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Petroski, Henry. "An Independent Inventor." American Scientist 86, no. 3 (1998): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/1998.25.3403.
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Crawford, Julia. "Independent Inventor Resources Web Site." Journal of Government Information 28, no. 1 (January 2001): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-0237(01)00259-3.
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Daemmrich, Arthur. "Inventor-Entrepreneurs: Patents and Patent Licensing in the Early Republic." Technology & Innovation 22, no. 1 (June 28, 2021): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21300/21.4.2021.6.
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Independent inventors have limited routes to secure financial returns on the time and capital they invest to develop and realize a new idea. Research into two centuries of inventors has identified their options as licensing patents once they are issued, selling inventions (and patents) to existing companies, forging consulting arrangements with operating firms, or raising funds and starting a business. This article explores patent licensing as an entrepreneurial approach using a case study of the largely unknown licensing program undertaken by Samuel Hopkins after receiving the first U. S. patent. A license agreement signed between Hopkins and Eli Cogswell, a potash manufacturer in Vermont, offers a case study of how an inventor-entrepreneur worked in the early American republic. It also provides insights into the links between intellectual property and entrepreneurship, the mindset of inventor-entrepreneurs, and the challenges of bringing a new technology to market at a foundational moment in U. S. history.
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Scott, David W., George W. Wright, Mickey Williams, Jason Lih, Elaine S. Jaffe, Andreas Rosenwald, Elias Campo, et al. "Accurate Diagnosis of Aggressive B Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas Using Gene Expression Profiling of Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissues." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 3016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.3016.3016.
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Abstract Background: Currently, diagnosis of aggressive B cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (agg-B-NHL) uses a varying combination of morphology, immunophenotyping, cytogenetics, and/or other molecular techniques resulting in a fragmented, confusing diagnostic system. We sought to develop a multi-analyte gene expression signature assay that could consolidate the diagnostic process into a single platform to improve standardization and accuracy. Methods: We used formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue biopsies, qualified by an expert Hematopathology review panel, tumor content of ≥60%, and confirmed B cell immunophenotype. Diagnostic categories included diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) including the activated B cell-like (ABC), germinal center B cell-like (GCB) subtypes, unclassifiable (UNC) DLBCL, primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma (PMBCL), Burkitt lymphoma (BL), and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Using our previous GEP data, diagnostic signatures, nCounter system (Nanostring, Seattle, WA), and employing published procedures (Scott et al, Blood 2014); we designed probes to 800 genes with utility in distinguishing between these pathological entities. The training cohort comprised 107 unique cases, whose FFPET biopsies were independently assayed at the Molecular Characterization Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (Frederick, MD) and the Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency (Vancouver, BC). The resulting algorithm was locked down and applied to an independent cohort of 199 cases. The nucleic acids from FFPET biopsies from these cases were extracted and run across the two independent laboratories with 83 cases run at both laboratories to assess inter-laboratory performance. The gold standard by which the Nanostring classification was compared was based on Affymetrix gene expression profiling of matched frozen biopsies in the cases of ABC, GCB, and UNC DLBCL (Lenz et al. NEJM 2008) and on the pathological diagnosis by the Hematopathology review panel in the cases of BL, MCL, and PMBCL. The use of human tissues and clinical data for this study was approved by the University of Arizona Institutional Review Board in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Results: The final locked algorithm consisted of 297 gene probes including 47 housekeeping genes. Thirty-six cases from the training cohort were run again on the new lot of Nanostring code set to allow for cross code set calibration of the assay. The laboratory procedure and algorithm, together termed the "Lymph5Cx" test, consists of a hierarchical series of pair-wise comparisons. In the independent validation set, 257/282 assays (91.1%) yielded gene expression data of sufficient quality (total of 185 of the 199 cases). A classification summary is given in the Table below. In this cohort, 136 cases (82%) were correctly assigned while 11 cases (6.6%) were assigned incorrect diagnoses as follows: 6 BL assigned to GCB, 1 GCB labeled a PMBCL, and 4 PMBCL assigned to DLBCL subtypes. The Lymph5Cx test included categories of indeterminate results between two diagnostic entities and were declared borderline, as indicated in the Table. The agreement between the 2 laboratory sites was 71/72 (99%) of cases that yielded adequate gene expression data at both sites. Conclusions: The Lymph5Cx test was robust and able to discriminate the often clinically difficult diagnostic categories of agg-B-NHL using a single methodology for cases with histologic and immunophenotypic features of an agg-B-NHL. Misclassification errors were low, suggesting that this test would be useful adjunct to current diagnostic methods. In addition, targetable pathways, as well as genes associated with known prognostic signatures in DLBCL (stromal) and MCL (proliferation) were quantified. Investigation into these latter aspects is on-going. Gene expression signature assays have become a useful clinical and research tool in the on-going area of precision therapeutics based on highly-defined molecular entities. Table # cases % accurate % borderline % error ABC 26 76.9% 23.1% 0.0% GCB 27 88.9% 7.4% 3.7% BL 48 68.8% 19.8% 11.5% PMBL 30 80.0% 6.7% 13.3% MCL 34 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% Disclosures Scott: Nanostring: The author is a potential inventor on a patent applicaiton using Nanostring technology for a different assay, which has been licensed from the NIH by Nanostring Patents & Royalties. Wright:Nanostring: The author is a potential inventor on a patent applicaiton using Nanostring technology for a different assay, which has been licensed from the NIH by Nanostring Patents & Royalties. Williams:Nanostring: The author is a potential inventor on a patent applicaiton using Nanostring technology for a different assay, which has been licensed from the NIH by Nanostring Patents & Royalties. Lih:Nanostring: The author is a potential inventor on a patent applicaiton using Nanostring technology for a different assay, which has been licensed from the NIH by Nanostring Patents & Royalties. Jaffe:Nanostring: The author is a potential inventor on a patent applicaiton using Nanostring technology for a different assay, which has been licensed from the NIH by Nanostring Patents & Royalties. Rosenwald:Nanostring: Research Funding, The author is a potential inventor on a patent applicaiton using Nanostring technology for a different assay, which has been licensed from the NIH by Nanostring Patents & Royalties. Campo:Nanostring: Research Funding, The author is a potential inventor on a patent applicaiton using Nanostring technology for a different assay, which has been licensed from the NIH by Nanostring Patents & Royalties. Chan:Nanostring: The author is a potential inventor on a patent applicaiton using Nanostring technology for a different assay, which has been licensed from the NIH by Nanostring Patents & Royalties. Connors:Nanostring: The author is a potential inventor on a patent applicaiton using Nanostring technology for a different assay, which has been licensed from the NIH by Nanostring Patents & Royalties. Smeland:Nanostring: The author is a potential inventor on a patent applicaiton using Nanostring technology for a different assay, which has been licensed from the NIH by Nanostring Patents & Royalties. Braziel:Nanostring: Research Funding, The author is a potential inventor on a patent applicaiton using Nanostring technology for a different assay, which has been licensed from the NIH by Nanostring Patents & Royalties. Ott:Nanostring: The author is a potential inventor on a patent applicaiton using Nanostring technology for a different assay, which has been licensed from the NIH by Nanostring Patents & Royalties. Delabie:Nanostring: Research Funding, The author is a potential inventor on a patent applicaiton using Nanostring technology for a different assay, which has been licensed from the NIH by Nanostring Patents & Royalties. Weisenburger:Nanostring: The author is a potential inventor on a patent applicaiton using Nanostring technology for a different assay, which has been licensed from the NIH by Nanostring Patents & Royalties. Cook:Nanostring: Research Funding, The author is a potential inventor on a patent applicaiton using Nanostring technology for a different assay, which has been licensed from the NIH by Nanostring Patents & Royalties. Greiner:Nanostring: The author is a potential inventor on a patent applicaiton using Nanostring technology for a different assay, which has been licensed from the NIH by Nanostring Patents & Royalties. Fu:Nanostring: Research Funding, The author is a potential inventor on a patent applicaiton using Nanostring technology for a different assay, which has been licensed from the NIH by Nanostring Patents & Royalties. Walsh:Nanostring: The author is a potential inventor on a patent application using Nanostring technology for a different assay, which has been licensed from the NIH by Nanostring Patents & Royalties. Gascoyne:Nanostring: Research Funding, The author is a potential inventor on a patent applicaiton using Nanostring technology for a different assay, which has been licensed from the NIH by Nanostring Patents & Royalties. Staudt:Nanostring: The author is a potential inventor on a patent applicaiton using Nanostring technology for a different assay, which has been licensed from the NIH by Nanostring Patents & Royalties. Rimsza:Nanostring: Research Funding, The author is a potential inventor on a patent applicaiton using Nanostring technology for a different assay, which has been licensed from the NIH by Nanostring Patents & Royalties.
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Spear, Brian. "GB innovation since 1950 and the role of the independent inventor: An analysis of completed term patents." World Patent Information 28, no. 2 (June 2006): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wpi.2005.08.004.
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Parlika, Rizky, Olivia i. Anggun Permatasar, Rifardi Taufiq Yufananda, Dimas Rizward Hikmah Utomo, Mochammad Zayyan Ramadhan, and Isfan Rachmad. "PEMBUATAN GAME EDUKATIF MENGGUNAKAN APP INVENTOR DENGAN TEMA MATA PELAJARAN KIMIA." e-NARODROID 4, no. 2 (September 28, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31090/narodroid.v4i2.729.
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Abstract : The problem in this research is to make a suitable learning media applied to high school students as an independent media and interkative, So that the application of learning model used by the teacher is not boring tend to be fun and can improve learning outcomes. The objectives of the researcher to accomplish is to develop and produce android application products in the form of educational media learning games about Chemistry, and know the feasibility and effectiveness of educational game applications as learning media for student study supplement with Chemical material. This research method using Research and Development method with design / design is pre-experimental design with one-group pretest-posttest design. The results that have been obtained is to produce application products android educational game Chemistry. It can be concluded educational game media application of Chemistry learning and effective as learning media for student study supplement.
Keywords-App Inventor, Chemistry, Android
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Hankey, Alex, and Elena Ewing. "New Light on Chromotherapy: Grakov's ‘Virtual Scanning’ System of Medical Assessment and Treatment." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 4, no. 2 (2007): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nel060.
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Virtual Scanning incorporates novel uses of colored light into its system of health assessment and therapy. Independent investigations of its effectiveness in Russia and the UK have revealed unique abilities to correct incipient and fully developed chronic conditions. As such it forms an important new addition to the field of Chromotherapy. It differs from most others, in that its development depended on discoveries in neuroscience by its inventor, and subsequent application of new models in computational neuroscience.
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Smeilus, Gavin, Robert J. Harris, and Andrew Pollard. "Independent inventors and inbound open innovation: using a resource-based approach to create a tool for screening inventor approaches in order to facilitate technology in-licensing." International Journal of Technology Marketing 8, no. 2 (2013): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijtmkt.2013.054078.
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Rowlinson, J. S. "Dr Thomas Carver and Lord Kelvin." Notes and Records of the Royal Society 60, no. 2 (April 12, 2006): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2006.0139.
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Thomas Carver was secretary and assistant to William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, from 1890 to 1894 and maintained close links with him until Kelvin's death in 1907. In the twentieth century Carver became an independent engineer and inventor whose patents were mainly for improvements to textile machinery. These improvements were some of the first successful attempts to introduce electrical devices into what had been traditionally a purely mechanical industry. His patents include what seems to be the earliest proposal to use electro-acoustical echo-sounding for measuring the depth of the sea.
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Puy, Cristina, Zoë C. Wong, Erik I. Tucker, Andras Gruber, David Gailani, Stephanie A. Smith, Sharon H. Choi, James H. Morrissey, and Owen J. T. McCarty. "FXII Promotes Coagulation in a FXI and FIX Independent Manner." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 3362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.3362.3362.
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Abstract Abstract 3362 Activation of coagulation factors (F) XII and XI support thrombogenesis through multiple pathways. FXII-deficient mice are more resistant to FeCl3-induced arterial occlusion than either FIX or FXI deficient mice, suggesting that the resistance of FXII-deficient mice to experimental thrombosis is not completely explained by the FXII-FXI-FIX pathway, suggesting the existence of a pathological FXII by-pass, in vivo. The APTT of FXII deficient plasma is longer than the APTT of FXI, FIX, or FX deficient plasmas. We found that addition of 150 nM activated FXII (FXIIa) decreased the recalcification time of FXI or FIX-deficient plasma by up to 85%. In a purified system FXIIa could activate prothrombin but not FX. Addition of rivaroxaban, a FXa inhibitor, to FXI or FIX-deficient plasma blocked the observed procoagulant effect of FXIIa, suggesting that FXIIa promotes the activation of FX independent of FXI or FIX, but the ability of FXIIa alone to induce coagulation is insufficient in plasma, in vitro. Addition of long polyphosphate (polyP), typically found in bacteria, but not short polyP, which is secreted by activated platelets, decreased the recalcification time of FXI or FIX-deficient plasma. The presence of either corn trypsin inhibitor (CTI), that inhibits FXIIa, or rivaroxaban blocked the procoagulant effect of long polyP, suggesting that the activation of FXII by long polyP promotes coagulation in an FXI- and FIX-independent manner. Addition of CTI or an antibody that inhibits FIX activation by FXIa, but not addition of an antibody that inhibits activation of FXI by FXIIa, increased the time of occlusive thrombus formation in recalcified human blood that was driven through collagen and tissue factor (TF)-coated capillary tubes, consistent with the thrombogenic roles of FXIIa and feedback activation of FXI. Only CTI inhibited the prothrombotic effect of long polyP, also suggesting that FXIIa could be thrombogenic independent of FXI and FIX. In summary, we propose that pathological FXII activation, e.g., by foreign surfaces or long polyP, is thrombogenic both in FXI/FIX-dependent and -independent manners. Provided that FXII has no significant physiological function in humans, our data support the hypothesis that inhibition of FXII activity or activation may have safe antithrombotic effects. Disclosures: Morrissey: No organization, but the speaker is co-inventor on pending patent applications on the medical uses of polyphosphate: Patents & Royalties.
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Nathoo, Narendra, Frederick K. Lautzenheiser, and Gene H. Barnett. "George W. Crile, Ohio's first neurosurgeon, and his relationship with Harvey Cushing." Journal of Neurosurgery 103, no. 2 (August 2005): 378–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2005.103.2.0378.
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✓ Much has been written about Harvey Cushing, his contributions to neurosurgery, and his relationship with many of his contemporaries. Nevertheless, there is no independent report documenting his relationship with Ohio's first neurosurgeon, George W. Crile. Crile's role as a neurosurgeon is limited to the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and he is best remembered for other accomplishments. Father of physiological surgery, pioneering surgeon, innovator, inventor, soldier, and the principal founder of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Crile lived during the golden era of surgery, when the discipline was evolving from a crude and chancy art to an applied science. Crile achieved distinction by performing and describing the first successful radical neck dissection for head and neck cancers and the first successful direct human-to-human blood transfusion. He helped introduce the measurement of blood pressure during surgery, first used cocaine for regional anesthesia in the US, proposed “anoci-anesthesia” to prevent shock during surgery, helped establish one of the first nurse anesthetist schools, and invented the Crile forceps and the pneumatic suit, which was the forerunner to the aviator's antigravity suit. He was a founding member of the American College of Surgeons, its second president (1916–1917), and chairman of the Board of Regents (1913–1939). Crile was a teacher, lecturer, and author who published more than 400 papers and 24 books. In this report the authors trace the relationship between Crile and Cushing from their initial competition for a staff surgeon's position to their common interest in blood pressure, and their roles in the American Ambulance in France and later in World War I.
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Eide, Christopher A., Samantha L. Savage, Anupriya Agarwal, Daniel Bottomly, Beth Wilmot, Shannon K. McWeeney, Stephen E. Kurtz, et al. "Activating Mutations Observed in De Novo Acute Myeloid Leukemia Are Also Present in a Subset of Philadelphia Chromosome (Ph)-Positive Leukemia Patients with BCR-ABL1-Independent Resistance to ABL1 Kinase Inhibitors." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 4514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.4514.4514.
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Abstract The advent of ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors has radically transformed the treatment and outcomes for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, 15-20% of newly diagnosed chronic phase patients demonstrate resistance to imatinib by 5 years, and responses are virtually always transient for patients with blast crisis CML or Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL). Acquisition of point mutations within the BCR-ABL1 kinase domain which compromise drug binding is the most common and well-studied cause of resistance to imatinib, and such mutations are generally well-handled by the newer, more potent ABL1 inhibitors nilotinib, dasatinib, and ponatinib. In the remainder of patients with resistance, however, sustained inhibition of BCR-ABL1 kinase activity is no longer sufficient to inhibit cell growth, implicating activation of additional co-critical BCR-ABL1-independent mechanisms of growth and survival. To identify and validate novel pathways important in BCR-ABL-independent resistance to ABL kinase inhibitors, we screened a cohort of 63 patients with CML (n=53) or Ph+ ALL (n=10) exhibiting clinical resistance to at least one ABL1 kinase inhibitor without an explanatory BCR-ABL1 kinase domain mutation. Following informed consent, primary mononuclear cells were isolated by Ficoll gradient centrifugation. Genomic DNA was isolated and subjected to whole exome sequencing on an Illumina HiSeq instrument with an average coverage depth of 30X. For samples with sufficient material, cells were also plated ex vivo in the presence of a panel of clinical and pre-clinical small-molecule kinase inhibitors, and assessed for effects on viability after 3 days. Among considerable heterogeneity of detected sequence variants, we observed a subset of patients who harbored mutations in genes reported to be frequently mutated in de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network, NEJM 2013). Specifically, we observed recurrent mutations in FLT3 (n=3), DNMT3A (n=2), EZH2 (n= 6), IDH1 (n=4), KIT (n=4), KRAS (n=2), PTPN11 (n=2), RUNX1 (n=2), TET2 (n=5), and TP53 (n=2). These mutations were predominantly detected in patients with blast crisis CML, consistent with previous gene expression studies implicating common pathways involved in both resistance and progression (Radich et al., PNAS 2006; McWeeney et al., Blood 2010). Results from accompanying inhibitor revealed 1) ex vivo resistance to ABL1 kinase inhibitors largely tracked with clinical resistance profiles and 2) considerable variation in sensitivity profiles for other inhibitors, though samples harboring mutations in the genes above were associated with sensitivity to relevant kinase inhibitors. For one example, a CML lymphoid blast crisis patient who had previously failed imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib had a FLT3 D835Y mutation detected at the time of subsequent failure to ponatinib. Notably, while ponatinib inhibits native and certain mutated forms of FLT3, mutations of the D835 residue confer resistance to this drug (Smith et al., Blood 2013). This patient’s CML cells demonstrated significant ex vivo sensitivity to the FLT3 inhibitors tandutinib and crenolanib, whose sensitivity profiles include D835 variants. Taken together, our findings suggest that the molecular underpinnings of a subset of patients with Ph+ leukemia who become refractory to ABL1 kinase inhibitors without a BCR-ABL1 kinase domain mutation to explain their resistance may involve similar activating mutations to those observed in AML. These results warrant further investigation of inhibitors of involved pathways alone and in combination with ABL1 kinase inhibitors as a molecularly targeted therapeutic strategy in such patients. Disclosures Deininger: BMS, Novartis, Celgene, Genzyme, Gilead: Research Funding; BMS, ARIAD, Novartis, Incyte, Pfizer: Advisory Board, Advisory Board Other; BMS, ARIAD, Novartis, Incyte, Pfizer: Consultancy. Tyner:Constellation Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding. Druker:Astrazeneca: Consultancy; CTI Biopharma: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Blueprint Medicines: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Scientific Founder, Scientific Founder Other; Cylene Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Equity Ownership; D3: Consultancy; Gilead Sciences: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Lorus Therapeutics: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Stock options Other; MolecularMD: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Scientific Founder. Some clinical trials on which I participate as PI or co-investigator utilize MolecularMD for molecular testing. This potential individual and institutional conflict of interest has been reviewed and managed by OHSU., Scientific Founder. Some clinical trials on which I participate as PI or co-investigator utilize MolecularMD for molecular testing. This potential individual and institutional conflict of interest has been reviewed and managed by OHSU. Other; Novartis: Clinical trial funding: PI and co-investigator on Novartis clinical trials. OHSU has contracts with Novartis to pay for patient costs, nurse and data manager salaries, and institutional overhead. I do not derive salary, or lab funds from these contracts. , Clinical trial funding: PI and co-investigator on Novartis clinical trials. OHSU has contracts with Novartis to pay for patient costs, nurse and data manager salaries, and institutional overhead. I do not derive salary, or lab funds from these contracts. Other, Dr. Druker is the inventor of a technology that is licensed to Novartis. This financial conflict of interest has been reviewed and managed by OHSU. Patents & Royalties; ARIAD: Clinical trial funding: PI and co-investigator on ARIAD clinical trials. OHSU has contracts with ARIAD to pay for patient costs, nurse and data manager salaries, and institutional overhead. I do not derive salary, or lab funds from these contracts. Other; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Clinical trial funding: PI and co-investigator on BMS clinical trials. OHSU has contracts with BMS to pay for patient costs, nurse and data manager salaries, and institutional overhead. I do not derive salary, or lab funds from these contracts. , Clinical trial funding: PI and co-investigator on BMS clinical trials. OHSU has contracts with BMS to pay for patient costs, nurse and data manager salaries, and institutional overhead. I do not derive salary, or lab funds from these contracts. Other; Millipore: Dr. Druker is the inventor of a technology that is licensed to Millipore. This financial conflict of interest has been reviewed and managed by OHSU Patents & Royalties; Misc other pharmaceutical companies: Dr. Druker is an inventor on OHSU patent #843, licensed to many companies including but not limited to ARIAD; Array BioPharma; Curis; MolecularMD; Pfizer; Piramal Health Care; Praecis; SGX; The Translational Genomics Research Institute; and Vertex., Dr. Druker is an inventor on OHSU patent #843, licensed to many companies including but not limited to ARIAD; Array BioPharma; Curis; MolecularMD; Pfizer; Piramal Health Care; Praecis; SGX; The Translational Genomics Research Institute; and Vertex. Patents & Royalties.
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Dahlin, Eric, Mikaela Dufur, and Dallan Flake. "Has the Promise of the Internet Been Realized? Internet Access and Collective Invention among Independent and Organizational Patent Inventors." Social Currents 6, no. 6 (July 5, 2019): 553–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329496519860213.
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The Internet provides individuals with new avenues for knowledge sharing and collaboration, two key ingredients for the production of novelty. Despite the unprecedented access to information and potential collaborators provided by the Internet, however, organizations remain the preeminent site of invention, presumably due to the tremendous resources, technology, and expertise at their disposal. Given the presumption that improved access to the Internet cultivates connectivity and novelty among individuals, on one hand, and the resources organizations can leverage to create novelty, on the other hand, we ask whether Internet access plays a role in the incidence of collective invention for independent inventors and organizational inventors in the knowledge economy. Regression models based on a sample of metropolitan areas in the United States predict that increases in household Internet access increases collective invention for organizational patent inventors, but not independent patent inventors.
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Macdonald, Stuart. "HUMAN QUALITIES NECESSARY FOR INVENTION: INDEPENDENT INVENTORS AND THE STIMULUS OF ADVERSITY." Prometheus 7, no. 2 (December 1989): 333–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08109028908629078.
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Weick, Cynthia Wagner, and Cynthia F. Eakin. "Independent Inventors and Innovation." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 6, no. 1 (February 2005): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/0000000053026400.
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Independent inventors have generally been overlooked in research on innovation. This study helps fill the knowledge gap. A survey of independent inventors in the USA showed that their inventions tended towards hardware/tool, household products, industrial/commercial products, novelty items and toys/games/hobbies. Thirty-nine per cent of the respondents generated sales from their inventions and approximately 20% profited from them. Inventors who established a company to commercialize their inventions were most likely to achieve sales. However, inventors who licensed their inventions were more likely to achieve higher sales levels than those who commercialized them only via their own company, or by selling their inventions outright.
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Lin, Jennifer, Henry Chao, and Peterson Julian. "A demand independent inventory model." Yugoslav Journal of Operations Research 23, no. 1 (2013): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/yjor120127021l.
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This paper is an extension of Deng et al. (2007) that was published in the European Journal of Operational Research. We have generalized their model from ramp type demand to arbitrary positive demand while theoretically discovering an important phenomenon: the optimal solution is actually independent of the demand as pointed out by Wou (2010), Hung (2011) and Lin (2011). We extend their inventory models in which the deteriorated rate is any non-negative function and backlog rate is inversely linearly related to the waiting time. Our findings will provide a new inventory system to help decision makers decide the optimal ordering quantity and replenishment policy.
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Mieg, Harald A., Stephan J. Bedenk, Anna Braun, and Franz J. Neyer. "How Emotional Stability and Openness to Experience Support Invention: A Study with German Independent Inventors." Creativity Research Journal 24, no. 2-3 (April 2012): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2012.677341.
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Weick, Cynthia Wagner. "A University-Based Model for Evaluating Inventions." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 4, no. 4 (November 2003): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000003129574298.
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There is a need for programmes that provide independent inventors with balanced, data-based evaluations of their early-stage ideas. These inventors do not have access to the evaluation processes used in many companies to assess whether or not an idea warrants further investment of time and resources. In addition, invention promotion services that focus on independent inventors are often costly; and some of these have been accused of fraud. The business school at the University of the Pacific (UOP) launched a pilot invention evaluation service (IES) in autumn 1999. The process used in the IES is based on new product development models used in companies, and addresses basic market, technical and financial potential. The programme benefits not only the community of inventors: because IES staff members are graduate research assistants, it also provides a unique experiential learning opportunity for students. This article details the design of the service and the manner in which it has been implemented at UOP. Data from surveys of the inventors who have been served over the past three years is presented, which indicates that they have found the IES to be very effective in improving their decision making. Other universities may benefit from establishing a similar programme.
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Park, Ji Won, Barbora Piknova, Khanh Nghiem, Jay N. Lozier, and Alan N. Schechter. "Nitrite Regulation Of Platelet Reactivity Under Physiological Conditions." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 4739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.4739.4739.
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Nitric oxide (NO) is generated by serial reduction pathway of nitrate and nitrite or by activity of endogenous nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and modulates platelet function and hemostasis. We have shown by aggregometry and flow cytometric analysis of P-selectin that nitrite in the presence of erythrocytes inhibits platelet aggregation and activation after its reduction to NO at low oxygen tension [PLoS One. 2012; 7: e30380. 10.1371/journal.pone.0030380]. We then investigated how nitrite may affect overall clotting processes by regulating platelet function using thrombelastography (TEG), a method used to assess platelet function, fibrin clot formation, and fibrinolysis in blood and/or plasma. We measured the effect of NO donors and nitrite on three TEG parameters, reaction time (R, time to initial fibrin formation), α angle (velocity of clot growth) and maximum amplitude (MA, clot strength), in healthy volunteers. The NO donor (DEANONOate) inhibited all three TEG parameters in response to two independent platelet activators (ADP and AA), in platelet rich plasma (PRP) or whole blood diluted with plasma to yield 20% hematocrit (Hct) to model blood in the microcirculation in vivo. At DEANONOate concentrations ranging from 0-1 μM, R values were progressively prolonged from 1.9 to 3.6 (p=0.008), α angle was decreased from 17.8 to 9.5 (p=0.01) and maximum clot amplitude was reduced from 9.0 to 4.4 (p=0.001) in 20% Hct with ADP stimulation. In contrast, nitrite did not affect clotting parameters in PRP, but exhibited moderate inhibitory effects in 20% Hct at concentrations from 0-10 μM; R values were slightly prolonged from 1.6 to 2.7 (p=0.12), α angle was decreased from 21.8 to 12.8 (p=0.07) and maximum clot amplitude was reduced from 11.0 to 5.0 (p=0.02). This inhibitory effect of nitrite on clotting was greatly enhanced under hypoxic conditions (blood pO2 46.5±11.6 mmHg); R values from 1.4 to 4.0 (p=0.003), α angle from 21.7 to 7.8 (p=0.002), and maximum clot amplitude from 10.0 to 3.4 (p=0.0003). These results suggest that the nitrite effect may be greatest in the microcirculation and be important in differences between arterial and venous clotting. In conclusion, our results show TEG parameters indicate NO inhibition of platelet-mediated blood clotting and that the physiological effect of factors which determine NO bioavailability, such as reduction of blood and tissue nitrite, could be used to predict hemostasis. Disclosures: Schechter: National Institutes of Health: Dr. Alan Schechter is listed as a co-inventor on several patents issued to the National Institutes of Health for the use of nitrite salts for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases., Dr. Alan Schechter is listed as a co-inventor on several patents issued to the National Institutes of Health for the use of nitrite salts for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Patents & Royalties.
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NANCARROW, CLIVE, CELIA ATTLEE, and LEN TIU WRIGHT. "WEAKNESSES IN THE MARKETING AND THE ADOPTION OF INDEPENDENT INVENTIONS WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS." Journal of Enterprising Culture 07, no. 03 (September 1999): 233–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495899000145.
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This paper examines the peculiar entrepreneurial hiatus surrounding inventions from independent inventors in the UK which, it is argued, limits its international competitiveness. Evidence that many other countries stimulate and exploit independent inventors to a greater degree is assessed and it is concluded that the UK fails to capitalise on the innovations from this pool of talent. A programme of exploratory research is carried out to identify the reasons for this and identify lessons that have relevance to invention and innovation internationally. The research programme consists of a review of the literature and past research, a survey of the global Internet as well as qualitative research consisting of personal and telephone interviews and written correspondence. The latter examined, in particular, the marketing communication process between inventors and potential adopter marketing organisations. The sample comprised "successful" independent inventors (some of international and national repute) who marketed nationally and or internationally, potential adopter manufacturing and marketing organisations and a number of organisations with a role of facilitating the adoption process. The findings from the various sources seemed largely to complement each other and indicated a major need for all parties to reconsider their strategies. The paper puts forward detailed recommendations that, it is argued, may have international relevance.
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Guo, Nian, and Zhongkai Xiong. "Deterring independent remanufacturers by strategic inventory." International Journal of Manufacturing Technology and Management 34, no. 6 (2020): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmtm.2020.10029151.
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Xiong, Zhongkai, and Nian Guo. "Deterring independent remanufacturers by strategic inventory." International Journal of Manufacturing Technology and Management 34, no. 6 (2020): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmtm.2020.110001.
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Ganguli, Ina, Jeffrey Lin, and Nicholas Reynolds. "The Paper Trail of Knowledge Spillovers: Evidence from Patent Interferences." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 12, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 278–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20180017.
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We show evidence of localized knowledge spillovers using a new database of US patent interferences terminated between 1998 and 2014. Interferences resulted when two or more independent parties submitted identical claims of invention nearly simultaneously. Following the idea that inventors of identical inventions share common knowledge inputs, interferences provide a new method for measuring knowledge spillovers. Interfering inventors are 1.4 to 4.0 times more likely to live in the same local area than matched control pairs of inventors. They are also more geographically concentrated than citation-linked inventors. Our results emphasize geographic distance as a barrier to tacit knowledge flows. (JEL D83, O31, O33, O34)
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Weick, Cynthia Wagner, and James D. Martin. "Full-Time and Part-Time Independent Inventors." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 7, no. 1 (February 2006): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000006775870460.
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Analysis of data from a survey of independent inventors showed that part-time and full-time inventors were similar in terms of age, gender, educational level and the types of inventions they pursued. However, sales levels achieved were significantly related to the combination of a full-time commitment to inventing and a willingness to invest in patent protection. Further interviews of successful inventors indicated that the transition from part-time to full-time inventing was driven by either unexpected events, a desire to change careers, or preference for working in a more creative atmosphere. The interviewees showed optimism for the future of independent inventors, who they believed would benefit from the creativity encouraged by unstructured environments. They were also optimistic about a broader customer base due to global expansion of market-based economies, and increased distribution opportunities.
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Wickramasinghe, CN, N. Ahmad, and S. Rashid. "Why Independent Inventors Never Quit? In Search of Contribution of Inventive Outcomes on Subjective Success of Independent Inventors." Kelaniya Journal of Management 1, no. 1 (January 24, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/kjm.v1i1.6444.
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Ennishi, Daisuke, Aixiang Jiang, Merrill Boyle, Brett Collinge, Bruno M. Grande, Susana Ben-Neriah, Graham W. Slack, et al. "The Double-Hit Gene Expression Signature Defines a Clinically and Biologically Distinct Subgroup within GCB-DLBCL." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-116827.
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Abstract Recognizing biological heterogeneity in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), significant effort has been made to define distinct molecular subgroups of prognostic importance which harbor potentially targetable biology. Reflecting this, in the recent revision of the WHO classification, DLBCL was divided into cell-of-origin molecular subtypes and a new entity was defined - high-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 rearrangements (HGBL-DH/TH). ~8% of tumors with DLBCL morphology are HGBL-DH/TH and all HGBL-DH/TH with BCL2 translocations (HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2) are of the GCB molecular subtype. To explore specific biology operating in HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2, we analyzed RNAseq data from 157 de novo GCB DLBCL tumors (25 being HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2) with the aim of defining gene expression signatures that distinguish such cases from other GCB-DLBCLs. We identified 104 genes that were most significantly differentially expressed between HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2 and other GCB-DLBCLs, defined as having a 95% confidence interval of the Importance Score that did not cross 0. A model constructed from the expression of these genes clustered 42 tumors into one group ("double-hit signature" positive - DHITsig pos), and 115 tumors into the DHITsig neg group. 22 tumors were HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2 within the DHITsig pos group compared with only 3 tumors in the DHITsig neg group. We next assessed the clinical impact of the DHITsig within a uniformly R-CHOP treated cohort of de novo GCB-DLBCL drawn from a population-based registry, which included the discovery cases. The DHITsig pos group had significantly inferior outcomes for time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) (P < 0.001 and P = 0.01, respectively) similar to ABC-DLBCL (Figs A, B). Notably, the non-HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2 cases sharing the DHITsig showed the same poor prognosis as the HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2 cases. A multivariate Cox model of TTP revealed that DHITsig remained prognostic, independent of IPI and MYC/BCL2 dual protein expression (HR = 3.1 [1.5 - 6.4], P = 0.002). We then applied this gene expression model to GCB-DLBCL in an independent dataset (n = 262 GCB-DLBCLs; Reddy et al,Cell 2017). Validating the prognostic significance, the DHITsig pos group had significantly inferior OS compared with other GCB-DLBCLs (P < 0.001) similar to ABC-DLBCL (Fig C). We then sought to determine whether differentially expressed genes, according to DHITsig, could inform on the biology of the DHITsig pos group. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) strongly suggested a germinal centre dark-zone (DZ) cell-of-origin for the DHITsig pos tumors with significant enrichment of DZ and light-zone (LZ) gene signatures (Victora et al, Blood 2012) in DHITsig pos and neg tumors, respectively (FDR = 0.002 and < 0.001). Furthermore, the DHITsig pos group had up-regulation of pathways related to mitochondrial metabolism and RNA synthesis (both FDR < 0.001). We separately identified mutations associated with DHITsig pos cases within GCB-DLBCL. In addition to the expected enrichment of MYC and BCL2 mutations, chromatin modifiers EZH2 and CREBBP, as well as RFX7 and DDX3X (mutated in Burkitt lymphoma), were more frequently mutated in DHITsig pos tumors. In contrast, mutations of TNFAIP3, MYD88 and IRF4, more typical of ABC-DLBCLs, were more prevalent in DHITsig neg tumors. To enable application to FFPE biopsies, the DLBCL90 NanoString assay was developed by translating the DHIT gene expression signature into a 30-gene module that was then added to the Lymph2Cx assay. The DLBCL90 assay was applied to 171 DLBCL tumors (including 156 from the discovery cohort), yielding 26% DHITsig pos, 64% DHITsig neg, and 10% unclassified, with a frank misclassification rate of 3% against the RNAseq comparator. The prognostic significance of the groups was maintained (Fig D). Importantly, the DHITsig neg group had a disease specific survival of 91% at 5 years. To validate the association between the DHITsig and HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2 tumors, the DLBCL90 assay was applied to 113 transformed follicular lymphoma tumors. Within the DHITsig pos group, 19/34 tumors were HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2 compared with 0/58 in the DHITsig neg group. In conclusion, we have identified a clinically and biologically distinct subgroup of GCB-DLBCL tumors that are defined by the HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2 gene signature. The translation to an assay applicable to FFPE allows exploration of its utility to guide patient management within the context of clinical trials. Figure. Figure. Disclosures Sehn: Merck: Consultancy, Honoraria; TG Therapeutics: Consultancy, Honoraria; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria; Abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria; Lundbeck: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Morphosys: Consultancy, Honoraria; Karyopharm: Consultancy, Honoraria; Roche/Genentech: Consultancy, Honoraria; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria. Steidl:Nanostring: Patents & Royalties: patent holding; Roche: Consultancy; Tioma: Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Research Funding; Juno Therapeutics: Consultancy. Connors:Cephalon: Research Funding; Amgen: Research Funding; F Hoffmann-La Roche: Research Funding; Roche Canada: Research Funding; Bristol Myers-Squibb: Research Funding; Janssen: Research Funding; Bayer Healthcare: Research Funding; Takeda: Research Funding; NanoString Technologies: Patents & Royalties: Named Inventor on a patent licensed to NanoString Technologies, Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Honoraria, Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; Lilly: Research Funding. Gascoyne:NanoString: Patents & Royalties: Named Inventor on a patent licensed to NanoString Technologies. Scott:Roche: Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; NanoString: Patents & Royalties: Named Inventor on a patent licensed to NanoString Technologies, Research Funding; Janssen: Research Funding.
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Filho, Luiz Stephany, Elda Fontinele Tahim, Vitória Maria Serafim, and Cynara Barros de Moraes. "From invention to Innovation—challenges and opportunities: a multiple case study of independent inventors in Brazil and Peru." RAI Revista de Administração e Inovação 14, no. 3 (July 2017): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rai.2017.05.002.
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Larson, Paul D., and Robert A. DeMarais. "Psychic Stock: An Independent Variable Category of Inventory." International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 20, no. 7 (July 1990): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000000370.
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Yan, Xinghao, and Hui Zhao. "Inventory sharing and coordination among n independent retailers." European Journal of Operational Research 243, no. 2 (June 2015): 576–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2014.12.033.
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Lin, Shih-Wei. "Inventory models with managerial policy independent of demand." European Journal of Operational Research 211, no. 3 (June 2011): 520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2011.01.013.
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Nicholas, Tom. "The Role of Independent Invention in U.S. Technological Development, 1880–1930." Journal of Economic History 70, no. 1 (March 2010): 57–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050710000057.
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Why did independent inventors account for over half of U.S. patents by 1930 and more than three times the number granted to R&D firms? Using new data on patents and historical patent citations, I show that independents supplied high-quality innovations to a geographically broad market for ideas. Those close to large urban centers developed some of the most significant technological advances. Demand for independent inventions remained high during the growth of the corporate economy as firms continued to acquire external innovations that complemented formal R&D. Despite their relative decline, independents remained central to the process of technological development.“The statement sometimes is made that ‘the day of the genius in the garret is done.’ Nothing could be further from the truth.”William A. Kinnan, First Assistant Patent Commissioner,New York Times, December 18th, 1927
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Makhitha, K. M. "Challenges impacting on small independent retailers performance in Soweto, Johannesburg in South Africa." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 13, no. 3 (September 23, 2016): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.13(3-1).2016.12.
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This study investigated the challenges independent retailers in Soweto, Johannesburg in South Africa face. The empirical research using a survey method was conducted among independent retailers selling different types of goods. Due to inaccessibility of a database on independent retailers in SA, a convenience sampling method was adopted for the study. Existing literature was used to design a questionnaire targeted at independent retailers to investigate the challenges that impact on their business performance. The findings of the study revealed that competition is the major challenge that independent retailers face which is supported by existing research findings. Other challenges included costs of buying the products, high inventory costs and high rental costs. Furthermore, this study found that marketing related challenges are major challenges compared to finance related challenges. Independent retailers need to market the businesses appropriately in order to survive and do better than their competitors. Keywords: independent retailess, costs, buying, selling, goods. JEL Classification: L81, F1
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Rachmawati, Windasari, and Vinsensia Retno Widi Wisayang. "ANALISIS PENGARUH ASSETS DAN MANAJEMEN INVENTORY TERHADAP MANAJEMEN LABA PADA PERUSAHAAN MAKANAN DAN MINUMAN YANG LISTING DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA 2010 - 2012." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis 19, no. 1 (January 11, 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/ekobis.19.1.99-110.
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This research aims to learn the effect of the values of the quick ratio, turnover asset, return on aset, and inventory turnover toward net profit before taxes in the food and beverage indusry in Jakarta Stock Exchange (Indonesia) in 2012 - 2013. The approach used is qualitative approach with multiple regression. Based on the analysis described previously, it can be concluded that from the independent variable of turnoverasset, retunt on assets and inventory turnover partially have positive and significant impact on Ebit of Profit. this proves the previous studies that management of assets and inventoy affect earning before tax (EBIT). From the analysis ATR, ROA, and ITO have effects on Ebit or Profit. Som the employers of company are advised to keep ATR, ROA and ITR to remain high in order to get higher profits. Keywords : assets, stocks, earnings before tax
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Syamsuddin, Muhammad, and Trisni Suryarini. "Analisis Pengaruh Intensitas Modal, Intensitas Persediaan, Komisaris Independen dan Kepemilikan Manajerial Terhadap ETR." Jurnal Penelitan Ekonomi dan Bisnis 5, no. 1 (March 24, 2020): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33633/jpeb.v5i1.2707.
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This study aims to analyze the effect of capital intensity, inventory intensity, independent board of commissioners and managerial ownership on the effective tax rate. The population in this study are manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2015-2017. The sample selection uses the purposive sampling method. The results of the sample selection obtained a final sample of 75 companies with an analysis unit of 225. The data analysis of this study used descriptive statistical analysis and Structural Analysis Modeling (SEM) with AMOS 22 software. The results showed that inventory intensity had a significant positive effect on ETR, while for intensity capital, independent board of commissioners and managerial ownership, have no significant effect on ETR. The conclusion of this study is that the size of ETR in manufacturing companies is influenced by inventory intensity. Whereas capital intensity, independent board of commissioners and managerial ownership in manufacturing companies cannot influence the size of the ETR value.Keywords: ETR; Capital Intensity; Managerial ownershiPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh intensitas modal, intensitas persediaan, dewan komisaris independen dan kepemilikan manajerial terhadap effective tax rate. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) pada tahun 2015-2017. Pemilihan sampel menggunakan metode puposive sampling. Hasil seleksi sampel diperoleh sampel akhir sebanyak 75 perusahaan dengan unit analisis sebanyak 225. Analisis data penelitian ini menggunakan analisis statistik deskriptif dan Structural Analysis Modelling (SEM) dengan software AMOS 22. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa intensitas persediaan berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap ETR, sedangkan untuk intensitas modal, dewan komisaris independen dan kepemilikan manajerial, tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ETR. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah besar kecilnya ETR dalam perusahaan manufaktur dipengaruhi oleh intensitas persediaan. Sedangkan intensitas modal, dewan komisaris independen dan kepemilikan manajerial dalam perusahaan manufaktur tidak dapat mempengaruhi besar kecilnya nilai ETR. Kata Kunci: ETR; Intensitas Modal; Kepemilikan Manajerial
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Maurer, Stephen M., and Suzanne Scotchmer. "The Independent Invention Defence in Intellectual Property." Economica 69, no. 276 (November 2002): 535–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0335.00299.
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Alpern, Stanley B. "Did They or Didn't They Invent It? Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa." History in Africa 32 (2005): 41–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2005.0003.
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Judging from a number of recent publications, the long-running debate over the origins of iron smelting in sub-Saharan Africa has been resolved… in favor of those advocating independent invention. For Gérard Quéchon, the French archeologist to whom we owe very early dates for iron metallurgy from the Termit Massif in Niger, “indisputably, in the present state of knowledge, the hypothesis of an autochthonous invention is convincing.” According to Eric Huysecom, a Belgian-born archeologist, “[o]ur present knowledge allows us … to envisage one or several independent centres of metal innovation in sub-Saharan Africa.”Hamady Bocoum, a Senegalese archeologist, asserts that “more and more numerous datings are pushing back the beginning of iron production in Africa to at least the middle of the second millennium BC, which would make it one of the world's oldest metallurgies.” He thinks that “in the present state of knowledge, the debate [over diffusion vs. independent invention] is closed for want of conclusive proof accrediting any of the proposed transmission channels [from the north].” The American archeologist Peter R. Schmidt tells us “the hypothesis for independent invention is currently the most viable among the multitude of diffusionist hypotheses.”Africanists other than archeologists are in agreement. For Basil Davidson, the foremost popularizer of African history, “African metallurgical skills [were] locally invented and locally developed.” The American linguist Christopher Ehret saysAfrica south of the Sahara, it now seems, was home to a separate and independent invention of iron metallurgy … To sum up the available evidence, iron technology across much of sub-Saharan Africa has an African origin dating to before 1000 BCE.
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Hintz, Eric S. "The Post-Heroic Generation: American Independent Inventors, 1900–1950." Enterprise & Society 12, no. 4 (December 2011): 732–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s146722270001065x.
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By World War I, the public (and later, many historians) had come to believe that teams of anonymous scientists in corporate research and development (R&D) laboratories had displaced “heroic” individual inventors like Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell as the wellspring of innovation. However, the first half of the twentieth century was actually a long transitional period when lesser known independents like Chester Carlson (Xerox copier), Earl Tupper (Tupperware), Samuel Ruben (Duracell batteries), and Edwin Land (Polaroid camera) continued to make notable contributions to the overall context of innovation. Accordingly, my dissertation considers the changing fortunes of American independent inventors from approximately 1900 to 1950, a period of expanding corporate R&D, the Great Depression, and two world wars. Contrary to most interpretations of this period, I argue that individual, “post-heroic” inventors remained an important, though less visible, source of inventions in the early twentieth century.
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Fleischmann, Moritz, and Roelof Kuik. "On optimal inventory control with independent stochastic item returns." European Journal of Operational Research 151, no. 1 (November 2003): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-2217(02)00592-1.
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Hintz, E. S. "The Post-Heroic Generation: American Independent Inventors, 1900-1950." Enterprise and Society 12, no. 4 (August 22, 2011): 732–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/khr039.
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Puranam, Kartikeya, David C. Novak, Marilyn T. Lucas, and Mark Fung. "Managing blood inventory with multiple independent sources of supply." European Journal of Operational Research 259, no. 2 (June 2017): 500–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.11.005.
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Farinha, Pedro, Daisuke Ennishi, Anja Mottok, Susana Ben-Neriah, Barbara Meissner, Merrill Boyle, Jeffrey W. Craig, et al. "TP53 Expression Correlates with TP53 Mutations and Is an Independent Predictor of Clinical Outcome in Patients with DLBCL Treated with R-CHOP." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 3964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-121943.
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Background: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a highly heterogeneous neoplasm with 40% of patients experiencing treatment failure following immuno-chemotherapy (R-CHOP). Both cell-of-origin (COO) and presence of concurrent MYC/BCL2 rearrangements (DHIT) are significantly associated with distinct inferior outcome. Recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS) studies have uncovered distinct genetic subtypes, including a sizable ABC/GCB-independent group characterized by more frequent TP53 abnormalities. The patterns of TP53 mutations and the prognostic significance in DLBCL have been previously reported. However, such information is rarely available at the time of diagnosis as diagnosis of DLBCL for most patients is based on morphology and phenotype, assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). To bridge the gap between genotype and phenotype, we examined the TP53 mutational status and TP53 protein over-expression (IHC) in a large population-based DLBCL cohort uniformly treated with R-CHOP (Ennishi et al. Blood 2017 129:2760-2770). Methods: We analyzed 347 newly diagnosed de novo DLBCL cases uniformly treated with R-CHOP in British Columbia. Comprehensive clinical annotation was available through the BC Cancer Lymphoid Cancer Database. Deep targeted re-sequencing of the coding exons of TP53 was performed using a Truseq Custom Amplicon assay (Illumina) on the Miseq platform. IHC staining for TP53 (DO7), TP21, COO (Hans) and break-apart FISH assays for MYC and BCL2 were performed on tissue microarrays (n=332). COO classification was also performed using the Lymph2Cx assay (NanoString) (n=324). Strong TP53 expression (TP53+) was defined as high intensity (3/3) expression in >50% of the malignant cells. Results: TP53 mutations (p53mut) were present in 72 cases (22.2%) with 84% being missense and 64% localized to the DNA binding-motifs. There were 54 TP53+ tumors by IHC (17%), of which 51 (94%) had p53mut, with a sensitivity of 70% for detection of p53mut. All but one TP53+ with p53mut (50/51 cases) had missense mutations. All TP53+ with missense p53mut (85% of all missense p53mut) showed strong nuclear expression, one recurrent nonsense p53mut showed combined cytoplasm/nuclear TP53+, while all splice site and frameshift variants were TP53+-negative. All TP53+ cases were negative for TP21; 30 (56%) cases were GCB (Hans) while 24 (44%) cases were non-GCB (Hans) and only 4 (16%) cases were DHIT. Both p53mut and TP53+ were associated with poor overall survival (OS) (p=0.004 and p=0.007, respectively) and disease-specific survival (DSS) (p=0.003 and p=0.001, respectively). In multivariate analysis with IPI, COO (Hans) and DHIT status, both p53mut and TP53+ were independent predictors of OS (HR=0.6, 95%CI=0.4-0.9, p=0.008 and HR=0.6, 95%CI=0.4-0.9, p=0.011, respectively) and DSS (HR=0.6, 95%CI=0.4-0.9, p=0.01 and HR=0.5, 95%CI=0.3-0.8, p=0.004, respectively). These results were consistent when the Lymph2Cx was used to assign COO (n = 324). Importantly, patients with TP53+ tumors showed significantly poorer outcome (OS and DSS) when compared with patients with tumors negative for TP53 stratified by both Hans COO subtypes (p=0.001 and p<0.001, respectively) and DHIT tumors (p=0.02 and p=0.003, respectively). Conclusion: TP53+ shows good correlation with the presence and type of TP53 mutations and can be readily performed in routine clinical practice. TP53+ is a strong predictor of clinical outcome in DLBCL patients treated with R-CHOP and independent of IPI, COO and DHIT. TP53+ can be easily performed in current diagnostic laboratories and complements known biomarkers to better stratify DLBCL patients and potentially improve their clinical management. Figure Disclosures Villa: Roche, Abbvie, Celgene, Seattle Genetics, Lundbeck, AstraZeneca, Nanostring, Janssen, Gilead: Consultancy, Honoraria. Savage:BMS, Merck, Novartis, Verastem, Abbvie, Servier, and Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria; Seattle Genetics, Inc.: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding. Sehn:Abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria; F. Hoffmann-La Roche/Genentech: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Morphosys: Consultancy, Honoraria; TEVA Pharmaceuticals Industries: Consultancy, Honoraria; Acerta: Consultancy, Honoraria; TG Therapeutics: Consultancy, Honoraria; Merck: Consultancy, Honoraria; TG Therapeutics: Consultancy, Honoraria; Lundbeck: Consultancy, Honoraria; Lundbeck: Consultancy, Honoraria; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria; F. Hoffmann-La Roche/Genentech: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Verastem: Consultancy, Honoraria; Apobiologix: Consultancy, Honoraria; Janssen-Ortho: Consultancy, Honoraria; Takeda: Consultancy, Honoraria; Acerta: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; Morphosys: Consultancy, Honoraria; TEVA Pharmaceuticals Industries: Consultancy, Honoraria; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Karyopharm: Consultancy, Honoraria; Janssen-Ortho: Honoraria; Merck: Consultancy, Honoraria; Astra Zeneca: Consultancy, Honoraria; Gilead: Consultancy, Honoraria; Kite Pharma: Consultancy, Honoraria; Kite Pharma: Consultancy, Honoraria; Astra Zeneca: Consultancy, Honoraria; Abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria. Steidl:Nanostring: Patents & Royalties: Filed patent on behalf of BC Cancer; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Research Funding; Roche: Consultancy; Bayer: Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy; Juno Therapeutics: Consultancy; Tioma: Research Funding. Scott:Roche/Genentech: Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy, Research Funding; NanoString: Patents & Royalties: Named inventor on a patent licensed to NanoSting [Institution], Research Funding.
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Eide, Christopher A., Daniel Bottomly, Samantha L. Savage, Libbey White, Beth Wilmot, Anna M. Reister Schultz, Kimberly A. Uchida, et al. "Characterization of the Genomic Landscape of BCR-ABL1 Kinase-Independent Mechanisms of Resistance to ABL1 Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.1119.1119.
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Abstract Despite the well-established success of ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in the treatment of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), approximately 20% of patients treated with frontline imatinib develop resistance by 5 years on therapy. The majority (~60%) of such resistant cases are explained by acquired mutations within the BCR-ABL1 kinase domain that compromise inhibitor binding, and nearly all of these mutations are effectively targeted by one or more of the 2nd and 3rd generation ABL1 kinase inhibitors. In contrast, the remaining ~40% of imatinib-resistant cases harbor no explanatory BCR-ABL1 kinase domain mutation, presumably attributable to BCR-ABL1 kinase-independent mechanisms. We hypothesized that resistance in these patients results from acquired auxiliary molecular aberrations which persistently activate signaling pathways downstream despite inhibition of BCR-ABL1 kinase activity. To identify such mechanisms, we performed whole exome sequencing and RNA sequencing on a cohort of 135 CML patients comprising the following subgroups: newly diagnosed/TKI naïve (n=28), BCR-ABL1 kinase-dependent resistance (n=31), and BCR-ABL1 kinase-independent resistance (n=65), and TKI-induced remission (n=7). Resistant patients were required to have demonstrated clinical resistance to one or more ABL1 kinase inhibitors in the form of suboptimal response or loss of cytogenetic response; the subtype of resistance was defined based on the presence or not of an explanatory BCR-ABL1 kinase domain mutation at the time of resistance. The majority of samples collected were from patients with chronic phase CML (n=97), although smaller cohorts of accelerated phase CML, blast crisis CML, and Ph+ ALL were also profiled (n=20, 19, and 9, respectively). Among the 44,413 protein-altering and 902 splice site variants detected across the 120 WES samples, there were on average 908 missense, 146 truncation and 69 splice variants per sample. Genes with truncation and missense variants were compared between BCR-ABL1 kinase-independent and -dependent resistant chronic phase samples. A total of 44 genes were seen with a frequency difference of at least 10%, including PLEKHG5 and NKD2 (30% and 28% difference, respectively), which are involved in regulation of NF-kB and Wnt signaling. Consistent with previous reports, we also detected EZH2 and TET2 as exclusively mutated in the BCR-ABL1 kinase-independent resistance patients (6% and 3%, respectively). Further analyses stratifying variants among resistant patients according to specific ABL1 kinase inhibitor therapy failed and comparing, where available, serial samples from pre- and post-treatment for clonal expansion are underway. Additionally, sufficient material was available to perform ex vivo small-molecule inhibitor screening for 48 patient specimens, the resultant data of which was used to generate putative effective drug target profiles and integrated with exome sequencing variants to prioritize variants of functional relevance (HitWalker; Bottomly et al., Bioinformatics 2013). Among 23 patient samples exhibiting BCR-ABL1 kinase-independent resistance, the mutated genes most frequently ranked in the top 10 functional-prioritized variants were: ABL1 (which included non-kinase domain variants; 34.7%), MAP3K1, MUC4, FGF20 (each 17.4%), ARHGEF15, MEF2A, EPHA8, TYRO3, BMP2K, and IRS1 (each 13.0%). Notably, the top six candidates are members of the neutrophin (ABL1, MAP3K1, and IRS1), EPHA forward (EPHA8, ARHGEF15), and p38 MAPK signaling pathways (MAP3K1 and MEF2A). Taken together, these findings suggest that several of the same pathogenic molecular abnormalities seen in other myeloid malignancies are also present in CML patients with BCR-ABL1 kinase-independent resistance, including a subset which align to persistent re-activation of signaling pathways involved in CML disease pathogenesis and progression. As such, genetic and/or functional profiling of these patients in the clinic may translate to actionable candidates for combination therapy to maximize disease control and improve patient outcomes. Disclosures Agarwal: CTI BioPharma Corp: Research Funding. Radich:Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding; BMS: Consultancy; Ariad: Consultancy. Deininger:Novartis: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; BMS: Consultancy, Research Funding; Incyte: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Gilead: Research Funding; CTI BioPharma Corp.: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Research Funding; Bristol Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Ariad: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Druker:Pfizer: Patents & Royalties; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute: Patents & Royalties: Millipore royalties via Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Curis: Patents & Royalties; Array: Patents & Royalties; CTI: Consultancy, Equity Ownership; Pfizer: Patents & Royalties; Curis: Patents & Royalties; Array: Patents & Royalties; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute: Patents & Royalties: Millipore royalties via Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Oncotide Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; BMS: Research Funding; ARIAD: Patents & Royalties: inventor royalties paid by Oregon Health & Science University for licenses, Research Funding; Roche: Consultancy; Gilead Sciences: Consultancy, Other: travel, accommodations, expenses; D3 Oncology Solutions: Consultancy; AstraZeneca: Consultancy; Ambit BioSciences: Consultancy; Agios: Honoraria; MolecularMD: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties; Lorus: Consultancy, Equity Ownership; Cylene: Consultancy, Equity Ownership.
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Randall, Tom M. "Paranormal Short Inventory." Perceptual and Motor Skills 84, no. 3_suppl (June 1997): 1265–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.84.3c.1265.
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A short, 13–item supernatural belief scale was created from an established longer version. The new scale showed good reliability. Validation was provided with a correlation of .86 with an independent scale of supernatural belief. Women scored significantly higher than men.
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Vermorken, J. B., J. Stöhlmacher, I. Davidenko, E. Winquist, L. Licitra, V. R. Pai, K. Skladowski, C. R. Blajman, S. Faivre, and J. Gansert. "An analysis of safety in patients (pts) with recurrent and/or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (R/M SCCHN) receiving chemotherapy (CT) with or without panitumumab (pmab) in a phase III clinical trial (SPECTRUM)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): 6050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.6050.
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6050^ Background: The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an important target for treatment of patients with SCCHN. Pmab is a fully human monoclonal antibody against EGFR. This study is planned to assess the safety and efficacy of pmab in combination with a standard platinum-based CT regimen for patients with R/M disease. Methods: This ongoing, global, phase III, open-label, randomized (1:1) study is enrolling pts with R/M SCCHN. Pts receive cisplatin 100 mg/m2 IV on day 1 plus 5-FU (1,000 mg/m2) continuous IV daily on days 1–4 ± pmab (9 mg/kg on day 1) every 21 days for up to 6 cycles. Changes to carboplatin (AUC 5) are allowed for specific cisplatin-related toxicities. Pts in the pmab arm without disease progression after 6 cycles may remain on pmab monotherapy until disease progression or intolerability. The primary endpoint is overall survival. Secondary endpoints include progression-free survival, response rate, duration of response, and safety. This study includes multiple planned safety interim analyses conducted by an independent Data Monitoring Committee (DMC). The latest analysis included the first 300 of approximately 650 planned patients. Results: Of 300 pts enrolled, 88% are male; median age is 59 years (range 31–82); ECOG PS 0: 32%, PS 1: 68%. Of the 300 patients, 99% received any study treatment and 76% had ended all CT. Median follow-up time is 13.9 weeks. The rate of any grade 5 treatment-related AE was 3.4%. Adverse events of interest are shown in the Table. Conclusions: After the interim safety analysis of the first 300 pts conducted by the independent DMC, SPECTRUM continues per protocol. Enrollment is estimated to be completed in Feb 2009. [Table: see text] [Table: see text] ASCO Conflict of Interest Policy and Exceptions In compliance with the guidelines established by the ASCO Conflict of Interest Policy (J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jan 20;24[3]:519–521) and the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), ASCO strives to promote balance, independence, objectivity, and scientific rigor through disclosure of financial and other interests, and identification and management of potential conflicts. According to the ASCO Conflict of Interest Policy, the following financial and other relationships must be disclosed: employment or leadership position, consultant or advisory role, stock ownership, honoraria, research funding, expert testimony, and other remuneration (J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jan 20;24[3]:520). The ASCO Conflict of Interest Policy disclosure requirements apply to all authors who submit abstracts to the Annual Meeting. For clinical trials that began accrual on or after April 29, 2004, ASCO's Policy places some restrictions on the financial relationships of principal investigators (J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jan 20;24[3]:521). If a principal investigator holds any restricted relationships, his or her abstract will be ineligible for placement in the 2009 Annual Meeting unless the ASCO Ethics Committee grants an exception. Among the circumstances that might justify an exception are that the principal investigator (1) is a widely acknowledged expert in a particular therapeutic area; (2) is the inventor of a unique technology or treatment being evaluated in the clinical trial; or (3) is involved in international clinical oncology research and has acted consistently with recognized international standards of ethics in the conduct of clinical research. NIH-sponsored trials are exempt from the Policy restrictions. Abstracts for which authors requested and have been granted an exception in accordance with ASCO's Policy are designated with a caret symbol (^) in the Annual Meeting Proceedings. For more information about the ASCO Conflict of Interest Policy and the exceptions process, please visit www.asco.org/conflictofinterest .
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Dong, Hailing, and Guochao Jiang. "Limit Distribution of Inventory Level of Perishable Inventory Model." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/329531.
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This paper studies a perishable inventory model, which assumes that each perishable item has finite lifetime, and only one item is consumed each time. The lifetimes of perishable items are independent random variables with the general distribution and so are the consumption internal. Under this assumption, by using backward equations and limit distribution of Markov skeleton processes, this paper obtains the existence conditions and the explicit expression of the limit distribution of the inventory level of perishable inventory model.
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Jimenez, Mona. "Community Archiving Independent Media." KULA: Knowledge Creation, Dissemination, and Preservation Studies 2 (November 29, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/kula.31.
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Collections of independent, non-commercial works often represent voices and speak to topics not seen in mainstream media, and they are still often cared for outside of major collecting institutions. Since 2011, activist audiovisual archivists have organized Community Archiving Workshops (CAWs) in the US and beyond to help caretakers of endangered media and film collections jump-start preservation efforts. In the spirit of ‘each one, teach one,’ experienced archivists share skills with other volunteers to inspect and inventory a collection, thus giving caretakers the data they need to select priority works for preservation. CAW organizers are committed to training more people to carry out CAWs in their own communities; a grant-funded project will pilot this approach in partnership with cultural heritage organizations in three regional hubs (Nashville, TN; Madison, WI; and Oakland, CA) beginning in 2018.
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Maxson, Julia Elizabeth, Abel L. Melissa, Jinhua Wang, Xianming Deng, Samuel B. Luty, Huahang Sun, Julie Gorenstein, et al. "Development and Repurposing of Small-Molecule Kinase Inhibitors to Target Novel Leukemogenic TNK2 Mutations." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.435.435.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: A tremendous amount of information now exists detailing the genetic alterations present in leukemia cells. However, our understanding of the functional significance of many of these genetic events remains incomplete. One major challenge involves the identification of pharmacologically targetable mutations for the design and implementation of targeted therapy strategies. To this end, we are using an algorithm called HitWalker (Bottomly, et al. 2013), which can prioritize gene mutations based on functional data, thus revealing the pharmacologic vulnerabilities of leukemia cells from individual patients. This analysis revealed oncogenic mutations in the tyrosine kinase, TNK2 (aka ACK1), which can be targeted with existing small-molecule inhibitors. METHODS: Kinase inhibitor screens were run on primary patient samples, and the operationally important kinases underlying drug sensitivity patterns were predicted based on an algorithm that harnesses the known efficacy of each drug against the kinome (algorithm described in Tyner, et al. 2013). The results of the drug screens were integrated with high throughput sequencing data using the HitWalker algorithm such that mutated genes were ranked according to closest associations with kinases implicated by the functional screening data. Oncogenicity of TNK2 mutations was tested by Ba/F3 cytokine independent growth assays. To develop TNK2 inhibitors, we searched our in-house database for inhibitors that exhibited potent and selective binding to TNK2. The kinase selectivity of the compounds was evaluated by screening against a diverse panel of 241 kinases using a chemical proteomic approach, KiNativ. RESULTS: The integrated functional genomic analysis revealed TNK2 mutations in AML and CMML leukemia samples, which ranked highly as potential therapeutic targets. The TNK2 point mutations exhibited transformative capacity, and transformed cells exhibited sensitivity to the multi-kinase inhibitor dasatinib, which antagonizes TNK2 kinase activity. In addition, we observed sensitivity to novel TNK2 inhibitors, XMD8-87 and XMD16-5, which possess greater specificity for TNK2. XMD8-87 in particular demonstrated a high degree of selectivity for TNK2, and is more potent than the previously reported TNK2 inhibitor, AIM-100. CONCLUSION: Here we prioritized TNK2 mutations as important functional targets using the HitWalker algorithm. This highlights the utility of integrating functional and genomic data to identify actionable genetic lesions. Given the large number of mutations present in a wide variety of tumors, the ability to prioritize genetic lesions greatly reduces the time and resources necessary to validate candidate mutations. Furthermore, this study highlights the utility of drug screening data for understanding the underlying vulnerabilities of leukemia cells and their accompanying gene mutations. In addition, we newly describe two kinase inhibitors that exhibit greater selectivity for TNK2 compared with dasatinib. These compounds represent exciting new lead candidates for further development of clinically applicable, selective TNK2 inhibitors. Disclosures Druker: Bristol-Myers Squibb: Clinical trial funding: PI and co-investigator on BMS clinical trials. OHSU has contracts with BMS to pay for patient costs, nurse and data manager salaries, and institutional overhead. I do not derive salary, or lab funds from these contracts. Clinical trial funding: PI and co-investigator on BMS clinical trials. OHSU has contracts with BMS to pay for patient costs, nurse and data manager salaries, and institutional overhead. I do not derive salary, or lab funds from these contracts. Other; ARIAD: Clinical trial funding: PI and co-investigator on ARIAD clinical trials. OHSU has contracts with ARIAD to pay for patient costs, nurse and data manager salaries, and institutional overhead. I do not derive salary, or lab funds from these contracts. Other; Novartis: Clinical trial funding: PI and co-investigator on Novartis clinical trials. OHSU has contracts with Novartis to pay for patient costs, nurse and data manager salaries, and institutional overhead. I do not derive salary, or lab funds from these contracts. Clinical trial funding: PI and co-investigator on Novartis clinical trials. OHSU has contracts with Novartis to pay for patient costs, nurse and data manager salaries, and institutional overhead. I do not derive salary, or lab funds from these contracts. Other, Dr. Druker is the inventor of a technology that is licensed to Novartis. This financial conflict of interest has been reviewed and managed by OHSU. Patents & Royalties; MolecularMD: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Scientific Founder, Scientific Founder. Some clinical trials on which I participate as PI or co-investigator utilize MolecularMD for molecular testing. This potential individual and institutional conflict of interest has been reviewed and managed by OHSU. Other; Lorus Therapeutics: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Stock options Other; Gilead Sciences: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; D3: Consultancy; Cylene Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Equity Ownership; Blueprint Medicines: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Scientific Founder, Scientific Founder Other; CTI Biopharma: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Astrazeneca: Consultancy; Millipore: Dr. Druker is the inventor of a technology that is licensed to Millipore. This financial conflict of interest has been reviewed and managed by OHSU Patents & Royalties; Misc other pharmaceutical companies: Dr. Druker is an inventor on OHSU patent #843, licensed to many companies including but not limited to ARIAD; Array BioPharma; Curis; MolecularMD; Pfizer; Piramal Health Care; Praecis; SGX; The Translational Genomics Research Institute; and Vertex. Patents & Royalties. Tyner:Incyte: Research Funding.
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Mungan, Murat C. "Economics of the Independent Invention Defense under Incomplete Information." Supreme Court Economic Review 20, no. 1 (January 2012): 183–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/668519.
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Murray, John M. "Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Independent School Teacher Development Inventory." Journal of Experimental Education 80, no. 3 (January 2012): 219–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2012.672346.
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Åstebro, Thomas. "Basic Statistics on the Success Rate and Profits for Independent Inventors." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 23, no. 2 (December 1998): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104225879802300203.
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