Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Index GINI'
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Pranckevičiūtė, Milda. "Apibendrintų Gini indeksų taikymas reitingavimo modeliuose." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20140702_191007-26483.
Full textBank for International Settlements (BIS) Basel II resolutions on banks regulatory capital include requirements for credit risk calculation. Credit risk evaluation methods define the possibility of using the internal rating system. One of the main tasks to build the powerful scoring model is to select financial and non-financial factors that appropriately classify companies according to their financial situation. The most popular statistical measure used for discriminatory analysis is the accuracy ratio or Gini index. General Gini index presented in 1914 is still widely applied to measure income inequality in the population. The k-dimensional analogue of Gini index as volume of zonoid was defined only in 1995 by Mosler and Koshevoy. The main purpose of this paper is to build the generalized Gini index of scoring model following the theory of zonoids. In the first part of the paper the usual Lorenz curve, traditional Gini index and its summary measures are presented. The second part presents the definition of the scoring models Gini index according to scoring model power measures applied in BIS resolutions. Furthermore the Gini indexes of Lorenz curve bottom and top approximations are defined and two its summary measures – norm and volume Gini indexes are constructed. Finally the stability of separate financial ratios Gini indexes and the general stability of univariate, norm and volume Gini indexes are analysed and final conclusions are presented.
Burkert, Vojtěch. "Subjektivní parametry při hodnocení příjmových nerovností a jejich měření." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-206266.
Full textFreitas, Luzineide de Andrade de. "Os efeitos da desigualdade social na mortalidade infantil no Brasil (1992 a 2011)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2017. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/27488.
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The paper aims to analyze the effects of income inequality on the infant mortality rate, analyzing for other determinants such as the level of education, poverty and per capita income for all units of the federation in Brazil from 1992 to 2011. The infant mortality rate is a social indicator that reflects the quality of life of a given population. For this purpose, econometric models of panel data were used. It was verified that the income inequality and all analyzed variables affect the infant mortality rates in the analyzed period. Thus, among the main conclusions obtained, the need for public investments geared to economic growth combined with income deconcentration and poverty reduction followed by better levels of education are essential in the process of reducing the infant mortality rate.
O trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar os efeitos da desigualdade de renda no indicador de saúde mortalidade infantil, considerando outros determinantes como o nível de educação, pobreza e renda per capita para todas as unidades da federação no Brasil no período de 1992 a 2011. A taxa de mortalidade infantil é um indicador social que reflete a qualidade de vida de uma determinada população. Para essa finalidade, utilizou-se modelos econométricos de dados em painel. Verificou-se que a desigualdade de renda e todas as variáveis analisadas afetam as taxas de mortalidade infantil no período analisado. Assim, dentre as principais conclusões obtidas, constata-se a necessidade de investimentos públicos direcionados para o crescimento econômico aliado com desconcentração de renda e redução da pobreza seguidos de melhores níveis de educação são essenciais no processo de redução da taxa de mortalidade infantil.
Shao, Liang Frank. "Two Essays on the Correlation between Economic Growth and Income Inequality." Scholarly Repository, 2011. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/555.
Full textSantos, Reili Amon-h? Vieira dos. "Concentra??o da posse da terra e o Programa Nacional de Cr?dito Fundi?rio: uma an?lise para o Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, 2006 - 2012." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/14083.
Full textO objetivo do trabalho ? propor um estudo sobre a rela??o do Programa Nacional de Cr?dito Fundi?rio - PNCF, no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, e sua concentra??o fundi?ria. Ou seja, se o PNCF est? sendo direcionado, para as microrregi?es que apresentam maior ?ndice de concentra??o, de acordo com o ?ndice de Gini, e se as ?reas adquiridas atrav?s do cr?dito fundi?rio est?o emergindo nestas microrregi?es. Para isto, o estudo levantou a hip?tese de que o PNCF no estado do Rio Grande do Norte n?o est? sendo conduzida, de modo a reduzir a concentra??o fundi?ria, dentre as microrregi?es do estado. Ou seja, n?o existe correla??o entre o ?ndice de Gini, da concentra??o fundi?ria, e as ?reas adquiridas atrav?s do programa. Al?m disso, o trabalho buscou realizar uma discuss?o da literatura sobre os programas de reforma agr?ria assistida pelo mercado. Apresentando os autores que s?o exaltadores do modelo e das suas potencialidades, atrelando as causas dos problemas levantados como sendo de ordem t?cnica e operacional, onde os principais autores desta linha s?o: Van Zyl, Kirsten & Binswanger, (1996), Deininger & Binswanger, (1999). T?m-se tamb?m a apresenta??o da posi??o dos autores adeptos as pol?ticas fundi?rias pautadas na din?mica e libera??o dos mercados de terras, mas que visam contribuir com estudos que permitam uma redu??o para o custo elevado e a sua incapacidade de abarcar a esfera social, em decorr?ncia do pagamento ? vista e a pre?o de mercado aos donos das terras, s?o eles: De Janvry & Sadoulet (2002), Gordillo (2002), Banerjee (1999), Jaramillo (1998) e Burki & Perry (1997). Todavia, apresentou-se a corrente de autores que ressalta a natureza socialmente agressiva da Reforma Agr?ria Assistida pelo Mercado (RAAM), sendo os seus principais contribuidores: El-Ghonemy (2001); Barros, Schwartzman & Sauer (2003); Borras Jr. (2006, 2003 e 2003a); Garoz et al. (2005); Sauer & Pereira (2006); Pereira (2005, 2006 e 2010); Sauer (2010); Lahiff, Borras Jr. & Kay (2007). Em sequ?ncia, o trabalho apresentou a transi??o e caracter?sticas dos programas de acesso ? terra, no Brasil, a partir da d?cada de 1990, bem como, alguns indicadores do PNCF, no Brasil e o estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Apresentou-se tamb?m os indicadores da concentra??o fundi?ria, no Brasil e no estado. Atrav?s dos dados do Censo Agropecu?rio de 2006 foi poss?vel calcular o ?ndice de Gini da distribui??o fundi?ria nas microrregi?es no estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Com os dados fornecidos pela Secretaria de Estado de Assuntos Fundi?rios e de Apoio ? Reforma Agr?ria - SEARA mostrou-se a distribui??o das linhas de cr?dito do PNCF e as ?reas adquiridas, entre os anos de 2006 e 2012. Por fim, o valor do coeficiente de correla??o simples (r) igual a (0,2865), que com base no teste bilateral da distribui??o de t de Student chegou-se no resultado para T calculado no valor de (1,2333), que ao ser comparado com o valor de T cr?tico igual a (2,898), com 17 graus de liberdade, a um n?vel de signific?ncia de 1%, pode aceitar a hip?tese de partida, ou seja, que o PNCF n?o estava sendo direcionado para diminuir a concentra??o fundi?ria no estado
Ouraga, Téa. "Modélisation des risques en présence de valeurs extrêmes : Une approche Gini." Thesis, Nîmes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NIME0007.
Full textThis thesis proposes a new approach to the treatment of available financial information by robust data analysis tools, using the Gini index. It aims at keeping all the information available, even rare events, for the modeling of returns and risk. A bad appreciation of risk by the agent distorts his expectations. Decision-making is based on the assessment of risks and forecasts that agents are able to make in the immediate future. The expected return on investment by the agent will depend on several sources of risk according to the arbitrage pricing theory. Yitzhaki and Schechtman (2013) have laid the foundations for a new econometrics based on the Gini index. They propose to use the coGini operator rather than the covariance to study samples whose underlying statistic distribution may be a statistic distribution different from the normal distribution.This thesis has two main contributions. The first deals with traditional data analysis methods : PCA, LDA and scoring. These methods are adapted to extreme values by using the coGini operator (or covariance in the Gini sense): Gini-PCA and Gini-LDA. The second concerns the analysis of the returns / risk couple. Applications are made in financial theory, in particular the pricing of financial assets by the arbitrage pricing theory and the performance analysis of investment strategies. Beyond finance, the tools developed in this thesis can be applied to any risk assessment (climate risk, governance risk, risk related to the evaluation of rare events such as earthquakes, coronavirus, etc.)
Rocha, Helder Pita. "A ContribuiÃÃo das Parcelas do Rendimento Domiciliar para Desigualdade de Renda nos EspaÃos Rurais do Nordeste." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3875.
Full textA desigualdade de renda no Brasil diminuiu nos Ãltimos anos. DÃvidas, entretanto, pairam sobre a universalizaÃÃo dessa queda em regiÃes ou Ãreas especÃficas, especialmente naquelas onde se verificam elevados Ãndices de analfabetismo, parcela significativa da populaÃÃo à pobre e/ou as oportunidades de empregos sÃo escassas sobretudo para mÃo de obra nÃo qualificada e o consequente fraco desenvolvimento econÃmico, ambiente propÃcio para a mà distribuiÃÃo de renda. Esta pesquisa se propÃs mostrar a evoluÃÃo da desigualdade na distribuiÃÃo da renda domiciliar per capita, medida pelo Ãndice de Gini e detectar quais foram as parcelas do rendimento mensal domiciliar que contribuÃram para a desigualdade, alÃm de determinar a contribuiÃÃo percentual dos componentes do rendimento domiciliar. Utilizou-se como metodologia a decomposiÃÃo do Ãndice de Gini em fontes de rendimentos. A base de dados utilizada teve como fonte a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de DomicÃlios (PNAD), do perÃodo de 1997 a 2007. O meio rural da RegiÃo Nordeste nÃo metropolitana, do Estado do Cearà e da RegiÃo Metropolitana de Fortaleza foram as Ãreas de estudo desta pesquisa por se enquadrarem nesse contexto. Os resultados mostraram que a desigualdade de renda caiu, nÃo de forma permanente, na RegiÃo Nordeste. Nos outros dois espaÃos analisados, ela oscilou ao longo do perÃodo sem muitas mudanÃas. As parcelas como Outros Trabalhos, Aposentadorias e PensÃes Oficiais reforÃaram a desigualdade nas trÃs Ãreas geogrÃficas e os programas sociais de transferÃncia de renda aos mais carentes tiveram significativa participaÃÃo nas reduÃÃes contÃnuas do Ãndice de Gini, especialmente no Nordeste rural.
Income inequality in Brazil declined in recent years. Doubts, however, weaken the universalization of this fall in regions or specific areas, especially where there are high rates of illiteracy, a significant portion of the population is poor and / or job opportunities are scarce especially for labor unskilled and the consequent weak economic development, enabling environment for the maldistribution of income. This research aims to show the evolution of inequality in the distribution of household income per capita, measured by the Gini index and to detect what were the shares of household income contributed to inequality, and to determine the percentage contribution of the components of household income. Was used as a methodology to decompose the Gini index of income sources. The database used as a source the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD), the period from 1997 to 2007. The rural areas of the Northeast not metropolitan, the State of Cearà and the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza were the areas of this research, since they fit in this context. The results showed that income inequality has fallen, not permanently, in the Northeast. In the other two areas studied, it varied throughout the period without many changes. The plots and Other Works, Retirement and Pensions officials reinforced the inequality in three geographical areas and social programs to transfer income to the poorest countries have had significant participation in the continual reduction of the Gini index, especially in the rural Northeast.
Ho, Ki-hiu, and 何其曉. "Extracting real market behavior in complex adaptive systems through minority game." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30163705.
Full textJeddi, Yeganeh Armin. "An Equity Analysis of the U.S. Public Transportation System Based on Job Accessibility." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/84512.
Full textMaster of Urban and Regional Planning
In recent years, there has been a shift in focus from encouraging mobility to encouraging accessibility, along with the provision of more sustainable travel options (e.g., walking, cycling, public transport). Access to quality public transportation is critical for employment, especially for low-income and minority populations. This research contributes to previous work on equity analysis of the U.S. public transportation system by covering the 45 largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) and their counties. This study analyzes job accessibility of transit commuters to assess the existing differences in accessibility in terms of income, race, ability to speak English, etc. Transit equality and justice analyses were performed based on population-weighted mean job accessibility and SES variables. The findings suggest that within individual MSAs, the low-income populations and people of color have the highest transit job accessibility. However, in certain MSAs with high job accessibility, such as New York, Washington, D.C., Chicago, and Houston, there is a significantly disproportionate access to public transportation based on income. Variables such as income, and the use of personal vehicle, are found to have a statistically significant negative impact on job accessibility in almost all MSAs. The percentage of White workers has a significant impact on job accessibility in upper-mid-density MSAs and high-density MSAs. The percentage of the population with limited English speaking ability is not a significant determinant of job accessibility except in lower-mid-density MSAs. The findings suggest that planning for public transportation should take into account risks, benefits, and other equally important aspects of public transportation such as frequency, connectivity, and quality of service.
V, Popova D. "Applications of the definite integral to economics." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/50702.
Full textThe price of an item determines the supply and the demand for the item. As price increases demand for the item usually falls. Conversely, as the price increases, the quantity producers are willing to supply will increase.
Man, Mengying, and Meixuan Ren. "Wealth Inequality : Analysis based on 21 EU countries." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-44333.
Full textIchoku, Hyacinth Ementa. "A distributional analysis of healthcare financing in a developing country : a Nigerian case study applying a decomposable Gini index." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9442.
Full textThe policy motivation for this research is primarily to investigate how in the direct absence of significant third-party financing mechanisms and government subsidies, direct purchase of healthcare affects the relative abilities of households to meet their other financial obligations after paying for the cost of health services. In other words, this study aims to analyze the redistributive effect of the direct healthcare financing in Nigeria.
Ahrlind, Kevin. "Governance and income inequality : A panel data analysis on the relationship between the quality of government and the Gini index." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-194009.
Full textMiranda, SÃrgio GonÃalves de. "EvoluÃÃo da desigualdade da distribuiÃÃo de renda no Brasil, grandes regiÃes e estados do nordeste entre 2001 e 2008." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6204.
Full textEste trabalho utiliza dados da PNAD para evidenciar o comportamento da desigualdade da distribuiÃÃo de renda nos estados do Nordeste, utilizando como medida o Ãndice de Gini dos anos de 2001 e 2008. Concluiu-se que houve uma melhoria da distribuiÃÃo de renda no Brasil, nas cinco grandes regiÃes do paÃs e nos nove estados do Nordeste nesse perÃodo. Utilizando-se a metodologia proposta por Hoffmann (2006) para decomposiÃÃo do Ãndice de Gini, foi avaliada a contribuiÃÃo de cada parcela da renda familiar per capita para esta queda do Ãndice de Gini. Estima-se que a grande responsÃvel pela queda da desigualdade foi a renda oriunda do trabalho, com participaÃÃo de 67% na queda do Ãndice no Brasil e 46% no Nordeste. Essa primazia da renda do trabalho ocorreu em cinco estados nordestinos: Rio Grande do Norte (66,92%), Cearà (62,56%), Pernambuco (58,76%), MaranhÃo (43,89%) e Sergipe (34,58%). No Piauà (63,31%) e na Bahia (50,74%), a parcela que contÃm a renda de juros, aplicaÃÃes e transferÃncias oficiais foi a maior responsÃvel pela reduÃÃo da desigualdade de renda. Jà em Alagoas e ParaÃba a maior contribuiÃÃo veio da renda de aposentadorias e pensÃes, com percentual de 119,59% e 60,27%, respectivamente, de participaÃÃo na queda do Ãndice de Gini. Apesar da renda do trabalho ter sido aquela com maior contribuiÃÃo para a queda da concentraÃÃo de renda no Nordeste, nÃo se pode desprezar o peso da renda advinda de juros, aplicaÃÃes e transferÃncias oficiais nesse processo, pois a mÃdia da contribuiÃÃo desta parcela na queda do Gini na regiÃo à mais que o dobro da participaÃÃo nacional. Essa contribuiÃÃo elevada ocorre mesmo com uma participaÃÃo relativamente baixa na formaÃÃo da renda, que atinge o pico de 4,22% da Renda Familiar Per Capita no estado de Alagoas.
This study uses data from the Statistical Officeâs annual national sample survey of Brazil (PNAD) to elucidate inequality of income distribution behavior in the Northeastern states using the Gini index for the years of 2001 and 2008 as standards. It has been concluded that income distribution in Brazil had been improved in the five large country regions and nine Northeastern states in this period. Using the methodology proposed by Hoffmann (2006) to decompose the Gini index, the contribution for each portion of family income per capita for the fall of the Gini index have been evaluated. It has been estimated that the major cause for the drop in inequality was the income from employment contributing 67% in the Brazilian fall and 46% in the Northeastern. This primacy of labor income occurred in five Northeastern states: Rio Grande do Norte (66.92%), Cearà (62.56%), Pernambuco (58.76%), MaranhÃo (43.89%) and Sergipe (34,58%). In Piauà (63.31%) and Bahia (50.74%), the portion that contains interest income, applications and official transfers were the main responsible for the reduction in income inequality. From another standpoint, in Alagoas and in Paraiba the largest contribution came from retirement income, with percentage of 119.59% and 60.27% stake, respectively. Although labor income have been the one with the largest contribution to the fall of income concentration in the Northeast, one can not disregard the weight of income arising from interest, applications and official transfers in the process, since the average contribution of this installment in the fall of the Gini in the region is more than double of national participation. This high contribution occurs even with a relatively low participation in the formation of income, which reaches a peak of 4.22% of family income per capita the state of Alagoas.
Renfroe, Laura A. "The International iPad Index: Price Variants across Countries and Associated Population Factors." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/731.
Full textSaijeva, Heda. "Segregation and employment in Swedish regions." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15686.
Full textPatera, Jan. "Rozhodovací stromy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217653.
Full textKeating, Karen. "Statistical analysis of pyrosequence data." Diss., Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/14026.
Full textDepartment of Statistics
Gary L. Gadbury
Since their commercial introduction in 2005, DNA sequencing technologies have become widely available and are now cost-effective tools for determining the genetic characteristics of organisms. While the biomedical applications of DNA sequencing are apparent, these technologies have been applied to many other research areas. One such area is community ecology, in which DNA sequence data are used to identify the presence and abundance of microscopic organisms that inhabit an environment. This is currently an active area of research, since it is generally believed that a change in the composition of microscopic species in a geographic area may signal a change in the overall health of the environment. An overview of DNA pyrosequencing, as implemented by the Roche/Life Science 454 platform, is presented and aspects of the process that can introduce variability in data are identified. Four ecological data sets that were generated by the 454 platform are used for illustration. Characteristics of these data include high dimensionality, a large proportion of zeros (usually in excess of 90%), and nonzero values that are strongly right-skewed. A nonparametric method to standardize these data is presented and effects of standardization on outliers and skewness are examined. Traditional statistical methods for analyzing macroscopic species abundance data are discussed, and the applicability of these methods to microscopic species data is examined. One objective that receives focus is the classification of microscopic species as either rare or common species. This is an important distinction since there is much evidence to suggest that the biological and environmental mechanisms that govern common species are distinctly different than the mechanisms that govern rare species. This indicates that the abundance patterns for common and rare species may follow different probability models, and the suitability of the Pareto distribution for rare species is examined. Techniques for classifying macroscopic species are shown to be ill-suited for microscopic species, and an alternative technique is presented. Recognizing that the structure of the data is similar to that of financial applications (such as insurance claims and the distribution of wealth), the Gini index and other statistics based on the Lorenz curve are explored as potential test statistics for distinguishing rare versus common species.
Filho, Raimundo Dias Loiola. "Uma anÃlise da importÃncia dos componentes de renda na reduÃÃo de sua desigualdade: um estudo comparativo do Cearà e regiÃes brasileiras." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5749.
Full textAo utilizar dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de DomicÃlios (PNADs), mostraremos como ocorreram as variaÃÃes na renda domiciliar per capita no Brasil, nas macro-regiÃes brasileiras e no Estado do CearÃ, no interstÃcio comparativo aos anos de 2001 e 2008, contribuindo para a reduÃÃo da desigualdade de renda em nosso paÃs. Em seguida à apresentada a metodologia de decomposiÃÃo das variaÃÃes dos Ãndices de Gini, quando a renda à estudada atravÃs das principais vertentes de sua constituiÃÃo. Essa metodologia identifica as seguintes clÃusulas: os rendimentos de todos os trabalhos, incluindo salÃrios e remuneraÃÃo de trabalhadores por conta prÃpria e empregados; os rendimentos de aluguel e doaÃÃes feitas por pessoas de outros domicÃlios; as aposentadorias e pensÃes pagas pelo governo federal ou por instituto de previdÃncia, assim como outras aposentadorias e pensÃes; e os valores que incluem juros,dividendos,transferÃncias de programas oficiais como o Bolsa FamÃlia ou renda mÃnima e outros rendimentos. Para o Ãndice de Gini, estima-se que no perÃodo analisado os rendimentos de todos os trabalhos, incluindo salÃrios e remuneraÃÃo de trabalhadores por conta prÃpria e empregados, foram decisivos atravÃs da participaÃÃo constitutiva da renda familiar per capita no Brasil, nas macro-regiÃes brasileiras e no Estado do CearÃ. Observamos, por fim, que os efeitos dos programas de transferÃncias de renda, por exemplo, Bolsa FamÃlia, mantivera-se em grande parte responsÃvel pela reduÃÃo da pobreza especificamente nas regiÃes do Nordeste, Norte e Centro-oeste do Brasil o que nÃo fora o caso para as regiÃes Sul e Sudeste do paÃs.
Using data from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD), we show how the variations occurred in income per capita in Brazil, the Brazilian macro-regions and the state of Ceara in the interstitium comparison to the years 2001 and 2008, contributing to reduction of income inequality in our country. Then presents the methodology of decomposition of changes in the Gini index, when income is studied through key aspects of its constitution. This methodology identifies the following terms: income from all jobs, including salaries and remuneration of own-account workers and employees, income from rent and donations by people from other households, pensions and pensions paid by the federal government or by institute pension, and other retirement and pensions, and the values that include interest, dividends, transfers of public programs such as Bolsa Familia or minimal income and other income. For the Gini coefficient, it is estimated that the period under review income from all jobs, including salaries and remuneration of own-account workers and employees, through participation were decisive constituent of household income per capita in Brazil, the macroregions and the Brazilian state of Ceara. We note finally that the effects of income transfer programs, for example, Bolsa Familia, it remained largely responsible for the reduction of poverty especially in the regions of Northeast, North and Midwest of Brazil, that was the case to the South and Southeast.
Lernic, Carolina de Almeida. "Condicionantes da distribuição de renda e da pobreza no Brasil nas décadas de 1960 a 2000." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9246.
Full textThis study aimed to conduct a study on the main variables that influence poverty and income concentration, and through these data, compared the main policies implemented, between the decades from 1960 to 2010, which eased or worsened these issues in Brazil. Were taken as basic social indicators as Gini Index, Poverty Line, Wages, Employment index. Viewing a successive overview of three decades - 1960, 1970 and 1980 - it is concluded that there were times in which an improvement in income distribution and poverty was real, in 1970, for example, however, due to the fragility of the Brazilian economy, this situation could not be sustained for long. In an overview, the Real Plan promoted the resumption of economic growth, through the control of inflation. However, it is mainly in the 2000s, that displaying major improvements in the levels of concentration of wealth and poverty
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um estudo acerca das principais variáveis que influenciam a pobreza e a concentração de renda, e por meio desses dados, comparou as principais políticas implementadas, entre as décadas de 1960 a 2010, que amenizaram ou agravaram estas questões no Brasil. Foram tomados como base indicadores sociais como Índice de Gini, Linha da Pobreza, Salário Mínimo, índice de Emprego. Visualizando um panorama sucessivo das três décadas 1960, 1970 e 1980 conclui-se que houve momentos nos quais uma melhoria na distribuição de renda e na pobreza foi real, em 1970, por exemplo, porém, em função da fragilidade da economia brasileira, essa situação não pôde ser sustentada por muito tempo. Em um panorama geral, o Plano Real promoveu a retomada do crescimento econômico, via controle da inflação. Porém, é principalmente, na década de 2000, que são visualizadas grandes melhorias nos níveis de concentração de renda e de pobreza
Xi, Xiaochuan. "A Study on China's Income Inequality and the Relationship with Economic Growth." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Nationalekonomi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-3749.
Full textJamal, Mahmoud, and Omar Sayal. "The Puzzle between Economic Growth and Income Inequality." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Economics, Finance and Statistics, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-23650.
Full textPedroso, Ledi Cerdote. "POLÍTICA ECONÔMICA E DISTRIBUIÇÃO DA RENDA: UMA ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA ENTRE BRASIL E CHILE." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9739.
Full textO desenvolvimento do capitalismo, no Brasil e no Chile, foi profundamente marcado pelo processo de concentração da renda e da riqueza. Com a evolução desse sistema social foram surgindo diversas teorias, visando explicar as origens e causas desse fenômeno. Entre essas teorias a marxista e a estruturalista apresentam argumentações mais adequadas para compreender a formação econômica e social desses países, bem como a atual situação distributiva. O objetivo da pesquisa é discorrer sobre os principais impactos das políticas econômicas sobre a distribuição da renda em ambos os países. Busca-se por intermédio de uma revisão bibliográfica e análise estatística dos principais indicadores econômicos e sociais compreender esse processo, desde os respectivos regimes militares. No Brasil, de 1960 a 1990, observou-se uma constante elevação na concentração de renda e, a partir de 1990, com a adoção de políticas neoliberais, esse quadro não se alterou. Assim sendo, verificou-se que, tanto em períodos de auge no crescimento econômico quanto em períodos de recessão econômica, o fenômeno da concentração de renda esteve sempre presente na sociedade brasileira. A experiência chilena é um pouco diferente, pois esse país, entre 1970/1973, vivenciou um período de grandes transformações sociais, com melhoras significativas na distribuição da renda. Este processo foi efêmero, visto que em 1973 ocorreu o golpe militar. O referido regime estendeu-se até 1989, provocando significativas alterações na estrutura econômica e social do país, do qual intensificou o processo de concentração da renda. A partir de 1990 o Chile adotou novamente a democracia. Assim, as autoridades governamentais voltaram a preocupar-se com as questões sociais. Entretanto, a estrutura da distribuição da renda não apresentou alterações. Igualmente, constatou-se que as políticas econômicas implementadas tiveram forte influência na distribuição da renda, em especial as ortodoxas e neoliberais, que agravaram ainda mais a situação distributiva.
Andrade, Pedro Henrique Portela de. "Concentração geográfica de ocupações: uma análise do caso brasileiro." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1513.
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O objetivo da dissertação é analisar os determinantes da concentração geográfica ocupacional no Brasil, com destaque para o papel do conteúdo tecnológico neste contexto. A característica marcante da geografia econômica atual é a concentração dos agentes econômicos em regiões específicas dentro dos espaços nacionais. Desta forma, tendo em vista a disparidade na concentração dos agentes econômicos, o avanço das mudanças territoriais, a complexidade de novos processos de produção e reestruturação do espaço econômico-geográfico, estudar estes padrões de concentração ocupacional torna-se relevante do ponto de vista do crescimento, planejamento, gestão pública e desenvolvimento das regiões. A concentração geográfica das atividades econômicas pela ótica das ocupações fornece uma maneira diferente dentro da literatura de se olhar para o fenômeno. Sendo assim, a identificação e análise dos determinantes da concentração geográfica das ocupações em regiões metropolitanas são feitas tendo como base o amplo painel de dados provenientes da Relatório Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS). Estes dados são disponibilizados pelo Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego (MTE) e permitem identificar entre os indivíduos, sua ocupação, sua região metropolitana, o setor industrial em que está empregado e tamanho da empresa que o emprega. Adicionalmente, incorpora-se ao painel os dados relativos à intensidade de conhecimento tecnológico de cada ocupação, oriundos do trabalho de Rodrigues (2006). A metodologia envolve estimações considerando efeitos não observados para o painel de 2003 a 2008. Os resultados das estimações confirmaram a importância da distribuição das indústrias nas regiões metropolitanas assim como do nível tecnológico ocupacional para a concentração geográfica das ocupações.
The goal of this dissertation is to analyze the determinants of Brazil's geographic occupational concentration, with emphasis on the role of technological content in this context. The most remarkable characteristic in the current economic geography is the concentration of economic agents in specific regions within national spaces. In view of the disparity in terms of concentration between economic agents, advance of territorial changes, complexity of new processes of production and restructuration of geographic-economic space, studying these patterns of occupational concentration becomes relevant from the point of view of these regions’ growth, planning, public management and development. The geographic concentration of economic activities from an occupational perspective gives us a different way inside the literature to understand this phenomenon. Thus, the identification and analysis of the determinants of geographic concentration in metropolitan regions’ occupations are made while taking a large panel data from the Annual Social Information’s Report (RAIS) as basis. This data is made available by the Ministry of Labor and Employment (MTE) and allows the identification between individuals, their occupations, metropolitan region, industrial sector in which they’re employed and the size of firms which hired them. Furthermore, it embodies in the panel the data relative to the intensity of technological knowledge of each occupation using data from Rodrigues (2006). The methodology employed considers in its estimations the presence of non-observable effects for a panel from 2003 to 2008. The results of these estimations confirm the importance of indust ries’ distribution in metropolitan regions as well as the technological occupational level for the occupation’s geographic concentration.
Pereira, Neto Claudeci. "O Espírito Santo nos anos 90: uma análise do desenvolvimento econômico e humano através do índice de desenvolvimento humano municipal ajustado." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2009. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/5997.
Full textA inserção do estado do Espírito Santo no capitalismo, tanto a nível nacional como internacional, condicionou o cenário sócioeconômico da década de 90, no final do século XX. Nesse ambiente, destacam-se a concentração da atividade econômica e populacional em poucos municípios, especialmente nos da Região Metropolitana de Vitória. Contudo, eram nesses municípios que se concentravam também os problemas sociais. Numa análise geral, o IDHM-R melhorou significativamente entre os Censos de 1991 e 2000. No início da década 60 municípios estavam na categoria baixo-médio; em 2000, eram apenas três. Entretanto, 35 municípios, onde residiam mais de 73% da população, obtiveram aumento na concentração de renda. Pode-se afirmar que houve desenvolvimento econômico no estado nos anos 1990, pelo menos em grande parte dos municípios; contudo, verifica-se um efeito nocivo ao bem-estar social. Quanto ao IDHMA, grande parte dos municípios capixabas enquadrava-se na faixa de médio desenvolvimento humano, e nenhum se encontrava na categoria de alto desenvolvimento. A região Norte, acima do rio Doce, possuía os piores indicadores de desenvolvimento em razão das especificidades da história socioeconômica da região. A maioria dos municípios com melhores IDHMA estava próximo à Colatina, Cachoeiro do Itapemirim e numa faixa litorânea que partia de Aracruz até Piúma.
The involvement of the state of Espirito Santo in capitalism, as much at the national as well as the international level, determined the socioeconomic scene of the 1990s, at the end of 2oth century. In this environment, there was a clear concentration of economic and population activity in few cities councils, especially the ones within the Metropolitan Region of Vitoria. However, in these cities there was a corresponding concentration of social problems. In a general analysis, between the Censuses of 1991 and 2000 the IDHM-R improved significantly. At the beginning of the decade 60 cities councils were in the below average category; by 2000 there were only three. Nevertheless, 35 cities councils, where 73% of the population used to live, had gained an increase in income. It can be affirmed that there had been economic development in the state in the 1990s, at least to a large extent within the cities; however, a detrimental effect on social welfare is verified. As for the IDHMA, large part of Espirito Santo cities councils was fitted in the medium human development, and none in the category of high development. In the North region, above the Rio Doce, had the worse indicator of development in reason of particular socioeconomic history of the region. The majority of the cities with better IDHMA were next to the Colatina, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim and on the coast line from Aracruz until Piúma.
Nogueira, Jos? Jorge Meschiatti. "A exclus?o social no mercado da informa??o no Brasil na d?cada de 1990." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas, 2004. http://tede.bibliotecadigital.puc-campinas.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/837.
Full textThis dissertation describes the connection of Information Science with Economics in the environment of social exclusion, outlining the historical scenario of these two sciences. It inserts the economic environment of social and information exclusion in a context, and classifies them under various denominations provided by literature. Finally, it applies the empiric methodology based on econometric, which uses data from technical magazines and books, provided by IBGE, through Family Budget Research Pesquisa de Or?amento Familiar (POF). In order to do so, it takes as an evolution comparative basis the 1987 and 1996 POF results, in which it is focused from several perspectives the distribution and concentration of information under the income and education viewpoints. It measures the consumption patterns of the wealthier and poorer levels, as well as the education levels.
Esta disserta??o retrata a liga??o da Ci?ncia da Informa??o com a Economia no ambiente da exclus?o social, tra?ando um panorama hist?rico do encontro destas duas ci?ncias. Contextualiza o ambiente econ?mico da exclus?o social e informacional, conceituando-as sob as diversas denomina??es fornecidas na literatura. Por fim, aplica metodologia emp?rica baseada na econometria, utilizando-se dos dados de consumo de livros e revistas t?cnicas, fornecidos pelo IBGE, por interm?dio da sua Pesquisa de Or?amento Familiar (POF). Para tanto, toma como base comparativa de evolu??o a POF de 1987 e a de 1996, enfocando sob diversos aspectos a distribui??o e concentra??o de informa??o sob a ?tica da renda e da instru??o, na mensura??o das diferen?as de consumo entre os estratos mais ricos e os mais pobres, os mais instru?dos e os menos instru?dos.
Бакун, Сабіна Антонівна. "Система оцінки кредитоспроможності фізичних осіб з використанням методів регресійного аналізу." Master's thesis, Київ, 2018. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/23984.
Full textTheme: “System for evaluating the solvency of individuals using regression analysis methods”. Master's thesis explanatory note: 107 p., 32 fig., 32 tab., 5 appendices, 19 sources. Actuality: the consumer lending market is growing rapidly in Ukraine. However, along with this, the number of unreturned loans is increasing, which causes quite large losses to banking institutions. Thus, the development and application of systems for assessing the creditworthiness of individuals in the process of making a decision on the issuance of a loan are actual for today. The purpose of this work is to study and improve existing methods of constructing scoring models and to develop a decision support system for assessing the creditworthiness of individuals using the method of logistic regression. The object of the study is a set of statistical data on consumer loans provided by the bank to individuals. Methods of research: logistic regression method, maximum likelihood method, gradient descent method, operations on matrices. The software product was implemented using the C# programming language in the Microsoft Visual Studio 2012 development environment. For a comparative analysis of the results were built models as decision trees and scorecard in the SAS Enterprise Miner system. Obtained results: a decision support system was developed for predicting the creditworthiness of individuals using the logistic regression method and the maximum likelihood method. The method of using categorical data in regression models is proposed.
Melo, Maria Renata Bezerra. "Rendimentos e desigualdades de renda no Brasil no periíodo 2004-2012: a contribuição da renda do trabalho da mulher na redução da desigualdade." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2014. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5019.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This work aimed to evaluate the contribution of wage income of women in household income and their impact on reducing income inequality in household income per capita in Brazil and in the macro-regions. The database used was the National Sample Survey (PNAD), in the period 2004-2012. To achieve this purpose will be used methodologies for decomposing the Gini index on elements of income proposed by Kakwani, Wagstaff and Doorslaer (1997), as well as the methodology of decomposition of the change in the Gini index, the effect of composition and concentration-effect developed by Hoffmann (2006) and Soares (2006), from the decomposition proposed by Shorrocks (1982). The methodology of Kakwani, Wagstaff and Doorslaer (1997) provides the standard errors, allowing the construction of confidence intervals, being feasible, therefore verify whether changes in inequality were either not statistically significant. The results show that while in the Southeast, South and Midwest the changes from 2004 to 2012 working on the components of man, public welfare and women's work, mainly on the issue of devolution of these budgets were greatly responsible for the fall of Brazilian inequality in the Northeast and North, the income of the Bolsa Família program played a crucial role, especially through - composition effect. Such findings reinforce the importance of economic policies aimed at decentralization of labor income, including income in the context of women's work, as this has a very significant share of income of the households and their dynamics reflects, more significantly, the trajectory towards a less unequal society in terms of monetary income.
Esta dissertação teve como objetivo avaliar a contribuição dos rendimentos salariais da mulher na renda domiciliar e o impacto desses rendimentos na redução da desigualdade da renda domiciliar per capita no Brasil e nas macrorregiões. A base de dados utilizada foi a da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD), no período de 2004 a 2012. Para atingir este objetivo, foram utilizadas as metodologias de decomposição do índice de Gini em parcelas do rendimento proposta por Kakwani, Wagstaff e Doorslaer (1997), assim como a metodologia de decomposição da mudança no índice de Gini por efeito-composição e efeito-concentração desenvolvida por Hoffmann (2006) e Soares (2006), a partir da decomposição proposta por Shorrocks (1982). A metodologia de Kakwani, Wagstaff e Doorslaer (1997) proporciona os erros-padrão, possibilitando a construção de intervalos de confiança, sendo exequível, consequentemente, verificar se as mudanças na desigualdade foram ou não estatisticamente significantes. Os resultados apontam que enquanto no Sudeste, Sul e Centro-Oeste as mudanças ocorridas de 2004 a 2012 nos componentes trabalho do homem, previdência pública e trabalho da mulher, principalmente na questão da desconcentração destas rendas, foram as grandes responsáveis pela queda da desigualdade brasileira, no Nordeste e no Norte, a renda do Programa Bolsa Família teve um papel crucial, principalmente através do efeito-composição. Tais achados reforçam a importância de políticas econômicas visando a desconcentração da renda proveniente do trabalho, incluindo no contexto a renda do trabalho da mulher, já que esta tem uma participação bastante significativa na renda dos domicílios e sua dinâmica reflete, de maneira expressiva, a trajetória rumo a uma sociedade menos desigual em termos de rendimentos monetários.
Diarra, Ibrahim. "Dynamique de la pauveté en milieu rural agricole ivoirien." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAD003/document.
Full textThe notion of poverty has been the subject of much debate around the world. Previous analyses have emphasized the one-dimensional character based essentially on a monetary approach (income or consumption expenditure). Thanks to the work of some authors such as Townsend and Sen, the multidimensional character is highlighted, considering the difficulty of quantifying certain variables that translated the idea of lack. In addition, many empirical studies show that the rural sector remains the most affected by poverty.In the case of Côte d'Ivoire, poverty is also a rural phenomenon and most studies have focused on the monetary approach.This study addresses the analysis of poverty by focusing on rural farming and apprehends the phenomenon of poverty from three (03) approaches: (i) monetary; (ii) relative deprivation and (iii) wealth.The results show that poverty remains important in this sector with a high rate for the indicator of the relative deprivation. In addition, there is greater monetary inequality than other types of poverty whatever the year (2002 and 2008).The identification of the explanatory factors of the membership or not in the class of the poor shows that the variables related to the gender, to the type of religion and the age group are the most common in the various years and various approaches.Based on the obtained results , the following recommendations are formulated: (i) towards the Ivorian government, use monetary and non-monetary approaches in next analyses on poverty in Côte d’Ivoire; emphasize the construction of new infrastructures and the purchase of new equipment; improve communication about government actions; build the capacity of producers to use improved inputs and relevant tools; (ii) to agricultural producers, adopt agricultural technologies and techniques and quality inputs, accept to join cooperative enterprises; (iii) for cooperatives, it is necessary to look for outlets for its members, to negotiate better remunerations for agricultural productions, to transform farmers into real agricultural entrepreneurs
Seck, Djamal. "Arbres de décisions symboliques, outils de validations et d'aide à l'interprétation." Thesis, Paris 9, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA090067.
Full textIn this thesis, we propose the STREE methodology for the construction of decision trees with symbolic data. This data type allows us to characterize individuals of higher levels which may be classes or categories of individuals or concepts within the meaning of the Galois lattice. The values of the variables, called symbolic variables, may be sets, intervals or histograms. The criterion of recursive partitioning is a combination of a criterion related to the explanatory variables and a criterion related to the dependant variable. The first criterion is the variation of the variance of the explanatory variables. When it is applied alone, STREE acts as a top-down clustering methodology. The second criterion enables us to build a decision tree. This criteron is expressed as the variation of the Gini index if the dependant variable is nominal, and as the variation of the variance if thedependant variable is continuous or is a symbolic variable. Conventional data are a special case of symbolic data on which STREE can also get good results. It has performed well on multiple sets of UCI data compared to conventional methodologies of Data Mining such as CART, C4.5, Naive Bayes, KNN, MLP and SVM. The STREE methodology also allows for the construction of ensembles of symbolic decision trees either by bagging or by boosting. The use of such ensembles is designed to overcome shortcomings related to the decisions trees themselves and to obtain a finaldecision that is in principle more reliable than that obtained from a single tree
Číž, Bronislav. "Progresivita daně z příjmů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-5231.
Full textHansén, Jacob, and Axel Gustafsson. "A Study on Comparison Websites in the Airline Industry and Using CART Methods to Determine Key Parameters in Flight Search Conversion." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254309.
Full textDetta kandidatexamensarbete inriktat på tillämpad matematik och industriell ekonomi syftade till att identifiera samband mellan sökparametrar från flygsökmotorer och konverteringsgraden för utträde till ett flygbolags hemsida, och samtidigt undersöka hur uppkomsten av flygsökmotorer har påverkat flygindustrin för flygbolag. För att identifiera sådana samband, tillämpades flera klassificeringsmodeller tillsammans med stickprovsmetoder för att bygga en predikativ modell i programmet R. För att undersöka påverkan av flygsökmotorer tillämpades Porters 5 krafter och SWOT-analys som teoretiska ramverk för att analysera information uppsamlad genom en litteraturstudie och en intervju. Klassificeringsmodellerna som byggdes presterade undermåligt med avseende på flera utvärderingsmått, vilket antydde att det fanns lite eller inget samband mellan de undersökta sökparametrarna och konverteringsgraden för utträde. Porters 5 krafter och SWOT-analysen visade att flygindustrin hade blivit mer konkurrensutsatt och att flygbolag som inte lyckas anpassa sig efter en omgivning i ändring kommer att uppleva minskande lönsamhet.
Trávníčková, Jana. "Komparace redistribuce příjmů prostřednictvím dávek státní sociální podpory v České republice a Velké Británii." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-72724.
Full textSvoboda, Pavel. "Metody klasifikace www stránek." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-236643.
Full textLazar, Stefan-Alexandru. "Quantitative Easing and its impact on wealth inequality." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264417.
Full textA-iyeh, Enoch. "Voronoi tessellation quality: applications in digital image analysis." A-iyeh E., Peters, J.F, Proximal Groupoid Patterns in Digital Images, Computing Research Repository: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2016, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/32055.
Full textFebruary 2017
Mokoena, Temeki Daniel. "A critical analysis of community-driven development projects aimed at poverty alleviation in Evaton West / by Temeki Daniel Mokoena." Thesis, North-West University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2416.
Full textKrčmářová, Simona. "Komparace daňové zátěže zaměstnanců v ČR a v Rakousku." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201848.
Full textMalá, Hana. "Zdanění příjmů ze závislé činnosti v České republice a v Německu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-262337.
Full textŠtáhl, Jiří. "Komparace daňové zátěže zaměstnanců v ČR a ve Švédsku." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264184.
Full textOstrowska, Alicja. "War is Peace : A Study of Relationship Between Gender Equality and Peacefulness of a State." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, HLK, Globala studier, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-27663.
Full textCai, You-Ci, and 蔡祐其. "Gini index in Applicable Analysis Model." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78065732766668431996.
Full text僑光科技大學
資訊科技研究所
101
In current society, data plays an important part in all kind of industry. The technique such as Data Mining has developed and matured as well as the amount of data to process. Therefore, during the process, the number of columns and attribute of database table has increased. This means analysis and get valuable information out of the large volume of data is one of important subject currently facing. In recent year, information technology does not mean simply store it, process it and pass it; turning data into useful information and knowledge is more important. In this paper, Data mining Gini index algorithm will be used against data, hoping to find the attribute selection efficiency to provide decision maker and relevant personnel as reference. The purpose of this study is to understand the data mining, the Gini index algorithm and information gain for the decision tree to establish procedures and use to explore the value of the decision tree fields and properties how to cut samples between the field and the field has the orderrelationship, so that stakeholders engaged in data mining or demand to understand the data field attribute value cut and applied in the decision-making purposes. Keywords: Information Gain,Data Mining, Gini Index
Huang, Yu-Chieh, and 黃鈺傑. "A discretization algorithm based on Class-Attribute Gini Index." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87635052819170769138.
Full text淡江大學
數學學系碩士班
100
Due to the information age and the rapid development of Internet, the amount of data grows rapidly. Thus, the research topic nowadays focuses on how to capture valuable information among a large amount of data efficiently. The majority of machine learning algorithms can be applied only to data described by discrete numerical or nominal attributes, but continuous attribute data is the most common form of data. Discretization algorithm can divide a continuous attribute’s values into a finite number of intervals and simplify the complexity of data. It not only makes us easier to understand the distribution and characteristic of data, but ends the restriction of machine learning algorithms. In this paper, we propose CAGI(Class-Attribute Gini Index) discretization algorithm and compare with CAIM(Class-Attribute Interdependence Maximization) discretization algorithm and CACC(Class-Attribute Contingency Coefficient) discretization algorithm. The result of experiment shows that in some dataset, CAGI discretization algorithm not only discretizes the data more correctly, but improves the accuracy of classification.
Vourdas, Apostolos. "Uncertainty relations in terms of the Gini index for finite quantum systems." 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17853.
Full textLorenz values and the Gini index are popular quantities in Mathematical Economics, and are used here in the context of quantum systems with finite-dimensional Hilbert space. They quantify the uncertainty in the probability distribution related to an orthonormal basis. It is shown that Lorenz values are superadditive functions and the Gini indices are subadditive functions. The supremum over all density matrices of the sum of the two Gini indices with respect to position and momentum states is used to define an uncertainty coefficient which quantifies the uncertainty in the quantum system. It is shown that the uncertainty coefficient is positive, and an upper bound for it is given. Various examples demonstrate these ideas.
Hsu, Wan-jane, and 徐婉禎. "Gini Index of Age at Death in Taiwanese and Japanese Life Tables, 1920-2003." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13457142420300016865.
Full text長庚大學
醫務管理學研究所
94
The boundary of human longevity has long been debated among the demographers and biotech scientists. This paper examines the distribution of age at death in life tables of Taiwanese and Japanese populations. Gini index is employed to reveal the historical trends of concentration of the life table age at death during 1920-2003. We find the distribution tends to peak at the higher end of age of life table and the Gini index tends to decline correspondingly as the life expectancy at birth increases in both populations. We also find the Gini index tends to fluctuate more in female than in male population in both countries, possibly due to a cultural bias toward male offspring during the earlier times of the period studied. The Gini index demonstrates a steady trend of converging at low values, an indication that both populations are reaching limits to the decrease of mortality. The results reveal a common tendency for the life expectancy to converge at high plateaus in both countries. It seems the developments in Taiwan and Japan paralleled each other, though recently a tendency to diverge has surfaced. We find the limit to life expectancy in Japan somewhat higher and disparity in age at death lower than in Taiwan, implying that further improvements in Taiwan is possible.
Vodová, Jana. "Analýza metod pro tvorbu modelu Credit Scoring." Master's thesis, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-89651.
Full textVourdas, Apostolos. "Equivalence classes of coherent projectors in a Hilbert space with prime dimension: Q functions and their Gini index." 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17828.
Full textCoherent subspaces spanned by a finite number of coherent states are introduced, in a quantum system with Hilbert space that has odd prime dimension d. The set of all coherent subspaces is partitioned into equivalence classes, with d 2 subspaces in each class. The corresponding coherent projectors within an equivalence class, have the 'closure under displacements property' and also resolve the identity. Different equivalence classes provide different granularisation of the Hilbert space, and they form a partial order 'coarser' (and 'finer'). In the case of a two-dimensional coherent subspace spanned by two coherent states, the corresponding projector (of rank 2) is different than the sum of the two projectors to the subspaces related to each of the two coherent states. We quantify this with 'non-addditivity operators' which are a measure of quantum interference in phase space, and also of the non-commutativity of the projectors. Generalized Q and P functions of density matrices, which are based on coherent projectors in a given equivalence class, are introduced. Analogues of the Lorenz values and the Gini index (which are popular quantities in mathematical economics) are used here to quantify the inequality in the distribution of the Q function of a quantum state, within the granular structure of the Hilbert space. A comparison is made between Lorenz values and the Gini index for the cases of coarse and also fine granularisation of the Hilbert space. Lorenz values require an ordering of the d 2 values of the Q function of a density matrix, and this leads to the ranking permutation of a density matrix, and to comonotonic density matrices (which have the same ranking permutation). The Lorenz values are a superadditive function and the Gini index is a subadditive function (they are both additive quantities for comonotonic density matrices). Various examples demonstrate these ideas.
Hoque, Ahmed. "On estimating variances for Gini coefficients with complex surveys: theory and application." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/7582.
Full textGraduate
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aahoque@gmail.com
"Paradox of Inflation: The Study on Correlation between Money Supply and Inflation in New Era." Doctoral diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.29856.
Full textDissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2015
Gonçalves, Débora Marlene Azevedo. "As desigualdades de rendimento nos países da OCDE: análise pré-crise e pós-crise." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/46519.
Full textA evolução ascendente das desigualdades de rendimento constitui uma problemática cada vez mais relevante nos tempos que correm, tendo a crise financeira de 2008 acentuado as desigualdades de rendimento na maioria dos países-membros da OCDE. O principal objetivo deste trabalho consiste em identificar os determinantes das desigualdades de rendimento, bem como analisar o impacto da crise financeira sobre estas desigualdades, testando o impacto de fatores macroeconómicos, fatores de globalização, assim como fatores de empregabilidade, corrupção, educação. O trabalho empírico incide sobre 35 países-membros da OCDE, sendo o estudo feito com base em dados em painel para o período 1995 e 2014, utilizando o artigo de Asteriou et al. (2014) como modelo de base. Os resultados sugerem que os fatores que influenciam positivamente as desigualdades de rendimento são: o crescimento económico; a globalização de comércio medida pela exportação de alta tecnologia; o progresso tecnológico; a empregabilidade na agricultura; e a corrupção. Por outro lado, os fatores que influenciam negativamente as desigualdades de rendimento são: a globalização financeira medida através do grau de abertura financeiro; a educação; e a empregabilidade na indústria. A análise do modelo em dois períodos diferentes permite verificar adicionalmente que, no período depois da crise financeira (2008-2014), o crescimento económico influencia negativamente as desigualdades de rendimento e a educação influencia positivamente as desigualdades, ao contrário do esperado.
The upward trend in income inequalities is an increasingly important issue in recent times, with the 2008 financial crisis accentuating income inequality in most OECD member countries. The main goal of this paper is to identify the determinants of income inequality, as well as to analyze the impact of the financial crisis on these inequalities, testing the impact of macroeconomic factors, factors of globalization, as well as factors of employability, corruption and education. The empirical work focuses on 35 OECD member countries, the study being based on panel data for the period between 1995 and 2014, with Asteriou et al.’s (2014) as our reference model. The results suggest that the factors that positively influence income inequality are: economic growth; trade globalization as measured by high-tech exports; technological progress; employability in agriculture; and corruption. On the other hand, the factors that negatively influence income inequality are: financial globalization measured through the degree of financial openness; education; and employability in industry. The analysis of the model in two different periods allows to verify additionally that, in the period after the financial crisis (2008-2014), economic growth negatively influences income inequality and education positively influences income inequalities, contrary to our expectations.