Academic literature on the topic 'Independent experts'
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Journal articles on the topic "Independent experts"
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Niederberger, Aurel. "Independent experts with political mandates: ‘Role distance’ in the production of political knowledge." European Journal of International Security 5, no. 3 (February 7, 2020): 350–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eis.2019.31.
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AbstractSome experts take on political mandates and simultaneously base their authority on a claim to independence: this balancing act enables international organisations (IOs) to incorporate ‘independent’ experts and generate ‘objective’ knowledge around their policies. However, how do these experts reconcile the contradictory roles of a mandated expert and an independent expert? I address this question by taking recourse to Goffman's sociology and two related concepts: sociological ambivalence refers to situations in which a person faces conflicting expectations. This conflict can be remedied through role distance, that is, behaviour that signals a degree of disaffection from the role one is currently performing while one simultaneously continues to perform that role. I conduct a case study of ‘independent’ experts hired by the UN Security Council to monitor sanctions, analysing how their position is sociologically ambivalent and how their knowledge practices are interlaced with performances of role distance. The findings have two implications for macro-phenomena: first, by keeping their contradictory role constellation functional, experts make it possible for IOs to mobilise ‘independent expertise’. Second, because experts perform role distance through the way they produce knowledge, role distance leaves traces in political knowledge.
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Brown, Stephen K., Manoj Shivlani, David Die, David B. Sampson, and Tina A. Ting. "The Center for Independent Experts." Fisheries 31, no. 12 (December 2006): 590–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(2006)31[590:tcfie]2.0.co;2.
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Carraro, Valentina. "Electing the experts: Expertise and independence in the UN human rights treaty bodies." European Journal of International Relations 25, no. 3 (January 4, 2019): 826–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066118819138.
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Independent experts are employed in international organizations to carry out a variety of functions, including conducting independent evaluations of state performance in a given policy area. In the field of human rights, a well-known example of the use of independent expertise in public organizations is that of the United Nations treaty bodies, committees of independent experts in charge of monitoring state compliance with the major United Nations human rights treaties. Considering the sensitive tasks that these experts perform, and the fact that they are elected by states, the question of whether they actually possess the required levels of independence and expertise to fulfil their role arises. This article proposes and applies a framework to study the formal and informal processes leading to the appointment of expert committees in international bodies, and to assess their level of expertise and independence. Data were collected by means of an original survey and 40 semi-structured interviews. The article shows that the overall level of independent expertise possessed by committees is surprisingly high when considering the highly political electoral process. Therefore, it argues that to study the expertise and independence of expert committees, one should conceive of them as groups that might be able to maintain a certain independence from the states that have elected them.
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Carter, M. "The not so independent tobacco experts." BMJ 348, apr25 5 (April 25, 2014): g2908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g2908.
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Lequesne, Christian, and Philippe Rivaud. "The Committees of Independent Experts: expertise in the service of democracy?" Journal of European Public Policy 10, no. 5 (January 2003): 695–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1350176032000124041.
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Mazzola, Paul, Dionigi Gerace, and Adam Reich. "Quality of Independent Expert Reports Used in Australian Takeovers." Australasian Business, Accounting & Finance Journal 14, no. 4 (2020): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v14i4.5.
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In this article, the authors investigate whether there has been an improvement in the quality of independent expert reports following ASIC's revisions to RG111 and RG112. These revisions include additional disclosures on the valuation methodologies used and explanation if the valuation was materially different from the company's recent trading price. It was expected that these revisions have led to an improvement in report quality where quality is determined by the accuracy of the expert's valuation. Results show that after the 2011 revisions, valuations became more accurate based on updated measures of report quality. However, experts with higher fees did not provide higher quality reports on average. The findings indicate that the independence provisions within the new rules were effective. Furthermore, they warn commissioning firms that higher fees are not necessarily indicative of higher quality reports.
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Jacobs, Robert A. "Methods For Combining Experts' Probability Assessments." Neural Computation 7, no. 5 (September 1995): 867–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1995.7.5.867.
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This article reviews statistical techniques for combining multiple probability distributions. The framework is that of a decision maker who consults several experts regarding some events. The experts express their opinions in the form of probability distributions. The decision maker must aggregate the experts' distributions into a single distribution that can be used for decision making. Two classes of aggregation methods are reviewed. When using a supra Bayesian procedure, the decision maker treats the expert opinions as data that may be combined with its own prior distribution via Bayes' rule. When using a linear opinion pool, the decision maker forms a linear combination of the expert opinions. The major feature that makes the aggregation of expert opinions difficult is the high correlation or dependence that typically occurs among these opinions. A theme of this paper is the need for training procedures that result in experts with relatively independent opinions or for aggregation methods that implicitly or explicitly model the dependence among the experts. Analyses are presented that show that m dependent experts are worth the same as k independent experts where k ≤ m. In some cases, an exact value for k can be given; in other cases, lower and upper bounds can be placed on k.
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Shunevych, K. "FORENSIC EXAMINATION IN LATVIA’S CRIMINAL PROCESS." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 65 (May 18, 2020): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2020.65.16.
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The article provides a theoretical analysis of the organization of the forensic examination in Latvia. In particular, the author investigates the organizational aspects of the forensic examination: legislative regulation of the status of the entity authorized to conduct the forensic examination; the possibility to conduct the forensic examination in criminal proceedings by private experts; peculiarities of taking up a position (obtaining a license to practice) and terminating a forensic expert etc. It is determined that according to the legislation of Latvia the right to carry out expert activity in the Republic of Latvia belongs to both state and private experts: state experts are people who carry out their activity in the state expert institutions. Private experts are involved in carrying out expertise by concluding civil contracts as self-employed people or as the forensic experts who are members of professional non-governmental associations. There are five state expert institutions in Latvia: the State Bureau of Judicial Expertise (accredited in 2008), the Forensic Directorate of the State Police (accredited in 2006), the State Medical Examination Center (accredited in 2013), the Examination Service under the General Directorate of the State border guards and the State Riga Psychiatric and Drug Center LLC. Since 1996, the Association of Independent Experts of Latvia has been operating in Latvia, comprising private court experts. All experts who may be involved in criminal proceedings must be certified. Certified expert information is placed in the Official Register of Forensic Experts. The Council of Forensic Experts is the compiler of the Register. The Register of Forensic Experts and any changes thereto shall be published on the website of the Judicial Administrations. In addition to the Register of Forensic Experts, there is a Register of Methods of Forensic Examination, which is also compiled by the Council of Forensic Experts. It should be noted that in Latvia a unified standard and qualification requirements have been developed for persons wishing to carry out forensic activities, which are enshrined in the legislation of Latvia and a procedure has been developed for certification of experts, as well as certification of expert research methodologies. At the same time, certain problems arise in practice (for example, the subjectively greater trust of the court in the expert’s conclusions provided by the state expert organization), requiring an urgent solution for the effective functioning of the system of forensic expert activity in Latvia.
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Basili, Marcello, and Luca Pratelli. "Aggregation of not independent experts’ opinions under ambiguity." Structural Safety 52 (January 2015): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2014.04.001.
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Ebrahimpour, Reza, Ehsanollah Kabir, Hossein Esteky, and Mohammad Reza Yousefi. "View-independent face recognition with Mixture of Experts." Neurocomputing 71, no. 4-6 (January 2008): 1103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2007.08.021.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Independent experts"
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Bugeja, Martin. "Independent Expert Reports and Takeovers." University of Sydney. School of Business, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/648.
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Target firms in Australian takeovers are required to obtain an independent assessment of the offer price in situations where the Corporations Law considers the bidder has a superior bargaining position. The intention of this requirement is to protect target shareholders from being offered a lower takeover premium. The only empirical study of expert reports, Eddey (1993), is consistent with expert reports achieving their purpose, as the results indicate no difference in target firm premiums in offers with and without an expert report. Eddey also reports that a revision in offer price is more likely where an expert indicates the bid is �not fair and reasonable.� Using all takeovers from 1990 to 2000, this thesis aims to re-examine and substantially extend the findings in Eddey. As the sample includes all bids, irrespective of the form of payment consideration, the thesis will assess whether the results in Eddey can be extrapolated from cash-based bids to all takeover bids. In addition, the analysis will extend Eddey�s results by investigating whether expert reports result in a higher probability of a revision in offer price relative to takeovers without an expert report. This study also investigates the impact of the expert report on bidder announcement abnormal returns and examines the returns to both bidders and targets when the expert report is released. This will add to the limited current knowledge on the impact of expert reports on the capital market. This thesis also tests the validity of public criticisms of expert independence. Firstly, experts have been publicly criticised on the basis that they are not independent from the target firm. It has been suggested that such experts will be more likely to provide an opinion that agrees with the recommendation of target directors. Secondly, it has been alleged that experts who are also the target auditor provide their reports at a lower fee by cross-subsidising the reports� preparation from other fees received from the client. The concern with this practice is that these reports may be of lower quality. This criticism is tested by developing an expert fee model. This fee model is then used to assess whether, similar to evidence in the auditing field, �quality� experts earn a fee premium. The results indicate that the need for an expert report does not affect bidder abnormal returns at either the announcement of the takeover or release of the expert report. On the other hand, target shareholders earn significantly lower abnormal returns at the announcement of a bid where an expert report is required. This result is inconsistent with Eddey (1993) and raises doubt over whether experts prevent bidders from using their superior bargaining position to offer target shareholders a lower premium. Consistent with Eddey, the probability of an alteration in offer price is greater where an adverse expert opinion is given. The results also show that the presence of an expert increases the likelihood of a bid revision relative to takeovers in general. Target abnormal returns on the release of an expert report are positive and significant, irrespective of the type of expert opinion. This result however, is sensitive to any association between the author of the report and the target. In the case that an expert discloses any prior or current business dealings with the target, abnormal returns are insignificant. The conclusion from this finding is that the market perceives expert reports prepared by an associate of the target as lacking credibility. In light of this lack of information content it is recommended corporate regulators review those experts permitted to prepare reports. Contrary to the published criticisms, experts who have business dealings with the target are just as likely as other experts to provide an opinion that agrees with the recommendation of directors. The tests of a fee reduction by experts associated to the target indicate significant lower fees where the expert is the target auditor. Further analysis shows this result is only significant where the auditor is also a non-Big 6/5 firm. These auditors are also found to provide reports that are significantly shorter than other experts, suggesting the cut in fee is achieved by reducing the amount of effort. The results also find that the top two experts, Grant Samuels and Associates and Price Waterhouse Coopers, earn a fee premium over other experts. The finding of a fee premium for a large accounting firm indicates that such firms may receive a premium for both auditing and non-audit services.
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Chronister, Julie Anne. "A domain-independent framework for structuring knowledge in the OFMspert architecture." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25752.
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Lyon, Bruce. "Teraphim : a domain-independent framework for constructing blackboard-based expert systems in Prolog /." Online version of thesis, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/8858.
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Wang, Sumingyue. "Three essays on empirical corporate finance." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, Ecole supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ESEC0001.
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Cette thèse de doctorat comprend trois essais portant sur plusieurs sujets dans le domaine de la finance d'entreprise empirique. L'essai 1 étudie l'avantage informationnel des administrateurs indépendants ayant une expertise de l'industrie par rapport aux administrateurs indépendants sans cette expertise. Pour le faire, je regarde les bénéfices des transactions dites « d'initiés » réalisés par des administrateurs indépendants. Je trouve que les administrateurs indépendants possédant une expertise sectorielle obtiennent des bénéfices significativement plus élevés que les administrateurs indépendants sans ladite expertise. De plus, une augmentation de la proportion d'administrateurs indépendants possédant une expertise sectorielle pertinente au sein du conseil est associée à une meilleure performance de l'alliance, à une plus grande probabilité d'accomplissement des opérations de fusions et acquisitions et à une sensibilité moindre des investissements faites par l’entreprise aux prix de marché. Les résultats dans son ensemble suggèrent que les administrateurs experts de l'industrie ont une connaissance supérieure de l'entreprise et pourraient améliorer l'efficacité du conseil d’administration dans l'exercice de ses fonctions de surveillance et de conseil. L'essai 2 étudie l'effet préjudiciable de l'activité de vente à découvert sur les relations entre clients et fournisseurs. Nous montrons que le montant de ventes à découvert des actions d'un fournisseur est positivement associé à une probabilité plus élevée qu'un client important du fournisseur mette fin à la relation commerciale entre les deux. Une telle interruption peut être partiellement prévenue par la présence de détenteurs de « blocs » d’actions dans l'entreprise du fournisseur, particulièrement si ces détenteurs ont une orientation à long terme. Nos résultats sont conformes à l'hypothèse selon laquelle les vendeurs à découvert peuvent perturber les relations d'une entreprise avec des contreparties commerciales grâce à l'effet dit de « rétroaction », c’est-à-dire, le fait que les prix de marché affectent les décisions de l’entreprise. Par contre la présence de détenteurs de « blocs » constitue un mécanisme efficace pour contrer cette perturbation. L'essai 3 examine les raisons possibles du taux croissant d'annonces d'offres d’acquisition « groupées », dans lequel le management de l’acquéreur annonce une acquisition imminente le jour même où l’acquéreur déclare ses résultats trimestriels au marché. Cette pratique semble étrange étant donné que les offres groupées présentent des rendements d'annonce des acquéreurs nettement inférieurs, quel que soit le statut de la cible. Nos résultats pointent vers l'hypothèse de « révélation stratégique d’information » comme la raison la plus probable pour laquelle les entreprises choisissent de regrouper les annonces d'acquisition et les annonces de bénéfices. Ces acquéreurs, confrontés à des faibles bénéfices, dirigés par des PDG récemment nommés, et dans une situation où les analystes les contestent et où l'incertitude est grande, utilisent les annonces groupées comme un outil pour influencer la réception du marché sur leur performanceThis doctoral thesis includes three essays investigating several topics in the area of empirical corporate finance. Essay 1 studies the informational advantage of independent directors with industry expertise over independent directors without such expertise. To do so, I look at insider trading returns earned by independent directors. I find that independent directors with industry expertise earn significantly higher insider trading returns than do independent directors without such expertise. Moreover, an increase in the proportion of independent directors with relevant industry expertise on the board is associated with better alliance performance, a higher probability of M&A deal completion, and a lower investment-to-price sensitivity. Overall, the results suggest that industry expert directors have superior knowledge about the firm and could enhance board effectiveness in performing both monitoring and advisory roles. Essay 2 studies the detrimental effect of short selling activity on product market relationships. We show that higher supplier’s short interest is associated with a higher likelihood that a major client of the supplier terminates an existing relationship. Such interruption can be partially prevented by the presence of long-term blockholders in the supplier firm. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that short sellers can disrupt a firm’s relationships with business counterparties through the feedback effect, but informed block ownership serves as an effective mechanism to counteract this disruption. Essay 3 investigates possible explanations for the increasing rate of “bundled” bid announcements, in which managers of the bidder announce an impending acquisition on the same day that the bidder reports its quarterly earnings to the market. This practice seems puzzling given that bundled bids exhibit significantly lower bidder announcement returns regardless of the target status. Our results point towards the strategic disclosure hypothesis as the most likely reason why firms choose to bundle acquisition and earnings announcements. Confronted with low earnings news, led by recently-nominated CEOs, in a situation in which they are challenged by analysts and uncertainty is high, bidders use bundled announcements as a tool to influence the market’s reception to the earnings
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Abuzour, Aseel. "An investigation into the learning and clinical reasoning processes of independent prescribers." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-investigation-into-the-learning-and-clinical-reasoning-processes-of-independent-prescribers(251d6258-6f7c-4674-8e1d-57ff4da4c803).html.
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The prescribing rights of non-medical healthcare professionals in the United Kingdom (UK) are some of the most extensive in western medical practice. Nurses, pharmacists, physiotherapists, optometrists, chiropodists, podiatrists, therapeutic and diagnostic radiographers and dieticians, with appropriate training have the authority to prescribe. They are often referred to as non-medical prescribers (NMPs). These non-medical healthcare professionals should have a specified number of years of post-registration experience in order to undertake specific training in prescribing. There has been a limited amount of research exploring how non-medical healthcare professionals acquire their expertise during the prescribing programme. In addition, there is a gap in the literature on how NMPs apply their acquired expertise during the process of making clinical prescribing decisions. A programme of research was conducted to explore the learning processes and decision-making skills of pharmacist and nurse independent prescribers working in secondary care. The research used current literature on pharmacist and nurse independent prescribing by conducting a systematic review to assess how their expertise development is reported in the literature. In addition, the learning experiences of secondary care pharmacists and nurses undertaking the independent prescribing programme was explored by employing a novel audio-diary technique followed by semi-structured interviews on 7 nurses and 6 pharmacists. Students were mainly recruited via their non-medical prescribing programme leaders at a number of accredited universities across the UK. There was little opportunity in this study to explore the clinical reasoning processes of students as they were learning to prescribe. Therefore, the final study aimed to explore how secondary care pharmacist and nurse independent prescribers make clinical prescribing decisions. A total of 21 independent prescribers working in secondary care took part in this study, mainly recruited via their non-medical prescribing lead and social media. This study employed a think-aloud protocol method using validated clinical vignettes followed by semi-structured interviews. Students and NMPs occupied a wide range of roles. Ethical approval from the University of Manchester Research Ethics Committee (UREC) and governance approvals from a number of National Health Service (NHS) hospitals were obtained before conducting the research. NMPs were influenced by a number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors during the process of learning to prescribe and when making prescribing decisions. Students also experienced an affective phase of transition in which students became highly metacognitive as they began to form their identities as prescribers and reflect on their confidence and competence. There were notable differences between how pharmacists and nurses learned to prescribe, which were also seen during the process of clinical decision-making as independent prescribers. Despite this, pharmacists and nurses revealed a similar pattern in their decision-making processes as prescribers. Findings from this programme of research provide further insight into the specific training and support requirements of these healthcare professionals. Additional research with NMPs would be beneficial to contribute to the currently limited understanding of the learning and clinical reasoning processes of NMPs.
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Humphreys, Stephen John. "The work of Phase I ethics committees : expert and lay membership." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/10314.
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Previous research has noted that members of research ethics committees are unclear about the extent of their roles. In this study, research amongst members of independent ethics committees (IECs) about how the ‘expert’ and ‘lay’ roles are understood and operationalized offers an explanation for this lack of clarity. IECs were selected for study because they have only addressed one type of research (Phase 1 ‘healthy volunteer’ studies) and this limited remit suggested that it would be in such committees that the member roles would have become most pronounced. Drawing on findings from the sociology of professions and employing a phenomenological approach to understanding, 20 semi-structured interviews with both expert and lay members of these committees revealed that a number of members were not only unclear about the roles, but unclear too whether they, or certain of their colleagues, were in which membership category. Notwithstanding this fact, and paradoxically, the ‘expert’ designation was seen as granting its members a privileged position on the committees. The expert member was seen to be either a medically qualified member or one tightly associated with the medical model. Such a repository of expertise being with the medical model privileges this model in ethics review such that other matters formally to be scrutinized by ethics committees become marginalised. Participant safety was the prime concern of the ethics review for IEC members. This relegated other matters including the adequacy of the insurance arrangements, the readability of the consent forms, the fairness of the inclusion criteria, and so forth, into areas of lesser concern. That this occurs though when the science, the safety and the methodology of the trials are already – separately - subject to an independent analysis by a body of experts, whose statutory role is to concern itself with these issues such that no trial may occur without their sanction, is of significance. IEC members were cognizant of this duplication of role but unable to resolve it. The situation could be accounted for as due to capture by the medical model and a cognitive dissonant process. Members’ training and education were found to have been neglected because under the medical professions’ gaze no other type of knowledge was considered necessary in ethics review. The study revealed that the medical profession’s dominance of such committees accounts for the members’ role uncertainty and as such allies itself to Freidson’s theory of professional dominance. If such a concept has been thought to be an obsolete one, this study suggests such a notion of the status of the theory is premature. The medical model’s status is implicitly accepted such that nothing else need be considered. The research calls for further studies to corroborate such findings in other research ethics settings and for a debate about what society wants its ethics committees to focus upon in their review.
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Sánchez, David. "Domain ontology learning from the web an unsupervised, automatic and domain independent approach." Saarbrücken VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2007. http://d-nb.info/991459016/04.
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Spring, Charles. "Professionalisation of the Martial Arts : the perspectives of experts on the concept of an independently awarded teaching qualification." Thesis, University of Derby, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/623358.
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In the United Kingdom there is an unregulated martial arts 'industry'. The aim of this study was to examine whether this 'industry' required professionalisation through the rationalisation of qualifications for teaching, instructing or coaching practice. Currently, the martial arts consist of a very disparate set of organisations which have what, at best, could be called a varied range of professional standards across teaching, instructing and coaching. Professionalism struggles with the lassaiz-faire approach to qualifications and this creates differing expectations of the teachers, coaches and instructors within the organisations Viewpoints differ as to whether the individuals need more standards and qualifications. The study of a sample of expert views found that there is some recognition within the martial arts 'industry' that there needs a change in approach to tighten up the processes of determining who can and cannot coach, instruct or teach martial arts. Points of views expressed by the interviewees were: that standards and qualification should be demanding; that there is a need for a professional body and rationalised approach to qualifications but such general improvements must reflect the specific requirements of each particular art. Overall there was little optimism that professionalisation could be achieved. However, the desire for professionalisation was a significant finding. Recognising this, the recommendations from this study are set out in a 'Manifesto for Change' which aims to transform the current situation described by one expert as being one where 'the organisations are out for themselves and keep people separate from each other.' The essence of the manifesto concerns: the standardisation of teaching, coaching and instructing qualifications; the development of an overarching organisation to control the martial arts; recognition by other bodies outside of the martial arts of these standards.
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Bain, Roxanne Cheryl. "The role of the independent expert in schemes of arrangement and share repurchase transactions under the Companies Act 71 of 2008." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/77405.
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This mini-dissertation constitutes a critical analysis of the requirements relating to independent experts in the context of schemes of arrangement and share repurchase transactions under the Companies Act 71 of 2008. In particular, the historical development of the expert requirement, its purpose and its intended beneficiaries, is explored. Furthermore, a selection of material issues and considerations relating to the expert requirement are critically analysed, including: (i) the meaning of s 114(3) of the Act and the overlap between the expert report required by ss 114(2) and (3) of the Act and the expert opinion required by the Companies Regulations, 2011; (ii) the meaning of ‘fairness and reasonableness’ under reg 90(6) of the Companies Regulations; (iii) the timing of the distribution of the expert report; (iv) the role of the expert report in facilitating other remedies under the Act; (v) the extent to which the expert may make recommendations in the report and the opinion; and (vi) the role of the board of directors in relation to the expert report and opinion. Finally, the extent to which compliance with the expert requirement may be validly avoided is considered. In this regard, the particular question of whether the expert requirement is capable of being validly waived is critically analysed.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Mercantile Law
LLM
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Teixeira, Bruna. "Relação do tamanho, da expertise e da independência do comitê de auditoria com a qualidade da auditoria independente." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2016. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/171720.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Sócio-Econômico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Contabilidade, Florianópolis, 2016.Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-20T03:16:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 343053.pdf: 1085084 bytes, checksum: 1c300ce8fec3763c6c24b6cc4b72216b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016
O objetivo do presente estudo é investigar qual a relação das características do comitê de auditoria: tamanho, expertise e independência, das empresas da BM&FBovespa com a qualidade da auditoria independente. Com respaldos na teoria da agência e em estudos anteriores, formularam-se quatro hipóteses de pesquisa que foram testadas a partir de uma amostra de 129 empresas, em um período de cinco anos (2010-2014), operacionalizado pela estatística multivariada por meio da regressão linear múltipla com dados em painel desbalanceado. A qualidade da auditoria independente foi mensurada pelo índice de qualidade das auditorias (IQUA) desenvolvido por Braunbeck (2010). Constatou-se que comitês de auditoria com pelo menos um membro com expertise em auditoria e com maior proporção de membros independentes tendem a possuir auditorias de melhor qualidade. Os achados corroboram os estudos de Abbott et al. (2003), Vafeas e Waegelein (2007), Hoitash e Hoitash (2009), Bronson et al. (2009) e Robinson e Owens-Jackson (2009). As variáveis tamanho e expertise em contabilidade não foram significativas. Diante desta constatação, nota-se que, órgão reguladores, empresas e demais interessados em formar um comitê de auditoria que busque auditores de maior qualidade devem ter a atenção direcionada para a escolha de membros que não possuam laços familiares ou financeiros com a organização e que tenham experiência prática em auditoria. Assim, o estudo torna-se relevante por oferecer insights sobre os fatores que afetam a qualidade da auditoria e contribui para uma melhor compreensão sobre as formas de aumentar a confiança nas demonstrações contábeis e na profissão de auditor independente. Destaca-se que os resultados devem ser interpretados com cautela, diante das suas limitações quanto a amostra, definição das variáveis, operacionalizações dos testes e do modelo escolhido.
Abstract : The objective of this study is to investigate what is the relation between the audit committee characteristics: size, expertise and independence, of BMF&FBovespa companies with the quality of the independent audit. With the support of the agency theory and in previous studies, there were formulated four hypothesis of research which were tested from an 129 companies sample, in a five year period (2010-2014), made through the support of multivariate statistics by multiple linear regression in an unbalanced panel data. The quality of independent audit was measured by the audit quality index (IQUA) developed by Braunbeck (2010). It was established the audit committees with less than one member with audit expertise and with larger proportion of independent members tend to have higher quality audits. The findings corroborate with the studies of Abbott, et al. (2003), Vafeas and Waegelein (2007), Hoitash and Hoitash (2009), Bronson et al. (2009) and Robinson and Owens-Jackson (2009). The variables size and accounting expertise were not relevant. Thus, it was found that regulatory body, companies and other stakeholders that want to form an audit committee that seeks higher quality auditors should have directed attention to the choice of members who do not have family or financial ties with the organization and have practice experience in auditing. Thus, the study is relevant to offer insight into the factors that affect audit quality and contribute to a better understanding of the ways to increase comprehension in financial statements and in the profession of independent auditor. It is noteworthy that the results should be interpreted with caution, given the limitations on the sample, definition of variables, operationalization of the tests and the model chosen.
Books on the topic "Independent experts"
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European Social Charter: Committee of Independent Experts : conclusions XIII-2. Strasbourg: Councilof Europe, 1995.
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Commission of the European Communities., ed. Report of the Committee of Independent Experts on Company Taxation. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1992.
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Catalysts for change: How the UN's independent experts promote human rights. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution Press, 2012.
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The independent guide to Minecraft: From absolute beginners to total experts! London: Dennis Publishing, 2013.
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Taxation, Commission of the European Communities Committee of Independent Experts on Company. Conclusions and recommendations of the Committee of Independent Experts on Company Taxation. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1992.
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Sušić, Srdjan. Environmental impacts of the NATO war in FR Yugoslavia: An independent experts report. Beograd: EKO centar, 1999.
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Michael, Symons. Independent assessment of the Anti-Corruption and Transparency Experts' Working Group: SOM Steering Committee on Economic and Technical Cooperation. Singapore: APEC Secretariat, 2012.
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Johnson, Sirleaf Ellen, and United Nations Development Fund for Women., eds. Women, war, peace: The independent experts' assessment on the impact of armed conflict on women and women's role in peace building. New York: UNIFEM, 2002.
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Ad Hoc Meeting of Experts on the Independent Appraisal of the Achievements of the Scientific Advisory Committee (2003 Rome, Italy). Report of the Ad Hoc Meeting of Experts on the Independent Appraisal of the Achievements of the Scientific Advisory Committee (1999-2003): Rome, 27-28 August 2003. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2003.
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Casey, Niamh Ann. The right to organise and to bargain collectively: Protection within the European Social Charter : study compiled on the basis of the case law of the Committee of Independent Experts. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing, 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Independent experts"
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Arthurs, Alan. "Independent Experts in Equal Pay." In Women, Work and Inequality, 168–80. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780333983331_11.
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Ebrahimpour, Reza, Ehsanollah Kabir, and Mohammad Reza Yousefi. "Teacher-Directed Learning with Mixture of Experts for View-Independent Face Recognition." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 601–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69507-3_52.
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Rast, Martin. "Predicting Time Series with a Committee of Independent Experts Based on Fuzzy Rules." In Decision Technologies for Computational Finance, 433–37. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5625-1_35.
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Karn, Alexander. "Switzerland’s Independent Commission of Experts: State-Sponsored History and the Challenges of Political Partisanship." In The Palgrave Handbook of State-Sponsored History After 1945, 757–71. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95306-6_41.
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Weiss, Thomas G., David P. Forsythe, Roger A. Coate, and Kelly-Kate Pease. "The Third UN in Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs: The Role of Independent Experts and NGOs." In The United Nations and Changing World Politics, 217–30. Eighth edition. | Boulder, Colorado : Westview Press, 2017. | Revised edition of: The United Nations and changing world politics / Thomas G. Weiss ... [et al.]. 7th ed. c2014.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429494314-9.
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Weiss, Thomas G., David P. Forsythe, Roger A. Coate, and Kelly-Kate Pease. "The Third UN in Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs: The Role of Independent Experts and NGOs." In The United Nations and Changing World Politics, 217–30. Eighth edition. | Boulder, Colorado : Westview Press, 2017. | Revised edition of: The United Nations and changing world politics / Thomas G. Weiss ... [et al.]. 7th ed. c2014.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/b22600-9.
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Khaleghian, Salman, Nina Taheri Makhsoos, Reza Ebrahimpour, and Alireza Hajiany. "View-Independent Face Recognition with RBF Gating in Mixture of Experts Method by Teacher-Directed Learning." In Technological Developments in Education and Automation, 413–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3656-8_75.
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Keilman, Nico, and Stefano Mazzuco. "Introduction." In Developments in Demographic Forecasting, 1–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42472-5_1.
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Abstract Future trends in population size, age structure, regional distribution, and other demographic variables are important for a wide range of planning situations. Hence, many statistical agencies and independent researchers compute demographic forecasts at various levels of detail. The primary aim of this book is to sketch new developments in the field of demographic forecasting. This chapter addresses various issues taken up by the authors of this volume. We discuss deterministic and probabilistic approaches to forecast uncertainty, Bayesian and frequentist perspectives, the role of experts compared to purely data driven methods, and ways to communicate forecast results to the users.
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Chroustovsky, Siegfried. "Experiences of an Independent Service Engineer - Hints and Recommendations for an Optimal Operation of Agilent and Waters-Devices." In The HPLC Expert II, 301–10. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527694945.ch10.
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Lockyer, Megan G., and Thomas M. Wheeler. "Prostate Cancer: Screening, Surveillance, Prognostic Algorithms and Independent Pathologic Predictive Parameters." In Cancer Consult: Expertise for Clinical Practice, 634–37. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118589199.ch97.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Independent experts"
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Xie, Jingrui, Bidong Liu, Xiaoqian Lyu, Tao Hong, and David Basterfield. "Combining load forecasts from independent experts." In 2015 North American Power Symposium (NAPS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/naps.2015.7335138.
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Hajiany, Alireza, Nina Taheri Makhsoos, and Reza Ebrahimpour. "View-Independent Face Recognition with Biological Features Based on Mixture of Experts." In 2009 Ninth International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (ISDA 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isda.2009.57.
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Kaback, Dawn S., Grover Chamberlain, John G. Morse, and Scott W. Petersen. "Independent Technical Reviews for Groundwater and Soil Remediation Projects at US Department of Energy Sites." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59188.
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The US Department of Energy Office of Environmental Management has supported independent technical reviews of soil and groundwater projects at multiple DOE sites over the last 10 years. These reviews have resulted in significant design improvements to remedial plans that have accelerated cleanup and site closure. Many have also resulted in improved understanding of complex subsurface conditions, promoting better approaches to design and implementation of new technologies. Independent technical reviews add value, because they provide another perspective to problem solving and act as a check for especially challenging problems. By bringing in a team of independent experts with a broad experience base, alternative solutions are recommended for consideration and evaluation. In addition, the independence of the panel is significant, because it is able to address politically sensitive issues. The expert panel members typically bring lessons learned from other sites to help solve the DOE problems. In addition, their recommendations at a particular site can often be applied at other sites, making the review even more valuable. The review process can vary, but some common lessons ensure a successful review: • Use a multi-disciplinary broadly experienced team; • Engage the panel early and throughout the project; • Involve regulators and stakeholders in the workshop, if appropriate; • Provide sufficient background information; • Close the workshop with a debriefing followed by a written report. Many groundwater remediation challenges remain at DOE sites. Independent technical reviews have and will ensure that the best capabilities and experience are applied to reduce risks and uncertainties.
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Hassanien, Sherif, Len Krissa, and Vitaly Vorontsov. "Pipeline Coating Selection Process: A Hybrid Multi-Criteria Based Approach." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33264.
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The most critical component of external corrosion prevention on pipeline is the protective coating system. The coating selection process can be extremely challenging due to the sheer number of manufacturers and products/options that are offered — often with limited performance data available. Relying solely on manufacturer’s recommendations or information can be problematic when the anticipated service environment has not been adequately characterized, application parameters not completely understood, and/or when there is a misunderstanding of the product’s capabilities. Although there are many test methods for evaluation of pipe coatings, there are no commonly accepted test protocols or acceptance criteria for selecting coatings. Moreover, laboratory based testing is often complicated, expensive, and rarely provides an accurate simulation of field conditions. Although in-house subject matter experts (SMEs) and/or independent coating specialists provide some confidence in coating selection, the diversity of background and experience between these experts frequently creates inconsistency in coating evaluations and can produce divergent or conflicting recommendations. In this paper, an innovative approach is proposed to address these coating selection process challenges. The proposed approach incorporates a systematic analysis of critical material attributes within an expert environment, and applies established decision making techniques to the evaluation. Priorities are developed by structuring a hierarchy of criteria and eliciting technical judgment of company’s SMEs, stakeholders, and unbiased industry specialists. The Deterministic Analytic Hierarchy Process (d-AHP) is applied using pairwise comparisons for prioritizing coating products/options and achieving an optimal selection. The experts’ opinions can then be updated by technical lab-based results for a smaller selection of top ranked products. Laboratory tests would be expected to be completed annually based on smart selection of certain products and to ensure year-over-year consistency. This paper also presents a probabilistic approach that improves d-AHP in order to capture uncertainties in experts’ opinions and/or lab results through probabilistic AHP (p-AHP). Although this approach is not widely used within the pipeline industry, there is a potential opportunity to improve conventional approaches for selecting and approving coatings for pipelines based on a systematic/quantitative approach.
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Takase, Hiroyasu, Manabu Inagaki, and Toshihide Noguchi. "Development of an Online Performance Assessment System." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4874.
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Performance assessment (PA), as a tool to support decisions associated with geological disposal, requires the facilitation of various views of stakeholders. A straightforward approach to this is for variety of people to actually try carrying out PA calculations to stimulate, test, and strengthen their arguments. In the past, however, they have been carried out only by a limited number of experts who share a similar discipline. This is due to a number of reasons, e.g., methodology of PA is difficult for a non-expert to follow, availability of resources necessary for PA is limited, and a single expert in a specific field cannot conduct an overall PA calculation because of multidisciplinary nature of PA. To tackle these issues, we developed a system on the World Wide Web that allows a wider spectrum of people to run PA codes and access associated databases on demand. Moreover they can build their own PA models in an object-oriented-online environment. With this system, independent and voluntary network communities can construct their own safety cases so that, collectively, a variety of views can be presented to support stakeholders in forming their opinion. In this paper, the methodology of the online performance assessment and configuration of the software system is presented with example applications.
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Georgakis, Christos T., Yozo Fujino, Siegfried Hopf, Michael Müller, Francisco Subirá, Klaus H. Ostenfeld, S. Eilif Svensson, Lasse Hindhede, Martin J. Krogstrup, and Thomas Rumpelt. "Chirajara Bridge Collapse." In IABSE Conference, Seoul 2020: Risk Intelligence of Infrastructures. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/seoul.2020.018.
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<p>On January 15, 2018 at 11:49, the west pylon (B) of the cable-stayed Chirajara Bridge collapsed during construction of the bridge girder. The crossing is located approximately 20km NW of Villavicencio, Colombia. The collapse led to the total destruction of Pylon B, together with the erected span of the bridge girder. Authorities reported nine fatalities resulting from the collapse. Shortly thereafter, the project insurer QBE Segures, Colombia commissioned an independent investigation into the collapse of the bridge, through loss adjusters ONC Adjusters, Bogotá, Colombia. An international team of engineering experts was assembled to undertake the investigation. The investigation was completed in August, 2018. Key findings and recommendations from the investigation are presented herewith.</p>
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Ryan, Katie. "Supporting the development of students in the pharmacy profession through stakeholder engagement and technology innovation." In Learning Connections 2019: Spaces, People, Practice. University College Cork||National Forum for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/lc2019.37.
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Pharmacists are experts in safe drug usage, and are uniquely placed to provide professional advice on a range of health related issues. It is crucial that pharmacy education embodies an emphasis on creating independent and responsible learners and prioritises life-long learning in the face of rapid change. Consequently, appropriate teaching and learning modalities are essential to prepare students. Changes in the way patient’s access information and education of pharmacists call for new ways of teaching to prepare pharmacists for a changing profession. The aim of this body of work was to support pharmacy students’ education as teachers and learners through their utilisation of technology to create short educational videos on a range of topics intended for different stakeholder groups including patients and allied healthcare professionals.
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Buzzetto-More, Nicole. "Navigating the Virtual Forest: How Networked Digital Technologies Can Foster Transgeographic Learning." In InSITE 2006: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2948.
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During the past decade the globally networked digital technologies that operate within the realm of the internet have encouraged academicians and educators the world over to communicate, collaborate, and share knowledge. They have stimulated the creation of transgeographic educational initiatives which broaden the opportunities of learners and are an effective means of eradicating ethnocentrism, xenophobia, and cultural divides. The construction of transgeographic learning communities within the unmapped virtual forest of the internet requires an organized and systematic approach. Success is dependent on committed participants; a shared learning platform; a clear understanding of purpose; extensive student and instructor preparedness towards technology usage; exemplary curricula; a central focus for investigation; interaction with experts; extensive opportunities for intellectual discourse; and collaboration. The purpose of this paper is to offer an independent examination of a successful technology-dependent transgeographic learning project that serves as a model from which to base future projects. The Summer Ecosystems Experience for Undergraduates (SEE-U) is available to colleges and university students worldwide, operating at three geographically distinct locations concurrently. The program includes global networking, GPS and GIS usage, a shared investigative focus, real-time interactions, data collection, a globally networked geo-referenced digital database that was specifically created for this project, data manipulation, online lectures, bulletin board discussions, Web-based office hours, links to relevant resources, expert presenters, online demonstration videos, networked simulations, collaborative research, and a series of student presentations.
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Leartcheongchowasak, Sornkrit, Merwan Mehta, Hamid Al-Kadi, Keith Sequeira, Brian Snow, Kenneth W. Ragsdell, and Louis Baja. "Robust Parameter Design of the Precision Injection Molding Process." In ASME 1994 Design Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1994 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition and the ASME 1994 8th Annual Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1994-0106.
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Abstract The most important problem, causing defective parts, in the injection molding process, is nonuniform shrinkage of molded parts. This leads to an iterative trial-and-error cycles of modification of mold cavity and core to arrive at the right dimensional size required which can occasionally to complete retooling. For this process, there are many factors that can be thrown out of control. Using the traditional scientific approach, engineers have longed to understand the mechanics of the process to control it, with limited success. In this paper, a design of experiments setup, using the Taguchi Methods, was done to reduce the nonuniform shrinkage. The company where the experiment was carried out is a precision parts molder for their own product lines. By using the internal experts from the company, a list of independent process parameters with no interactions which were thought the most responsible for dimensional size were listed. As there were 13 such parameters, it was decided to use the L27 orthogonal array. The optimum value that the company experts thought would produce the right part were used as the settings for the initial experiment. The 27 experiments were then performed, allowing sufficient time to let the machine stabilized between the experiments. The S/N ratio calculation for 27 experiments was explained. Next the calculations for the percentage that each parameter contributes to the dimension was determined. Finally, a confirmation experiment was performed to verify the results.
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Benabderrahmane, Sidahmed, Ghita Berrada, James Cheney, and Petko Valtchev. "A Rule Mining-based Advanced Persistent Threats Detection System." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/494.
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Advanced persistent threats (APT) are stealthy cyber-attacks that are aimed at stealing valuable information from target organizations and tend to extend in time. Blocking all APTs is impossible, security experts caution, hence the importance of research on early detection and damage limitation. Whole-system provenance-tracking and provenance trace mining are considered promising as they can help find causal relationships between activities and flag suspicious event sequences as they occur. We introduce an unsupervised method that exploits OS-independent features reflecting process activity to detect realistic APT-like attacks from provenance traces. Anomalous processes are ranked using both frequent and rare event associations learned from traces. Results are then presented as implications which, since interpretable, help leverage causality in explaining the detected anomalies. When evaluated on Transparent Computing program datasets (DARPA), our method outperformed competing approaches.
Reports on the topic "Independent experts"
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Lehtimaki, Susanna, Kassim Nishtar, Aisling Reidy, Sara Darehshori, Andrew Painter, and Nina Schwalbe. Independent Review and Investigation Mechanisms to Prevent Future Pandemics: A Proposed Way Forward. United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37941/pb-f/2021/2.
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Based on the proposal by the European Council, more than 25 heads of state and the World Health Organization (WHO) support development of an international treaty on pandemics, that planned to be negotiated under the auspices of WHO, will be presented to the World Health Assembly in May 2021. Given that the treaty alone is not enough to ensure compliance, triggers for a high-level political response is required. To this end, to inform the design of a support system, we explored institutional mechanismsi with a mandate to review compliance with key international agreements in their signatory countries and conduct independent country investigations in a manner that manages sovereign considerations. Based on our review, there is no single global mechanism that could serve as a model in its own right. There is, however, potential to combine aspects of existing mechanisms to support a strong, enforceable treaty. These aspects include: • Periodic review - based on the model of human rights treaties, with independent experts as the authorized monitoring body to ensure the independence. If made obligatory, the review could support compliance with the treaty. • On-site investigations - based on the model by the Committee on Prevention of Torture according to which visits cannot be blocked by state parties. • Non-negotiable design principles - including accountability; independence; transparency and data sharing; speed; emphasis on capabilities; and incentives. • Technical support - WHO can provide countries with technical assistance, tools, monitoring, and assessment to enhance emergency preparedness and response.
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Lehtimaki, Susanna, Aisling Reidy, Kassim Nishtar, Sara Darehschori, Andrew Painter, and Nina Schwalbe. Independent Review and Investigation Mechanisms to Prevent Future Pandemics: A Proposed Way Forward. United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37941/rr/2021/1.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has created enormous challenges for national economies, livelihoods, and public services, including health systems. In January 2021, the World Health Organization proposed an international treaty on pandemics to strengthen the political commitment towards global pandemic preparedness, control, and response. The plan is to present a draft treaty to the World Health Assembly in May 2021. To inform the design of a support system for this treaty, we explored existing mechanisms for periodic reviews conducted either by peers or an external group as well as mechanisms for in-country investigations, conducted with or without country consent. Based on our review, we summarized key design principles requisite for review and investigation mechanisms and explain how these could be applied to pandemics preparedness, control, and response in global health. While there is no single global mechanism that could serve as a model in its own right, there is potential to combine aspects of existing mechanisms. A Universal Periodic Review design based on the model of human rights treaties with independent experts as the authorized monitoring body, if made obligatory, could support compliance with a new pandemic treaty. In terms of on-site investigations, the model by the Committee on Prevention of Torture could lend itself to treaty monitoring and outbreak investigations on short notice or unannounced. These mechanisms need to be put in place in accordance with several core interlinked design principles: compliance; accountability; independence; transparency and data sharing; speed; emphasis on capabilities; and incentives. The World Health Organization can incentivize and complement these efforts. It has an essential role in providing countries with technical support and tools to strengthen emergency preparedness and response capacities, including technical support for creating surveillance structures, integrating non-traditional data sources, creating data governance and data sharing standards, and conducting regular monitoring and assessment of preparedness and response capacities.
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Ogino, Kaoru. A Review of the Strategy for the Northeast Asia Power System Interconnection. Asian Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200386-2.
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This paper examines, summarizes, and updates the study of a strategy for the Northeast Asia Power System Interconnection conducted by the Asian Development Bank. It presents independent reviews and assessments by various stakeholders from Japan, Mongolia, the People’s Republic of China, the Republic of Korea, and the Russian Federation together with additional analysis by experts from the private and public sectors, academe, and international research and development institutions. It also calls for further discussions, studies, and activities in the development of the vast renewable energy potential of Mongolia’s South Gobi. Specific integrated investment project approaches for solar and wind power development and two cross-border transmission links in the region are proposed.
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Niang, Aladji Babacar, Gane Samb Lo, and Moumouni Diallo. Asymptotic laws of summands I: square integrable independent random variables. Arxiv, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.16929/hs/imhotep.2021.x.002.
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This paper is part of series on self-contained papers in which a large part, if not the full extent, of the asymptotic limit theory of summands of independent random variables is exposed. Each paper of the series may be taken as review exposition but specially as a complete exposition expect a few exterior resources. For graduate students and for researchers (beginners or advanced), any paper of the series should be considered as a basis for constructing new results. The contents are taken from advanced books but the organization and the proofs use more recent tools, are given in more details and do not systematically follow previous one. Sometimes, theorems are completed and innovated
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Garsa, Adam, Julie K. Jang, Sangita Baxi, Christine Chen, Olamigoke Akinniranye, Owen Hall, Jody Larkin, Aneesa Motala, Sydne Newberry, and Susanne Hempel. Radiation Therapy for Brain Metasases. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer242.
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Objective. This evidence report synthesizes the available evidence on radiation therapy for brain metastases. Data sources. We searched PubMed®, Embase®, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL®, clinicaltrials.gov, and published guidelines in July 2020; assessed independently submitted data; consulted with experts; and contacted authors. Review methods. The protocol was informed by Key Informants. The systematic review was supported by a Technical Expert Panel and is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020168260). Two reviewers independently screened citations; data were abstracted by one reviewer and checked by an experienced reviewer. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and large observational studies (for safety assessments), evaluating whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) alone or in combination, as initial or postoperative treatment, with or without systemic therapy for adults with brain metastases due to non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, or melanoma. Results. In total, 97 studies, reported in 190 publications, were identified, but the number of analyses was limited due to different intervention and comparator combinations as well as insufficient reporting of outcome data. Risk of bias varied; 25 trials were terminated early, predominantly due to poor accrual. Most studies evaluated WBRT, alone or in combination with SRS, as initial treatment; 10 RCTs reported on post-surgical interventions. The combination treatment SRS plus WBRT compared to SRS alone or WBRT alone showed no statistically significant difference in overall survival (hazard ratio [HR], 1.09; confidence interval [CI], 0.69 to 1.73; 4 RCTs; low strength of evidence [SoE]) or death due to brain metastases (relative risk [RR], 0.93; CI, 0.48 to 1.81; 3 RCTs; low SoE). Radiation therapy after surgery did not improve overall survival compared with surgery alone (HR, 0.98; CI, 0.76 to 1.26; 5 RCTs; moderate SoE). Data for quality of life, functional status, and cognitive effects were insufficient to determine effects of WBRT, SRS, or post-surgical interventions. We did not find systematic differences across interventions in serious adverse events radiation necrosis, fatigue, or seizures (all low or moderate SoE). WBRT plus systemic therapy (RR, 1.44; CI, 1.03 to 2.00; 14 studies; moderate SoE) was associated with increased risks for vomiting compared to WBRT alone. Conclusion. Despite the substantial research literature on radiation therapy, comparative effectiveness information is limited. There is a need for more data on patient-relevant outcomes such as quality of life, functional status, and cognitive effects.
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Gidengil, Courtney, Matthew Bidwell Goetz, Margaret Maglione, Sydne J. Newberry, Peggy Chen, Kelsey O’Hollaren, Nabeel Qureshi, et al. Safety of Vaccines Used for Routine Immunization in the United States: An Update. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer244.
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Objective. To conduct a systematic review of the literature on the safety of vaccines recommended for routine immunization in the United States, updating the 2014 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) report on the topic. Data sources. We searched MEDLINE®, Embase®, CINAHL®, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Scopus through November 9, 2020, building on the prior 2014 report; reviewed existing reviews, trial registries, and supplemental material submitted to AHRQ; and consulted with experts. Review methods. This report addressed three Key Questions (KQs) on the safety of vaccines currently in use in the United States and included in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) recommended immunization schedules for adults (KQ1), children and adolescents (KQ2), and pregnant women (KQ3). The systematic review was supported by a Technical Expert Panel that identified key adverse events of particular concern. Two reviewers independently screened publications; data were extracted by an experienced subject matter expert. Studies of vaccines that used a comparator and reported the presence or absence of adverse events were eligible. We documented observed rates and assessed the relative risks for key adverse events. We assessed the strength of evidence (SoE) across the existing findings from the prior 2014 report and the new evidence from this update. The systematic review is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020180089). Results. A large body of evidence is available to evaluate adverse events following vaccination. Of 56,608 reviewed citations, 189 studies met inclusion criteria for this update, adding to data in the prior 2014 report, for a total of 338 included studies reported in 518 publications. Regarding vaccines recommended for adults (KQ1), we found either no new evidence of increased risk for key adverse events with varied SoE or insufficient evidence in this update, including for newer vaccines such as recombinant influenza vaccine, adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccine, and recombinant adjuvanted zoster vaccine. The prior 2014 report noted a signal for anaphylaxis for hepatitis B vaccines in adults with yeast allergy and for tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccines. Regarding vaccines recommended for children and adolescents (KQ2), we found either no new evidence of increased risk for key adverse events with varied SoE or insufficient evidence, including for newer vaccines such as 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine and meningococcal B vaccine. The prior 2014 report noted signals for rare adverse events—such as anaphylaxis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and febrile seizures—with some childhood vaccines. Regarding vaccines recommended for pregnant women (KQ3), we found no evidence of increased risk for key adverse events with varied SoE among either pregnant women or their infants following administration of tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccines during pregnancy. Conclusion. Across this large body of research, we found no new evidence of increased risk since the prior 2014 report for key adverse events following administration of vaccines that are routinely recommended. Signals from the prior report remain unchanged for rare adverse events, which include anaphylaxis in adults and children, and febrile seizures and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. There is no evidence of increased risk of adverse events for vaccines currently recommended in pregnant women. There remains insufficient evidence to draw conclusions about some rare potential adverse events.
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Woldeyohanes, Tesfaye, Karl Hughes, Kai Mausch, and Judith Oduol. Adoption of improved grains legumes and dryland cereals crop varieties: A synthesis of evidence. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21022.pdf.
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Like other crop improvement programs, a key prerequisite for the CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes and Dryland Cereals (CRP GLDC) to generate large-scale impact is large-scale adoption. Hence, evidencing the breadth and depth of such adoption is both of intrinsic interest and important for estimating downstream impacts, such as improved food and nutritional security, income, resilience, and soil health. While various GLDC adoption studies have been undertaken, a recent effort to systematically review these studies and synthesize the results is lacking. We undertook such a review, identifying 69 studies and 35 independent country crop combinations (CCCs). To generate aggregated and updated estimates of GLDC improved varietal adoption, we devised and applied a procedure to estimate national cropping areas under such varieties and, in turn, the number of adopting households. Estimates derived from household surveys and expert opinion solicitation are treated with higher and lower levels of confidence, respectively. As of 2019, we estimate from higher confidence studies that improved GLDC crops were cultivated on 15.37 million hectares of land by 17.64 million households in CRP GLDC’s 13 priority countries. With the inclusion of lower confidence studies, these numbers increase to 32 and 44.64 million, respectively. We are further confident that the program exceeded its adoption target of 8.9 million newly adopting households from 2011, particularly when likely spillovers vis-à-vis non-surveyed areas, non-priority countries, and non-priority crops in priority countries are considered.
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Bhatt, Mihir R., Shilpi Srivastava, Megan Schmidt-Sane, and Lyla Mehta. Key Considerations: India's Deadly Second COVID-19 Wave: Addressing Impacts and Building Preparedness Against Future Waves. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.031.
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Since February 2021, countless lives have been lost in India, which has compounded the social and economic devastation caused by the second wave of COVID-19. The sharp surge in cases across the country overwhelmed the health infrastructure, with people left scrambling for hospital beds, critical drugs, and oxygen. As of May 2021, infections began to come down in urban areas. However, the effects of the second wave continued to be felt in rural areas. This is the worst humanitarian and public health crisis the country has witnessed since independence; while the continued spread of COVID-19 variants will have regional and global implications. With a slow vaccine rollout and overwhelmed health infrastructure, there is a critical need to examine India's response and recommend measures to further arrest the current spread of infection and to prevent and prepare against future waves. This brief is a rapid social science review and analysis of the second wave of COVID-19 in India. It draws on emerging reports, literature, and regional social science expertise to examine reasons for the second wave, explain its impact, and highlight the systemic issues that hindered the response. This brief puts forth vital considerations for local and national government, civil society, and humanitarian actors at global and national levels, with implications for future waves of COVID-19 in low- and middle-income countries. This review is part of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) series on the COVID-19 response in India. It was developed for SSHAP by Mihir R. Bhatt (AIDMI), Shilpi Srivastava (IDS), Megan Schmidt-Sane (IDS), and Lyla Mehta (IDS) with input and reviews from Deepak Sanan (Former Civil Servant; Senior Visiting Fellow, Centre for Policy Research), Subir Sinha (SOAS), Murad Banaji (Middlesex University London), Delhi Rose Angom (Oxfam India), Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica) and Santiago Ripoll (IDS). It is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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The COVID Decade: understanding the long-term societal impacts of COVID-19. The British Academy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bac19stf/9780856726583.001.
Full textAbstract:
The British Academy was asked by the Government Office for Science to produce an independent review on the long-term societal impacts of COVID-19. This report outlines the evidence across a range of areas, building upon a series of expert reviews, engagement, synthesis and analysis across the research community in the Social Sciences, Humanities and the Arts (SHAPE). It is accompanied by a separate report, Shaping the COVID decade, which considers how policymakers might respond. History shows that pandemics and other crises can be catalysts to rebuild society in new ways, but that this requires vision and interconnectivity between policymakers at local, regional and national levels. With the advent of vaccines and the imminent ending of lockdowns, we might think that the impact of COVID-19 is coming to an end. This would be wrong. We are in a COVID decade: the social, economic and cultural effects of the pandemic will cast a long shadow into the future – perhaps longer than a decade – and the sooner we begin to understand, the better placed we will be to address them. There are of course many impacts which flowed from lockdowns, including not being able to see family and friends, travel or take part in leisure activities. These should ease quickly as lockdown comes to an end. But there are a set of deeper impacts on health and wellbeing, communities and cohesion, and skills, employment and the economy which will have profound effects upon the UK for many years to come. In sum, the pandemic has exacerbated existing inequalities and differences and created new ones, as well as exposing critical societal needs and strengths. These can emerge differently across places, and along different time courses, for individuals, communities, regions, nations and the UK as a whole. We organised the evidence into three areas of societal effect. As we gathered evidence in these three areas, we continually assessed it according to five cross-cutting themes – governance, inequalities, cohesion, trust and sustainability – which the reader will find reflected across the chapters. Throughout the process of collating and assessing the evidence, the dimensions of place (physical and social context, locality), scale (individual, community, regional, national) and time (past, present, future; short, medium and longer term) played a significant role in assessing the nature of the societal impacts and how they might play out, altering their long-term effects.
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Financial Stability Report - Second Semester of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2020.
Full textAbstract:
The Colombian financial system has not suffered major structural disruptions during these months of deep economic contraction and has continued to carry out its basic functions as usual, thus facilitating the economy's response to extreme conditions. This is the result of the soundness of financial institutions at the beginning of the crisis, which was reflected in high liquidity and capital adequacy indicators as well as in the timely response of various authorities. Banco de la República lowered its policy interest rates 250 points to 1.75%, the lowest level since the creation of the new independent bank in 1991, and provided ample temporary and permanent liquidity in both pesos and foreign currency. The Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia, in turn, adopted prudential measures to facilitate changes in the conditions for loans in effect and temporary rules for rating and loan-loss provisions. Finally, the national government expanded the transfers as well as the guaranteed credit programs for the economy. The supply of real credit (i.e. discounting inflation) in the economy is 4% higher today than it was 12 months ago with especially marked growth in the housing (5.6%) and commercial (4.7%) loan portfolios (2.3% in consumer and -0.1% in microloans), but there have been significant changes over time. During the first few months of the quarantine, firms increased their demands for liquidity sharply while consumers reduced theirs. Since then, the growth of credit to firms has tended to slow down, while consumer and housing credit has grown. The financial system has responded satisfactorily to the changes in the respective demands of each group or sector and loans may grow at high rates in 2021 if GDP grows at rates close to 4.6% as the technical staff at the Bank expects; but the forecasts are highly uncertain. After the strict quarantine implemented by authorities in Colombia, the turmoil seen in March and early April, which was evident in the sudden reddening of macroeconomic variables on the risk heatmap in Graph A,[1] and the drop in crude oil and coal prices (note the high volatility registered in market risk for the region on Graph A) the local financial markets stabilized relatively quickly. Banco de la República’s credible and sustained policy response played a decisive role in this stabilization in terms of liquidity provision through a sharp expansion of repo operations (and changes in amounts, terms, counterparties, and eligible instruments), the purchases of public and private debt, and the reduction in bank reserve requirements. In this respect, there is now abundant aggregate liquidity and significant improvements in the liquidity position of investment funds. In this context, the main vulnerability factor for financial stability in the short term is still the high degree of uncertainty surrounding loan quality. First, the future trajectory of the number of people infected and deceased by the virus and the possible need for additional health measures is uncertain. For that reason, there is also uncertainty about the path for economic recovery in the short and medium term. Second, the degree to which the current shock will be reflected in loan quality once the risk materializes in banks’ financial statements is uncertain. For the time being, the credit risk heatmap (Graph B) indicates that non-performing and risky loans have not shown major deterioration, but past experience indicates that periods of sharp economic slowdown eventually tend to coincide with rises in non-performing loans: the calculations included in this report suggest that the impact of the recession on credit quality could be significant in the short term. This is particularly worrying since the profitability of credit establishments has been declining in recent months, and this could affect their ability to provide credit to the real sector of the economy. In order to adopt a forward-looking approach to this vulnerability, this Report presents several stress tests that evaluate the resilience of the liquidity and capital adequacy of credit institutions and investment funds in the event of a hypothetical scenario that seeks to simulate an extreme version of current macroeconomic conditions. The results suggest that even though there could be strong impacts on the credit institutions’ volume of credit and profitability under such scenarios, aggregate indicators of total and core capital adequacy will probably remain at levels that are above the regulatory limits over the horizon of a year. At the same time, the exercises highlight the high capacity of the system's liquidity to face adverse scenarios. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system's security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth operation of the payment systems. Juan José Echavarría Governor