of linear switched systems." ANZIAM Journal 49, no. 2 (October 2007): 187–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446181100012773.

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AbstractThis paper deals with the optimal tracking problem for switched systems, where the control input, the switching times and the switching index are all design variables. We propose a three-stage method for solving this problem. First, we fix the switching times and switching index sequence, which leads to a linear tracking problem, except different subsystems are defined in their respective time intervals. The optimal control and the corresponding cost function obtained depend on the switching signal. This gives rise to an optimal parameter selection problem for which the switching instants and the switching index are to be chosen optimally. In the second stage, the switching index is fixed. A reverse time transformation followed by a time scaling transform are introduced to convert this subproblem into an equivalent standard optimal parameter selection problem. The gradient formula of the cost function is derived. Then the discrete filled function is used in the third stage to search for the optimal switching index. On this basis, a computational method, which combines a gradient-based method, a local search algorithm and a filled function method, is developed for solving this problem. A numerical exampleis solved, showing the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

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4

Van Oyen, Mark P., Dimitrios G. Pandelis, and Demosthenis Teneketzis. "Optimality of index policies for stochastic scheduling with switching penalties." Journal of Applied Probability 29, no. 4 (December 1992): 957–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3214727.

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We investigate the impact of switching penalties on the nature of optimal scheduling policies for systems of parallel queues without arrivals. We study two types of switching penalties incurred when switching between queues: lump sum costs and time delays. Under the assumption that the service periods of jobs in a given queue possess the same distribution, we derive an index rule that defines an optimal policy. For switching penalties that depend on the particular nodes involved in a switch, we show that although an index rule is not optimal in general, there is an exhaustive service policy that is optimal.

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Van Oyen, Mark P., Dimitrios G. Pandelis, and Demosthenis Teneketzis. "Optimality of index policies for stochastic scheduling with switching penalties." Journal of Applied Probability 29, no. 04 (December 1992): 957–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200043825.

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We investigate the impact of switching penalties on the nature of optimal scheduling policies for systems of parallel queues without arrivals. We study two types of switching penalties incurred when switching between queues: lump sum costs and time delays. Under the assumption that the service periods of jobs in a given queue possess the same distribution, we derive an index rule that defines an optimal policy. For switching penalties that depend on the particular nodes involved in a switch, we show that although an index rule is not optimal in general, there is an exhaustive service policy that is optimal.

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6

Gu, Xin, Bingxu Wei, Guozheng Zhang, Zhiqiang Wang, and Wei Chen. "Improved Synchronized Space Vector PWM Strategy for Three-Level Inverter at Low Modulation Index." Electronics 8, no. 12 (November 23, 2019): 1400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121400.

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Aimed at reducing the switching loss and common-mode voltage amplitude of high-power medium-voltage three-level inverter under low modulation index conditions, an improved synchronous space vector PWM strategy is proposed in this paper. The switching times in each fundamental period are reduced by the re-division of small regions and the full use of the redundant switching state. The sum of switching algebra is introduced as an evaluation index and the switching state with the minimum value of the sum of switching algebra are adopted. Then, the common mode voltage amplitude is reduced. The theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the improved modulation strategy proposed in this paper can effectively reduce the switching loss and common-mode voltage amplitude of the inverter under the condition of the low modulation index. Moreover, the neutral-point voltage ripple is also reduced simultaneously.

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7

Yim, Odilia, and Richard Clément. "“You’re a Juksing”: Examining Cantonese–English Code-Switching as an Index of Identity." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 38, no. 4 (July 27, 2019): 479–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261927x19865572.

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Code-switching, the spontaneous switching from one language to another, shows unique structural and functional patterns in different bilingual communities. Though historically viewed as negative, it has been documented as an acceptable way of speaking in certain contexts, namely multilingual communities. We investigated the implications of code-switching on bilinguals’ language attitudes and identities in Toronto, a distinctly multilingual and multicultural metropolis. Twelve Cantonese–English bilinguals participated in a semi-structured interview discussing their code-switching and language attitudes. Interviews were then evaluated using a critical realist framework and analysed via first and second cycle coding. Code-switching elicited mixed emotions: It was a source of pride, but also a reminder of weak Cantonese language skills due to others’ metalinguistic comments and judgments. Participants’ code-switching indexed them as juksings, labelling them as Chinese individuals born and raised overseas, de-authenticating their Chinese group membership. Results are discussed with regard to ethnic identity and intra-group communication.

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8

Dani, Keshav M., Zahyun Ku, Prashanth C. Upadhya, Rohit P. Prasankumar, S. R. J. Brueck, and Antoinette J. Taylor. "Subpicosecond Optical Switching with a Negative Index Metamaterial." Nano Letters 9, no. 10 (October 14, 2009): 3565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl9017644.

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9

Yang Li, Zhenyuan Ji, Bingfei Li, and Gil Alterovitz. "Switching variability index based multiple strategy CFAR detector." Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics 25, no. 4 (August 2014): 580–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsee.2014.00068.

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10

K. Oseifuah, Emmanuel, and Carl H. Korkpoe. "A Markov regime switching approach to estimating the volatility of Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) returns." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, no. 1 (March 12, 2019): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(1).2019.17.

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The study used the Markov regime switching model to investigate the presence of regimes in the volatility dynamics of the returns of JSE All-Share Index (ALSI). Volatility regimes are as a result of sudden changes in the underlying economy generating the market returns. In all, twelve candidate models were fitted to the data. Estimates from the regime switching model were compared to the industry standard non-switching GARCH (1,1) using the Deviance Information Criteria (DIC). The results show that the two-regime switching EGARCH model with skewed Student t innovations describes better the return of the JSE Index. Additionally, we backtest the model results in order to confirm our findings that the two-regime switching EGARCH is the best of the models for the sample period.

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11

Al-Hosary, Sherif Hassan, Shehab Tawfeic, and Tarek Abdel-Malak Mekhail. "Satellite Attitude Control Using Smart Approaching Index Switching Algorithm." International Review of Aerospace Engineering (IREASE) 15, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.15866/irease.v15i3.21893.

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12

Larsson, Anton J. M., Geoff Stanley, Rahul Sinha, Irving L. Weissman, and Rickard Sandberg. "Computational correction of index switching in multiplexed sequencing libraries." Nature Methods 15, no. 5 (April 27, 2018): 305–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4666.

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13

Robillard, J. J. "All-optical switching with fast-response variable-index materials." Optical Engineering 42, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 3575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.1625383.

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14

Abdalla, S., S. Ng, D. Celo, S. El-Mougy, T. Smy, B. Syrett, P. Barrios, et al. "Optical switching in InGaAsP waveguides using localized index gradients." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 22, no. 3 (2004): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.1676446.

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15

Daouk, Hazem, and Jie Qun Guo. "Switching asymmetric GARCH and options on a volatility index." Journal of Futures Markets 24, no. 3 (2004): 251–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fut.10114.

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16

Wen-Yi Wei, Wen-Yi Wei, Yu-Hsuan Chen Wen-Yi Wei, Chia-Dan Cheng Yu-Hsuan Chen, Yu Hsiao Chia-Dan Cheng, Cheng-En Sung Yu Hsiao, Guo-Liang Cheng Cheng-En Sung, and Wan-Chien Cheng Guo-Liang Cheng. "Soft Tissue Parameters and Esthetic Index Changes in Platform Switching Implant: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Periodontics and Implant Dentistry 5, no. 1 (April 2022): 038–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/261634032022040501005.

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<p>Purpose: The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to critically evaluate the available literature to statistically analyze the effects of platform matched (PM) and platform switching (PS) implants on the peri-implant soft tissue changes and esthetic outcomes. Materials and methods: Electronic databases of the Cochrane Library, Embase, CINAHL and PubMed were searched for human randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with clearly outcome measurement in comparison between PM and PS implant. Primary outcomes included midfacial keratinized gingiva (KG) thickness, width of KG, marginal gingiva height gain, papilla height, and pink esthetic score. Secondary outcomes included bone level, probing depth, plaque index, and sulcus bleeding index. All the included studies had to follow up for at least 1 year after function. Results: A total of 7 RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. Midfacial KG thickness (weighted mean difference (WMD) = 1.34 mm, P < 0.0001), marginal gingiva height (WMD = 0.30 mm, P = 0.01), papilla height (WMD = 0.18 mm, P = 0.003), bone level (WMD = 0.34 mm, P < 0.00001) and probing depth (WMD = -0.22 mm, P = 0.002) demonstrated statistically difference in comparison of PS and PM implants. The result of width of KG (P = 0.92), PES score (P = 0.73), plaque index (P = 0.97) and sulcus bleeding index (P = 0.78) showed no statistical difference. Conclusion: Meta-analysis showed better performance of midfacial KG thickness, marginal gingiva height and papilla height in PS implant than that in PM implants. No statistically difference was found in width of KG and PES score between PS implants and PM implants.</p> <p> </p>

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17

ALATAS, H., A. A. ISKANDAR, and M. O. TJIA. "IN-GAP OPTICAL BISTABILITIES OF DEEP NONLINEAR BRAGG GRATING WITH SYMMETRIC THREE-LAYER UNIT CELLS." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 15, no. 03 (September 2006): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021886350600330x.

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A numerical study on the hysteretic responses of deep nonlinear Bragg grating systems with symmetric three-layer unit cells has been carried out on the basis of a generalized coupled mode theory modified to accommodate deeper nonlinear refractive index modulation. The results show that the in-gap bistability offers the most favorable features in terms of switching width and threshold for optical switching application. Calculated variations of these operational features with respect to the layer thickness, operating wavelength and nonlinear index contrast provide useful guidance for the design of grating systems intended for specific optical switching applications.

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18

Niño-Mora, José. "Fast Two-Stage Computation of an Index Policy for Multi-Armed Bandits with Setup Delays." Mathematics 9, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9010052.

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We consider the multi-armed bandit problem with penalties for switching that include setup delays and costs, extending the former results of the author for the special case with no switching delays. A priority index for projects with setup delays that characterizes, in part, optimal policies was introduced by Asawa and Teneketzis in 1996, yet without giving a means of computing it. We present a fast two-stage index computing method, which computes the continuation index (which applies when the project has been set up) in a first stage and certain extra quantities with cubic (arithmetic-operation) complexity in the number of project states and then computes the switching index (which applies when the project is not set up), in a second stage, with quadratic complexity. The approach is based on new methodological advances on restless bandit indexation, which are introduced and deployed herein, being motivated by the limitations of previous results, exploiting the fact that the aforementioned index is the Whittle index of the project in its restless reformulation. A numerical study demonstrates substantial runtime speed-ups of the new two-stage index algorithm versus a general one-stage Whittle index algorithm. The study further gives evidence that, in a multi-project setting, the index policy is consistently nearly optimal.

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19

Soo, J. A., M. S. Chye, Y. C. Tan, S. L. Ong, J. H. Leong, and T. Sutikno. "Non-iterative Wide-modulation-index Switching-angle Calculation Techniques for 15-level Binary Cascaded H-bridge Multilevel Inverter." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v8.i1.pp93-99.

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Cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (CHBMI) is able to generate a staircase AC output voltage with low switching losses. The switching angles applied to the CHBMI have to be calculated and arranged properly in order to minimize the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output voltage waveform. In this paper, two non-iterative switching-angle calculation techniques applied for a 15-level binary asymmetric CHBMI are proposed. Both techniques employ a geometric approach to estimate the switching angles, and therefore, the generated equations can be solved directly without iterations, which are usually time-consuming and challenging to be implemented in real-time. Apart from this, both techniques are also able to calculate the switching angles for a wide range of modulation index. The proposed calculation techniques have been validated via MATLAB simulation and experiment.

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20

Chew, W. T., W. V. Yong, J. S. L. Ong, J. H. Leong, and T. Sutikno. "Dynamic simulation of three-phase nine-level multilevel inverter with switching angles optimized using nature-inspired algorithm." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i1.pp325-333.

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This paper recommends the use of grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA), a nature-inspired optimization algorithm, for optimizing switching-angle applied to cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (CHBMLI). Switching angles are selected based on the minimum value of the objective function formulated using the concept of selective harmonic minimization pulse width modulation (SHMPWM) technique. MATLAB/Simulink-PSIM dynamic co-simulation conducted on a 3-phase 9-level CHBMLI shows that the CHBMLI controlled using GOA derived switching-angle is able to respond to varying modulation index demand and synthesize an AC staircase output voltage waveform with the desired fundamental harmonic and minimized selected low-order harmonics. Compared to Newton Raphson (NR) technique, GOA is able to find optimum switching-angle solutions over a wider modulation index range. Compared to Genetic Algorithm (GA), GOA is able to find global minima with higher probability. The simulation results validate the performance of GOA for switching-angle calculation based on the concept of SHMPWM.

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21

Shen, Chen, and Esther Janse. "Maximum Speech Performance and Executive Control in Young Adult Speakers." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 3611–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00257.

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Purpose This study investigated whether maximum speech performance, more specifically, the ability to rapidly alternate between similar syllables during speech production, is associated with executive control abilities in a nonclinical young adult population. Method Seventy-eight young adult participants completed two speech tasks, both operationalized as maximum performance tasks, to index their articulatory control: a diadochokinetic (DDK) task with nonword and real-word syllable sequences and a tongue-twister task. Additionally, participants completed three cognitive tasks, each covering one element of executive control (a Flanker interference task to index inhibitory control, a letter–number switching task to index cognitive switching, and an operation span task to index updating of working memory). Linear mixed-effects models were fitted to investigate how well maximum speech performance measures can be predicted by elements of executive control. Results Participants' cognitive switching ability was associated with their accuracy in both the DDK and tongue-twister speech tasks. Additionally, nonword DDK accuracy was more strongly associated with executive control than real-word DDK accuracy (which has to be interpreted with caution). None of the executive control abilities related to the maximum rates at which participants performed the two speech tasks. Conclusion These results underscore the association between maximum speech performance and executive control (cognitive switching in particular).

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22

LEE, E. B., and J. C. LUO. "DISTURBANCE STRESS FOR STABILIZED SECOND ORDER CONTROL SYSTEMS." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 08, no. 07 (November 1998): 1155–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202598000536.

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It is shown that the nastiest bounded disturbance stress for the stable second order oscillator is bang–bang with switching set by the state. A quadratic index and a time-distance index are used to evaluate the severity of the stressing. A procedure is suggested to construct a switching curve which synthesizes the disturbance stress in feedback form. Examples illustrating the results and the possible extension to third and higher order systems are given.

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23

Bock, Zannie. "Code-switching." Functions of Language 18, no. 2 (October 12, 2011): 183–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.18.2.02boc.

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This article analyses the function that code-switching plays in selected testimonies given at South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission which followed the country’s transition to democracy in 1994. In a number of testimonies, victims of human rights abuse under Apartheid code-switched into Afrikaans when recalling particularly offensive uses of language by the police. Within the code-switching literature, it is well recognised that a speaker’s choice of code, particularly for quoted speech, is a strategy for performing different kinds of local identities which index a range of social meanings and relationships (Álvarez-Cáccamo 1996, Koven 2001). Thus code-switching may serve a complex evaluative function although the meanings it generates are very context-dependent. In order to explore this role in the testimonies in this paper, I use the appraisal theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics (Martin & White 2005). I argue that on a number of occasions, code-switching into a particular variety of Afrikaans is used by testifiers as a strategy to invoke negative judgement: it has the effect of associating the police with a particular racist ideology and positioning them for our sanction. Further, it works together with other engagement resources to insert a recognisable historical voice into the text, thereby expanding the heteroglossic nature of the discourse while simultaneously allowing the speakers to signal their rejection of that voice and the ideologies it represents. In the current SFL literature, however, code-switching has not been noted as an appraisal resource. In the light of the examples from the TRC testimonies, I argue that, in multilingual contexts, code-switching has the potential to invoke complex evaluative meanings and should be included in the appraisal framework as an evaluative resource.

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24

Wu, Guiling, Tairan Zhang, Jianping Chen, Xinwan Li, and Chunming Qiao. "An Index-Based Parallel Scheduler for Optical Burst Switching Networks." Journal of Lightwave Technology 29, no. 18 (September 2011): 2766–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2011.2162485.

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25

Su, Pei-Yuan, Wei-Wen Su, Yu-Chun Hsu, Siou-Ping Huang, and Hsu-Heng Yen. "Real-world experience of switching from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to tenofovir alafenamide in patients with chronic hepatitis B: a retrospective study." PeerJ 9 (November 19, 2021): e12527. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12527.

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Background Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) has good viral suppression efficacy and less adverse effect than tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). Real-world studies on the antiviral efficacy and safety of switching from TDF to TAF in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) are limited. Methods This retrospective study included 167 nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA)-naive patients with CHB. All the patients received TDF at least 12 months before switching and TAF at least 12 months after switching at a single medical center. The Friedman test with Dunn–Bonferroni post hoc tests and repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the effect of complete viral suppression, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level normalization, renal function changes, body weight, and body mass index in the periods before and after switching. Results The mean age and TDF treatment duration were 52 ± 11 years and 2.8 years (interquartile range, 1.51–5.15 years), respectively. The complete viral suppression rate was similar between the time of switching and 48 weeks after switching to TAF (77.8% vs 76%, P = 1.000). The percentage of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normalization increased from 26.3% at TDF start to 81.4% (P < 0.001) at time of switching and 89.2% at 48 weeks after switching to TAF (P = 0.428). The median estimated glomerular filtration rate decreased from 100.09 mL/min/1.73 m² at TDF start to 91.97 mL/min/1.73 m² (P < 0.001) at the time of switching and stabilized at 48 weeks after switching to TAF (93.47 mL/min/1.73m², P = 1.000). The body weight decreased from 69.2 ± 12.2 kg at TDF start to 67.4 ± 12.1 kg (P < 0.001) at the time of switching to TAF and returned to 68.7 ± 12.7 kg (P < 0.001) 48 weeks thereafter. The body mass index (BMI) decreased from 25 ± 3.3 kg/m² at TDF start to 24.5 ± 3.3 kg/m² (P = 0.002) at the time of switching to TAF and returned to 25.1 ± 3.6 kg/m² (P < 0.001) 48 weeks thereafter. Conclusions Our study showed that switching to TAF from TDF had good antiviral effectiveness and stabilized renal function. The body weight and BMI decreased during TDF therapy and regained after switching to TAF.

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SADEGHKHANI, IMAN, ABBAS KETABI, and RENE FEUILLET. "CONTROL OF SHUNT REACTOR OVERVOLTAGES BY CONTROLLED SWITCHING DURING POWER SYSTEM RESTORATION." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 21, no. 07 (November 2012): 1250051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812661250051x.

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The shunt reactors located on both line terminals and substation bus-bars are commonly used on long extra high voltage (EHV) transmission systems for controlling voltage during load variations. In a small power system that appears in an early stage of a black start of a power system, an overvoltage could be caused by core saturation on the energization of a shunt reactor with residual flux. The most effective method for the limitation of the switching overvoltages is controlled switching since the magnitudes of the produced transients are strongly dependent on the closing instants of the switch. A harmonic index has been introduced that it's minimum value is corresponding to the best-case switching time. In addition, in this paper an artificial neural network (ANN) is used to estimate the optimum switching instants for real time applications. ANN is trained with equivalent circuit parameters of the network, so that developed ANN is applicable to every studied system. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed index and accuracy of the ANN-based approach, two case studies are presented and demonstrated.

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Guo, Yang Xue, Xiang Hong Kong, Wei Yang, and Jia Jin Zheng. "Study on All Optical Switching Effect of Excited State Proton Transfer Organic Molecule 3-Hydroxyflavone." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 830–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.830.

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Abstract: We report the dependence of the all optical switching effect of 3-hydroxyflavone (3-HF) on the efficiency of excited state proton transfer (ESPT) using pump probe method. A cw probe laser beam of 632.8nm passing through the sample is switched off by a 35ps pulse pump laser beam of 355nm. We also measured the nonlinear refractive index of 3-HF in different solvents by using z-scan technique. The results show that the optical switching effect will be more obvious when the efficiency of excited state proton transfer is improved, while not proportional to the nonlinear refractive index of 3-HF.

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Chandran, Udayakumar, Sathiyasekar Kumarasamy, Ravi Samikannu, Rajamani M. P. E., Vinoth Krishnamoorthy, and Srinivasan Murugesan. "Tournament Selected Glowworm Swarm Optimization Based Measurement of Selective Harmonic Elimination in Multilevel Inverter for Enhancing Output Voltage and Current." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (March 30, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5845249.

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In modern days Multi Level Inverters (MLIs) in the power industry receive a large interest. The MLIs with multilevel structures produces higher-power, higher-voltage inverters. Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE) has become a popular one. It has been utilized widely studied during the past several decades for multilevel inverters as it has many merits like lesser switching losses and lesser Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). However, many researchers have failed to reduce the selective harmonic elimination time consumption and improve efficiency. A novel Tournament Selected Glowworm Swarm Optimization-Based Selective Harmonic Elimination (TSGWSO-SHE) approach is proposed in this paper for addressing these problems. The major aim of the TSGWSO-SHE approach is selecting optimal switching angles for removing the lower order harmonics. In the TSGWSO-SHE technique, initially, multilevel-inverters are created, and the modulation index is measured. Based on the modulation index, Switching Angles (SAs) are determined. Then several switching angles are initialized randomly. The objective function is determined for every switching angle. Using it detects and chooses the neighbouring switching angle with higher brightness by tournament selection and move to it. Lastly, the switching angle updates its position and finds the optimal switching angle. In this way, an optimal SA is selected during the process of selective harmonic eradication in MLI with higher efficiency and minimal time consumption. The efficiency of TSGWSO-SHE technique is simulated using parameters such as time of SHE, SHE efficiency and THD. Results prove that the proposed TSGWSO-SHE technique provides better SHE performance as compared to the existing studies. Experimental results demonstrate that the TSGWSO-SHE technique reduces the THD and SHE time by 46% and 33%, and the efficiency of selective harmonic elimination is increased by 13% compared to existing methods.

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Filipovic, Vojislav. "Upper bounds of performances guided robust hybrid controller." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 21, no. 2 (2008): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee0802155f.

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In this paper the multiple models and switching controllers is used for control of system with unmodeled dynamics. The analog part of the system is described by finite set of continuous models with unmodeled dynamics. As a set of controllers is used a finite set of LQ controllers with the prescribed degree of stability. Using linear matrix inequalities it is derived LQ controllers and upper bounds for index of performances. The set of upper bounds is used for creation of switching sequence. For so given switching system the robust asymptotic stability is proved. .

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30

Mansoor, Abdal K., Laith A. Mohammed, and Noha A. AL Jawady. "Eliminating Harmonics in a Five Level Inverter by Optimized Both Switching Angles and Dc Link Voltage." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 15, no. 4 (December 31, 2008): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.15.4.01.

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This paper presents design and analysis of a single phase multilevel inverter by optimizing both switching angles and DC link voltage of a cascaded inverter. The switching angles and dc link voltage are chosen such that to minimize the total harmonic distortion of the output voltage. The main power devices are switched only once per cycle , so that to overcome the switching loss problem, as well as electromagnetic interference (EMI) problem, a method is given to determine the optimum value of the switching angles and the value of the dc link voltage. Theoretical analysis and simulation of a single phase 5-level cascaded inverter are introduced with a wide range of modulation index.

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Phoong, Seuk Wai, and Siok Kun Sek . "A Markov Switching Vector Error Correction Model on Oil Price and Gold Price Effect on Stock Market Returns." Information Management and Business Review 5, no. 7 (July 30, 2013): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v5i7.1059.

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Stock market index represent a country growth and always as an interest for economist and statisticians. In this paper, the effect of oil price and gold price on stock market index on Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Indonesia are investigated and a two-regime Markov Switching Vector Error Correction model is used to examine the nonlinear properties model. Moreover, a two regime mean adjusted Markov Switching Vector Error Correction model is used in the study to capture the filtered and smoothed probabilities of the time series sequence in the economic model. Results found that the oil price and gold price affect the movement of the Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Indonesia stock market index and there is an asymmetric cycle since 97% of the total sample size is recorded in the growth state.

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HATAMI, MOHSEN, ROYA ATTARZADEH, and ABDOLRASOUL GHARAATI. "DESIGN OF AN ULTRA-FAST ALL-OPTICAL DARK SOLITON SWITCH IN A THREE-CORE NONLINEAR DIRECTIONAL COUPLER (TNLDC) MADE OF CHALCOGENIDE GLASSES." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 21, no. 03 (September 2012): 1250038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863512500385.

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We designed and simulated a three-core nonlinear directional coupler (TNLDC) dark soliton switch. We have optimized the optical properties of chalcogenide glasses such as their high nonlinear refractive index and negative group velocity dispersion and designed a switch having a length of 7 cm and an ultra-fast pulse width of 10 fs with a 100 W power input pulse. The switching characteristic shows that complete switching is possible for different ranges of lengths and pulse widths, and by using the result of the simulation we find a relation between the length and the pulse width with respect to the necessary power for complete dark soliton switching. Also the effect of two photon absorption (2PA) on dark soliton switching was studied and it was shown that 2PA puts some limitations on the switching action but, because of the low value of the 2PA figure of merit for chalcogenide glasses, it did not have any considerable effect on dark soliton switching.

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YOSHIDA, Kazunobu, and Hisashi KAWABE. "A Design of Gain Switching Control Systems with Quadratic Performance Index." Transactions of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers 25, no. 9 (1989): 976–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.9746/sicetr1965.25.976.

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YANAGI, Satoshi, Yosuke MURAKAMI, Yuki YAMAZAKI, and Kazuhiko SHIMOMURA. "Switching Characteristics in Variable-Index Arrayed Waveguides Using Thin-Film Heater." IEICE Transactions on Electronics E95.C, no. 7 (2012): 1265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transele.e95.c.1265.

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Kartashov, Yaroslav V., and Victor A. Vysloukh. "Switching management in couplers with biharmonic longitudinal modulation of refractive index." Optics Letters 34, no. 22 (November 11, 2009): 3544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.34.003544.

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ASKER, Mehmet Emin, and Heybet KILIÇ. "MODULATION INDEX AND SWITCHING FREQUENCY EFFECT ON SYMMETRIC REGULAR SAMPLED SPWM." European Journal of Technic 7, no. 2 (December 30, 2017): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23884/ejt.2017.7.2.04.

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Hong, Kuo-Bin, Chun-Chieh Yang, and Tien-Chang Lu. "Mode Switching of High Index Contrast Photonic Crystal Surface Emitting Lasers." IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 52, no. 5 (May 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jqe.2016.2545399.

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Hossein, Jafarzadeh, Ahmadi Sangachin Elnaz, and Asadpour Seyyed Hossein. "Stability and Group Index Switching in a Four-Level Atomic System." Chinese Physics Letters 31, no. 8 (August 2014): 084201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/31/8/084201.

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Charfeddine, Lanouar, and Ahdi Noomen Ajmi. "The Tunisian stock market index volatility: Long memory vs. switching regime." Emerging Markets Review 16 (September 2013): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2013.05.003.

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40

Mizumoto, Tetsuya, Yoichi Akano, Kazuhiko Tamura, and Masaki Yoshimura. "DFB Waveguide All-Optical Switching Devices Employing Pump-Induced Refractive Index Change in GaInAsP." Advanced Materials Research 31 (November 2007): 206–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.31.206.

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A pump-induced refractive index change was measured in a passive GaInAsP waveguide together with its temporal response. Also, the temporal response of distributed feedback (DFB) waveguide transmittance modulated by the pump-induced index change was experimentally investigated for an application to all-optical switching devices.

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Afriana, Elza, Hermawan Hermawan, and Susatyo Handoko. "PERBANDINGAN INDEKS KEANDALAN SISTEM DISTRIBUSI PADA PENYULANG SRL03 DALAM KEADAAN PERFECT SWITCHING DAN IMPERFECT SWITCHING." TRANSIENT 6, no. 3 (November 9, 2017): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/transient.6.3.268-275.

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Dewasa ini tenaga listrik telah menjadi kebutuhan pokok bagi masyarakat, sehingga kontinuitas penyediaan tenaga listrik menjadi tuntutan yang semakin besar dari konsumen. Berdasarkan data catatan teknik di PT PLN (Persero) Rayon Semarang Selatan pada tahun 2016, penyulang SRL03 merupakan penyulang yang paling sering mengalami pemadaman yaitu sebanyak 18 kali/tahun. Penyulang SRL03 mengalami pemadaman selama 16,934 jam/tahun. Berdasarkan permasalahan diatas maka perlu adanya studi tentang perhitungan tingkat keandalan sistem tenaga listrik pada penyulang SRL03. Pada penelitian ini dievalusi nilai indeks keandalan menggunakan metode Reliability Index Assesment (RIA) pada penyulang SRL03 dalam keadaan perfect switching dan imperfect switching. Indeks keandalan yang didapat berdasarkan perhitungan menggunakan metode RIA saat kondisi jaringan diasumsikan perfect switching, nilai SAIFI sebesar 1,1564 gangguan/tahun, nilai SAIDI sebesar 6,7839 jam/tahun, dan CAIDI sebesar 5,8664 jam/gangguan, sedangkan indeks keandalan saat kondisi jaringan diasumsikan imperfect switching, nilai SAIFI sebesar 1,1684 gangguan/tahun, dan nilai SAIDI sebesar 6,7839 jam/tahun, dan CAIDI sebesar 5,8061 jam/gangguan.

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Yang, Hua, Huiying Wei, Xiang He, Yue Yan, and Xiaoju Liu. "User Experience Evaluation of Cross-Channel Consumption: Based on Grounded Theory and Neural Network." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (October 21, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1133414.

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With the rapid development of e-commerce technology, cross-channel consumption has become the mainstream mode of contemporary consumers. However, there are several problems of cross-channel consumption such as inconsistency of online and offline channel information and service, disfluency of channel switching which have brought adverse effects on user experience. The question arises here as to what factors influence user experience and how to build a scientific and effective evaluation index system. Different from previous studies based on sellers, this paper used grounded theory to analyze and summarize the evaluation index system of user experience under cross-channel consumption from the perspective of consumers. We summarized and refined four first level indexes which are “online platform attribute, offline entity attribute, channel switching attribute, and individual demand” and 13 second level indexes which are “platform operation, platform information, platform service, platform promotion, product quality, service quality, environment quality, channel consistency, channel switching cost, channel switching fluency, psychological expectation, personal interests and individual needs.” Then, we used BP neural network to build the evaluation model and trained and simulated the performance of the sample. The results show that the evaluation model has a good generalization ability and can effectively evaluate user experience under cross-channel consumption. Finally, implications and limitations are also discussed. This study helps to enrich the theoretical research on user experience and consumer behavior. It also provides targeted basis for in-depth analysis of cross-channel consumption behavior, establishment of user experience evaluation index system, and improving user experience and multichannel management of physical stores.

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Rehman, Atiq Ur, Yousuf Khan, Muhammad Irfan, Muhammad A. Butt, Svetlana N. Khonina, and Nikolay L. Kazanskiy. "A Novel Design of Optical Switch Based on Guided Mode Resonances in Dielectric Photonic Crystal Structures." Photonics 9, no. 8 (August 17, 2022): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9080580.

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In this work, a novel idea of optical switch design based on guided mode resonance in the photonic crystal structure is numerically investigated. The designed switching device work on the principle of optical amplification and wavelength shift of data signal with the help of a control signal. The data signal can be coupled into the waveguide using guided-mode resonance, whereas, a control signal is index-coupled into the waveguide to influence the data signal. The optical switching action is optimized by introducing a photonic crystal cavity and varying the number of photonic crystal elements, where the resonant wavelength, reflection peaks, linewidth, and quality factor of the data signal can be adjusted. The device is based on low refractive index contrast dielectric materials compatible with fiber optic communication and can operate in a near-infrared range of around 1.55 μm. The numerical simulations are carried out in an open source finite-difference time-domain-based software. An optical switching action is achieved with 7% amplification in the data signal at a central wavelength of 1.55 µm with a maximum shift of the wavelength of 0.001 µm. The proposed device can be easily implemented in cascade designs of programmable photonic and optical switching circuits.

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Wai, Seuk, Mohd Tahir Ismail ., and Siok Kun Sek . "A Study of Intercept Adjusted Markov Switching Vector Autoregressive Model in Economic Time Series Data." Information Management and Business Review 5, no. 8 (August 30, 2013): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v5i8.1065.

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Commodity price always related to the movement of stock market index. However real economic time series data always exhibit nonlinear properties such as structural change, jumps or break in the series through time. Therefore, linear time series models are no longer suitable and Markov Switching Vector Autoregressive models which able to study the asymmetry and regime switching behavior of the data are used in the study. Intercept adjusted Markov Switching Vector Autoregressive (MSI-VAR) model is discuss and applied in the study to capture the smooth transition of the stock index changes from recession state to growth state. Results found that the dramatically changes from one state to another state are continuous smooth transition in both regimes. In addition, the 1-step prediction probability for the two regime Markov Switching model which act as the filtered probability to the actual probability of the variables is converged to the actual probability when undergo an intercept adjusted after a shift. This prove that MSI-VAR model is suitable to use in examine the changes of the economic model and able to provide significance, valid and reliable results. While oil price and gold price also proved that as a factor in affecting the stock exchange.

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45

Bao, Fang, and Simin Yu. "How to Generate Chaos from Switching System: A Saddle Focus of Index 1 and Heteroclinic Loop-Based Approach." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/756462.

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There exist two different types of equilibrium points in 3-D autonomous systems, named as saddle foci of index 1 and index 2, which are crucial for chaos generation. Although saddle foci of index 2 have been usually applied for creating double-scroll or double-wing chaotic attractors, saddle foci of index 1 are further considered for chaos generation in this paper. A novel approach for constructing chaotic systems is investigated by applying the switching control strategy and yielding a heteroclinic loop which connects two saddle foci of index 1. A basic 3-D linear system with an arbitrary normal direction of the eigenplane, possessing a saddle focus of index 1 whose corresponding eigenvalues satisfy the Shil'nikov inequality, is first introduced. Then a heteroclinic loop connecting two saddle foci of index 1 will be formed by applying the switching control strategy to the basic 3-D linear system. The heteroclinic loop consists of an unstable manifold, a stable manifold, and a heteroclinic point. Under the necessary conditions for forming the heteroclinic loop, the intended two-segmented piecewise linear system which exhibits the chaotic behavior in the sense of the Smale horseshoe can be finally constructed. An illustrative example is given, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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46

Aalami, H. A., and R. Salehi. "Extended Modulation Index with more Eliminated Low Order Harmonics at Cascaded Multilevel Inverters." Applied Mechanics and Materials 492 (January 2014): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.492.123.

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Principle aim in standard Selective Harmonic Elimination pulse wide modulation (SHE-PWM) is elimination of low-order harmonics as well as production of desired fundamental component. To accomplish this objective, a set of N switching angles should be determined. In fact, N-1 angles are hired to remove N-1 harmonics from voltage waveform and one angle is allotted to produce the fundamental. This paper presents a solution in order to remove low order harmonics as much as possible. It suggests eliminating next harmonic instead of highest order harmonic in infeasible points. A genetic algorithm is employed to solve the new transcendental equation for finding the switching angles. The proposed method is experimentally applied to a seven-level cascaded H-bridge inverter. The results confirm the validity and effectiveness of the proposed method in extending modulation index range.

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Putri, Dian Mega. "English Teacher’s Code Switching in The Classroom (A Case Study in Grade IX of SMK 10 Padang)." Journal of Educational Sciences 4, no. 3 (July 24, 2020): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jes.4.3.p.620-631.

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This research aims to reveal the attitudes of the teacher in using code switching in the classroom from English (or shorten by L2) to the Indonesian language (or shorten by L1) or vice versa and also to find out the functions of teacher’s switching to the L1 in practice in Grade IX of SMK 10 Padang. The descriptive qualitative research method is used to analyze teachers’ code switching to Indonesian language through the observation and interview. The subject in this research is an English teacher who taught in grade IX of SMK 10 Padang. Based on the analysis of the data, it can be concluded that the code switching used by the teacher in the classroom plays a positive role in the process of teaching and learning. Moreover, the functions of code switching used by the teacher in the classroom are in order to explain vocabulary, give grammar instruction, emphasize some points, manage the class, index a stance of empathy or solidarity towards students.

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48

Kavitha, R., Rani Thottungal, and Brindha R. "Harmonic Elimination of Seven Level Inverter with Switching Pattern Reconfiguration Technique Using Hybrid BBO/MAS Algorithm." International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) 5, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v5.i2.pp79-86.

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<p>A hybrid optimization algorithm is proposed in this paper to find the optimum switching angles in a Cascaded Multilevel Inverter (CMLI). A seven level cascaded inverter is considered and optimum switching angles are found by hybrid Biogeographical Based Optimization search (BBO) / Mesh Adaptive Direct Search (MAS) algorithm. The fundamental frequency Selective Harmonic Elimination-Pulse Width Modulation (SHE-PWM) technique is applied in order to reduce the switching losses.Reconfiguration technique is also proposed to achieve harmonic elimination for entire Modulation index(M). The various performance indices like phase THD, line THD, lower order harmonics eliminated in a CMLI are calculated based on the optimized switching angles. A seven level CMLI is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK by using switching angles calculated from BBO/MAS algorithm and the FFT analysis of traditional SHE-PWM and reconfiguration SHE-PWM methods are compared and verified with the calculated values from BBO/MAS algorithm.</p>

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Esa Pratama, Dicky, and Yunita Kurnia Shanti. "PENGARUH OPINI AUDIT, FINANCIAL DISTRESS, PERTUMBUHAN PERUSAHAAN KLIEN DAN UKURAN KAP TERHADAP AUDITOR SWITCHING." JURNAL AKUNTANSI BARELANG 6, no. 1 (January 9, 2022): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33884/jab.v6i1.4556.

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This study aims to determine the effect This study aims to determine the effect of audit opinion, financial distress, client company growth and KAP size on auditor switching. The population in this study were LQ 45 Index Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2017 - 2020. The sampling technique used purposive sampling, so that 15 companies were selected as samples. Analysis of research data using Multiple Linear Regression Analysis using Software Eviews 9. The results of this study indicate that audit opinion and cap size have an influence on Auditor Switching Ability. Meanwhile, the growth of client companies and Financial Distress have no effect on Auditor switching.

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50

Shariatmadar, S. M. M., and S. M. J. Jafarian. "Application of Minimum-time Optimal Control System in Buck-Boost Bi-linear Converters." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 7, no. 4 (August 9, 2017): 1753–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.1217.

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In this study, the theory of minimum-time optimal control system in buck-boost bi-linear converters is described, so that output voltage regulation is carried out within minimum time. For this purpose, the Pontryagin's Minimum Principle is applied to find optimal switching level applying minimum-time optimal control rules. The results revealed that by utilizing an optimal switching level instead of classical switching patterns, output voltage regulation will be carried out within minimum time. However, transient energy index of increased overvoltage significantly reduces in order to attain minimum time optimal control in reduced output load. The laboratory results were used in order to verify numerical simulations.

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