Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Index Consistency'

The Beck Hopelessness Scale was applied in a sample of 971 male and female students, chosen at random sampling from Mexico City, with an average age of 16.75 years. Results were compared to those reported by Beck, Weissman, Lester and Trexler (1974). Results showed adequate reliability (≥ 0.70) in the total sample by gender. Factorial structure matched only in the Affective factor as reported by Beck et al. (1974) with respect to the total sample. Differences in saturation and factorial structure in both sexes were observed. It was concluded that the factor structure of Beck Hopelessness Scale registers different factor structure in the total sample, according to sex.
En una muestra de 971 estudiantes de ambos sexos elegidos en forma aleatoria de la ciudad de México con un promedio de edad de 16.75 anos, se aplicó la Escala de Desesperanza de Beck. Se calculo la consistencia interna y la estructura factorial con el procedimiento reportado por Beck, Weissman, Lester y Trexler (1974) en muestra total y por sexo. Los resultados indicaron confiabilidad adecuada (≥ .70) en la muestra total y por sexo, estructura factorial coincidente solo en el factor Afectivo en la muestra total, y diferencias de saturación y de estructura factorial en ambos sexos. Se concluyo que la Escala de Desesperanza de Beck registra diferente estructura factorial en muestra total y de acuerdo con el sexo.

Model credibility index is defined to be a sample size under which the power of rejection equals 0.5. It applies goodness-of-fit testing thinking and uses a one-number summary statistic as an assessment tool in a false model world. The estimation of the model credibility index involves a bootstrap resampling technique. To assess the consistency of the estimator of model credibility index, we instead study the variance of the power achieved at a fixed sample size. An improved subsampling method is proposed to obtain an unbiased estimator of the variance of power. We present two examples to interpret the mechanics of building model credibility index and estimate its error in model selection. One example is two-way independent model by Pearson Chi-square test, and another example is multi-dimensional logistic regression model using likelihood ratio test.

INTRODUCTION: Preterm birth (PTB) remains a major contributor to perinatal morbidity and mortality being the second leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age. The rate of spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) still accounts for approximately 5%-12% in USA and in most developing countries. Cervical length (CL) <25 mm measured with transvaginal ultrasound at mid-gestation is a known risk factor for sPTB. However, its value for screening a whole pregnant population consisting mainly of women without risk factors for sPTB remains controversial because of the low sensitivity of short CL in low-risk women. MAIN OBJECTIVE: To improve the identification of women at increased risk of sPTB in low and high sPTB risk asymptomatic pregnancies during mid-gestation with two innovative transvaginal ultrasound techniques, the Cervical Consistency Index (CCI) and the Quantitative Cervical Texture Analysis (CTx). The CCI is an ultrasound measurement that aims to estimate cervical softness by measuring maximal tissue compressibility with a vaginal ultrasound probe. The CTx, extracts information from the speckle pattern of the ultrasound image and identifies the patterns associated with SPTB. METHODS: Articles 1 and 2 are prospective cohort studies that compare the predictive capacity of the ICC with that of the CL. Article 3 is a cross-sectional study that analyzes the cervical texture along a term gestation. Article 4 is a case-control study, in which a CTx-score is obtained, which is compared with the CL. RESULTS: STUDY 1. Mid-trimester sonographic cervical consistency index to predict spontaneous preterm birth in a low-risk population: The cervix was significantly shorter (median CL 39.8 mm vs. 36.2 mm, p=0.004) and the CCI was significantly lower (median 73.0% vs. 58.1%, p<0.001) in the sPTB group. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for CCI with regard to predicting sPTB <37+0 weeks was 0.84 (95% CI 0.75-0.93) and that for CL 0.68 (95% CI 0.56-0.81), P = 0.03. STUDY 2. Mid-trimester sonographic cervical consistency index to predict spontaneous preterm birth in a high-risk population: The CCI (%) was significantly inferior in women who had a preterm delivery compared to the term group. CCI adjusted OR, 0.91 (95% CI, 0.83-0.99; P=0.03). The AUC of the CCI to predict sPTB <37+0 weeks was 0.73 (95% CI, 0.61-0.85) while that of CL was 0.51 (95% CI, 0.35-0.67), P=0.03. STUDY 3. Quantitative Analysis of the Cervical Texture by Ultrasound and Correlation with Gestational Age: The correlation between the gestational age at which the images were obtained and the estimated gestational age by quantitative analysis of the cervical texture was R=0.88. Ce STUDY 4. Quantitative analysis of the cervical texture by ultrasound in the mid-pregnancy is associated with spontaneous preterm birth: The median CTx-based score obtained was significantly lower in cases compared to controls. The CTx-based crude OR 0.31 (95% CI 0.17-0.56; P<0.001) vs. adjusted OR 0.37 (95% CI 0.19-0.64; P=0.001). The AUC for the CTx-based score to identify women delivering < 37+0 weeks was higher (0.77; 95% CI 0.66-0.87) than for CL (0.60; 95% CI 0.47-0.72), P=0.02. DISCUSSION: The CCI and CTx have the potential to improve the identification of women at increased risk of sPTB compared to CL. The large number of scenarios in which these tools could be applied have demonstrated their potential impact on the current management of a large number of pregnancies. Cervical assessment is required in a wide range of clinical situations and the main reason why it is not yet universally implemented is the limited performance of the current cervical assessment techniques. Therefore, it is a healthcare priority to develop sPTB predictive tools with sufficiently improved performance to be used as screening tools.
INTRODUCCIÓN: El parto prematuro representa la segunda causa de morbimortalidad infantil a nivel mundial. Las estrategias actuales de detección de las mujeres con un riesgo aumentado de parto prematuro espontáneo (SPTB), han demostrado ser insuficientes y el desarrollo de nuevas herramientas predictivas es una prioridad en el campo de la medicina materno-fetal. OBJETIVOS: Mejorar la identificación de las mujeres con riesgo de SPTB en el segundo trimestre, evaluando dos nuevas herramientas ecográficas: el Índice de Consistencia Cervical (CCI) y el análisis cuantitativo de la textura cervical (CTx). MÉTODOS: El CCI, evalúa la máxima compresibilidad del cuello del útero. El CTx, extrae información del patrón de moteado de la imagen ecográfica e identifica los patrones asociados con SPTB. Los artículos 1 y 2, son estudios prospectivos de cohortes que comparan la capacidad predictiva del CCI con la de la CL. El artículo 3 es un estudio transversal que analiza la textura cervical a lo largo de una gestación a término. El artículo 4 es un estudio de casos y controles, en el cual se obtiene un CTx-score, que se compara con la CL. RESULTADOS: Las curvas ROC para la predicción de SPTB <37 y <34 semanas del CCI (0.84 y 0.73), son significativamente mejores que las de la CL (0.68 y 0.51). El CTx-score en los casos de SPTB es significativamente inferior que en los controles. La curva ROC del CTx-score es mejor en comparación con la de la CL (0.77 vs 0.60). CONCLUSIONES: Los artículos 1 y 2, demuestran que el CCI es mejor predictor de SPTB que la CL en poblaciones de bajo y alto riesgo de prematuridad. El artículo 3 demuestra que la CTx puede identificar cambios a lo largo de la gestación normal. El artículo 4 demuestra que el CTx-score obtenido en casos y controles, se relaciona con el SPTB.

Web crawlers are the component of a search engine that must traverse the Web, gathering documents in a local repository for indexing by a search engine so that they can be ranked by their relevance to user queries. Whenever data is replicated in an autonomously updated environment, there are issues with maintaining up-to-date copies of documents. When documents are retrieved by a crawler and have subsequently been altered on the Web, the effect is an inconsistency in user search results. While the impact depends on the type and volume of change, many existing algorithms do not take the degree of change into consideration, instead using simple measures that consider any change as significant. Furthermore, many crawler evaluation metrics do not consider index freshness or the amount of impact that crawling algorithms have on user results. Most of the existing work makes assumptions about the change rate of documents on the Web, or relies on the availability of a long history of change. Our work investigates approaches to improving index consistency: detecting meaningful change, measuring the impact of a crawl on collection freshness from a user perspective, developing a framework for evaluating crawler performance, determining the effectiveness of stateless crawl ordering schemes, and proposing and evaluating the effectiveness of a dynamic crawl approach. Our work is concerned specifically with cases where there is little or no past change statistics with which predictions can be made. Our work analyses different measures of change and introduces a novel approach to measuring the impact of recrawl schemes on search engine users. Our schemes detect important changes that affect user results. Other well-known and widely used schemes have to retrieve around twice the data to achieve the same effectiveness as our schemes. Furthermore, while many studies have assumed that the Web changes according to a model, our experimental results are based on real web documents. We analyse various stateless crawl ordering schemes that have no past change statistics with which to predict which documents will change, none of which, to our knowledge, has been tested to determine effectiveness in crawling changed documents. We empirically show that the effectiveness of these schemes depends on the topology and dynamics of the domain crawled and that no one static crawl ordering scheme can effectively maintain freshness, motivating our work on dynamic approaches. We present our novel approach to maintaining freshness, which uses the anchor text linking documents to determine the likelihood of a document changing, based on statistics gathered during the current crawl. We show that this scheme is highly effective when combined with existing stateless schemes. When we combine our scheme with PageRank, our approach allows the crawler to improve both freshness and quality of a collection. Our scheme improves freshness regardless of which stateless scheme it is used in conjunction with, since it uses both positive and negative reinforcement to determine which document to retrieve. Finally, we present the design and implementation of Lara, our own distributed crawler, which we used to develop our testbed.

Monitoring biophysical variables at a global scale over long time periods is vital to address the climatechange and food security challenges. Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a structure variable giving a measure of the canopysurface for radiation interception and canopy-atmosphere interactions. LAI is an important variable in manyecosystem models and it has been recognized as an Essential Climate Variable. This thesis aims to provide globaland continuous estimates of LAI from satellite observations in near-real time according to user requirements to beused for diagnostic and prognostic evaluations of vegetation state and functioning. There are already someavailable LAI products which show however some important discrepancies in terms of magnitude and somelimitations in terms of continuity and consistency. This thesis addresses these important issues. First, the nature ofthe LAI estimated from these satellite observations was investigated to address the existing differences in thedefinition of products. Then, different temporal smoothing and gap filling methods were analyzed to reduce noiseand discontinuities in the time series mainly due to cloud cover. Finally, different methods for near real timeestimation of LAI were evaluated. Such comparison assessment as a function of the level of noise and gaps werelacking for LAI.Results achieved within the first part of the thesis show that the effective LAI is more accurately retrievedfrom satellite data than the actual LAI due to leaf clumping in the canopies. Further, the study has demonstratedthat multi-view observations provide only marginal improvements on LAI retrieval. The study also found that foroptimal retrievals the size of the uncertainty envelope over a set of possible solutions to be approximately equal tothat in the reflectance measurements. The results achieved in the second part of the thesis found the method withlocally adaptive temporal window, depending on amount of available observations and Climatology as backgroundestimation to be more robust to noise and missing data for smoothing, gap-filling and near real time estimationswith satellite time series.

This thesis focus on consistency of a specific class of fuzzy logic theories that represent certain inference system. This class of theories is defined as theories containing especially so called special axioms representing rules of modeled inference system and evaluated set of formulas representing case data. Functional approach is used to develop three popular fuzzy calculi: the Gödel logic, Łukasiewicz logic and product logic. As a language it is used the language of first order propositional fuzzy logic with valuation. To check consistency we use the concept of inconsistency degree and in Łukasiewicz logic also the principle of polar index. The concept of consistency degree is also described, but not used. Simple algorithm is developed to check consistency of theory upon the basis of inconsistency degree principle. A method of use of polar index is also described and illustrated. For each fuzzy theory a term of corresponding classical theory is defined. Then consistency of fuzzy theories and their corresponding classical theories are compared. The results of comparison are presented on the example of the ad-hoc created diagnostic inference system MEDSYS II. In the end the relation between consistency of fuzzy theory of inference system and it's corresponding theory is introduced for all three used calculi and both contradiction concepts.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of international investment law rules in the Economic Constitutional Law, especially those included in investment chapters of Peruvian’s Free Trade Treaties. In particular, it is expected to demonstrate the following (i) International Investment Law is part of Peruvian Legal System; (ii) provisions of these laws are mandatory and should be applied domestically; and (iii) interpretation and implementation of this legal right should be executed consistently with domestic legal system and Peruvian international obligations. This agreed Interpretation between Investment Law and Economic Constitution will have a positive effect in rationalization of public entities actions avoiding abuses and maltreatment to investors, in order to improve investment climate as a key element forachieving country’s sustainable development.
Este trabajo tiene como objeto explorar el impacto que tienen las normas del derecho internacional de las inversiones, en específico aquellas de los capítulos de inversiones de los Tratados de Libre Comercio celebrados por el Perú, en el derecho constitucional económico. En concreto, se pretende demostrar lo siguiente: (i) el derecho internacional de las inversiones es parte del Ordenamiento Jurídico del Perú; (ii) las disposiciones de este derecho son obligatorias y deben aplicarse a nivel interno, y (iii) este derecho debe interpretarse e implementarse de manera coherente con el resto del ordenamiento interno y con las obligaciones internacionales del Perú. Esta interpretación concordada del derecho de inversiones y la Constitución económica tendrá un impacto positivo en la racionalización de la actuaciónde los órganos estatales, evitando arbitrariedades cuando sus medidas puedan afectar a un inversionista. De esta manera mejorará el clima de inversiones, el cual es un elemento necesario para lograr el desarrollo sostenible del país.

Icons surround us but are so ubiquitous they are difficult to observe. Specifically urban cultural icons are a scientific sub-topic under urban morphology's heading and as well are closely related to economic development issues. This study premises that businesses are urban cultural icons which can be computed into four rankings: local cultural icons, focal, zonal, and global cultural icons. And through using dimensional measurement an index is measured. This index can then be used to assess urban morphology. The data set ranges from businesses opening in 1865 to the present. Some are globally-distributed "big boxes"; others are unique one-store shops. The varied data set includes grocery stores, drug stores, prepared food vendors, confectioneries, coffee houses, electronic stores, and an adult entertainment store. Business rankings are premised upon Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, Tönnies, and Oldenburg's places to socialize, and node intensity of social connection. Time is measured linearly and ordinally. Two formats of geographical ranking are assessed against each other, with the expanded version providing greater insights. Transactions are determined by who initiates them and location where employee enters exchange. Business' internal consistency is based upon product-line inclusion and theme-ing. Scaled measurements are summed with a comparison of Weighted-Place Index Scores against non-weighted Index Scores. As well, economic development impact of businesses is analyzed with three principal components loadings: two business survival and one growth mode. Study results support the use of Weighted-Place Index Scores as compared to nonweighted Index scores when formatting cultural icon index. Index score using four-level geographical ranking ranged from zero to 25. Morning Call Coffee House had lowest ranking (Index score of 3) and Best Buy had the highest score of 22. Weighted-Place Index Scores ranged from zero to 32, with Morning Call Coffee House continuing as lowest score and Starbucks, Bad Ass Coffee, as well ApplianceWorld and Best Buy continuing with four highest scores. This study supports a research method which can be used to measure urban change. By applying Index score within same cities at 20-year increments, sprawl process of globalization within cities can be analyzed.

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The semi-arid region is extremely diverse from the point of view of their natural resources which vary according to factors such as location, soil types, lithology and climate. However, it is perceived fragility of the region under study with regard to human action, making it more susceptible site to degradation processes. Studies evaluating soil properties in Oeste Potiguar in the Rio Grande do Norte state are scarce, but its quantification in different uses and environments in an integrated manner is necessary for understanding and subsequent adoption of appropriate practices to local conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the physical and chemical properties in different agricultural uses, detecting the most sensitive in distinguishing environments. The survey was conducted in the cities of Pau dos Ferros, San Francisco West, Mossoro, Governador Dix-Sept Rosado. The areas under study have particular characteristics as to classification of soils and agricultural uses. physical fertility and analysis analyzes were performed as particle size, plasticity limits and liquidity, plasticity index and gravimetric moisture. The results were analyzed by means of multivariate analysis as the main tool, specifically factor analysis and clustering. There was a greater contribution TOC in Gleysol (favoring the increase in P, Ca 2+ and K +), favored by organic waste and poor drainage on the basis of the clay fraction. Soils showed eutrophic character (V> 50%), influenced by lithology, except Latossolo. In Gleysol and Cambisol occurred increase in liquidity limits and plasticity, due to the increase of the clay fraction and total organic carbon, increasing the gravimetric moisture to achieve crispness, with the exception of Planosol that showed low permeability on the horizon B, where the limits of plasticity and liquidity diverged, thus, greater plasticity index. In particle size analysis profiles showed changes in textural classes, especially the Gleysol with the highest silt fraction, and an indication of young soils with little weathering activity. We conclude that the physical attributes moisture, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index clay, fine sand were the most sensitive in the environments distinction and pH chemicals, (H + Al), V, PST. The Planosol showed low permeability in the B horizon, thus having the greatest plasticity index distancing the limits between them. The areas studied showed acidity to alkalinity reactions with the presence of Al 3+ and (H + Al) and high salinity. The source material favored the increase in calcium, sodium, magnesium and potassium
A região semiárida é extremamente diversificada do ponto de vista de seus recursos naturais que variam de acordo com fatores como localização, tipos de solo, litologia e clima. No entanto, percebe-se fragilidade da região em estudo no que diz respeito à ação antrópica, tornando o local mais susceptível aos processos de degradação. Estudos avaliando atributos do solo na mesorregião do Oeste Potiguar no estado do Rio Grande do Norte são escassos, porém, sua quantificação em diferentes usos e ambientes, de forma integrada se faz necessária para o entendimento e consequente adoção de práticas adequadas às particularidades locais. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os atributos físicos e químicos em diferentes usos agropecuários, detectando os mais sensíveis na distinção dos ambientes. A pesquisa foi realizada nos municípios de Pau dos Ferros, São Francisco do Oeste, Mossoró, Governador Dix-Sept Rosado. As áreas em estudo possuem características particulares quanto à classificação de seus solos e usos agropecuários. Foram realizadas análises de fertilidade e análises físicas como granulometria, limites de plasticidade e liquidez, índice de plasticidade e umidade gravimétrica. Os resultados foram interpretados por meio de técnicas de análise multivariada como ferramenta principal, especificamente a Análise Fatorial e agrupamento. Verificou-se um maior aporte de COT no Gleissolo (que favoreceu o aumento nos teores de P, Ca 2+ e K +), favorecido pelos resíduos orgânicos e má drenagem em função da fração argila. Os solos apresentaram caráter eutrófico (V> 50%), influenciados pela litologia, com exceção do Latossolo. No Gleissolo e Cambissolo ocorreram aumento nos limites de liquidez e plasticidade, em razão do aumento da fração argila e do carbono orgânico total, com aumento da umidade gravimétrica para atingir a friabilidade, com exceção, do Planossolo que apresentou baixa permeabilidade no horizonte B, onde os limites de plasticidade e liquidez se distanciaram, tendo assim, maior índice de plasticidade. Na análise granulométrica os perfis apresentaram variações nas classes texturais, com destaque para o Gleissolo que apresentou maior fração silte, sendo um indicativo de solos jovens com pouca atividade intempérica. Conclui-se que os atributos físicos umidade, limite de liquidez, limite de plasticidade, índice de plasticidade argila, areia fina foram os mais sensíveis na distinção dos ambientes e os químicos pH, (H+ Al ), V, PST. O Planossolo apresentou baixa permeabilidade no horizonte B, tendo assim o maior índice de plasticidade distanciando os limites entre si. As áreas estudadas apresentaram reações de acidez à alcalinidade com presença de Al3+ e (H + Al) e com elevada salinidade. O material de origem favoreceu o aumento nos teores de cálcio, sódio, magnésio e potássio
2017-01-31

Zur numerischen L\"osung von Algebro-Differentialgleichungen (ADGln) m\"ussen konsistente Anfangswerte berechnet werden. Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit einem Ansatz zur Behandlung dieses Problems f\"ur Index-2 DAEs unter Verwendung von Projektoren auf die zur DAE zugeh\"origen Unterr\"aume. Die Arbeit hat zwei Schwerpunkte.\\ Zum einen werden neue Struktureigenschaften aus schwachen Voraussetzungen hergeleitet. Anschlie{\ss}end wird eine Vorgehensweise zur Auswahl von geeigneten Gleichungen einer Index-2 ADGln vorgeschlagen, deren Differentiation zu einer Indexreduktion f\"uhrt. Diese Indexreduktion liefert neue Existenz- und Eindeutigkeitsergebnisse f\"ur L\"osungen von Index-2 ADGln. Die Ergebnisse umfassen eine allgemeinere Aufgabenklasse als die bisherigen Resultate. Beruhend auf dieser Vorgehensweise wird ein stufenweiser Ansatz zur Berechnung konsistenter Anfangswerte hergeleitet. Auf diese Weise werden neue Einsichten hinsichtlich der Ausnutzung von Struktureigenschaften von Index-2 ADGln gewonnen. Insbesondere stellt sich heraus, dass im Vergleich zu Index-1 ADGln der zus\"atzliche Schritt oft in der L\"osung eines linearen Systems besteht. Die sich hieraus ergebenden numerischen Folgen werden f\"ur zwei in der Schaltungssimulation h\"aufig verwendete Verfahren, das implizite Eulerverfahren und die Trapezregel, erl\"autert. \\ Zum anderen wird die Anwendung der erhaltenen Ergebnisse auf die Gleichungen, die bei der Schaltungssimulation mittels modifizierter Knotenanalyse entstehen, ausgearbeitet. Abschlie{\ss}end wird eine kurze \"Ubersicht der durchgef\"uhrten Umsetzung gegeben.\\
For solving DAEs numerically, consistent initial values have to be calculated. This thesis deals with an approach for handling this problem for index-2 DAEs by considering projectors onto the spaces related to the DAE. There are two major aspects in this work.\\ On the one hand, new structural properties are deduced from weak assumptions. Subsequently, a method is proposed to choose suitable equations of an index-2 DAE, whose differentiation leads to an index reduction. This index reduction yields new theoretical results for the existence and uniqueness of solutions of index-2 DAEs which apply to a wider class of applications than previous results. Based on this method, a step-by-step approach to compute consistent initial values is developed. In this way, we gain new insights about how to deal with structural properties of index-2 DAEs. In particular, it turns out that, in comparison to index-1 DAEs, the additional step that has to be undertaken in practice often consists in solving a linear system. The numerical consequences of this fact are exemplified for two methods commonly used in circuit simulation, the implicit Euler method and the trapezoidal rule.\\ On the other hand, the application of the obtained results to the equations arising in circuit simulation by means of the modified nodal analysis (MNA) is worked out. Finally, a short overview of the specifics of their realization is given.

Soil liquefaction continues to be one of the leading causes of ground failure during earthquakes, resulting in significant damage to infrastructure around the world. The study presented herein aims to develop improved methodologies for predicting liquefaction triggering and the consequent damage potential such that the impacts of liquefaction on natural and built environment can be minimized. Towards this end, several research tasks are undertaken, with the primary focus being the development of a framework that consistently and sufficiently accounts for the mechanics of liquefaction triggering and surface manifestation. The four main contributions of this study include: (1) development of a framework for selecting an optimal factor of safety (FS) threshold for decision making based on project-specific costs of mispredicting liquefaction triggering, wherein the existing stress-based "simplified" model is used to predict liquefaction triggering; (2) rigorous investigation of manifestation severity index (MSI) thresholds for distinguishing cases with and without manifestation as a function of the average inferred soil-type within a soil profile, which may be employed to more accurately estimate liquefaction damage potential at sites having high fines-content, high plasticity soils; (3) development of a new manifestation model, termed Ishihara-inspired Liquefaction Severity Number (LSNish), that more fully accounts for the effects of non-liquefiable crust thickness and the effects of contractive/dilative tendencies of soil on the occurrence and severity of manifestation; and (4) development of a framework for deriving a "true" liquefaction triggering curve that is consistent with a defined manifestation model such that factors influential to triggering and manifestation are handled more rationally and consistently. While this study represents significant conceptual advance in how risk due to liquefaction is evaluated, additional work will be needed to further improve and validate the methodologies presented herein.
Doctor of Philosophy
Soil liquefaction continues to be one of the leading causes of ground failure during earthquakes, resulting in significant damage to infrastructure around the world (e.g., the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence in New Zealand, 2010 Maule earthquake in Chile, and the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan). Soil liquefaction refers to a condition wherein saturated sandy soil loses strength as a result of earthquake shaking. Surface manifestations of liquefaction include features that are visible at the ground surface such as sand boils, ejecta, cracks, and settlement. The severity of manifestation is often used as a proxy for damage potential of liquefaction. The overarching objective of this dissertation is to develop improved models for predicting triggering (i.e., occurrence) and surface manifestation of liquefaction such that the impacts of liquefaction on the natural and built environment can be minimized. Towards this end, this dissertation makes the following main contributions: (1) development of an approach for selecting an appropriate factor of safety (FS) against liquefaction for decision making based on project-specific consequences, or costs of mispredicting liquefaction; (2) development of an approach that allows better interpretations of predictions of manifestation severity made by the existing models in profiles having high fines-content, high plasticity soil strata (e.g., clayey and silty soils), given that the models perform poorly in such conditions; (3) development of a new model for predicting the severity of manifestation that more fully accounts for factors controlling manifestation; and (4) development of a framework for predicting liquefaction triggering and surface manifestation such that the distinct factors influential to each phenomenon are handled more rationally and consistently.

Na área de simulação de processos, existe uma visível tendência da migração das ferramentas seqüenciais modulares, que hoje são as mais amplamente utilizadas, para as baseadas em equações. Uma das principais vantagens do paradigma baseado em equações ou simultâneo é que este se mostra eficiente na solução de problemas de simulação, otimização, estimação de parâmetros e reconciliação de dados, todos baseados em um mesmo conjunto de modelos, evitando retrabalho de modelagem. Porém, a tecnologia simultânea também apresenta algumas deficiências, onde destacam-se os problemas de robustez tanto na modelagem quanto na obtenção de resultados numéricos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo reunir e desenvolver técnicas que permitam reduzir estas deficiências. Para tanto, as técnicas conhecidas para depuração de sistemas de equações que representam problemas estacionários e dinâmicos foram estudadas em detalhe. Pôde-se observar que para o caso estático os métodos disponíveis para depuração de modelos, já se apresentam em um nível bem desenvolvido. Já para o caso dinâmico, onde há uma maior complexidade, as técnicas conhecidas encontram-se em um nível de desenvolvimento muito menor. Neste ponto encontram-se as principais contribuições deste trabalho.
In the field of process simulation the movement from the sequential modular tools, which are currently the most widely used, to the equation based approach is clear. One of the key advantages of the equation based or simulatneous approach is that using a single model one can solve simulation, optimization, parameter estimation, and optimization problems. This fact avoids modeling rework for each application. However, the simultaneous technology has problems regarding modeling and solving robustness. This work aims to group and develop methods capable of minimize these deficiencies. In order to achieve this goal, available debugging approaches for both steady-state and dynamic system of equations were studied in detail. For the steady-state case well stablished debugging techniques are known. For dynamic models, where the complexity is higher, the analysis and debugging methods are much less mature. This was the source for the major contributions of this work.

Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
O presente estudo tem como objetivos: (1) avaliar o nível de divulgação da informação relacionada com as transações com partes relacionadas das empresas portuguesas cotadas, através da criação de um Índice de Divulgação relativo não ponderado; (2) identificar os principais determinantes do nível de divulgação das empresas; e (3) verificar se o mercado valoriza a divulgação de informação sobre as transações com partes relacionadas. Relativamente ao nível de divulgação da informação e conformidade com os requisitos da IAS 24, é possível verificar que as empresas portuguesas cotadas apresentam um nível médio de divulgação de 78%. As principais transações realizadas com partes relacionadas são de natureza operacional (cerca de 71%), nomeadamente Vendas e Prestações de Serviços. Por sua vez, as transações classificadas como atividades de financiamento são as que apresentam um maior peso em termos de valor monetário (cerca de 65%). No que diz respeito aos determinantes da divulgação da informação, os resultados sugerem que as empresas portuguesas cotadas de maior dimensão e mais endividadas apresentam níveis de divulgação superiores. Por fim, não foi encontrada evidência de que o mercado valoriza as empresas que apresentam níveis de divulgação superiores, já que a relação entre a divulgação das transações com partes relacionadas e a valorização das empresas não se revelou estatisticamente significativa.
The present study as the aim of: (1) to assess the disclosure's level of information related to transactions with related parties of listed Portuguese companies, through the creation of an unweighted relative Disclosure Index; (2) identification of the main determinants of the corporate disclosure's level; and (3) to verification whether the market values the disclosure of information on transactions with related parties. In relation to the disclosure's level of information and compliance with the requirements of IAS 24, it is possible to verify that Portuguese listed companies have an average disclosure level of 78%. The main transactions with related parties have operational nature (about 71%), namely Sales and Services. In turn, transactions classified as financing activities are the ones that carry a greater weight in terms of monetary value (about 65%). Regarding the determinants of disclosure, the results suggest that larger and more indebted listed Portuguese companies show higher levels of disclosure. Finally, there was no evidence that market values companies with higher levels of disclosure, since the relationship between the disclosure of transactions with related parties and the valuation of companies was not statistically significant.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

A 1D numerical reaction-transport model (RTM) that is a coupled system of partial differential equations is created to simulate prominent physical and biogeochemical processes and interactions in limnological environments. The prognostic variables considered are temperature, horizontal velocity, salinity, and turbulent kinetic energy of the water column, and the concentrations of phytoplankton, zooplankton, detritus, phosphate (H3PO4), nitrate (NO3-), ammonium (NH4+), ferrous iron (Fe2+), iron(III) hydroxide (Fe(OH)3(s)), and oxygen (O2) suspended within the water column. Turbulence is modelled using the k-e closure scheme as implemented by Gaspar et al. (1990) for oceanic environments. The RTM is used to demonstrate how it is possible to investigate limnological trophic states by considering the problem of eutrophication as an example. A phenomenological investigation of processes leading to and sustaining eutrophication is carried out. A new indexing system that identifies different trophic states, the so-called Self-Consistent Trophic State Index (SCTSI), is proposed. This index does not rely on empirical measurements that are then compared to existing tables for classifying limnological environments into particular trophic states, for example, the concentrations of certain species at certain depths to indicate the trophic state, as is commonly done in the literature. Rather, the index is calculated using dynamic properties of only the limnological environment being considered and examines how those properties affect the sustainability of the ecosystem. Specifically, the index is calculated from a ratio of light attenuation by the ecosystem’s primary biomass to that of total light attenuation by all particulate species and molecular scattering throughout the entire water column. The index is used to probe various simulated scenarios that are believed to be relevant to eutrophication: nutrient loading, nutrient limitation, overabundance of phytoplankton, solar-induced turbulence, and wind-induced turbulence.

Dans cette de thèse, nous nous intéressons à la modélisation non paramétrique de données extrêmes spatiales. Nos résultats sont basés sur un cadre principal de la théorie des valeurs extrêmes, permettant ainsi d’englober les lois de type Pareto. Ce cadre permet aujourd’hui d’étendre l’étude des événements extrêmes au cas spatial à condition que les propriétés asymptotiques des estimateurs étudiés vérifient les conditions classiques de la Théorie des Valeurs Extrêmes (TVE) en plus des conditions locales sur la structure des données proprement dites. Dans la littérature, il existe un vaste panorama de modèles d’estimation d’événements extrêmes adaptés aux structures des données pour lesquelles on s’intéresse. Néanmoins, dans le cas de données extrêmes spatiales, hormis les modèles max stables,il n’en existe que peu ou presque pas de modèles qui s’intéressent à l’estimation fonctionnelle de l’indice de queue ou de quantiles extrêmes. Par conséquent, nous étendons les travaux existants sur l’estimation de l’indice de queue et des quantiles dans le cadre de données indépendantes ou temporellement dépendantes. La spécificité des méthodes étudiées réside sur le fait que les résultats asymptotiques des estimateurs prennent en compte la structure de dépendance spatiale des données considérées, ce qui est loin d’être trivial. Cette thèse s’inscrit donc dans le contexte de la statistique spatiale des valeurs extrêmes. Elle y apporte trois contributions principales. • Dans la première contribution de cette thèse permettant d’appréhender l’étude de variables réelles spatiales au cadre des valeurs extrêmes, nous proposons une estimation de l’indice de queue d’une distribution à queue lourde. Notre approche repose sur l’estimateur de Hill (1975). Les propriétés asymptotiques de l’estimateur introduit sont établies lorsque le processus spatial est adéquatement approximé par un processus M−dépendant, linéaire causal ou lorsqu'il satisfait une condition de mélange fort (a-mélange). • Dans la pratique, il est souvent utile de lier la variable d’intérêt Y avec une co-variable X. Dans cette situation, l’indice de queue dépend de la valeur observée x de la co-variable X et sera appelé indice de queue conditionnelle. Dans la plupart des applications, l’indice de queue des valeurs extrêmes n’est pas l’intérêt principal et est utilisé pour estimer par exemple des quantiles extrêmes. La contribution de ce chapitre consiste à adapter l’estimateur de l’indice de queue introduit dans la première partie au cadre conditionnel et d’utiliser ce dernier afin de proposer un estimateur des quantiles conditionnels extrêmes. Nous examinons les modèles dits "à plan fixe" ou "fixed design" qui correspondent à la situation où la variable explicative est déterministe et nous utlisons l’approche de la fenêtre mobile ou "window moving approach" pour capter la co-variable. Nous étudions le comportement asymptotique des estimateurs proposés et donnons des résultats numériques basés sur des données simulées avec le logiciel "R". • Dans la troisième partie de cette thèse, nous étendons les travaux de la deuxième partie au cadre des modèles dits "à plan aléatoire" ou "random design" pour lesquels les données sont des observations spatiales d’un couple (Y,X) de variables aléatoires réelles. Pour ce dernier modèle, nous proposons un estimateur de l’indice de queue lourde en utilisant la méthode des noyaux pour capter la co-variable. Nous utilisons un estimateur de l’indice de queue conditionnelle appartenant à la famille de l’estimateur introduit par Goegebeur et al. (2014b)
In this thesis, we investigate nonparametric modeling of spatial extremes. Our resultsare based on the main result of the theory of extreme values, thereby encompass Paretolaws. This framework allows today to extend the study of extreme events in the spatialcase provided if the asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators satisfy the standardconditions of the Extreme Value Theory (EVT) in addition to the local conditions on thedata structure themselves. In the literature, there exists a vast panorama of extreme events models, which are adapted to the structures of the data of interest. However, in the case ofextreme spatial data, except max-stables models, little or almost no models are interestedin non-parametric estimation of the tail index and/or extreme quantiles. Therefore, weextend existing works on estimating the tail index and quantile under independent ortime-dependent data. The specificity of the methods studied resides in the fact that theasymptotic results of the proposed estimators take into account the spatial dependence structure of the relevant data, which is far from trivial. This thesis is then written in thecontext of spatial statistics of extremes. She makes three main contributions.• In the first contribution of this thesis, we propose a new approach of the estimatorof the tail index of a heavy-tailed distribution within the framework of spatial data. This approach relies on the estimator of Hill (1975). The asymptotic properties of the estimator introduced are established when the spatial process is adequately approximated by aspatial M−dependent process, spatial linear causal process or when the process satisfies a strong mixing condition.• In practice, it is often useful to link the variable of interest Y with covariate X. Inthis situation, the tail index depends on the observed value x of the covariate X and theunknown fonction (.) will be called conditional tail index. In most applications, the tailindexof an extreme value is not the main attraction, but it is used to estimate for instance extreme quantiles. The contribution of this chapter is to adapt the estimator of the tail index introduced in the first part in the conditional framework and use it to propose an estimator of conditional extreme quantiles. We examine the models called "fixed design"which corresponds to the situation where the explanatory variable is deterministic. To tackle the covariate, since it is deterministic, we use the window moving approach. Westudy the asymptotic behavior of the estimators proposed and some numerical resultsusing simulated data with the software "R".• In the third part of this thesis, we extend the work of the second part of the framemodels called "random design" for which the data are spatial observations of a pair (Y,X) of real random variables . In this last model, we propose an estimator of heavy tail-indexusing the kernel method to tackle the covariate. We use an estimator of the conditional tail index belonging to the family of the estimators introduced by Goegebeur et al. (2014b)

碩士
靜宜大學
財務與計算數學系
104
In this study, we discuss the relationship between exchange rates and stock indices. The exchange rates during the period of time from 1990 to 2016 are collected and cluster analysis is applied. With defined similarity, clustering technique can group objects based on the principle of maximizing the intra-class similarity and minimizing the inter-class similarity. In this study, we use correlation as distance and similarity between these countries’ exchange rate is observed. Since the relationship between these countries’ exchange rate may vary with time, we separate 1990 to 2016 into six time intervals and the cluster analysis is applied for each time interval data. The group results show that correlation between countries’ exchange rate did change at different time intervals. Similar analysis is applied to stock indices of these countries. Also, the grouping structure change with time. The results are also used to explore the relevance between exchange rate and stock indices. Only the European countries are highly consistent for both exchange rate and stock indices over all time intervals. At last, the regression analysis is applied to observe the linear relationship between exchange rate and stock indices for each individual country and the most of the results show no significant linear relationship results between exchange rate and stock price index of each country.

A piezo-ceramic sensor was developed to measure normal and tangential shear forces applied to a bar at one location in the refining zone of a Sunds Defibrator Conflo® JC-00 refiner. Testing was completed at the Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada in Vancouver. BC using CTMP pulp with a stock consistency of 3.15%. Distributions have been determined for peak normal and shear forces. peak coefficient of friction. shear work. and shear lead. These distributions were analysed to assess possible correlations with specific edge load. Force magnitudes were found to increase with an increase in specific edge load. The peak coefficient of friction was calculated that ranged from 0.13 to 0.16. Both the normal and shear force magnitudes varied by as much as a factor of 3, due to rotor out-of-tram of only 0.06 mm. These distributions could provide greater insight to the mechanisms responsible for fibre development in papermaking and thus "In Process" control of various refiner conditions.

碩士
長庚大學
護理學研究所
95
Sleep disturbance is the most common problem experienced by lung cancer patients. The purposes of that study were to (1) examine the consistency of sleep parameters measured by wrist actigraphy, sleep diary, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); and (2) evaluate the related factors. Based on 7 day’s data from 24 patients with lung cancer under chemotherapy, this study found that there was a good agreement between actigraphy and sleep diary in determining sleep latency and total sleep time (ICC = .478 - .605). However, poor agreement were found in sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset (WASO) time, WASO bouts, nap time and nap bouts (ICC = .003 - .274). For consistency between actigraphy and PSQI, good agreement was found in bed time, total sleep time and sleep latency (ICC = .492 - .724), but poor agreement in sleep latency (ICC = .064). The Bland & Altman plot showed worse agreement between different assessment methods was associated with the longer of sleep latency, WASO time, WASO bouts, nap time and nap bouts. Actigraphy type, sleeping location, sleeping alone, sleep disturbances, anxiety or depression were factors that influenced the agreement between the methods. The findings of this study suggest that using actigraphy to assess the sleep parameters may need to control for the related factors, and use of build-in event marker of actigraphy may help reducing inconsistency.

Refiners are used in the pulp and paper industry to separate wood chips into individual fibres and to develop the morphology of fibres to be suitable for the type and grade of paper to be produced. Within a refiner are discs, at least one of which rotates at high speed and all of which are lined with radial patterns of bars on their opposing surfaces. As the chips and fibres are accelerated through the refiner, compressive and shear forces are applied to them by the bars as the opposed discs cross each other. Experiments have shown that the contact mechanics of bar-crossings are a significant factor in the development of fibre properties. To investigate the contact mechanics in operating refiners, a prototype piezoelectric-based sensor was developed to measure the forces applied by the bars. This work re-designs the prototype sensor to function at the mill-scale, and validates the design in two trials. Performance during these trials is presented along with an in-depth analysis of the recorded data. Arrays of force sensors were installed in two single-disc refiners: a pilot-scale machine operating as a primary stage, and a mill-scale machine operating as a rejects stage. In the rejects refiner, mean forces were highest at the periphery of the refining zone, while in the primary stage, mean forces were higher at the sensor closest to the refiner axis. Higher coefficients of friction were measured in the primary stage refiner, which also showed less active bar-crossings. Distributions of peak force values were generated for a range of standard operating conditions. Primary stage refining showed near decreasing exponential distributions, while rejects refining showed skewed normal distributions. These results indicate a fundamental difference in the behavior of these refiners, which is explained in terms of the processing stage of the wood fibre and scale of the refiner. Past laboratory experiments in a single-bar refiner have shown that pulp consistency can greatly affect the contact mechanics of bar-crossing impacts. The effect was observed as a positive correlation between the coefficient of friction and the mass fraction of fibre in the stock, known as the consistency. In the present work, a similar correlation was found in the primary stage refiner, but only in the sensor closest to the refiner axis. No significant changes in the coefficient of friction were observed in the rejects refiner; however, only a small range of consistencies was tested. These initial findings suggest relationships found in past laboratory tests may translate to larger-scale equipment. The clashing of plates during refining accelerates bar wear, and delays production. An investigation of the ability of the sensor to predict plate clash was conducted. The force sensors consistently provided advanced warning of a clash event, many seconds before the accelerometer-based plate protection system currently in use by the mill. A sensitivity study showed that the new system was able to outperform the accelerometer system over a range of detection settings, and that the accelerometer could not be tuned to match the performance of the new system.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Ecologia apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
A abundância e a previsibilidade dos recursos alimentares para os predadores marinhos são altamente influenciadas pelas mudanças anuais das condições oceanográficas, mas, em geral, são menores nos ecossistemas tropicais do que nos temperados. No entanto, fenómenos de afloramento em determinadas áreas costeiras permitem a multiplicação e emergência de muitas espécies. As aves marinhas são predadores marinhos de topo que têm sido usados para avaliar a saúde do ecossistema e compreender as alterações nos ambientes marinhos. As variações na disponibilidade de recursos podem causar alterações na ecologia espacial e trófica das aves marinhas. Diferentes estratégias podem ser adotadas em diferentes fases do ciclo reprodutivo e em diferentes anos com diferentes condições ambientais. No entanto, parece haver alguma consistência entre anos nos locais de procura de alimento, o que tem implicações importantes para a conservação de aves marinhas e de outros predadores de topo com uma distribuição espacial semelhante.Recolhemos dados para analisar a ecologia espacial (dispositivos GPS) e trófica (análise de isótopos estáveis) de uma ave marinha tropical - cagarra de Cabo Verde (Calonectris edwardsii) - durante as fases de incubação e alimentação das crias de seis anos consecutivos (2013-2018, n=15 ind. por cada período e ano). Pretendemos perceber como é que as variações da produtividade marinha em redor da colónia podem influenciar o comportamento de procura de alimento desta espécie. Os resultados mostraram que a batimetria e a temperatura da superfície do mar foram as variáveis ambientais que melhor explicaram a escolha dos locais de alimentação pelas aves. Tal como esperávamos, houve uma forte alteração nas estratégias de procura de alimento das cagarras cabo-verdianas entre as fases do ciclo reprodutivo (da incubação para a alimentação das crias). As aves adotaram uma estratégia bimodal de procura de alimento, fazendo viagens mais longas à costa Ocidental de África durante a incubação, onde a produtividade marinha é muito alta, e viagens mais curtas em redor da colónia durante a alimentação das crias. Assim, esta espécie diminuiu as suas assinaturas de δ13C desde a incubação para a alimentação das crias, aumentou o nível trófico das suas presas e diminuiu a sobreposição entre os nichos tróficos. Houve algumas alterações significativas nas estratégias de procura de alimento entre anos. Nos anos com valores mais baixos do índice NAO, correspondendo a uma menor produtividade marinha, as aves viajaram mais para a costa africana e gastaram menos tempo na procura de alimento. No entanto, ao contrário do que previmos, a consistência nos habitats de procura de alimento foi maior. Tal como em anos de menor produtividade marinha, elas viajaram mais para a costa de África e apresentaram maiores assinaturas de δ13C. O oposto aconteceu durante os anos de valores mais altos do índice NÃO, ou seja, anos mais produtivos, mas houve algumas exceções. Em anos de condições ambientais mais precárias, as aves aumentaram o nicho trófico desde a incubação para a fase de alimentação das crias e, aparentemente, procuraram por recursos mais diversificados para alimentá-las. Em anos de boas condições ambientais, as aves mostraram ser mais especialistas. Concluímos que os indivíduos realizaram importantes alterações no seu nicho espacial e trófico entre anos como resposta a alterações das condições ambientais.As cagarras de Cabo Verde sofreram ameaças ambientais e antropogénicas. Embora alguns esforços já tenham sido feitos, através da monitorização e do rastreamento destas aves podemos definir áreas marinhas protegidas (AMPs) e avaliar as variações anuais do uso dessas mesmas áreas.
The abundance and predictability of food resources for marine top predators is highly influenced by annual changes in oceanographic conditions, but, overall, is lower in tropical than in temperate ecosystems. However, upwelling phenomena in certain coastal areas allow multiplication and resurgence of many prey species. Seabirds are marine top predators that have been used to assess the health of the ecosystem and understand changes in marine environments. Variation in resource availability can cause changes in the spatial and trophic ecology of seabirds. Different strategies can be adopted at different phases of the breeding season and in different years with different environmental conditions. However, there seems to be some inter-annual consistency in foraging sites, which has important implications for the conservation of seabirds and other top predators with a similar spatial distribution.We collected data to analyse the spatial (GPS-loggers) and trophic (stable isotope analysis) ecology of a tropical seabird - Cape Verde shearwater (Calonectris edwardsii) -during both the incubation and chick-rearing phases of six consecutive years (2013-2018, n=15 ind. for each period and year). We intend to understand how variations in marine productivity around the colony can influence foraging behaviour of this species. The results showed that bathymetry and sea surface temperature were the environmental variables that best explained the choice of foraging sites by birds. As we expected there was a strong alteration on the foraging strategies of Cape Verde shearwaters among breeding phases (incubation to chick-rearing). Birds adopted a bimodal pattern of foraging strategies making longer trips to the West African coast during incubation, where marine productivity is very high, and making shorter trips around the colony during the chick-rearing to provisioning their chicks. Thus, this specie decreased their δ13C signatures from incubation to chick-rearing, increased the trophic level of their prey and decreased the overlap between trophic niches. There were some significant changes in foraging strategies among years. In years with lower NAO index values, corresponding to a lower marine productivity, birds travelled more to the African coast and spent less time in foraging. However, contrary to what we predicted, the consistency in foraging habitats was greater. Similarly to years of lower marine productivity they travelled more to the coast of Africa presented larger δ13C signatures. The opposite happened during years of higher NAO index values, i.e. the more productive years, but there were with some exceptions. In years of poorer environmental conditions birds increased the trophic niche from the incubation to the chick-rearing period, and apparently searched for more diversified items to feed their chicks. In years of good environmental conditions birds were more specialised. We concluded that individuals made important shifts on their spatial and trophic niche among years, as a response to changes in environmental conditions. The Cape Verde shearwaters have suffered environmental and anthropogenic threats. Although some efforts have already been made, by monitoring and tracking these birds we can define marine protected areas (MPAs) and assess annual variations in the use of these areas.

碩士
國立成功大學
財務金融研究所
94
This study is aimed to answer this question:” Are implied volatilities consistent with the stochastic properties of underlying asset return?” The importance of this study is that we make the comparison between actual implied volatilities and underlying return volatility with certain specifications that few studies discuss. Though Heynen, Kemma and Vorst(1994) have the similar study, we develop term structure model in the risk-neutral world, rather than Heynen’s model in the real world. Moreover, unlike other studies, volatility risk premium is considered in our term structure model which is developed from the average of expected volatility assumption. Three major findings are as follows. First, all models may not be well descriptive about implied volatility behavior, which suggests the average expected volatility assumption does not hold. Second, the estimated mean reversion parameter of volatility in the term structure model is larger. A larger mean reversion parameter suggests a flatter term structure curve and more possibility that spot volatility reverts to the long-term mean variance level. Third, there should be theoretical equivalent relation on the mean reverting parameter between any two models among three models in this study. However, the empirical result does not support the equivalent relation among models.