Dissertations / Theses: 'Independent Audit'

1

Best, Peter J. "Machine-independent audit trail analysis." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1994.

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2

Bugeja, Martin. "Independent Expert Reports and Takeovers." University of Sydney. School of Business, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/648.

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Target firms in Australian takeovers are required to obtain an independent assessment of the offer price in situations where the Corporations Law considers the bidder has a superior bargaining position. The intention of this requirement is to protect target shareholders from being offered a lower takeover premium. The only empirical study of expert reports, Eddey (1993), is consistent with expert reports achieving their purpose, as the results indicate no difference in target firm premiums in offers with and without an expert report. Eddey also reports that a revision in offer price is more likely where an expert indicates the bid is �not fair and reasonable.� Using all takeovers from 1990 to 2000, this thesis aims to re-examine and substantially extend the findings in Eddey. As the sample includes all bids, irrespective of the form of payment consideration, the thesis will assess whether the results in Eddey can be extrapolated from cash-based bids to all takeover bids. In addition, the analysis will extend Eddey�s results by investigating whether expert reports result in a higher probability of a revision in offer price relative to takeovers without an expert report. This study also investigates the impact of the expert report on bidder announcement abnormal returns and examines the returns to both bidders and targets when the expert report is released. This will add to the limited current knowledge on the impact of expert reports on the capital market. This thesis also tests the validity of public criticisms of expert independence. Firstly, experts have been publicly criticised on the basis that they are not independent from the target firm. It has been suggested that such experts will be more likely to provide an opinion that agrees with the recommendation of target directors. Secondly, it has been alleged that experts who are also the target auditor provide their reports at a lower fee by cross-subsidising the reports� preparation from other fees received from the client. The concern with this practice is that these reports may be of lower quality. This criticism is tested by developing an expert fee model. This fee model is then used to assess whether, similar to evidence in the auditing field, �quality� experts earn a fee premium. The results indicate that the need for an expert report does not affect bidder abnormal returns at either the announcement of the takeover or release of the expert report. On the other hand, target shareholders earn significantly lower abnormal returns at the announcement of a bid where an expert report is required. This result is inconsistent with Eddey (1993) and raises doubt over whether experts prevent bidders from using their superior bargaining position to offer target shareholders a lower premium. Consistent with Eddey, the probability of an alteration in offer price is greater where an adverse expert opinion is given. The results also show that the presence of an expert increases the likelihood of a bid revision relative to takeovers in general. Target abnormal returns on the release of an expert report are positive and significant, irrespective of the type of expert opinion. This result however, is sensitive to any association between the author of the report and the target. In the case that an expert discloses any prior or current business dealings with the target, abnormal returns are insignificant. The conclusion from this finding is that the market perceives expert reports prepared by an associate of the target as lacking credibility. In light of this lack of information content it is recommended corporate regulators review those experts permitted to prepare reports. Contrary to the published criticisms, experts who have business dealings with the target are just as likely as other experts to provide an opinion that agrees with the recommendation of directors. The tests of a fee reduction by experts associated to the target indicate significant lower fees where the expert is the target auditor. Further analysis shows this result is only significant where the auditor is also a non-Big 6/5 firm. These auditors are also found to provide reports that are significantly shorter than other experts, suggesting the cut in fee is achieved by reducing the amount of effort. The results also find that the top two experts, Grant Samuels and Associates and Price Waterhouse Coopers, earn a fee premium over other experts. The finding of a fee premium for a large accounting firm indicates that such firms may receive a premium for both auditing and non-audit services.

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3

Elshendidy, T., Mohamed K. A. Eldaly, and M. Abdel-Kader. "Independent oversight of the auditing profession: A review of the literature." Willy Online Library, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18384.

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Yes
This paper reviews the literature on the independent oversight of auditing from 2003 to 2018 and provides several research opportunities for filling the identified gaps in that literature. Our review classifies the literature into three themes: (1) the development of independent audit oversight; (2) the effects of independent audit oversight; and (3) the interface between the independent audit oversight authorities and the global audit networks. The paper finds different effects of the independent audit oversight. Positively, it enhances the capital markets by adding more credibility to the published information. Auditors become more conservative about accepting or continuing to work with high-risk clients. At the same time, while audit fees have increased as a result of the additional requirements of independent audit regulation, non-audit fees from audit clients have decreased significantly. Negatively, independent oversight has increased audit concentration and resulted in insufficient choice of auditors in most audit markets.
The full-text of this article will be released for public view at the end of the publisher embargo on 16 Mar 2023.

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4

Kosmala, Maclullich Katarzyna. "The impact of non-audit services and audit process standardisation on independent audit judgement and fraud recognition." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22387.

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The study addresses issues of audit independence, in particular behavioural and ethical aspects of individual judgement and decision-making in external auditing. The study examines how the auditor's sensitivity to the possibility of fraud, to management representations, and to management services opportunities impacts upon individual audit judgement embedded in a structured audit environment. A phenomenon of management services opportunism is perceived as a form of power exertion by the client over the auditor's judgement and his/her recognition of material fraud. Further, auditing is perceived as hermeneutic practice, that is, the auditor on the job strives to understand and interpret evidence of client's operations embedded in the wider context of social institutions and structural conditions. By doing so, he/she produces assurance to the public that these interpretations are trustworthy. This relates to an 'immanent' ability in auditing, to the notion of operational independence (Power, 1997), that is, the auditor's freedom and capacity to understand and interpret the 'economic text' narrated in the client's financial statements. However, the profession and consequently audit firms propagate a symbol for the 'ideal of service' objectified by the abstraction of the professional standards and guidance and executed in conformity to routines of operational approaches. As a result, the structured methodologies of 'risk-based' auditing mediate independent judgement in particular in its operational sense. The study seeks to unveil whether the auditor is capable of transcending the structure of the audit process and client's influence so as to enable independent judgement and fraud recognition. The study consists of questionnaires incorporating a real-life construct case study (i.e. given the characteristics of the client the subjects were asked to compose audit planning memorandum, assess the risk and estimate the budget of hours for audit testing) and interviews. Qualitative and quantitative methods are employed: narrative analysis and statistical testing. What emerges is evidence that auditors respond to the (changing) circumstances of the client's environment in two different ways consistent with their attitudes to structure: transcending and non-transcending. The former being less constrained by the structured audit approach, represent a 'big-picture' perspective. For these auditors the threat of loss of independence may be associated with the judgement restrictions with regards to amount of work assigned for audit testing.

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5

Sharma, Vineeta Divesh, and N/A. "The Effects of Independent Audit Committee Member Characteristics and Auditor Independence on Financial Restatements." Griffith University. Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20071108.143642.

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The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) continues to reform the corporate governance mechanisms in order to improve the quality of financial reporting and thus, enhance the confidence of investors in the stock market and in the accounting profession. Despite the efforts of the SEC, financial reporting scandals continue with record numbers of financial restatements documented by the General Accounting Office. A financial restatement is a correction of a previously misstated financial statement. There is a small volume of literature examining the effects of corporate governance mechanisms on financial restatements. The results of these studies however, are mixed and possibly explained by their narrow focus and omitted variables that could influence the effectiveness of audit committees. Consequently, this study examines the effects of independent audit committee member characteristics and auditor independence on financial restatements. Specifically, this study investigates the relationship between the likelihood of financial restatements and: (1) the expertise of the independent audit committee members, (2) the expertise and diligence of the independent audit committee members, (3) the reputation of the independent audit committee members, (4) the interaction effect of expertise, diligence and reputation, (5) the tenure of the independent audit committee members, and (6) the cash compensation paid to independent audit committee members. Prior studies have not investigated some of these variables or the interaction effects of independent audit committee member characteristics on financial restatements. This study also investigates the association between auditor independence and financial restatements. The SEC alleges that an increasing number of audit failures are due to the lack of auditor independence. One of the major sources of the lack of auditor independence is the auditors economic dependency on the client. The provision of non-audit services increases the financial reliance of the auditor on the client. As a result, the auditor may become reluctant to raise issues with the preparation of the financial statements at the risk of foregoing the lucrative non-audit services fees. The SEC believes that longer audit firm tenure can also impair auditor independence and Section 203 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act suggests periodic audit firm rotation. Therefore, auditor independence was measured as: (1) fees paid to the auditor, and (2) audit firm tenure. Finally, this study extends the prior literature by studying the interaction effects of independent audit committee member characteristics and auditor independence on financial restatements. This interaction effect is important because the external auditor and the audit committee are regarded vital governance mechanisms that interact and exchange dialogue in the performance of their respective oversight of the financial reporting process. Prior research has not investigated this important interaction effect. The sample of the study comprises 69 U.S. publicly listed companies that announced their restatement from 1 January 2001 to 31 December 2002. These companies were matched with 69 non-restatement companies based on industry and size. The data for the study is derived from SEC filings such as Form 10-K and DEF 14A, and Compustat. The univariate results show that compared to restatement firms, non-restatement firms generally have effective audit committee characteristics. The audit committees of non-restatement firms have members who are experts, diligent, reputable and appropriately compensated. They also pay lower non-audit services and total fees, and have audit firms with longer tenure. The multivariate results show that after controlling for other governance structures and firm specific non-governance variables, the likelihood of financial restatements is related to independent audit committee member characteristics and auditor independence. Specifically, the likelihood of financial restatements decreases when independent audit committee members are: (1) experts, (2) experts and diligent, (3) reputable, (4) experts, diligent and reputable, and (5) appropriately compensated. The audit committee member tenure variable is insignificant. In relation to the auditor independence variables, the multivariate results show that the likelihood of financial restatements increases when the non-audit services and total fees generated by the client are higher. On the other hand, the likelihood of financial restatements decreases when audit firm tenure is longer. The empirical results of this study suggest that independent audit committees are more effective overseers of the corporate financial reporting and auditing processes when: they comprise majority experts, they meet regularly, their members are reputable, and audit committee members are appropriately compensated. On the other hand, external auditors are not deemed to be effective overseers of the corporate financial reporting process when the non-audit services and total fees generated by the client are higher but are effective when audit firm tenure is long. The results support the SECs concerns regarding the provision of non-audit services impairing auditor independence. The results also support the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 which under Section 201 prohibits external auditors from providing certain non-audit services to its audit client. Overall, these results support the regulatory efforts to increase the quality of financial reporting by enhancing the corporate governance process related to audit committees and auditor independence. However, the results do not support calls to limit the tenure of the auditor. The results of the multivariate interaction effects suggest that, after controlling for other governance structures and firm specific non-governance variables, when the non-audit services and total fees generated by the client are higher, the likelihood of financial restatements increases under conditions when the audit committee is not effective (a non expert audit committee, an audit committee that does not meet regularly, an audit committee whose members are not reputable or an audit committee that is not appropriately compensated). The implication of this result is that it provides evidence of conditions under which restatements take place. Knowledge of such conditions could aid regulators further improve the financial reporting process and corporate governance. This knowledge will support regulators in revising policies that ensure audit committee members are not only independent but also comprise other critical qualities. These improvements to the audit committee coupled with the existing regulations on the provision of non-audit services suggest a companys governance will be more effective. Overall, the results extend current knowledge in the sparse but growing literature related to financial restatements and corporate governance, and extend our understanding of the effectiveness and interaction of governance mechanisms in reducing financial restatements.

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6

Sharma, Vineeta Divesh. "The Effects of Independent Audit Committee Member Characteristics and Auditor Independence on Financial Restatements." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366715.

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Abstract:

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) continues to reform the corporate governance mechanisms in order to improve the quality of financial reporting and thus, enhance the confidence of investors in the stock market and in the accounting profession. Despite the efforts of the SEC, financial reporting scandals continue with record numbers of financial restatements documented by the General Accounting Office. A financial restatement is a correction of a previously misstated financial statement. There is a small volume of literature examining the effects of corporate governance mechanisms on financial restatements. The results of these studies however, are mixed and possibly explained by their narrow focus and omitted variables that could influence the effectiveness of audit committees. Consequently, this study examines the effects of independent audit committee member characteristics and auditor independence on financial restatements. Specifically, this study investigates the relationship between the likelihood of financial restatements and: (1) the expertise of the independent audit committee members, (2) the expertise and diligence of the independent audit committee members, (3) the reputation of the independent audit committee members, (4) the interaction effect of expertise, diligence and reputation, (5) the tenure of the independent audit committee members, and (6) the cash compensation paid to independent audit committee members. Prior studies have not investigated some of these variables or the interaction effects of independent audit committee member characteristics on financial restatements. This study also investigates the association between auditor independence and financial restatements. The SEC alleges that an increasing number of audit failures are due to the lack of auditor independence. One of the major sources of the lack of auditor independence is the auditor’s economic dependency on the client. The provision of non-audit services increases the financial reliance of the auditor on the client. As a result, the auditor may become reluctant to raise issues with the preparation of the financial statements at the risk of foregoing the lucrative non-audit services fees. The SEC believes that longer audit firm tenure can also impair auditor independence and Section 203 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act suggests periodic audit firm rotation. Therefore, auditor independence was measured as: (1) fees paid to the auditor, and (2) audit firm tenure. Finally, this study extends the prior literature by studying the interaction effects of independent audit committee member characteristics and auditor independence on financial restatements. This interaction effect is important because the external auditor and the audit committee are regarded vital governance mechanisms that interact and exchange dialogue in the performance of their respective oversight of the financial reporting process. Prior research has not investigated this important interaction effect. The sample of the study comprises 69 U.S. publicly listed companies that announced their restatement from 1 January 2001 to 31 December 2002. These companies were matched with 69 non-restatement companies based on industry and size. The data for the study is derived from SEC filings such as Form 10-K and DEF 14A, and Compustat. The univariate results show that compared to restatement firms, non-restatement firms generally have effective audit committee characteristics. The audit committees of non-restatement firms have members who are experts, diligent, reputable and appropriately compensated. They also pay lower non-audit services and total fees, and have audit firms with longer tenure. The multivariate results show that after controlling for other governance structures and firm specific non-governance variables, the likelihood of financial restatements is related to independent audit committee member characteristics and auditor independence. Specifically, the likelihood of financial restatements decreases when independent audit committee members are: (1) experts, (2) experts and diligent, (3) reputable, (4) experts, diligent and reputable, and (5) appropriately compensated. The audit committee member tenure variable is insignificant. In relation to the auditor independence variables, the multivariate results show that the likelihood of financial restatements increases when the non-audit services and total fees generated by the client are higher. On the other hand, the likelihood of financial restatements decreases when audit firm tenure is longer. The empirical results of this study suggest that independent audit committees are more effective overseers of the corporate financial reporting and auditing processes when: they comprise majority experts, they meet regularly, their members are reputable, and audit committee members are appropriately compensated. On the other hand, external auditors are not deemed to be effective overseers of the corporate financial reporting process when the non-audit services and total fees generated by the client are higher but are effective when audit firm tenure is long. The results support the SEC’s concerns regarding the provision of non-audit services impairing auditor independence. The results also support the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 which under Section 201 prohibits external auditors from providing certain non-audit services to its audit client. Overall, these results support the regulatory efforts to increase the quality of financial reporting by enhancing the corporate governance process related to audit committees and auditor independence. However, the results do not support calls to limit the tenure of the auditor. The results of the multivariate interaction effects suggest that, after controlling for other governance structures and firm specific non-governance variables, when the non-audit services and total fees generated by the client are higher, the likelihood of financial restatements increases under conditions when the audit committee is not effective (a non expert audit committee, an audit committee that does not meet regularly, an audit committee whose members are not reputable or an audit committee that is not appropriately compensated). The implication of this result is that it provides evidence of conditions under which restatements take place. Knowledge of such conditions could aid regulators further improve the financial reporting process and corporate governance. This knowledge will support regulators in revising policies that ensure audit committee members are not only independent but also comprise other critical qualities. These improvements to the audit committee coupled with the existing regulations on the provision of non-audit services suggest a company’s governance will be more effective. Overall, the results extend current knowledge in the sparse but growing literature related to financial restatements and corporate governance, and extend our understanding of the effectiveness and interaction of governance mechanisms in reducing financial restatements.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics
Griffith Business School
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7

Lax, Catarina, and Anneli Eklund. "Nya direktiv för små aktiebolag? : - ett ägarperspektiv." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Business Administration, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-392.

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Av Sveriges idag 300 000 aktiebolag är 80-85 procent mikrobolag med färre än 10 anställda och mindre än 3 miljoner i omsättning. Mikrobolagen har därför stor be-tydelse för svenskt näringsliv och samhällets utveckling. Förutsättningarna för dessa bolags tillväxt och utveckling bör av denna anledning främjas, vilket kräver att regelverken är anpassade till deras villkor. Revisionsplikten för små aktiebolag är en av de regelförenklingar som diskuteras, där nyttan och kostnaden för revision står i fokus.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva hur ägarna till mikrobolag upplever revisionsplikten, hur de väljer att agera vid ett avskaffande, samt analysera bakomliggande orsaker.

I denna uppsats används en kvantitativ metod då antal förekomster av visst agerande vill undersökas. Den empiriska studien är gjord i form av en webbenkät skickad till 200 mikrobolag i Jönköpings län.

Resultaten visar att ägarna till mikrobolag upplever att de har störst nytta av revision jämfört med övriga intressenter, dock anses även stat och kommun ha stor nytta av revision. Vidare framkom att de vanligaste argumenten för revision är att den ses som ett kvitto eller kvalitetsstämpel.

74 procent av ägarna uppger att de skulle fortsätta revideras om revisionsplikten avskaffades, detta då nyttan upplevs vara större än kostnaden. Dock anser 68 procent att revision bör vara efterfrågebaserad istället för tvingande.

Mikrobolagen upplever revisorns roll som övervägande granskande. Emellertid spelar även rådgivning en stor roll, då hela 89 procent av respondenterna anser att reglerna för mikrobolag är alltför komplexa och hjälp behövs från kompetent rådgivare.

Sannolikheten att mikrobolagen skulle vända sig till en redovisningsbyrå istället för revisionsbyrå om plikten avskaffas är enligt 44 procent stor eller mycket stor. 13 procent skulle inte alls kunna tänka sig ett byte.

Slutsatsen är att mikrobolagen upplever revision som positivt och att de skulle fortsätta revideras om plikten avskaffades, dock vill de flesta att revisionen ska vara frivillig och efterfrågebaserad, vilket för en del mikrobolag skulle innebära ett byte från att ha anlitat en revisionsbyrå för revisions- och rådgivningstjänster till att istället vända sig till en redovisningsbyrå.

Sweden has today 300 000 limited companies of which 80-85 percent are considered as micro companies with less than 10 employees and a yearly turnover not larger than 3 million SEK. The micro companies are therefore of great importance for Swedish business life and development of Swedish society. The requirements for these companies’ growth and development should therefore be supported, which require that regulations are adapted to their conditions. Statutory audit for small private limited companies is one of the simplifications of regulations that is discussed, where the benefits and costs of audit are in focus.

The purpose of this thesis is to describe how owners of micro companies perceive statutory audit, to examine how they chose to act if it is abolished, and to analyze underlying causes.

In this thesis a quantitative method was used since the numbers of occur-rences of certain actions were examined. The empirical study was constructed as a web based questionnaire sent to 200 micro companies in Jönköping County.

The results show that owners of micro companies perceive greatest benefits from audit compared to other interested parties, however, the government and municipality also are considered as benefiting from audit. Further, the most common arguments pro audit are that audit is considered as a receipt or a quality guarantee. 74 percent of the owners state that they would continue to demand audit even if the statutory audit was abolished, since the benefits are perceived as greater than the costs. However, 68 percent believe that audit should be based on demand instead of being compulsory. The micro compa-nies experience the role of the auditor as mainly reviewing. Though, the role as adviser is also of great importance when as much as 89 percent of the respon-dents believe that small companies’ regulations are too complex and that help from a qualified advisor is needed. The probability that micro companies would turn to a firm of accountancy instead of a firm of audit if the obligation was abolished is according to 44 percent large or very large. 13 percent would not consider a change at all. The conclusion is that micro companies perceive audit as a positive service, and that they still would be reviewed if the obligation was abolished. Though, most of the companies want audit to be voluntary and based on demand, which to some micro companies would imply a change from consulting a firm of audit for accounting and consulting services, and instead turn to a firm of accountancy.

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8

Modisagae, Thapelo. "The Role of internal audit in the Independent review of anti-money laundering compliance in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/41829.

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The dilemma of money laundering is an undeniable problem faced by many institutions all over the world. Due to its prevalence, the need for organisations to deal with the problem has become a global priority, regardless of the size of the financial institutions. Despite the compliance AML efforts undertaken by various institutions, AML compliance appears to be a daunting challenge, the question posed by this research is whether there is a need for independent anti-money laundering (AML) compliance reviews, given the invasive nature of money laundering in financial institutions. Secondly, the research addresses the question of who is well positioned to perform the independent AML compliance reviews. In addressing the second question, the research will discuss why internal audit is an invaluable resource in terms of risk management processes and the reasons why they are an integral part of the AML solution.
Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Auditing
unrestricted

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Silva, Simone Povia. "Auditoria independente no Brasil: evolução de 1997 a 2008 e fatores que podem influenciar a escolha de um auditor pela empresa auditada." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12136/tde-13102010-191828/.

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As informações contábeis são de grande importância para o equilíbrio do relacionamento entre os stakeholders, sendo direcionadoras para a alocação de seus recursos. A auditoria independente, nesse contexto, surge como um importante mecanismo que contribui para proporcionar confiabilidade a essas informações, reduzindo o conflito de agência inerente a esse relacionamento, ao expressar uma opinião sobre a adequação das demonstrações contábeis às praticas de contabilidade. Diversas são as empresas de auditoria independente cadastradas na Comissão de Valores Mobiliários para realizar tais trabalhos no Brasil; no entanto, quatro empresas se destacam nesse rol: PriceWaterhouseCoopers, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, KPMG e Ernst & Young. Essas quatro empresas são mundialmente conhecidas como Big Four. Até 2001, tal grupo era denominado Big Five e tinha como integrante a Arthur Andersen, que deixou de atuar no ramo a partir de 2002. Este trabalho buscou verificar a participação dessas empresas no Brasil no período de 1997 a 2008. Para tanto, as empresas auditadas foram classificadas pelo ramo de atividade, controle acionário e negociação em bolsa de valores, a fim de verificar a participação das empresas de auditoria sob diferentes aspectos. A amostra foi composta de 2.024 empresas constantes do banco de dados da FIPECAFI no período contemplado na pesquisa. Os resultados apontam que, na média do período, aproximadamente 80% dos ativos das grandes empresas atuantes no Brasil são auditados por empresas do grupo Big Four. Em 2008 a líder geral no Brasil foi a KPMG, responsável por auditar mais de 30% dos ativos da amostra. Outro objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar características das empresas auditadas que poderiam ser indicadores para a empresa escolher um auditor componente do grupo das maiores empresas de auditoria independente, focando-se na influência dos credores nessa decisão. Para esse objetivo foram coletados dados contábeis das empresas auditadas, além das informações não contábeis já utilizadas na primeira análise de participação das auditadas (ramo de atividade, controle acionário e negociação em bolsa de valores) e aplicado o teste estatístico de regressão logística. Os resultados não mostraram que a situação econômica e financeira da auditada influencia essa escolha, mas apontaram para a importância do controle acionário e do porte da auditada.
Accounting information have great importance for the balance of the relationship among stakeholders, and driving to the allocation of its resources. The independent audit, in this context, emerged as an important mechanism that helps to provide reliability of this information, reducing the agency conflict inherent in that relationship, to express an opinion on the adequacy of financial statements to accounting practices. There are several independent auditing firms registered at the Securities Commission to carry out such works in Brazil, however, four companies stand out in this list: PricewaterhouseCoopers, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, KPMG and Ernst & Young. These four companies are worldwide known as \"Big Four\". Until 2001, this group was called \"Big Five\" and had as a member Arthur Andersen, which no longer operate in the sector since 2002. This study aimed to verify their participation in Brazil from 1997 to 2008. For this, the audited companies were classified by line of business, stock control and trading on stock exchanges in order to assess the role of audit firms under different aspects. The sample consisted of 2024 companies listed in the database FIPECAFI the period covered in the survey. The results show that the average period of approximately 80% of the assets of large companies operating in Brazil are audited by firms of the group \"Big Four\". In 2008 the overall leader in Brazil was KPMG, responsible for auditing more than 30% of assets in the sample. Another objective was to identify characteristics of the audited companies that could be indicators for the company to choose an auditor of the component group of the largest independent audit, focusing on the influence of creditors in that decision. For this purpose, data were collected from accounting firms audited in addition to the information which were already used in the prior market share analysis (line of business, ownership control and stock trading on stock exchanges) and applied logistic regression statistical test. The results have shown that the economic and financial situation do not have any influence in that choice, but pointed the importance of ownership control and audited firms size in that choice.

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FREITAS, Aline Rúbia Ferraz de. "Fatores de governança corporativa e de estrutura de propriedade e suas influências nos honorários da auditoria independente." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18444.

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A discussão acerca dos honorários de auditoria é um tema bastante amplo na literatura nacional e internacional, porém seus estudos vem se intensificando no Brasil com a obrigatoriedade da prestação de informações por meio de Formulário de Referência da CVM ocorrida em 2009. Atrelado a isso, vem também a disponibilidade de dados em mercados mais desenvolvidos, que tem contribuído não apenas para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas acadêmicas, mas também para a própria regulação do mercado. Nesse contexto o objetivo desta dissertação foi investigar a influência da governança corporativa e estrutura de propriedade sobre os honorários da auditoria independente em empresas listadas no mercado BM&FBovespa de forma separada, analogamente às discussões já existentes. Os dados coletados abrangem o período de 2012 a 2014, porém a não disponibilidade de dados em alguns dos períodos limitou a amostra em 214 empresas. Utilizou-se um estudo de dados em painel, compreendendo o período selecionado, para responder a questão problema, onde a teoria central testada, é que a governança corporativa e a estrutura de propriedade seriam fatores determinantes dos honorários pagos os auditores independentes. Analisou-se dentro do modelo, uma variável de estrutura de propriedade de cada vez, de forma separada como proposto nesta pesquisa, sendo feito um modelo de regressão para cada variável. Os resultados permitem inferir que existe relação entre fatores de governança corporativa e estrutura de propriedades com os honorários da auditoria independe. Conclui-se que governança corporativa e estrutura de propriedade influenciam os honorários da auditoria independente, onde empresas que possuem melhores práticas de governança geram mais controles para serem auditados, aumentando os custos com auditoria independente. Em contrapartida, empresas com um elevado grau de concentração de propriedade, caracterizadas por terem maior facilidade de existência de conflitos de agência, tendem a possuir menos controles, consequentemente com menos dados a serem auditados, sendo mais fácil para o acionista majoritário fazer prevalecer seu próprio interesse, diminuindo assim os custos com auditoria independente.
The discussion of audit fees is a very broad topic in the national and international literature, but his studies has intensified in Brazil with the mandatory provision of information through CVM Reference Form held in 2009. Coupled to this, comes also the availability of data in more developed markets, which has contributed not only to the development of academic research, but also for the regulation of the market. In this context the aim of this work was to investigate the influence of corporate governance and ownership structure of the independent audit fees for companies listed on the BM & FBovespa market separately, similar to existing discussions. The collected data cover the period 2012-2014, but the non-availability of data in some of the periods limited the sample in 214 companies. We used a panel data study, comprising the selected period to answer the question problem, where the central theory tested, is that the corporate governance and ownership structure would be determinants of the fees paid to independent auditors. We analyzed within the model, a property variable structure at a time, so separated as proposed in this study, and made a regression model for each variable. Results show that there is a relationship between corporate governance factors and structural properties with the fees of the independent audit. It concludes that corporate governance and ownership structure influence the fees of the independent auditors, where companies with best governance practices generate more controls to be audited, increasing costs on independent auditing. By contrast, companies with a high degree of concentration of ownership, characterized by having greater ease of existence of agency conflicts, tend to have fewer controls, hence less data to be audited, and easier for the majority shareholder to enforce his own interest, thereby lowering costs with independent audit.

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Uchida, Inácio Mitsuo. "Um estudo sobre as possíveis causas do cancelamento de registro das empresas nacionais de auditoria independente na Comissão de Valores Imobiliários CVM." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/1429.

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This study seeks to answer the following question problem: what makes independent auditing companies cancel the registration with the CVM? It seeks to present a contribution to understanding the possible causes of the cancellation of auditors registration, considering the quantitative data of auditors canceled, researching the environment of accounting and auditing in Brazil, and the work of independent auditors in major markets in the independent audit Brazil, in other words, business- Traded and Financial Institutions for the period 1998 to 2009. The research method used was the multiple case study, with a selection of three national companies to independent audit that cleared the record in the Securities and Exchange Commission. The objectives of the research are: collecting data for statistical analysis with the competent organs; review the literature on the activities of the auditor and the independent auditing firms; researching the legal and technical requirements issued by standard setters and supervisory institutions of the profession. Based on analysis of the results, it intends the aspiration of reaching the conclusion that the selected companies cancel the registration, why not have a cost/benefits, to meet the requirements of regulating agencies, standard setters and the risks inherent in the activity independent audit
Este estudo busca responder a seguinte questão problema: quais os motivos que levam as empresas de auditoria independente a cancelarem o registro na CVM? Busca apresentar uma contribuição para o entendimento das possíveis causas do cancelamento de registro de auditores, considerando os dados quantitativos de auditores cancelados, pesquisando os ambientes da contabilidade e da auditoria no Brasil, bem como os trabalhos de auditoria independente nos maiores mercados de auditoria independente no Brasil, ou seja, nas empresas de Capital Aberto e nas Instituições Financeiras, para o período de 1998 a 2009. O método de pesquisa adotado foi o Estudo de Caso Múltiplo, com a seleção de três empresas nacionais de auditoria independente que cancelaram o registro na Comissão de Valores Mobiliários. São objetivos da pesquisa: coletar dados estatísticos para análise junto aos órgãos competentes; revisar a literatura sobre as atividades do auditor e das empresas de auditoria independente; pesquisar as exigências legais e técnicas emanadas dos órgãos normatizadores e fiscalizadores da profissão. Com base na análise sobre os resultados obtidos tem-se a aspiração de chegar à conclusão que as empresas selecionadas cancelam o registro, porque não apresentam uma relação custos/benefícios, para o cumprimento das exigências dos órgãos fiscalizadores e normatizadores e aos riscos inerentes a atividade de auditoria independente

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Le, Thi Thu Huong. "Účetnictví a audit ve Vietnamu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-81860.

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This thesis describes the accounting's and auditing's systems in Vietnam. The Vietnamese regulations and legilations are particularly emphased in great details as the important components of the accounting and auditing systems. On the other hand, it, also, focuses on the financial statements for the business and its audit as well as the struture of equity and types of investments for allied companies.

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Moraes, Ian Monteiro de. "Diferenças de expectativas em auditorias independentes: estudo comparativo sobre expectation gap, em cenário globalizado." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4361.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O presente estudo objetiva analisar as características das diferenças de expectativas entre o público geral e os auditores independentes, no que diz respeito às demonstrações contábeis. Para isso, incorreu-se em uma pesquisa de artigos científicos em que os autores investigam o problema, cada um em determinado país, e as causas de sua ocorrência. Essa análise da literatura permitiu verificar as similaridades e sugestões para reduzir o fenômeno, em cenário globalizado, e compará-las. Os principais achados demonstram que, de maneira geral, os problemas são globalmente relacionados, assim como as sugestões, e que se torna essencial medidas para amenizar o problema. Tanto os auditores independentes quanto os usuários das demonstrações contábeis tem conhecimento da existência dessa diferença de expectativa, sendo uma ameaça para o bom andamento de uma economia capitalista o desconforto dos usuários caso ocorra à manutenção dessa diferença de expectativa. Dessa maneira, uma mudança na estrutura do cenário atual das empresas de auditoria independente torna-se fundamental.
The purpose of this study is to analyze fairness of expectations gap between the public and independent auditors regarding the financial statements. A articles survey was provided to support this study, which the authors investigate the matters, each in a given country, and the causes of its occurrence. This literature review has shown the similarities and suggestions to reduce the phenomenon. The main results show that, in general matter, the expectation gap really exist globally, as well as suggestions and measures to mitigate such issues become essential. The existence of the differences in expectation is already known by independent auditors and public users of financial statements. For this fact, the discomfort for the users caused by the maintenance of these differences may be a threat to the capitalist economy ongoing. Therefore, a change in the actual scenario of the independent audit firms and auditors behavior is fundamental.

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Duker, John, and Jonas Söderberg. "Revisorns oberoende : - sidotjänsternas betydelse för revisorns oberoende och revisionens kvalité." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för teknik och samhälle, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-6381.

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Bakgrund: Som ett resultat av ett förändrat samhälle där fristående rådgivning blivit alltmer efterfrågat har fler problem uppkommit. EU-kommissionen lagt fram ett förslag på ändrade revisionsregler för att hantera dessa påstådda problem. Förslaget antyder att revisorns oberoende och revisionens kvalité hotas av dessa sidotjänster. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att skapa en förståelse för sidotjänsternas betydelse på revisorns oberoende och revisionens kvalité samt öka förståelsen för de nya lagförslagen och dess konsekvenser. Metod: Med utgångspunkt i en induktiv forskningsansats har vi genom en kvalitativ design utfört studien. Primärdata har samlats in genom intervju och öppna frågeformulär som sedans jämförts med tidigare forskning och erkänd litteratur. Resultat och slutsats: Studiens slutsats visar att sidotjänsterna inte har någon betydande inverkan på revisorns oberoende och revisionens kvalité, varken positivt eller negativt. Studien finner att revisorns integritet och egenintresse är så pass starkt att oberoendet inte hotas på grund av sidotjänsternas vara eller icke-vara även om resultaten i viss mån tyder på problem att invända mot en kollega. EU-kommissionens förslag finner studien vara en aning överflödig i sin nuvarande utformning. Syftet med förslaget är bland annat att stärka oberoendet och revisionens kvalité, problem som vi i studien inte kan styrka existerar i den mån att nyttan ska överstiga kostnaden.
Background: As a result of a changed society where non-audit services have been increasingly in demand which has raised new problems. The European Commission presented a revised set of audit rules to address these alleged problems. The proposal suggests that auditor independence and audit quality is threatened by these subsidiary services. Purpose: The aim of this study is to create an understanding of how the non-audit services impact the auditor independence and audit quality. The second purpose is to increase awareness of the new legislative proposals and their consequences. Method: Based on an inductive research approach, we have through a qualitative design conducted the study. Primary data were collected through interviews and open questionnaires which then were compared with previous research and recognized literature. Results and conclusion: The conclusion of the study shows that non-audit services do not have any significant impact on auditor’s independence and audit quality, either positive or negative. The study finds that the auditor's integrity and self-interest is too strong so that independence is not threatened due to non-audit services even if the results to some extent indicate of problems to express objection towards a colleague’s work. The study finds that the EU Commission's proposal to be a bit redundant in its present form. The proposal is to strengthen the independence and audit quality but the study concludes that the benefits will not exceed the cost.

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Tarabay, Charbel. "L'impact de l'audit interne sur les performances des PME." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0316.

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L’objectif de ce travail de recherche consiste à déterminer l’impact du comité d’audit sur la performance financière des PME libanaises. Ceci dit que l’objectif consiste aussi à étudier l’influence du système de gouvernance sur l’indépendance du comité d’audit. Les variables mobilisées sont relatives aux caractéristiques du conseil d’administration et du comité d’audit. A cela s’ajoute, trois déterminants qui sont relatifs à l’indépendance du comité d’audit, la structure du conseil d’administration et l’impact du système dual. A titre indicatif la rentabilité des PME est relatée notamment à partir des rapports annuels. L’échantillon comprend 58 PME libanaises et l’étude s’étale sur une période de 4 ans, à savoir entre 2011 et 2014. Les résultats font apparaître que le comité d’audit peine à avoir une indépendance totale. Cela peut être expliqué par l’apposement d’un système dual et aussi par le nombre limité au sein du comité. Dans ce sens, le comité d’audit dans les PME libanaises est réprimé notamment à travers le déploiement de ses responsabilités et de sa contribution au niveau de la revue des états financiers. Ce qui s’avère préjudiciable à une meilleure croissance de la performance financière pour les PME
The aim of this research study is to determine the impact of the audit committee on the financial performance of Lebanese SMEs. This research focuses also on the influence of the governance system on the independence of the audit committee. The variables used are related to the characteristics of the board and of the audit committee. Moreover, three other determinants are referred as the independence of the audit committee, the structure of the board and the impact of the dual system in order to bring some elements of answers to our main interrogation. As an indication, SMEs profitability is reported especially from annual reports. The sample includes 58 Lebanese SMEs and the study covers a period of 4 years, from 2011 till 2014. The results show that the audit committee hardly has a total independence. This can be explained by the appeasement of a dual system and also by the presence of a limited number within the committee. In this sense, the audit committee in Lebanese SMEs is repressed and cannot be clearly active through the deployment of its responsibilities and its contribution in reviewing the financial statements. This appears as detrimental to a better growth for the SMEs sector financial performance

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Sharmin, Samia. "The impact of built environment on children independent mobility: A comparative analysis between discretionary and nondiscretionary activities." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/201388/1/Samia_Sharmin_Thesis.pdf.

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This research examines the effects of topological (e.g., street configuration) and geographic (e.g., land use, building height) features of the built environment (BE) on children independent mobility (CIM) to discretionary (e.g., park, shop) and nondiscretionary (e.g., school) destinations. Using travel data collected through travel diary and route mapping, and BE data of comparable routes collected through virtual BE audit, a wide range of promoters and barriers of CIM were identified. The findings highlight that, to design children-friendly environment and maximise CIM, geographic features need to be considered in tandem with topological features of the BE, stratified by destination type.

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Silva, Elton Roberto da. "The challenges faced by the external audit industry in Brazil: an exploratory study." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/14957.

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The auditing role in the contemporaneous business environment, and increasing interest in and demand for governance and transparency, has become an element even more important to the society, as a whole, in order to build solid basis to the development of businesses and generation of wealth through technical knowledge, independence, transparency, credibility, and ethics. Nevertheless, the external financial audit industry in the world and also particularly in Brazil has faced several challenges which threaten its success and evolution. In this sense, since the external audit industry in Brazil has been immersed in a deep crisis with features that are explored through this study, allow me to create an analogy over this study saying that the external financial audit industry is like a sick person with a chronic disease, but the disease has not yet been diagnosed and the person has been dealing with the isolated symptoms. This person, the external audit industry, has struggled with this disease for many years and it is getting worse. It is fundamental to highlight that the challenges faced by the external audit industry in Brazil, ultimately, have not harmed the industry only, but they also materialize themselves as chronic issues for the corporate governance and the capital markets since they harm every interested party. In my point of view, the hardest affected are the investors or shareholders whose interest the independent auditor’s work seeks to preserve. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to have a picture of the challenges faced by the external audit industry in Brazil and understand those challenges as a requirement to analyze the potential alternatives to solve them or, analogically, to diagnose this disease. The research purpose is to map and identify the challenges faced by the external audit industry in Brazil based on the understanding of professionals seasoned in the area. Those challenges are mapped and understood through a methodological approach, a questionnaire answered by auditors with experience in the Brazilian auditing market. The challenges were preliminarily listed based on over 16 years of experience of the author in the area of auditing and financial and accounting services, discussions and interviews about the topic with seasoned professionals, and analyses of pieces of news, publications and academic studies. The questionnaire was used in order to validate the challenges, observations, perspectives, and perceptions gathered through those resources. Despite of the fact that the study is highly relevant, it was not found, through my research, other analyses on this topic with a similar approach which is intended by this study. It looks like the external audit industry in Brazil has walked through these new age dealing with problems on a daily basis and the real challenges of the industry may be concealed by the economic conditions in Brazil and other explanations. As in any problematic scenario, in which a critical analysis is needed, having an accurate picture and understanding of the challenges is a crucial step to start exploring alternatives to address them.

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Henriques, Vitor dos Santos. "Deveres e responsabilidades dos auditores independentes nas operações de incorporação entre conpanhias." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2132/tde-12022014-141631/.

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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a atuação dos auditores independentes no contexto de uma operação de incorporação entre companhias abertas. Para tanto, abordaram-se os aspectos jurídicos e contábeis relevantes das operações de incorporação e, em seguida, procurou-se definir os deveres gerais e específicos aplicáveis aos auditores independentes e a responsabilidade civil em face das principais atividades desenvolvidas por tais agentes em operações dessa natureza, quais sejam, as atividades de auditoria das demonstrações financeiras e de avaliação da companhia incorporada.
The present work aims to study the performance of the independent auditors in the context of a merger of a publicly held company into another. For such purposes, we addressed the relevant legal and accounting aspects of the merger transactions and then sought to define the general and specific duties applicable to independent auditors and the liability in view of the main activities undertaken by them in transactions of this nature, which are the activities of auditing of financial statements and the valuation of the merged company.

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Söderberg, Per, and Martin Schön. "I spårvattnet av revisionspliktens gränsvärden : En kvalitativ studie kring efterfrågan på revision, non-audit services och mot eventuella framtida EU-gränsvärden i Sverige." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-70994.

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Syftet med studien är att beskriva och analysera privata företag, som inte skulle omfattas av revisionsplikt enligt EU:s gränsvärden, och revisorernas inställning till revision och non-audit services [NAS]. Vidare analysera hur NAS påverkar förhållandet mellan revisorer och företag. Även få en bild av framtida inställning till revisionspliktens gränsvärden. Detta återkommer i slutsatsen för att bevisa att vi uppfyllt syftet. En kvalitativ komparativ design, utförd genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer har använts för att besvara dessa forskningsfrågorna. Denna studie är gjord på fem revisorer och hos fem medelstora företag för att få bådas perspektiv och sedan kunna se liknelser och skillnader mellan dessa. Den framställda empirin av de gjorda intervjuerna kopplades samman med relevant teori, som var uppdelad i de tre forskningsfrågorna som präglar denna studie. De övergripande teorierna har varit efterfrågan på revision, NAS och oberoende, samt revisionspliktens gränsvärden. Under varje övergripande teori kompletteras dessa med teorier som bygger upp för en starkare analys. Slutsatserna med studien är att företag är positivt inställda till revision eftersom det ger dem trovärdighet och legitimitet, vilket underlättar relationer med intressenter. Även att det råder delade meningar mellan företagen och revisorerna ifall nyttan med revision överstiger kostnaden. Företagen anser detta, men revisorerna hävdar att det oftast inte överstiger. Angående NAS vet inte företagen om vilka tjänster som finns eller vad de har behov av. Proaktivitet är viktigt hos revisorerna och följden av att branschen gått mot mer rådgivning och NAS har bidragit till större öppenhet hos företagen. Men bidrar inte till att oberoendet rubbas eller att en social sammanhållning där företagen tillfredsställts i försa hand uppstått. Vidare har inte priset sjunkit för revisionen, men att revisionsprocessen blivit mer utförlig. På senare år har även revisionsbyråer sålt sina redovisningsdelar vilket har gett en positiv aspekt sett till oberoendet. Slutligen att det fortfarande råder fördröjningar i slopandet av revisionsplikten år 2010. Företagen skulle fortsätta med revisor oavsett vilka gränsvärden det är, men att efterfrågan styrs av den upplevda nyttan. Revisorerna ser överlag positivt på en höjning av gränsvärdena då större företag får mer nytta från revision. En höjning skulle inte leda till att yrkesrollen skulle förändras, men att mindre kontor hade behövt läggas ned, försämrad kvalitét, minskad efterfråga och ökat osäkerheten i samhället.
The purpose of this study is to describe and analyse private companies, which not have audit requirement according to European threshold, and auditors’ attitude towards audit and non-audit services [NAS]. Moreover, analysing how NAS affects the relationship between auditors and companies. Additionally, obtain an understanding of their attitude towards threshold for audit requirement. This will be answered in the conclusion to prove the fulfilment of the purpose. A qualitative comparative design, with semi-structured interviews has been accomplished in order to answer the questions. This study is constructed by interviews from five auditors and five medium sized companies in order to capture both their perspectives, similarities and differences. The empirical results from the interviews have been attached with relevant theory, which is divided in three different questions, which characterized this study. The overall theories in this study are; demand for auditing, NAS and independent, and audit threshold. To these overall theories there are additional theories in order to develop deeper analysis. The conclusion of this study shows that companies have a positive attitude towards audit because of the credibility and legitimacy, which enable the relationship with a company’s stakeholders. Even though, the opinions are separated between auditors and companies if the benefits are exceeding the cost of audit. Regarding to NAS, companies cannot see their needs or services available. Proactivity from auditors is important and a reason for more consulting and NAS in the audit branch, which have contribute to openness in the companies. But not in a way so independent have been affected or a social cohesion have occurred, where satisfying companies are prioritized before the society. Moreover, the price for audit has not decreased, but the audit process has been more complex. Recently, audit companies have sold their accounting parts and that is positive from an independent perspective. Finally, there is a delay from the 2010 abolishment of the audit requirement. The companies in this study would continue with audit regardless the threshold for audit requirements and the demand comes from the experienced benefits. The auditors have an overall positive view on higher threshold when larger companies get more benefit from the audit. Higher thresholds will not contribute to a change in auditor’s work on bigger firms. However, such a change would result in less demand for auditing, more uncertainties in society, decreasing quality of the financial information and would mean that smaller audit firms would have to close.

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Antunes, Jeronimo. "Modelo de avaliação de risco de controle utilizando a lógica nebulosa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12136/tde-29052006-143449/.

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A avaliação dos riscos de que o sistema de controle interno de uma entidade possa falhar na identificação, mensuração, registro e divulgação de eventos econômicos, que deverão ser refletidos nas demonstrações contábeis de uma entidade, constitui-se em significativo desafio para os auditores independentes. As metodologias de trabalho empregadas para tal finalidade, normalmente, utilizam como sustentáculo a lógica clássica, em que os elementos que compõem os fatores de riscos são avaliados de forma binária, qual seja, presume-se de modo algo simplista que tais fatores ou estão presentes, ou não, em um determinado tipo de controle ou fase do processo, existem ou não, são realizados ou não, e assim por diante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a concepção de um modelo de avaliação de risco dos sistemas de controles internos de uma entidade utilizando a lógica nebulosa (fuzzy logic) para contemplar os elementos incertos e difusos que compõem, de maneira representativa, os fatores desse tipo de risco analisados pelos auditores independentes no âmbito de um processo de auditoria das demonstrações contábeis; buscou-se, com o resultado desta pesquisa, permitir que venham a ser produzidos resultados de alcance mais amplo e com maior aproximação da realidade efetivamente encontrada no dia a dia dos negócios, que talvez raramente indique situações pontuais de sim ou não tal como exigido pela lógica clássica ou pelo método binário de avaliação e julgamento. A validação conceitual do modelo concebido foi realizada por meio de entrevistas e debates com especialistas, bibliografia relevante e manuais práticos de metodologia de trabalho de auditoria de empresas representativas dessa indústria e a validade operacional foi testada com uma massa de dados de casos práticos de entidades que tiveram seus sistemas de controles internos avaliados por empresas de auditoria independente de renome atuantes no Brasil, processados no software FuzzyTech 5.54. Como conclusão do estudo, ficou patente que o modelo de avaliação de risco com o uso da lógica nebulosa, além de eliminar a restrição binária imposta pela lógica clássica, permite tratar, de forma numérica e sistematizada, conceitos ambíguos e incertos, através da aplicação de uma escala psicométrica, para refletir predicados tais como bom, razoável, de grande importância etc., produzindo, dessa maneira, resultados mais amplos e próximos da realidade.
The assessment of the risks that an entitys internal control system may fail concerning the identification, measurement, registration and disclosure of economic events, which should be reflected on the entity´s financial statements, is a significant challenge to independent auditors. The methodologies used to achieve those objectives are usually supported by classical logic thinking, in which the components of the risk factors are assessed under the binary form, in other words, under the relatively simplistic assumption that either they are present or not in a certain kind of control or in a certain phase of the process, they either exist or not, they either are carried out or not, and so on. The purpose of this study was to conceive a risk assessment pattern to assess the effectiveness of entitys internal control system, using the fuzzy logic approach, in order to take into consideration the uncertain and diffuse elements that are actually present, to a representative extent, in the factors of the control risk analyzed by independent auditors in their process of a financial statements audit; The results of this study aim at permitting that broader conclusions may be reached by the auditors, much closer to the realities of the business environment, which may seldom present individual situations where simple yes or no answers may be given, as required by the classical logic and binary approach for assessment and evaluation The conceptual validation of the conceived model was based in interviews and debateswith experts, relevant bibliography and manuals of audit methodology of audit firms representative of this services industry, and the operational validation was tested from a database of casesof profit oriented entities which had their internal control systems assessed by recognized Brazilian audit firms, processed on the FuzzyTech 5.54 software. This study has concluded that the use of fuzzy logic to support risk assessment models not only eliminates the binary restriction imposed by classic logic, but also allows a numerical and systematic form of treating ambiguous and uncertain concepts, through the application of a psicometric scale, to reflect adjectives such as good, reasonable, of great importance etc, producing, therefore, more ample and closer to reality results.

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Antunes, Jerônimo. "Contribuição ao estudo da avaliação de risco e controles internos na auditoria de demonstrações contábeis no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 1998. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12136/tde-25012005-164416/.

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O risco de emitir uma opinião tecnicamente incorreta sobre demonstrações contábeis é a preocupação fundamental dos auditores independentes no Brasil e no mundo. Para cercar-se de condições que lhes assegurem um julgamento confiável e adequado sobre o objeto de seus trabalhos, os auditores independentes aplicam diversos procedimentos técnicos, em busca de evidências claras, precisas e suficientes. Dentre tais procedimentos, destaca-se, pela relevância, o estudo, conhecimento e avaliação dos procedimentos de controle interno da empresa auditada. Os procedimentos empregados pelos auditores para avaliação dos sistemas de controles internos e dos riscos de auditoria das demonstrações contábeis assumem papel preponderante, uma vez que determinam a natureza, extensão e a oportunidade da realização de todos os demais exames de auditoria. Esta tecnologia de auditoria, para permitir análise e julgamento quanto à consecução dos seus objetivos, deve ser aplicada de forma ordenada e sistematizada, através de uma metodologia de trabalho. Quais são as normas brasileiras e internacionais que orientam ou regulam esta matéria? Quem são os organismos normatizadores? Qual a profundidade e eficácia destas normas brasileiras, em comparação com as internacionais? O que os auditores independentes brasileiros têm disponível como guia em seus trabalhos, para avaliação de risco e controles internos? Este trabalho pesquisa as possíveis respostas a tais questões, acrescentando elementos que podem contribuir para um melhor entendimento, tais como: as definições e conceitos dos termos empregados, os motivos que definem a necessidade de avaliação do risco e quais controles internos são relevantes neste processo. Apresenta, ainda, de forma resumida, a metodologia de trabalho utilizada por duas empresas de auditoria atuantes nos mercados profissionais internacional e brasileiro para o assunto em tela, finalizando com a tentativa de mostrar um aparente conflito entre a teoria (normas) e a prática de auditoria (métodos de trabalho), em três casos recentes de insucessos empresariais no setor bancário ocorridos no Brasil e que guardam alguma relação com questões de controle interno e da auditoria dos mesmos.
The risk to render a technically incorrect opinion on financial statements is the main concern of independent auditors in Brazil and in the world. In order to ensure that they have managed to control all conditions necessary to forming a reliable and adequate judgement on the object of their work, independent auditors apply several technical procedures looking for clear, precise and sufficient evidence. Among such procedures it must be noted, due to its relevance, the study, knowledge and evaluation of the internal control procedures of the audited entity. The audit procedures carried out by the independent auditors in their evaluation of the internal control systems and of the audit risks underlying the financial statements play a key role in determining the nature, scope and opportunity of all other audit procedures. This audit technology, in order to permit proper analysis and judgement of the results it produces, must be oriented and supported by standards. On the other hand, in order to make it effective, it must be applied in an orderly and systematic manner, which may be achieved through an adequate methodology. Which are the Brazilian and international audit standards that orient or rule this matter? Who are the standard setters? How deep and effective are the Brazilian standards when compared to the international ones? What guidance is available to the Brazilian independent auditors in terms of risk and internal control evaluation? The present study researches the possible answers to such questions, adding elements that may contribute to a better understanding of the related issues, such as: definitions and concepts of key terms employed, the reasons that define the need to evaluate risk and which internal controls are relevant in this process. The study goes further and presents, in a summarized form, the audit methodologies used by two audit firms that are active in the professional Brazilian and international markets, as they relate to the subject under discussion. This work finalizes with the attempt to show an apparent conflict between theory (standards) and practice (method of work) in three recent cases of business failures in the Brazilian banking sector, which keep close relation with questions of internal control and its audit.

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Andersson, Carolina, and Larsson Marie Valtersson. "Oberoendeideologin utifrån två perspektiv : en kvalitativ studie av uppfattningar mellan revisorer och klienter." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-14990.

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Revisorns oberoende är en ständigt omdiskuterad fråga och ämnet verkar aldrig gå ur tiden, detta då massmedia ständigt florerar med spekulationer om jävsituationer mellan företag och revisorer. Syftet med denna studie är att skapa förståelse för hur revisorer och dess klienter resonerar kring oberoende och beroende. För att studera denna komplexa fråga har vi genomfört elva personliga intervjuer, fem intervjuer med auktoriserade eller godkända revisorer och sex intervjuer med revisionsklienter. I studien har vi analyserat hur revisorer och klienter resonerar kring revisorns oberoende samt vad parterna anser är viktigt i deras förhållande till varandra. Utfallet av studien pekar på att både revisorerna och klienterna tänker och arbetar aktivt för att upprätthålla sitt anseende, det vill säga sin legitimitet. För revisorernas del uppnås legitimitet genom att de ständigt beaktar hot mot sin objektivitet och på så sätt säkerställer sitt oberoende. Detta leder till att de kan fungera som ett kontrollorgan för klienternas finansiella rapporter. Studien visar även att utifrån klientens perspektiv är det viktigt att revisorn fungerar som en oberoende tredje part eftersom det ger bolagets finansiella rapporter en ”kvalitetsstämpel”. Studien är relevant då den bidrar med en förståelse för vad som är viktigt i relationen mellan revisor och klient.
Auditor independence is an intensely debated issue, the topic never go out of time when the media are constantly rife with speculation about a conflict of interest between the company and the auditors. The purpose of this study was to create an understanding of how auditors and its clients reason about independent and dependency. To study this complex issue, we have completed eleven personal interviews, five interviews were with authorized or approved auditors and six interviews were with audit clients. In this study we analyzed how auditors and clients reasoning about auditor independence and what they consider important in their relationship to each other. The outcome of this study indicates that both auditors and clients think and work actively to maintain its reputation, videlicet their legitimacy. From the perspective of the auditors, they achieved legitimacy by ensuring theirs independence by staying objective. This means that they can function as a control for the client's financial statements. From the perspective of the clients, it is important that the auditor acts as an independent third party, it gives the company's financial reports, a "quality label". The study is relevant as a contribution to an understanding what´s important in the relationship between auditor and client.

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Булат, Г. В., Г. В. Булат, and G. Bulat. "Організаційно-методичне забезпечення обліку і аудиту оборотних активів (на прикладі автотранспортних підприємств)." Diss., Одеський національний економічний університет, 2013. http://dspace.oneu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/3959.

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Дисертацію присвячено обґрунтуванню теоретичних та практичних положень щодо удосконалення обліку та внутрішнього аудиту оборотних активів на автотранспортних підприємствах. У роботі уточнено поняття оборотних активів, класифікація та документальне оформлення їх обліку. Удосконалено форму бухгалтерського балансу, з точки зору відображення в ньому оборотних активів, як основного джерела для проведення аналізу фінансового-господарської діяльності автотранспортних підприємств та прийняття ефективних управлінських рішень. Розроблено організаційну структуру внутрішнього аудиту на автотранспортних підприємствах, документальне оформлення його проведення. Удосконалено модель проведення внутрішнього аудиту оборотних активів за допомогою керуючої комп’ютерної програми. Розроблено методику визначення ризику аудиту в умовах використання інформаційних технологій.
Диссертация посвящена обоснованию теоретических и практических положений по совершенствованию учета и внутреннего аудита оборотных активов на автотранспортных предприятиях. В работе уточнено понятие оборотных активов, классификация и документальное оформление их учета. Усовершенствовано форму бухгалтерского баланса с точки зрения отражения в нем оборотных активов, как значимого информационного источника для проведения анализа финансово-хозяйственной деятельности автотранспортных предприятий и принятия эффективных управленческих решений. Обоснована целесообразность применения терминов «оборотные активы» и «поточные активы». Выделено три функции оборотных активов: производственная, расчетная и товарная. Кругооборот средств автотранспортных предприятий представлен в виде формулы. Уточнена классификация оборотных средств с учетом специфики автотранспортных предприятий. Обоснована целесообразность совершенствования аналитического учета оборотных активов на автотранспортных предприятиях, прежде всего такой их важной составляющей, как запасные части. Предложено открыть несколько субсчетов для учета запасных частей, находящихся на складе, переданных в эксплуатацию, переданных для проведения ремонтов. Отражение в учете и контроль списания запасных частей для ремонта подвижного состава предлагается осуществлять на основе Акта на замену дефектов (акт на замену запасных частей). Предложенный документ по его форме и содержанию пригоден к использованию как в условиях ручной, так и в условиях автоматизированной обработки данных. Обоснована целесообразность усовершенствования структуры бухгалтерского баланса. Предложена группировка статей баланса с учетом информационных запросов пользователей для эффективного управления предприятием. Предложена организационная модель и разработано методическое обеспечение внутреннего аудита на предприятиях автотранспортной отрасли. Усовершенствована модель проведения внутреннего аудита оборотных активов с помощью управляющей компьютерной программы. Разработана методика определения риска аудита в условиях использования информационных технологий.
The thesis is devoted for a theoretical and practical provisions as to improving of accounting and internal audit of current assets to trucking companies. In this work the concepts of current assets, classification and documentation of their recognition. The balance sheet form is improved in terms of a reflection it in current assets as a major source for the due diligence of trucking companies analysis and adoption of effective management decisions. Also developed organizational structure of internal audit at trucking companies, documentation of entry. The model of the internal audit of current assets by computer program managing is perfected. The method of determination the audit risk in terms of using information technologies.

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Campelo, Aldeir de Lima. "As responsabilidades legais dos auditores independentes no Brasil e seu monitoramento perante os órgãos reguladores." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/1762.

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The independent audit activity can exclusively be performed by accountants who conduct the investigation of the financial statements of listed companies, as well as large companies, as defined by article 3º of Law 11.638/2007, even if such large companies are not listed. In order to exercise such activity the accountants are required to be registered in the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission as well as in the Regional Accounting Council of their jurisdiction. All professional activities require involvement, commitment and mainly responsibility in its practice and such responsibility may vary according to the implications from their work. Independent auditors also follow this rule and due to the relevance of their services, must be totally reliable. Based on these aspects, the goal of this study is mainly to identify the legal responsibilities of independent auditors in Brazil through the verification if such liabilities are being monitored by regulators and how this monitoring is performed. Therefore, the study presents the development of independent audit activity in Brazil, the conceptual aspects, genres, as well as financial statements, generally accepted auditing standards and professional standards. This is a study with a methodology based on the review of theoretical literature and also in research of the explanatory-descriptive. Regulators presented in the research are the Federal Accounting Council, the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission and the Brazilian Central Bank. These three regulatory agencies have designated a person to answer the questionnaire prepared for this purpose, with open questions. The responses of the regulators, in conjunction with the theory study, since the initial development to the results, present a study that meets its objective, and provides credibility to the reader
A prática de auditoria independente é de exercício exclusivo do contador que, para realizar o exame das demonstrações contábeis de sociedades por ações, bem como, às sociedades de grande porte, ainda que não constituídas sob a forma de sociedades por ações, conforme previsto no artigo 3º da Lei nº 11.638/2007, tem como necessário o seu registro na Comissão de Valores Mobiliários além do registro no Conselho Regional de Contabilidade da jurisdição do contador. Todas atividades profissionais exigem envolvimento, compromisso e principalmente responsabilidade em seu exercício e essa responsabilidade pode variar de acordo com as repercussões que sobrevêm do seu trabalho. Os auditores independentes seguem essa regra e que devido à relevância dos seus serviços prestados, devem total confiabilidade à sociedade. Com base nesses aspectos, este estudo objetiva, preponderantemente, identificar as responsabilidades legais dos auditores independentes no Brasil pela verificação se tais responsabilidades são monitoradas pelos órgãos reguladores da profissão e como se dá esse monitoramento. Para tanto, o estudo apresenta a evolução da atividade de auditoria independente no Brasil, os aspectos conceituais, os gêneros, bem como, trata das demonstrações contábeis, das normas de auditoria das demonstrações contábeis e das normas profissionais da atividade. Trata-se de um estudo com metodologia focada teoricamente na revisão da literatura e também em pesquisa do tipo exploratório-descritiva. Os órgãos reguladores apresentados na pesquisa são o Conselho Federal de Contabilidade, a Comissão de Valores Imobiliários e o Banco Central. Os três órgãos designaram um responsável para ser o respondente do questionário elaborado para este fim, com questões abertas. As respostas dos órgãos, em comunhão com a teoria estudada, desde o desenvolvimento inicial até os resultados obtidos, apresentam um estudo que atende ao proposto, bem como oferece credibilidade ao leitor

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Faria, Maria Isabel Homem Leal de. "A comissão de auditoria no governo das sociedades: o caso das sociedades cotadas em Portugal." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/1147.

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Mestrado em Gestão/MBA
O governo das sociedades e a sua importância para o bom funcionamento e a integridade dos mercados de capitais têm vindo a ser assumidos como uma temática central no mundo dos negócios. A comissão de auditoria constitui uma peça central no governo das sociedades e as suas atribuições e responsabilidades têm-se vindo a ampliar e a aprofundar sucessivamente. Neste estudo, tendo como principal suporte a teoria da agência, investigam-se factores associados à constituição voluntária de comissões de auditoria em Portugal, país inserido num contexto europeu continental - onde essa constituição não é obrigatória. Para as empresas que voluntariamente constituíram comissões de auditoria, analisam-se também a respectiva composição e práticas de actuação. O estudo incidiu sobre as sociedades cotadas na Euronext Lisbon. Utilizando um modelo de regressão logística, verifica-se que a presença da comissão de auditoria está positivamente associada à proporção de administradores independentes no conselho de administração e à dimensão da sociedade, mas não a factores relacionados com custos de agência. No que diz respeito à composição e práticas de trabalho, pode-se concluir que as empresas cotadas portuguesas, de um modo geral, cumprem as normas e recomendações nacionais respeitantes às comissões de auditoria, embora estejam aquém do prescrito em enquadramentos institucionais mais rigorosos nesta matéria, como é o caso dos EUA e RU, ou até nas melhores práticas recomendadas no contexto europeu continental.
Corporate governance and its importance to the integrity of the capital markets has become an essential issue to the business community. Central to corporate governance is the audit committee, and its responsibilities and duties are becoming wider and deeper. Using mainly an agency framework, this dissertation investigates some factors associated with voluntary audit committee formation in Portugal, a country belonging to a continental Europe environment, where that formation is voluntary. For those companies that voluntarily installed an audit committee, it also examines its composition and working practices. The study uses data from Euronext Lisbon listed companies. Making use of a logistic regression model, the study finds that voluntary audit committee formation is positively correlated with the proportion of independent directors on the board of directors and with the size of the company, but it does not find it associated with agency costs. As to its composition and working practices, it finds that Portuguese companies comply with the Portuguese rules regarding audit committees, but not with more demanding and tougher requirements as those from US or UK, or even the best practices recommended in a continental Europe environment.

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Wisnik, Melissa Tuxen. "Relação entre a natureza dos principais assuntos de auditoria apresentados nos relatórios de auditoria independente, setores de atuação e países." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/24209.

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Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal verificar se há relação entre a natureza dos Principais Assuntos de Auditoria apresentados nos relatórios dos auditores independentes e os respectivos setores de atuação das companhias. Justifica-se este trabalho com a proposta de avaliar a natureza dos Principais Assuntos de Auditoria definidos pelos auditores independentes como os assuntos mais significativos no contexto da emissão de sua opinião frente às novas normas internacionais de auditoria, para empresas que atuem em um mesmo segmento. Esta pesquisa é realizada exclusivamente de forma documental, pela leitura dos relatórios de auditoria de 2016 das dez maiores empresas, segundo sua posição no market capitalization, dos setores bancário, de seguros e de varejo do Brasil, Reino Unido e Hong Kong. Além da pesquisa documental, este trabalho também é composto por revisão da literatura e normativos que regulamentam a emissão do relatório de auditoria, os quais fundamentam e contextualizam o papel do auditor independente e o conteúdo do relatório de auditoria. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os Principais Assuntos de Auditoria incluídos nos relatórios de auditoria externa de empresas do mesmo segmento de atuação tendem a ser semelhantes entre si, embora também sejam influenciados pelo mercado em que a empresa atua e por fatores específicos à empresa.
This research has as main objective to verify the existence of a relationship between the nature of the Key Audit Matters presented in the independent auditors' reports and the respective segments of the companies. This objective of this project is to evaluate if the nature of the Key Audit Matters defined by the independent auditors as the most significant matters in the context of issuance of their opinion, regarding the new international auditing standards, applies for companies operating in the same segment. This research is prepared exclusively in a documentary way, by reviewing the 2016 audit reports of the ten largest companies, according to its market capitalization, of banking, insurance and retail sectors in Brazil, the United Kingdom and Hong Kong. In addition to documentary research, this work is also composed of a review of the literature and standards that regulate the issuance of the audit report, which form the basis and context for the independent auditor's role and the content of the audit report. The results indicate that the main audit subjects included in external audit reports of companies in the same segment tend to be similar, although they are also influenced by the environment in which they operate and by factors specific to each company.

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Krauß, Patrick. "Audit services, non-audit services, and audit firm tenure." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-124185.

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The faith in financial reporting quality and the corresponding auditing process has suffered a lot within the last decade, due to significant accounting scandals (e.g. Enron, WorldCom, Parmalat, etc.). As an answer to these accounting scandals, the law-makers in Germany and the European Union, respectively, have strengthened audit regulations in order to improve the quality of the conducted audits. The aim of this cumulative dissertation is to provide empirical evidence on the effects of intended and already implemented regulative audit requirements in Germany. ln order to consider the wide range of different audit requirements, the dissertation is based on four different study manuscripts, highlighting various perspectives with regard to the appointment, duration, and remuneration of a statutory auditor in the German audit environment. Besides the empirical evidence for separate auditing issues, this dissertation is also aimed to provide a solid theoretical background and critical suggestions for future research.

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Mitianoudis, Nikolaos. "Audio source separation using independent component analysis." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406171.

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Luccas, Rudah Giasson. "Desvendando a opinião da auditoria independente: o resultado da auditoria." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12136/tde-08092015-153116/.

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A presente pesquisa objetiva analisar as teorias acerca do processo de auditoria e sua relação com a opinião expressa no relatório de auditoria. A associação estudada se diferencia de outros estudos no arcabouço teórico de auditoria, tanto no cenário nacional, quanto no cenário internacional, ao detectar a opinião esperada frente à qualidade da contabilidade da empresa e à qualidade vinculada à firma de auditoria, em métricas ex ante ao relatório da auditoria. O arcabouço teórico, base para esta pesquisa, é a teoria dos custos contratuais. O estudo detectou e explorou nos principais periódicos internacionais fatores determinantes a qualidade da auditoria ex ante, sendo detectado: (I) a reputação/competência do auditor, (II) a especialização do auditor, (III) o atraso na emissão do relatório de auditoria e (IV) o tamanho da firma de auditoria. O método estatístico identificado para averiguação e detecção do objetivo da pesquisa é a regressão logística binária. Procurando identificar anomalias do modelo, as técnicas de análise de clusters e análise multidimensional foram utilizadas para identificar possíveis relações entre os setores. As análises exploratórias demonstraram a separação dos setores em três clusters categorizados pelo acerto do modelo e, após, foram identificadas semelhanças dentre os setores nos grupos formados. O primeiro, dentre os clusters, possui mais setores e comportamento equivalente ao conjunto de empresas abertas brasileiras. Outro cluster, contendo companhias nos setores de Agro e Pesca, Química, Energia Elétrica, Mineração, Minerais não Metalúrgicos e Petróleo e Gás, possui particularidades à opinião do auditor independente, no comparativo à amostra. Neste grupo da amostra o modelo proposto não possui assertividade aos pareceres com modificação de opinião. O terceiro conjunto de setores é composto de empresas com alta quantidade de pareceres sem modificação de opinião, não havendo correlação à amostra estudada. A relação entre a qualidade da auditoria ex ante e a opinião do auditor independente também foi testada, a fim de se detectar os principais motivos de anomalia no modelo e a separação da amostra em subgrupos. Como resultado, identificou-se uma associação atemporal entre a opinião da auditoria e as métricas de qualidade da contabilidade e de qualidade da auditoria para as empresas abertas do Brasil.
The present research aims to analyze the theories of the audit process and its relation to the expressed opinion in the audit report. The studied association differs from other audit theoretical frameworks, both on the national and international scenarios, as detects the expected audit opinion against the quality of the entity accounting and the quality linked to the audit firm, in metrics ex ante to the audit report. The basis for this research is the theory of contract costs. The study discovered and explored in major international models determinants the quality of ex ante audit, being detected: (I) the reputation / auditor competence, (II) the specialization of the auditor, (III) the delay in the issuance of the audit report and (IV) the size of the audit firm. The statistical method identified for investigation and detection of the goal in the research is the binary logistic regression. Seeking to identify anomalies in the proposed model, the techniques of multidimensional analysis and cluster analysis were used to identify possible relationships between sectors. Exploratory analyzes showed the separation of sectors into three clusters categorized by accuracy of the proposed model and, after that, similarities were identified among the sectors in the formed groups. The first, between the clusters, has more sectors and has equivalent behavior to the group of Brazilian public-listed companies. Another cluster, including companies from different industries like Agro, Fishing, Chemical, Energy, Minerals not Metallurgical and oil and gas, hold particularities in the external audit opinion, in comparison to the sample. On this the group the proposed model does not hold assertiveness regarding reports with modified opinions. The third set of sectors comprises companies in which the audit reports without modified opinions, and has no correlation to the others. The relationship between ex ante audit quality and the auditor opinion was also tested, in order to detect the model unconformity and the segregation of the sample into subgroups. As a result, it was identified that there is association between the auditors\' opinion and the accounting quality metrics and quality regarding the public-listed companies in Brazil.

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Vogel, Marcus, and Fredrik Johansson. "Kristider - Revisorns arbetsuppgifter : En studie om revisorernas arbetsuppgifter i krissituationer." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-26551.

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En revisor ska utifrån ett opartiskt och självständigt förhållningssätt granska ett företags redovisning. Uppdraget som revisorn genomför ska enligt gällande lagar genomföras helt oberoende. Det innebär att revisionen inte ska påverkas av yttre omständigheter eller personliga agendor. Under pandemin som pågår har revisorerna en viktig samhällsfunktion. Dels ur ett granskande perspektiv, men även andra uppdrag som exempelvis rådgivning fyller en viktig funktion i dagsläget. Revisorns arbetsuppgifter handlar till stor del om att skapa goda och hållbara kundrelationer. Anledningen till det är att företagen ska känna ett förtroende och att revision ska vara legitim. Covid-19 är en global pandemi som orsakat stora förändringar i samhället såväl ekonomiskt som socialt. Mängder av företag har tvingats till åtgärder som att permittera personal och i vissa situationer avyttra sina verksamheter. Politiska aktörer har tvingats till nödåtgärder som till exempel innefattar stödpaket till de företag som drabbats av pandemin. Dessa stödpaket innehåller olika typer av ersättningar för permittering och fasta kostnader. Studiens syfte är att granska hur revisorns arbetsuppgifter påverkas av den pågående Covid-19 pandemin. Studien är av kvalitativ karaktär vilket innebär att resultatet bygger på genomförda intervjuer med revisorer i Sverige. Avgränsningarna som gjorts är att endast auktoriserade revisorer varit aktuella för studien samt att vi endast fokuserat på Sverige. Studien indikerar att majoriteten av revisorerna upplever en förändring i deras arbetsuppgifter utifrån flera parametrar. Relationerna och mötena mellan revisor och kund har blivit allt mer digitaliserade som en konsekvens av pandemin. Fysiska kundmöten har minskat avsevärt vilket innebär att tidigare uppbyggda relationer har varit en viktig faktor för revisorerna. Majoriteten av revisorerna menar även att antalet situationer där oberoendet och objektiviteten behöver utvärderas har ökat i samband med att företag får ekonomiska problem. Stödpaketen som staten fördelar ut till företag har skapat en ny typ av revision för revisorerna. Granskningen av dessa stöd har lett till en ökad arbetsbörda. Våra slutsatser är att pandemin har påverkat revisorns arbetsuppgifter utifrån flera aspekter. Utvecklingen av digitaliseringen har ökats på med anledningen av pandemin. Mindre fysisk kontakt har gjort att revisorerna använder sig av fler digitala hjälpmedel vid exempelvis kundmöten. Vi ser en tydlig förändring när det gäller fortlevnadsprincipens aktualitet. Allt fler företag drabbas av ekonomiska problem vilket har gjort revisorns bedömning av fortsatt drift mer aktuell. Studien indikerar också att stödpaketen som fördelats till företagen har gjort bedömningen av den fortsatta driften mer komplex. Vilket i sin tur har lett till att revisorerna vidtagit åtgärder. Till exempel genom ytterligare informationsinsamling av prognoser och rapporter för att kunna säkerställa sin bedömning.
An auditor must, based on an impartial approach, review a company's accounts. The assignment performed by the auditor must, in accordance with applicable law, be carried out completely independently. During the ongoing pandemic, the auditors have an important societal function. Partly from an reviewing perspective, but also other assignments such as counseling fulfill an important function in the current situation. The auditor's tasks is largely about creating good and sustainable customer relationships. Covid-19 is a global pandemic that has caused major changes in the society both economically and socially. Lots of companies have been forced to take measures such as laying off staff and in certain situations divesting their companies. Political actors have been forced to take emergency measures that, for example, include support packages for the companies affected by the pandemic. The purpose of the study is to review how the auditor's tasks is affected by the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic. The study is of a qualitative nature, which means that the results are based on conducted interviews with auditors based in Sweden. The delimitations that have been made are that only authorized accountants have been relevant for the study and that we have only focused on Sweden. The study indicates that the majority of auditors experience a change in their tasks based on several parameters. The relationships and meetings between auditor and customer have become increasingly digital as a consequence of the pandemic. Physical customer meetings have decreased significantly, which means that previously built relationships have been an important factor for the auditors. The majority of the auditors also believe that the number of situations where independence and objectivity need to be evaluated has increased due to companies having financial problems. The support packages that the state distributes to companies have created a new type of audit for the auditors. Our conclusions are that the pandemic has affected the auditor's tasks based on several aspects. The development of digitalization has increased due to the pandemic. Less physical contact has led to the auditors using more digital solutions at, for example, customer meetings. We see a clear change in the topicality of some principles. More and more companies are suffering from financial problems, which has made the auditor's assessment of continued operations more relevant. The study also indicates that the support packages distributed to the companies have made the assessment of continued operations more difficult. (This essay is written in Swedish).

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Shihao, Tang, and Shen Shen. "Commercialization and Audit quality : Evidence from Chinese audit market." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för ekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-20040.

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In recent years, the commercialization of the audit market has become more and more apparent, which is an inevitable trend. After the Enron scandal broke out, researches about commercialization and audit professions, audit quality have arisen. Most of these studies are focus on western audit firms. The purpose of this study is to look at the impact of commercialization of the Chinese audit industry from the auditor perspective. This paper is based on 109 responses to a survey distributed to Chinese auditors, including Big 4 firms and non-Big 4 firms. This study use market orientation, customer orientation and process orientation as indicators of commercialization. Auditor independence and auditor competence as two main cornerstones of audit quality. The data were analyzed by multiple statistics test. Our finding indicates that all three indicators of commercialization of audit market have a positive relation with auditor independence and competence. We are thus concluding that commercialization of the audit market has a positive relation to audit quality. Also, we find that auditors in Big 4 and non-Big 4 audit farm are not much difference. This may be because the Big 4 in the Chinese market do not have the same dominance as in the Western market.

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Hsu, Kevin. "The Impact of Independence-Related AAERs on the Provision of Non-Audit Services." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2004.

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This study examines the differences in the provision of non-audit services (NAS) for audit offices that receive SEC Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Releases (AAERs). While prior research examines the links between the provision of non-audit services and impaired auditor independence, less attention has been paid to the contagion effects of independence violations. However, I do not find any evidence of a significant difference in the amount of NAS provided by offices that receive an independence-related AAER, relative to offices that receive other auditor-related AAERs. Broadly, my findings suggest that clients do not differentiate between independence violations and other audit-related violations and that no contagion effect exists for independence violations.

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Marx, B., and D. Lubbe. "The role of the audit committee in supporting the external auditor's independence and effectiveness." Journal for New Generation Sciences, Vol 8, Issue 3: Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/571.

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Published Article
This article discusses the developments and factors that impact on the external audit function, and analyses the role that an effectively functioning audit committee can play in supporting the external auditor's independence and effectiveness. This is done through a literature review of external audit and audit committee developments, and is supported by empirical evidence obtained from assessing the annual reports and from questionnaires sent to the audit committee chairs of the Top 40 listed companies in South Africa. The main findings of the study are that audit committees at the largest listed companies in South Africa are taking responsibility for overseeing the external audit function, but that the disclosure thereof in annual reports was found to be lacking. These findings are of significance as they provide support for the recommendations of King III (effective from 1 March 2010) that all companies should form audit committees and that external audit should be given oversight responsibilities in this regard.

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Zerni, M. (Mikko). "Essays on audit quality." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2009. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514292927.

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Abstract The only observable outcome of the audit process is normally the issued audit report, which, at least in its standard form, does not contain much information about audit quality (Balsam et al. 2003). Auditor quality is multidimensional and inherently unobservable, and there is no single auditor characteristic that can be used as a proxy for it. In the absence of direct measures for quality, audit consumers must assess the quality by using quality surrogates, or the overall reputation of an auditor (e.g. Shapiro 1983, Riley 2001). The purpose of this dissertation is to enhance our understanding of the determinants and implications of quality-differentiated audits through four inter-related essays. The findings of the essays shed light on the various ways in which client firms strive to signal high audit and consequent earnings quality. From the supply-side perspective, the essays of this dissertation provide evidence how some (individual) auditors have been able to establish a reputation higher than the generic reputation. Importantly, this dissertation adds to the ongoing debate about the regulator changes and initiatives in the European Union and the U.S.A. requiring disclosure of engagement partner identity. The rationale behind such a requirement is that it could bring within investors’ reach greater transparency and accountability in the auditing process thereby helping to restore investor confidence in the capital markets. Consistent with this rationale, the results of this dissertation support the view that audit markets (and/or firm insiders) infer audit quality, at least to some extent, from the characteristics of the individual audit partner in charge.

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Cicovic, Tatjana, and Samandeep Dhanoa. "Audit firm rotation : Could the concept enhance an auditor’s independence?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-298324.

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As a result of crisis and scandals, a lot of criticism has been emphasized against an auditor’sindependence and profession. In order to re-establish confidence in financial statements, theEuropean Commission introduced a Green Paper that above all included a proposal of mandatoryaudit firm rotation aiming to enhance an auditor's independence. The aim of this thesis istherefore to describe whether an auditor’s independence may be affected by the new lawregarding Mandatory Audit Firm Rotation, by contributing with more information regarding auditfirm rotation based on Swedish companies from the Swedish market. The study is based on a quantitative approach using a multivariate logistic regression in order tocompile and analyze the results. Six hypotheses have been tested in order to determine whetherchosen variables may affect an auditor's independence and their statements. Based on our results,we accepted four hypotheses, showing that four variables have an influence on qualified opinion,with rotation as a reference variable. The four variables are leverage, size, specialist and losswhich showed a statistically significance using a 5% significance level. The results imply thataudit firm rotation may enhance an auditor's independence.

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Stahn, Sérgio Paulo. "Estudo exploratório da falta de qualidade nos trabalhos de auditoria independente." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2005. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/1746.

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ABSTRACT Having the objective to analyze the reasons for the lack of quality in the independent audit work, the conceptual aspects and related norms are shown as well as the quality of its practical application in the independent audit. The credibility of the independent audit depends on the making of quality work observing the norms of auditing and the professional ethic, being that, in several cases shown it was observed the lack of the independent auditor s credibility in Brazil and abroad. In Brazil, the independent auditors, in the real state market ambiance, are registered and observed by the Securities Commission (CVM) that, fulfilling its function, holding inquests into verifying irregularities in the execution of the jobs and issue of the opinion. These inquests, obtained in the site of the CVM, served as source of research to verify the reasons for the lack of quality in the auditing work made in Brazil. This analysis concluded that the lack of planning and the application of the mandatory procedures, the incomplete documentation on the jobs done and the absence of an accountancy system and internal control were in the demonstration the less kept norms. The professional auditing norms were broken, especially in relation to the fees, characterizing also the violation of the Professional Ethics Code. In this sense the lack of quality can also be explained by the agency theory, which deals with the conflict of interests of the stockholders and administrators, when the administrators subordinate the independent audit. On the other hand from the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was searched in the, United States and other countries, strengthen the control over the auditor s job as well as rescue the credibility lost in several widely broadcasted cases. In Brazil, the conjoint work of the CVM, the Federal Accounting Council, the Brazilian Central Bank and the Independent Audit Institute of Brazil (IBRACON), for the improvement of quality on the audit jobs and technical enhancement of the professionals is appointed as form of rescue of the credibility of the same. In this context are included on the continued education program, the external review of quality by the pairs, the technical qualification program, and the switching of the independent auditors, the separation of the auditing and consulting services and the internal quality control.
Com o objetivo de analisar os motivos da falta de qualidade nos trabalhos nos trabalhos de auditoria independente, apresentam-se os aspectos conceituais de auditoria e normas relacionadas, bem como de qualidade e sua aplicação prática na auditoria independente. A credibilidade dos auditores independentes depende da realização de trabalhos com qualidade, com observância das normas de auditoria e da ética profissional, sendo que, em diversos casos apresentados observou-se a perda de credibilidade de auditores independentes no Brasil e exterior. No Brasil, os auditores independentes, no âmbito do mercado de valores mobiliários, são registrados e fiscalizados pela Comissão de Valores Mobiliários - CVM que, cumprindo sua função, instaura inquéritos para apurar irregularidades na execução dos trabalhos e emissão de pareceres. Estes inquéritos, obtidos no site da CVM, serviram de fonte de pesquisa para apurar os motivos da falta de qualidade nos trabalhos de auditoria realizados no Brasil. Nesta análise concluiu-se que a falta de planejamento e de aplicação de procedimentos obrigatórios, a documentação incompleta dos trabalhos realizados e ausência de avaliação do sistema contábil e de controles internos foram as normas de auditoria das demonstrações contábeis mais infringidas. As normas profissionais de auditoria foram infringidas, principalmente em relação aos honorários, configurando também infração ao Código de Ética Profissional. Neste sentido, a falta de qualidade pode ser explicada também através da Teoria da Agência, que trata dos conflitos de interesses dos acionistas e administradores, quando a auditoria independente subordina-se aos administradores. Por outro lado, a partir da Lei Sarbanes-Oxley buscou-se, nos Estados Unidos e outros países, fortalecer o controle sobre o trabalho dos auditores, bem como resgatar a credibilidade perdida em diversos casos amplamente divulgados. No Brasil, o trabalho conjunto da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários, do Conselho Federal de Contabilidade, do Banco Central do Brasil e do Instituto dos Auditores Independentes do Brasil IBRACON, para melhoria da qualidade dos trabalhos de auditoria e aprimoramento técnico dos profissionais, é apontado como forma de resgate da credibilidade dos mesmos. Neste contexto incluem-se o programa de educação continuada, a revisão externa de qualidade pelos pares, o exame de qualificação técnica, o rodízio dos auditores independentes, a separação dos serviços de auditoria e consultoria e o controle interno de qualidade.

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Kusman, Jadin T. "An Economic and Psychological Analysis of Auditor Independence." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/309.

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This paper compares and contrasts economic and psychological explanations for auditor bias and independence violations in accordance with the structure of the Auditing profession. The study illustrates that external auditor bias is more appropriately attributed to unintentional biases, such as the self-serving bias, rather than economic forces.

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Ziegler, Max, and Heidrun Schlaich. "Client Employment of previous Auditors : Banks' Views on Auditor Independence." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för företagsekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-32751.

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Through the audit of annual reports, auditors contribute to the credibility of financial information. To ensure trustworthiness, the auditor has to be independent from the audited company. Auditors’ independence has been a very broadly discussed topic for many years. The most discussed threat to auditors’ independence is the provision of non-audit services by audit firms. But there are other threats to auditors’ independence besides the provision of non-audit services, which are not that frequently discussed so far. There is a tendency that companies hire employees of their current audit firm, which can imply a threat to auditors’ independence. This threat is addressed in the present research paper. The purpose of this paper is to examine if banks, as important capital providers, are aware of the threat to auditors’ independence through the client employment of previous auditors. This study uses qualitative data, collected by a web-based self-completion questionnaire with open questions. This questionnaire was sent out to corporate account officers in German banks via email. The analysis of these results shows that banks perceive the client employment of previous auditors as a threat to auditors’ independence. But even though banks perceive this as a threat, most of the respondents do not see any possibility to counteract the dangers posed by such a move. The main reason is the missing capability to gather knowledge about the employment behavior of a company. Hence, the client employment of previous auditors often stays undetected. Such a move may affect the mind-set of the bankers in a theoretical way, but has no influence regarding their daily business with the customer firms. Different measures exist to counteract the threat to auditors’ independence as well as the negative impacts caused by the client employment of previous auditors. These countermeasures refer to all three parties – (I) the company, (II) the audit service providers and (III) the bank. Especially regulation, both of the audit and the bank, but as well voluntary acting can be consulted. Further research needs to be done in order to proof the results of this study preferably in a quantitative way. An extension to how banks act instead on looking how they perceive the client employment would be interesting in order to draw more conclusions and develop further countermeasures.

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Chia-ah, Etienne, and Joel Karlsson. "The impact of extended audit tenure on auditor independence : Auditors perspective." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-34641.

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With the wave of crises in the early 2000 notably Enron, auditor independence was put in the spotlight which has continually threatened the integrity of the entire auditing profession. Connected to these accounting scandals, it could be realized that most of the auditors involved in the audits of these corporations had long standing relationship with these clients. In other words, the auditors had extended audit tenures. This puts the issue of audit tenure into the open that is as to how long should auditors serve a client?

The general purpose of this study is to examine whether extended audit tenures can lead to the emergence of threats to auditor independence which may impair the auditor independence. Our study is quantitative, using a self-administered web-survey to collect our data. The study provides results from a cross sectional design to examine the impact of extended audit tenures on auditor independence. This impact is compared across short and extended (long) tenures on the basis of the threats to auditor independence. Using paired samples t-test in SPSS for our sample of authorized or approved Swedish auditors; we find that extended audit tenures impact self-interest, self-review and intimidation threats that affects auditor independence. Our findings did not reveal any relationship between the advocacy and familiarity threats and the impact extended audit tenures have on them, hence we rejected the hypotheses relating to these threats. However, though the relationship was still not strong, the results for self-interest, self-review and intimidation threats proved significant and this prompted us to accept the respective hypotheses. In conclusion, our results show that there is an association of auditor independence to extended audit tenures.

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Al-Eissa, Abdulaziz Ibraheim. "Non-Audit Services and Auditor Independence: the Case of Saudi Arabia." Thesis, full-text, 2009. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/2008/.

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The nature of the client-auditor relationship is a critical issue for stakeholders and other users of the audited financial statements. This type of relationship is predicated on trust; however, it is susceptible to differing motives, conflict of interest, and information asymmetries. An external auditor’s independence is crucial to users of audited financial statements. A number of factors may impact the independence of the external auditor. This study investigates stakeholders’ perceptions of NAS on auditor independence in Saudi Arabia, where NAS is banned except tax and zakat service. This study adopted the framework developed by the Independence Standard Board (ISB) Statement of Independence Concepts: A Conceptual Framework for Auditor Independence, which identified five types of threats, four of which occurs when auditors provides NAS for their audit clients. A mail questionnaire method was used to collect the data. Participants were divided into six groups: major audit firms; minor audit firms; loan officers; financial analysts; financial directors; and academics. Non-parametric statistical tests were used in this study, including the Kruskal-Wallis Test and the Mann-Whitney Test, to draw inferential conclusions regarding the data collected. Findings show that participant categories differ in their views on legalising NAS for Saudi auditor clients. While minor audit firms, financial directors, and academics supported the joint provision of audit and NAS, the other three categories did not. This result was supported by the second hypothesis, where the minor audit firms viewed that auditor independence with NAS can be maintained. In addition, all participant categories agreed that the joint provision enhances audit quality. Furthermore, participant categories were divided about the effectiveness of the total ban of NAS. However, all groups agreed that certain procedures can be undertaken to enhance auditor independence. These procedures are: separation of personnel; disclosure of fees; and limiting recruiting services. The familiarity threat was selected by the academic group as the greatest risk to auditor independence while the self-interest threat was selected by the other five categories. Conclusions of this study are that NAS could be extended in Saudi Arabia, with the exception of NAS with proven risk to auditor independence. The nature of the NAS relationship should be clear and pre-approved by the client, and NAS fees published. Further, audit firm personnel undertaking NAS must be separated from the firm’s auditors at all times during the procedures.

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Al-Eissa, Abdulaziz Ibraheim. "Non-Audit Services and Auditor Independence : the Case of Saudi Arabia." full-text, 2009. http://eprints.vu.edu.au/2008/1/Abdulazia.pdf.

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The nature of the client-auditor relationship is a critical issue for stakeholders and other users of the audited financial statements. This type of relationship is predicated on trust; however, it is susceptible to differing motives, conflict of interest, and information asymmetries. An external auditor’s independence is crucial to users of audited financial statements. A number of factors may impact the independence of the external auditor. This study investigates stakeholders’ perceptions of NAS on auditor independence in Saudi Arabia, where NAS is banned except tax and zakat service. This study adopted the framework developed by the Independence Standard Board (ISB) Statement of Independence Concepts: A Conceptual Framework for Auditor Independence, which identified five types of threats, four of which occurs when auditors provides NAS for their audit clients. A mail questionnaire method was used to collect the data. Participants were divided into six groups: major audit firms; minor audit firms; loan officers; financial analysts; financial directors; and academics. Non-parametric statistical tests were used in this study, including the Kruskal-Wallis Test and the Mann-Whitney Test, to draw inferential conclusions regarding the data collected. Findings show that participant categories differ in their views on legalising NAS for Saudi auditor clients. While minor audit firms, financial directors, and academics supported the joint provision of audit and NAS, the other three categories did not. This result was supported by the second hypothesis, where the minor audit firms viewed that auditor independence with NAS can be maintained. In addition, all participant categories agreed that the joint provision enhances audit quality. Furthermore, participant categories were divided about the effectiveness of the total ban of NAS. However, all groups agreed that certain procedures can be undertaken to enhance auditor independence. These procedures are: separation of personnel; disclosure of fees; and limiting recruiting services. The familiarity threat was selected by the academic group as the greatest risk to auditor independence while the self-interest threat was selected by the other five categories. Conclusions of this study are that NAS could be extended in Saudi Arabia, with the exception of NAS with proven risk to auditor independence. The nature of the NAS relationship should be clear and pre-approved by the client, and NAS fees published. Further, audit firm personnel undertaking NAS must be separated from the firm’s auditors at all times during the procedures.

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Ekström, Simon, and Tim Ainemo. "Does audit independence have an impact on issued sanctions? : A quantitative study of listed companies in the Swedish setting." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-43825.

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This study investigated the relationship between audit independence and audit quality, which is measured by sanctions issued by Nasdaq Stockholm Exchange. Sanctions as a tool to measure audit quality is uncommon, this study is one of the first studies using this approach in Europe. The investigation was based on a sample size of 49 company-years, and a total of 16 unique companies that are or were listed on either Nasdaq Stockholm or Nasdaq First North between the years of 2008-2018. The study used a logistic regression model to investigate the relationship between the dependent and independent variables since the dependent variable was classified as a binary variable. Three different proxy variables were used to measure audit independence, Audit Tenure, Client Importance and Non-Audit Services. The study found indications about a negative relationship with each proxy variable, however the findings were not strong enough to be statistically significant, which led to the conclusion that this study did not find any association between sanctions and the chosen variables.

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Siddiqui, Javed. "Regulation of auditor independence and the joint provision of audit and non-audit services in the UK 2000-2007." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.632813.

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The thesis uses NIE and NIS perspectives to analyse the post-Enron response of the UK companies and auditors with regards to joint provision of audit and non-audit services (NAS). Three potential behaviours are investigated: NAS purchase behaviour of the UK companies; NAS disclosure behaviour of the UK companies; and responses of the auditors to draft APB ethical standards (2004a). Using the NIE-NIS framework, it is acknowledged that such responses could be driven by varying degrees of legitimacy, and economic dependence. The thesis uses multi-strategy research methods to investigate the behaviours of UK companies and auditors. Using a sample of 147 FTSE 250 companies, the thesis provides evidence of changes in NAS purchase behaviour post-Enron. Also, it is found that NAS purchase behaviour varies with varying threats of legitimacy. OLS and 2SLS regression results identify audit fees, company size, and legitimacy threat as important determinants of NAS fees in the UK. With regards to NAS disclosure behaviour, the results indicate that UK companies significantly increased NAS related disclosures in their annual reports, irrespective of varying levels of institutional pressures. Use of a disclosure index facilitates this thesis in identifying the determinants of NAS disclosures of the UK companies. Company size, governance, and registration with the SEC are found to be important determinants of disclosure levels. A qualitative analysis of the auditors' response letters to the draft APB ethical standards reveals that the responses of different groups of auditors varied with the varying threats of legitimacy. Also, it is found that the auditors' responses were driven by economic reasons. Overall, the findings of this thesis suggest that behaviour in the UK was significantly affected by the events in the US and that UK companies followed strategies both of voluntarily reducing NAS purchase and providing greater NAS disclosure to help maintain confidence in UK financial reporting and auditing. Also, the strategies adopted by auditors varied in accordance with their legitimacy threat exposure, and economic dependence. 6

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Zhao, Yue. "Independent Component Analysis Enhancements for Source Separation in Immersive Audio Environments." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/34.

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In immersive audio environments with distributed microphones, Independent Component Analysis (ICA) can be applied to uncover signals from a mixture of other signals and noise, such as in a cocktail party recording. ICA algorithms have been developed for instantaneous source mixtures and convolutional source mixtures. While ICA for instantaneous mixtures works when no delays exist between the signals in each mixture, distributed microphone recordings typically result various delays of the signals over the recorded channels. The convolutive ICA algorithm should account for delays; however, it requires many parameters to be set and often has stability issues. This thesis introduces the Channel Aligned FastICA (CAICA), which requires knowledge of the source distance to each microphone, but does not require knowledge of noise sources. Furthermore, the CAICA is combined with Time Frequency Masking (TFM), yielding even better SOI extraction even in low SNR environments. Simulations were conducted for ranking experiments tested the performance of three algorithms: Weighted Beamforming (WB), CAICA, CAICA with TFM. The Closest Microphone (CM) recording is used as a reference for all three. Statistical analyses on the results demonstrated superior performance for the CAICA with TFM. The algorithms were applied to experimental recordings to support the conclusions of the simulations. These techniques can be deployed in mobile platforms, used in surveillance for capturing human speech and potentially adapted to biomedical fields.

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Liang, Yanfeng. "Enhanced independent vector analysis for audio separation in a room environment." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13645.

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Independent vector analysis (IVA) is studied as a frequency domain blind source separation method, which can theoretically avoid the permutation problem by retaining the dependency between different frequency bins of the same source vector while removing the dependency between different source vectors. This thesis focuses upon improving the performance of independent vector analysis when it is used to solve the audio separation problem in a room environment. A specific stability problem of IVA, i.e. the block permutation problem, is identified and analyzed. Then a robust IVA method is proposed to solve this problem by exploiting the phase continuity of the unmixing matrix. Moreover, an auxiliary function based IVA algorithm with an overlapped chain type source prior is proposed as well to mitigate this problem. Then an informed IVA scheme is proposed which combines the geometric information of the sources from video to solve the problem by providing an intelligent initialization for optimal convergence. The proposed informed IVA algorithm can also achieve a faster convergence in terms of iteration numbers and better separation performance. A pitch based evaluation method is defined to judge the separation performance objectively when the information describing the mixing matrix and sources is missing. In order to improve the separation performance of IVA, an appropriate multivariate source prior is needed to better preserve the dependency structure within the source vectors. A particular multivariate generalized Gaussian distribution is adopted as the source prior. The nonlinear score function derived from this proposed source prior contains the fourth order relationships between different frequency bins, which provides a more informative and stronger dependency structure compared with the original IVA algorithm and thereby improves the separation performance. Copula theory is a central tool to model the nonlinear dependency structure. The t copula is proposed to describe the dependency structure within the frequency domain speech signals due to its tail dependency property, which means if one variable has an extreme value, other variables are expected to have extreme values. A multivariate student's t distribution constructed by using a t copula with the univariate student's t marginal distribution is proposed as the source prior. Then the IVA algorithm with the proposed source prior is derived. The proposed algorithms are tested with real speech signals in different reverberant room environments both using modelled room impulse response and real room recordings. State-of-the-art criteria are used to evaluate the separation performance, and the experimental results confirm the advantage of the proposed algorithms.

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Karmanova, Kristina. "Internal audit in Lithuanian commercial banks : an important part of corporate governance or just another department?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-202533.

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Purpose: the purpose of the thesis is to find out how Lithuanian commercial banks position their internal audit function within their organizational structure to overcome the tension of working with the management and keeping the distance to be able to report on them at the same time; and is internal audit function considered as one of the cornerstones of corporate governance. Moreover, comparison of banks is made to inspect any patterns, differences and similarities concerning the origin of the capital. Method: to answer the research question a qualitative approach was chosen: analysis of audited financial reports in the period of 2008-2011, organizational statutes and all available public information in 7 Lithuanian commercial banks is performed. Moreover email-interviews were held with all chief internal auditors. Findings: the internal audit function in Lithuanian commercial banks is not considered as one of the cornerstones of corporate governance – the function only participates in the corporate governance through the audit committee. Threats for independence are mitigated by giving the responsibility to the audit committee to appoint and dismiss the chief internal auditor and to approve the annual audit plan; and by composing the audit committee with at least one financial expert. Moreover, there is no clear pattern or distinction between internal audit positioning in foreign-capital and Lithuanian- capital banks. Concluding remarks: the need for improved controls is a very important issue in the public debate. The position that internal auditors are put in nowadays is very challenging – internal auditors are expected to provide both assurance and consulting services and maintain their independence at the same time – and organizations handle it differently.

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Hansson, Emil, and Fredrik Löfvendal. "Increased use of marketing in the audit industry : Effect on independence price and quality." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-131075.

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Background: The concept of marketing is quite new to the audit industry, prior to 1978 all marketing of audit services were strictly forbidden. In 2010, the statutory audit was abolished in Sweden forcing auditors to market their services to convince their clients that they still should hire an auditor. This increased use of marketing adds a new dimension to the profession and might affect the pricing of audit, the quality of audit and might threaten the auditors‟ independency. Purpose: This paper focuses on how the increased use of marketing affects the auditing firms‟ services, more specifically how it affects auditor independence, audit quality and audit pricing. It is obvious that it is a fine line between auditors marketing their services and keeping their independence. It is clear that it has had implications on the business and after reading the disciplinary case it is clear that the rules are not defined in a way so that all the players in the industry interpret them in same way. Our purpose is to investigate how auditors in Sweden use marketing and how they make sure that they are still independent. We also want to investigate if the use of marketing has any effect on the quality of the audit and also the price of auditing. Completion: The study is based on qualitative approach focusing on interviews with auditors active in Sweden. A statistical survey to determine any potential changes in price is also added to add on to the credibility of our study. Conclusions are drawn based on the result of the survey and based on the interviews with our auditors. Conclusion: The increased use of marketing has changed the audit profession, the auditors need to market their services and cannot only focus on conducting audits. It has had implications on the audit quality and the auditors struggle with the balance between marketing themselves and keeping their independence.

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Peter, Okah Okah. "Relationship Between Non-Audit Services and Auditors´ Independence : Evidence from Earnings Management Perspective." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-68960.

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Recent financial crises and accounting scandals resulting from perceived audit failures have given rise to increase criticism in the manner which accountants and auditors respect their professional code of ethics. As a consequence, the SEC rules in 2000 limits the services auditors are allowed to provide to their clients and also set limits on fees for internal audit services. In addition to this, they called upon all firms to disclose all fees paid to auditors for both audit and non-audit services. This thesis investigates whether the provision of Non-Audit Services is associated with auditor’s independence evidence from the earnings management perspective proxy by discretionary accruals. I began this study by examining the relevant textbooks and related articles of accounting and auditing. Furthermore, the hypotheses and research model are proposed based upon related accounting and auditing theories. The data for this thesis were manually collected from the NASDAQ OMX website from the annual financial reports of 107 Swedish public listed firms in the Stockholm Stock Exchange. The selection of these companies was based on their capitalization i.e., Large, Medium and Small size firms. In this study, quantitative research method has been used to explore the relationship between provision of NAS and auditor’s independence with the help of statistical soft wares (SPSS and Excel) for data analysis. My research outcome provides evidence that the amount of non-audit services rendered by a firm’s external auditors is not associated with earnings management; therefore, the auditor’s independence is not compromised for providing NAS to their clients. This no association is an indication that, the auditor’s independence is strengthened during the provision of non-audit services a result consistent with that of prior researches (e.g., DeFond et al. (2002); Crabtree et al. (2004); Chung & Kallapur (2003)). I also found out that, the provision of audit services is not associated with earnings management, an indication of no management discretionary accruals. Therefore, the auditor’s independence is not compromised when providing a joint audit and non-audit services. These results provide an insight concerning the perceptions of auditor independence and also afford empirical evidence regarding the role that non-audit and audit services fees plays in establishing confidence among the users of firms’ annual financial report.

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Lovisa, Kristensson, and Khan Waqas. "What affect the auditor independence in appearance? : from the perspective of the clients." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-20973.

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It is important for an auditor to be independent both in mind and in appearance. The independence of the auditor is important for the trustworthiness of the auditor. Independence in appearance is the focus of this study and is how independent the auditor appears to be from the perspective of other stakeholders. This will be studied from the perspective of clients. The audit does not only have to be useful for the owners, but also for the client who pay for the audit. The aim of this study is to explain what factors that are affecting how clients perceive the auditor independence in Sweden. The study also wants to investigate if the client firm size affects the relationship between independence in appearance and factors affecting independence in appearance. To answer this, a questionnaire was sent via email to small and large limited companies in Sweden. This study found that audit tenure and auditor-client relationship partly have an influence on independence in appearance. How long the client has had the same audit firm is positively related to independence in appearance and how often the client has contact with the auditor is negatively related to independence in appearance. Client firm size couldn’t be used as a moderating variable since too few responses was received.

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Larsson, Daniel, and David Arevärn. "Fattar företagsägare ett ekonomiskt rationellt beslut med att slopa revisorn? : En kvantitativ studie." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-90545.

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Revisionsplikten i Sverige avskaffades för några år sedan för de minsta aktiebolagen och idag är det ett omdiskuterat ämne. Det är dock först nu som effekterna börjar visa sig. Idag är det cirka 80 procent av de minsta bolagen som inte anlitar en revisor. Studien har utförts ur företagens perspektiv och syftet med vår studie har varit att undersöka om bolag som inte anlitar en revisor har fattat ett ekonomiskt rationellt beslut. För att genomföra studien har vi använt oss av kvantitativ metod med deduktiv ansats som utgått från positivistisk kunskapssyn. Vi har bland annat undersökt om ett antal nyckeltal skiljer sig mellan reviderade och oreviderade bolag. Nyckeltalen som vi har undersökt är “avkastning på eget kapital”, skuldsättningsgrad samt två olika nyckeltal för räntenivåer. Det kan finnas många skäl till varför nyckeltalen skiljer sig åt mellan grupperna därför har vi även tagit ett antal förklaringsvariabler i beaktande. Exempel på sådana förklaringsvariabler är omsättning och bransch. Till vår hjälp har vi laddat ner data från företagens årsredovisningar från cirka 70 000 bolag genom en databas. Vi har även undersökt om företagsägarna anser att nyttan med revision överväger kostnaderna samt om utbildningsnivån inom redovisning skiljer sig mellan bolag som anlitar och inte anlitar revisor. Vi undersökte också hur rationellt företagsägarna agerar samt ett av studiens delsyften var att undersöka om oreviderade bolag köper mer hjälp med bokföringen än reviderade bolag. Urvalsramen bestod av företag som inte omfattas av revisionsplikt. För att genomföra studien har vi skickat ut en enkät via sms till 2 000 små onoterade aktiebolag. Totalt formades sju nollhypoteser varav fyra fick förkastas. Slutsatserna av studien visade att bolag inte fattar ett ekonomiskt rationellt beslut med att inte anlita en revisor om de är i stort behov av extern finansiering. Anledningen är att dessa bolag betalar högre räntor som vid en hög belåning kan skillnaden i ränta mellan reviderade o oreviderade företag vara högre än revisionsarvodet. För övriga bolag som inte har stora skulder finner studien bevis för att företagsägarna fattar ett ekonomiskt rationellt beslut med att inte anlita en revisor eftersom de inte påverkas av räntenivåerna. Studien visade också att bolag utan revisor har lägre omsättning och lönsamhet samt har en lägre skuldsättningsgrad. Från enkäten kom vi fram till att företagsägare som inte anlitar en revisor har en högre utbildningsnivå inom redovisning/bokföring. Vi fann däremot inga bevis för att oreviderade företag köper mer konsultation inom redovisning än reviderade bolag.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Independent Audit'

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