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Journal articles on the topic 'Indentation cracking'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 23 November 2024

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1

Subhash, Ghatu, and Hongwen Zhang. "Dynamic indentation response of ZrHf-based bulk metallic glasses." Journal of Materials Research 22, no. 2 (February 2007): 478–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0058.

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Static and dynamic Vickers indentations were performed on ZrHf-based bulk amorphous alloys. A decrease in indentation hardness was observed at higher strain rates compared with static indentation hardness. For equivalent loads, dynamic indentations produced more severe deformation features on the loading surface than static indentations. Using bonded interface technique, the induced shear band patterns beneath the indentations were studied. In static indentations, the majority of the deformation was primarily accommodated by closely spaced semicircular shear bands surrounding the indentation. In dynamic indentations two sets of widely spaced semicircular shear bands with two different curvatures were observed. The observed shear band patterns and softening in hardness were rationalized based on the variations in the confinement pressure, strain rate, and temperature within the indentation region during dynamic indentations. It is also proposed that free volume migration and formation of nano-voids leading to cracking are favored due to adiabatic heating and consequently cause the observed softening at high strain rates.

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2

Yamazaki, Yasuhiro. "Investigation of the Cracking Behaviors by Indentation Based on an In Situ Observation." Key Engineering Materials 627 (September 2014): 361–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.627.361.

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In this paper, an in-situ measurement of crack size as a function of applied indentation load during indentation test was conducted. To perform the in-situ measurement, an instrumented indentation test machine with the in-situ observation system was developed and used. The joints of transparent ceramics by diffusion bonding were prepared as the specimen used in this study. The indentations were performed at the interface of the joints, and in the monolithic transparent ceramics by means of the instrumented indenter with the in-situ observation system. The relationship between crack shape and indentation load, as well as, the effect of the indenter shape on it were discussed.

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3

Abudaia, F. B., J. T. Evans, and B. A. Shaw. "Spherical indentation fatigue cracking." Materials Science and Engineering: A 391, no. 1-2 (January 2005): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2004.08.068.

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4

Newman, A., T. Jewett, S. Sampath, C. Berndt, and H. Herman. "Indentation Response of Molybdenum Disilicide." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 9 (September 1998): 2662–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0371.

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The influence of microstructure on the indentation cracking behavior of molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) has been examined. The indentation response of samples produced by various methods has been measured to examine the elastic/plastic nature, hardness, and fracture toughness. Fracture toughness comparisons were made by measuring indentation crack lengths, observing the elastic/plastic indentation response, and quantifying the differences in the indentation cracking behavior. Further information was gained by monitoring the acoustic activity during indentation for selected specimens. It has been observed that the fine grain size and the dispersion of the silica phase promote microcracking and crack deflection.

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5

Padture, Nitin P. "Postfailure subsidiary cracking from indentation flaws in brittle materials." Journal of Materials Research 8, no. 6 (June 1993): 1411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1993.1411.

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Vickers indentation sites in ceramics have been examined after specimen failure from median/radial indentation cracks. Evolution of a new cracking pattern of “ortho-lateral” cracks, originating at the intact corners of the Vickers indentation and running orthogonal to the classic-lateral cracks and parallel to the new fracture surface, has been observed. In some instances postfailure extension of the classic-lateral cracks toward the surface was also observed. Enhanced residual tensile stress from relaxation of constraints on the indentation-plastic cavity by the generation of a fracture surface is postulated to drive the subsidiary cracking. A simple qualitative model to explain this phenomenon is presented. Possible implications of such postfailure subsidiary cracking on residual-stress-driven flaws, postmortem fractography, and wear in ceramics are discussed.

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6

Baran, G., W. Shin, A. Abbas, and S. Wunder. "Indentation Cracking of Composite Matrix Materials." Journal of Dental Research 73, no. 8 (August 1994): 1450–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345940730080901.

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Composite restorative materials wear by a fatigue mechanism in the occlusal contact area. Here, tooth cusps and food debris cyclically indent the restoration. Modeling this phenomenon requires an understanding of material response to indentation. The question in this study was whether material response depends on indenter size and geometry, and also, whether polymers used in restorative materials should be considered elastic and brittle, or plastic and ductile for modeling purposes. Three resins used as matrices in proprietary restorative composites were the experimental materials. To ascertain the influence of glass transition temperature, liquid sorption, and small amounts of filler on indentation response, we prepared materials with various degrees of cure; some samples were soaked in a 50/50 water/ethanol solution, and 3 vol% silica was added in some cases. Indentation experiments revealed that no cracking occurred in any material after indentation by Vickers pyramid or spherical indenters with diameters equal to or smaller than 0.254 mm. Larger spherical indenters induced subsurface median and surface radial and/or ring cracks. Critical loads causing subsurface cracks were measured. Indentation with suitably large spherical indenters provoked an elastoplastic response in polymers, and degree of cure and Tg had less influence on critical load than soaking in solution. Crack morphology was correlated with yield strain. Commonly held assumptions regarding the brittle elastic behavior of composite matrix materials may be incorrect.

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7

Sellappan, P., T. Rouxel, F. Celarie, E. Becker, P. Houizot, and R. Conradt. "Composition dependence of indentation deformation and indentation cracking in glass." Acta Materialia 61, no. 16 (September 2013): 5949–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2013.06.034.

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8

Jiang, L. Z., and C. T. Sun. "Analysis of indentation cracking in piezoceramics." International Journal of Solids and Structures 38, no. 10-13 (March 2001): 1903–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7683(00)00142-6.

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9

Buijs, Maarten, and Liesan A. A. G. Martens. "Effect of Indentation Interaction on Cracking." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 75, no. 10 (October 1992): 2809–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb05509.x.

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10

Cook, Robert F., and Eric G. Liniger. "Kinetics of Indentation Cracking in Glass." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 76, no. 5 (May 1993): 1096–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1993.tb03726.x.

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11

Behnamghader, Aliasghar, Reyhaneh Neghabat Shirazi, Alain Iost, and Denis Najjar. "Surface Cracking and Degradation of Dense Hydroxyapatite through Vickers Microindentation Testing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 66-68 (July 2011): 614–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.614.

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Surface degradation and cracking of dense hydroxyapatite were evaluated through Vickers micro indentation using indentation loads ranged from 25 gf to 2000 gf. Crack lengths, imprint diameters and the number of lateral cracks and chips were measured using SEM. The crack length-indentation load data were analyzed with regard to the specific relations of Palmqvist and fully developed radial cracks. Crack type transition load from Palmqvist to median crack was experimentally assessed through serial sectioning technique. The analytical estimated transition load, based on the theoretical relation of the indentation load and crack lengths showed a good agreement with one obtained from experimental itinerary. Palmqvist and median cracks were identified in low and medium indentation loads, respectively. High indentation load could also lead to the formation of lateral cracks and chips. The tendency for lateral cracking was evaluated taking into account the number of lateral cracks and chips. The chips were found to be appeared just after test in higher indentation load, whereas in medium loads they could be detectable only after several weeks.

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12

Mostafavi, Mahmoud, Yelena Vertyagina, Christina Reinhard, Robert Bradley, Xia Jiang, Marina Galano, and James Marrow. "3D Studies of Indentation by Combined X-Ray Tomography and Digital Volume Correlation." Key Engineering Materials 592-593 (November 2013): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.592-593.14.

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Hardness testing obtains material properties from small specimens via measurement of load-displacement response to an imposed indentation; it is a surface characterisation technique so, except in optically transparent materials, there is no direct observation of the assumed damage and deformation processes within the material. Three-dimensional digital image correlation (digital volume correlation) is applied to study deformation beneath indentations, mapping the relative displacements between high-resolution synchrotron X-ray computed tomographs (0.9 μm voxel size). Two classes of material are examined: ductile aluminium-silicon carbide composite (Al-SiC) and brittle alumina (Al2O3). The measured displacements for Hertzian indentation in Al-SiC are in good agreement with an elastic-plastic finite element simulation. In alumina, radial cracking is observed beneath a Vickers indentation and the crack opening displacements are measured, in situ under load, for the first time. Potential applications are discussed of this characterization technique, which does not require resolution of microstructural features.

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13

Chen, Xi, John W. Hutchinson, and Anthony G. Evans. "The Mechanics of Indentation Induced Lateral Cracking." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 88, no. 5 (May 2005): 1233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00281.x.

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14

GREEN, D. J., and B. R. MALONEY. "Influence of Surface Stress on indentation Cracking." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 69, no. 3 (March 1986): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1986.tb07412.x.

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15

Rouxel, Tanguy, Pathikumar Sellappan, Fabrice Célarié, Patrick Houizot, and Jean-Christophe Sanglebœuf. "Toward glasses with better indentation cracking resistance." Comptes Rendus Mécanique 342, no. 1 (January 2014): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crme.2013.10.008.

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16

Zarudi, I., L. C. Zhang, and M. V. Swain. "Microstructure evolution in monocrystalline silicon in cyclic microindentations." Journal of Materials Research 18, no. 4 (April 2003): 758–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2003.0104.

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The study presents evidence of the microstructural evolution during cyclic indentation of monocrystalline silicon with a spherical indenter. Transmission electron microscopy examination of microindentation on cross-section view samples showed that the structure change in the transformation zone features a decomposition of the amorphous phase to R8/BC8 crystals. Outside the zone, cyclic loading gives rise to bending of pristine silicon, slip penetration, and radial cracking. The development of the load–displacement curves during consecutive indentations is justified in terms of the phase transformation events observed.

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17

Houdková, Šárka, František Zahálka, and Michaela Kašparová. "Fracture Toughness of HVOF Sprayed Cermet Coatings Measured by Vickers Indentation." Key Engineering Materials 465 (January 2011): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.465.475.

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In the paper, the indentation fracture toughness of the HVOF sprayed WC-12%Co coatings is determined by the Vickers indentation test in dependence on used load. The relations, proposed by Chicot, were used to calculate the value of KIc at condition of the Palmqvist, Intermediate and Radial-median cracking mode. The applicability of using different equations is discussed with respect to the size indentation effect of IFT.

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18

BÖHNE, CHRISTOPH, GERSON MESCHUT, MAX BIEGLER, and MICHAEL RETHMEIER. "The Influence of Electrode Indentation Rate on LME Formation during RSW." Welding Journal 101, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.29391/2022.101.015.

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During resistance spot welding of zinc-coated advanced high-strength steels (AHSSs) for automotive production, liquid metal embrittlement (LME) cracking may occur in the event of a combination of various unfavorable influences. In this study, the interactions of different welding current levels and weld times on the tendency for LME cracking in third-generation AHSSs were investigated. LME manifested itself as high-penetration cracks around the circumference of the spot welds for welding currents closely below the expulsion limit. At the same time, the observed tendency for LME cracking showed no direct correlation with the overall heat input of the investigated welding processes. To identify a reliable indicator of the tendency for LME cracking, the local strain rate at the origin of the observed cracks was analyzed over the course of the welding process via finite element simulation. While the local strain rate showed a good correlation with the process-specific LME cracking tendency, it was difficult to interpret due to its discontinuous course. Therefore, based on the experimental measurement of electrode displacement during welding, electrode indentation velocity was proposed as a descriptive indicator for quantifying cracking tendency.

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19

Lo, Wai, A. M. Campbell, Jie Luo, and R. Stevens. "Indentation-induced deformation and microcracking of highly textured superconducting (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox ceramic." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 3 (March 1995): 568–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.0568.

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A high Tc ceramic superconductor has been prepared having a high degree of preferred orientation, this having been generated by means of a large magnetic field during the early stages of processing. The texture of the material has been characterized using XRD textural analysis and the microstructure by high resolution electron microscopy. Pyramidal indentation (Vickers indent), deformation, and cracking have been investigated using high resolution SEM. Semispherical deformation zones were formed under indents, a result of slipping of adjacent ab/ab (basal) plane grain boundaries and some microcrack development, together with lattice deformation on the basal plane. Densification of the green compact was also observed in the deformation zones, where lateral cracking has been seen to take place along the ab/ab plane grain boundaries. Radial cracking has been seen to take place along the low angle grain boundaries of the lattice ab/ab plane when indentations were made on the surface perpendicular to the preferred texture surface of the materials and also at the highly deformed corners of indent diagonals. The stresses generated resulted in the fracture of the flake-shaped grains and initiated small radial cracks. The Vickers microhardness of the textured ceramics was found to decrease with increasing load.

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20

Hu, Ya Fei, Naoya Tada, and Ichiro Shimizu. "Cracking and Delamination Behavior of Gold Thin Strip Deposited on Polycarbonate Plate under Cyclic and Stepwisely-Increased Trapezoidal Tension." Applied Mechanics and Materials 595 (July 2014): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.595.36.

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Cracking and delamination behavior of small rounded-rectangular gold thin films called “strips” with a thickness less than one micrometer was observed under cyclic and stepwisely-increased trapezoidal tensions. Three strips in different directions were deposited on a polycarbonate plate specimen which was subjected to tensile loading. Straight slit and Vickers indentation were introduced as initial defects on each strip and cracking and delamination which were initiated around the defects were observed. In strips with slit, delamination was observed when introducing the slit. It was suggested that the delamination was caused by the residual stress accumulated during deposition. The growth of delamination was also observed during cyclic tension. In strips with indentation, complex cracking and delamination behavior was observed depending on the strip direction, which seemed to be attributed to the interactive effect of residual stress by deposition and external mechanical loading.

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21

Jung, Yeon-Gil, Antonia Pajares, and Brian R. Lawn. "Effect of oxide and nitride films on strength of silicon: A study using controlled small-scale flaws." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 3569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.0454.

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Strength properties of silicon substrates containing dense oxide and nitride surface films are investigated using nanoindentations to introduce small flaws of predetermined scale. The indentation flaws provide favored sites for failure in subsequent flexure loading, even in the subthreshold region for indentations without visible corner cracking, confirming that microflaws generated within the indentation zone act as effective crack sources in the substrate. Deposition of the oxide films increases the strength while the nitride films diminish it at any given indentation load. The strength shifts are attributed primarily to the presence of residual compressive stress in the oxide, tensile stress in the nitride. A fracture mechanics formulation based on a previous analysis for monolithic substrates is here adapted to allow for a superposed crack closing or opening stress-intensity factor term associated with the residual stresses. Allowance is also made in the mechanics for the influence of the film on effective hardness and modulus of the substrate. The formulation accounts for the basic strength shifts and enables evaluation of the magnitude of the residual stresses. The results quantify the susceptibility of basic device materials to damage from small-scale contacts and impacts.

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22

Tancret, F., and F. Osterstock. "Indentation behaviour of porous materials: Application to the Vickers indentation cracking of ceramics." Philosophical Magazine 83, no. 1 (January 2003): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0141861021000013796.

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23

Panjan, Peter, Aleksandar Miletić, Aljaž Drnovšek, Pal Terek, Miha Čekada, Lazar Kovačević, and Matjaž Panjan. "Cracking Resistance of Selected PVD Hard Coatings." Coatings 14, no. 11 (November 14, 2024): 1452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings14111452.

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In this study, we used the depth-sensing indentation technique to determine the cracking resistance of different PVD hard coatings deposited on tool steel substrates. By comparison, with the load–displacement curves, measured at the sites of carbide inclusion and a tempered martensite matrix in the D2 tool steel substrate surface, we observed different fracture mechanisms on TiAlN hard coating prepared by sputtering. Additional information about the deformation and fracture phenomena was obtained from the SEM images of FIB cross-sections of both types of indents. We found that the main deformation mechanism in the coating is the shear sliding along the columnar boundaries, which causes the formation of steps on the substrate surface under individual columns. Using nanoindentation test, we also analyzed the cracking resistance of a set of nl-(Cr,Al)N nanolayer coatings with different Cr/Al atomic ratios, which were sputter deposited in a single batch. From the indentation curves, we determined the loads (Fc) at which the first pop-in appears and compared them with the plasticity index H3/E2. A good correlation of both parameters was found. We also compared the indentation curves of the TiAlN coating, which were prepared by cathodic arc evaporation using 1-fold, 2-fold and 3-fold rotation of the substrates. Additionally, on the same set of samples, the fracture toughness measurements were performed by micro-cantilever deflection test. The impact of growth defects on the cracking resistance of the hard coatings was also confirmed.

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24

A Soloukhin, Victor, José C. M. Brokken-Zijp, and Gijsbertus de With. "Subsurface cracking during indentation on hybrid coatings on polycarbonate." Journal of Materials Research 18, no. 2 (February 2003): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2003.0064.

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Subsurface cracking after nano- and Vickers indentation on transparent silica–(meth)acrylate hybrid coatings deposited on a polycarbonate substrate was observed for the first time. It appeared that after initiation at the interface, these cracks propagated toward the surface and in radial directions as the indentation load increased. It was found that, for chemically identical coatings, the thicker the coating, the higher load necessary to initiate these cracks. Subsurface cracks formed during nanoindentation occur at lower loads than the normally observed surface cracks and are accompanied by a very small change in the slope of the loading curve.

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25

Stepniewska, Malwina, Kacper Januchta, Chao Zhou, Ang Qiao, Morten M. Smedskjaer, and Yuanzheng Yue. "Observation of indentation-induced shear bands in a metal−organic framework glass." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 19 (April 27, 2020): 10149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000916117.

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Metal−organic framework (MOF) glasses are a newly emerged family of melt-quenched glasses. Recently, several intriguing features, such as ultrahigh glass-forming ability and low liquid fragility, have been discovered in a number of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) that are a subset of MOFs. However, the fracture behavior of ZIF glasses has not been explored. Here we report an observation of both cracking pattern and shear bands induced by indentation in a representative melt-quenched ZIF glass, that is, ZIF-62 glass (ZnIm1.68bIm0.32). The shear banding in the ZIF glass is in strong contrast to the cracking behavior of other types of fully polymerized glasses, which do not exhibit any shear bands under indentation. We attribute this anomalous cracking behavior to the easy breakage of the coordinative bonds (Zn−N) in ZIF glasses, since these bonds are much weaker than the ionic and covalent bonds in network glasses.

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26

Rickhey, Felix, Karuppasamy Pandian Marimuthu, Kwangmin Lee, and Hyungyil Lee. "Indentation cracking of monocrystalline silicon considering fracture anisotropy." Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 100 (April 2019): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2019.01.002.

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27

Armstrong, Ronald W., Louis Ferranti, and Naresh N. Thadhani. "Elastic/plastic/cracking indentation behavior of hard materials." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 24, no. 1-2 (January 2006): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.03.004.

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28

Chen, Zhangwei, Xin Wang, Alan Atkinson, and Nigel Brandon. "Spherical indentation of porous ceramics: Cracking and toughness." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 36, no. 14 (November 2016): 3473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2016.05.010.

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29

Bruns, Sebastian, Kurt E. Johanns, Hamad U. R. Rehman, George M. Pharr, and Karsten Durst. "Constitutive modeling of indentation cracking in fused silica." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 100, no. 5 (February 22, 2017): 1928–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.14734.

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30

Buang, A. P., R. Liu, X. J. Wu, and M. X. Yao. "Cracking analysis of HVOF coatings under Vickers indentation." Journal of Coatings Technology and Research 5, no. 4 (June 7, 2008): 513–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11998-008-9106-8.

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31

Pavón, J., M. Caillate, Emilio Jiménez-Piqué, Marc Anglada, S. López-Esteban, Eduardo Saiz, and Antoni P. Tomsia. "Micro-Structural Characterization and Stress-Corrosion Cracking Behavior of a FGM Glass-Based Coating on Ti6Al4V for Biomedical Applications." Materials Science Forum 492-493 (August 2005): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.492-493.229.

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Microstructural and stress-corrosion cracking characterization of two glass-based coatings on Ti6Al4V with different SiO2 content (61% and 64% of SiO2) have been investigated in this work. These coatings belong to the SiO2-CaO-MgO-Na2O-K2O-P2O5 system and were obtained using a simple enamelling technique. They will be used as the first layer of the bioactive FGM coating. Microstructural characterization performed in the coatings by SEM shows the separation of the sintered glass particles after acid etching. The XRD integration method shows that the percentage of the crystalline phase (2.4CaO•0.6Na2O•P2O5) due to the partial devitrification is between 3-16 % vol. Mechanical characterization was made using Vickers and Hertzian indentation. Both coatings were sensitive to Vickers indentation subcritical crack growth with longer crack lengths for the smaller SiO2 content. This coating was also more sensitive to stress-corrosion “ring” cracking by Hertzian indentation. These two results are related with the larger residual stresses due to the thermal expansion mismatch.

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32

Yonezu, Akio, Takeshi Ogawa, and Mikio Takemoto. "Evaluations of Elasto-Plastic Properties and Fracture Strength Using Indentation Technique." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 2223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.2223.

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Evaluations of elasto-plastic properties and fracture strength were studied utilizing indentation technique. The elasto-plastic properties of nine monolithic metals were estimated using dual indentation method and compared to the properties under tensile loading test. This method could predict stress - strain curve and was found to determine ultimate tensile strength. For brittle coating, fracture strength of diamond -like carbon (DLC) film was estimated by hybrid indentation with acoustic emission (AE), corrosion potential fluctuation (CPF) and finite element method (FEM). AE and CPF data provided information on the timing of film cracking and its mechanism. Fracture strength of the films could be evaluated using Vickers and Rockwell indentation.

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33

Yamazaki, Yasuhiro, and Katsu Kudo. "Effect of Water Immersion on Interfacial Strength of a Metal/Epoxy Joint." Key Engineering Materials 774 (August 2018): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.774.289.

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Metal/resin joints have been widely used for automotive, electrical device and others. The degradation of interfacial strength of the joints through the effects of moisture is one of the important deterioration mechanisms in their structure applications. In this study, the interfacial strength of an aluminum-alloy/epoxy-resin joint was evaluated by the indentation test using of the instrumented indentation machine developed by ourselves. The in-situ observations of delamination cracking were carried out during the indentation test. The interfacial fracture toughness of the joint was evaluated from the relationship between the indentation load and the crack length. The effect of immersion into service water on the evaluated interfacial strength of the joint was discussed.

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34

Zhou, H. B., Yi Wang Bao, Yan Qiu, Lan Chen, Xiu Fang Wang, and Kun Ming Li. "Indentation Fatigue and In Situ Inspection of Damage Evolution for Glass." Advanced Materials Research 177 (December 2010): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.177.451.

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Initiation and propagation of Hertz crack in glass was investigated by combining sphere indentation test and optical microscope under a transparent testing platform. Thus, the process of the crack growth in glass and the critical indentation load and contact crack radius could be determined conveniently. Indentation fatigue tests were carried out to understand the contact damage resistance, the fatigue cycle number for cracking increase with decrease of the fatigue load. This simple testing method is demonstrated convenient and available for calculating the surface local strength of glass in situ via measurements of the critical load and contact crack size.

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35

Claverie-Burgué, V., P. Montmitonnet, K. Inal, A. Burr, A. Nicolaÿ, M. Picard, and A. Settefrati. "Micro-Indentation of oxidized low carbon steel to evaluate properties of oxides." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1270, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1270/1/012106.

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During hot rolling process, an oxide scale grows at the surface of steel slabs. To avoid surface defects such as embedded scale at the end of the finishing mill, descaling stands are added in the production line to remove it using high-pressure water jets. Different steel grades show different descaling capacities and final surface qualities, which may depend on composition through oxide and interface toughness. The idea of this study is to measure the latter using micro-indentation to feed thermomechanical models of the descaling process. After indentation, Focused Ion Beam (FIB) is employed to observe cracking and delamination of oxidized specimen and to calculate adhesion of oxide thanks to an analytical formula. The experimental study confirms that alloying elements have a strong influence on the adhesion of oxide film and suggests that difficult-to-descale grades are those showing a large scatter of interfacial toughness. In parallel, numerical finite element (FEM) simulations of indentation are carried out using Abaqus® to have a better understanding of cracking mechanism and delamination of oxide.

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36

Du, Zhuotong, Rutao Zhao, Chen Gao, Pei Chen, and Kuilong Xu. "Application of instrument indentation test for residual stress characterization of 5083 aluminium alloy." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2842, no. 1 (September 1, 2024): 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2842/1/012038.

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Abstract An abnormal cracking phenomenon occurred at the corner of a ventilation window on the 5083 aluminum alloy wallboard used in certain transportation equipment. The residual stresses of the wallboard were measured using an instrumented indentation test. Initially, stress loading was applied to the 5083 specimens using a residual stress loading device to verify the effectiveness of the instrument indentation test (IIT) for testing the residual stresses of 5083 aluminum alloy. Subsequently, IIT was conducted under static conditions at the serving site of the equipment, and the working stresses under dynamic conditions were detected using a strain monitor. The results indicate that the total tensile stress at the uncracked corner of the ventilation window has exceeded the 5083 yield strength, so excessive tensile stress is the main cause of the abnormal cracking of the wallboard.

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37

Hussain, F., and A. Ali. "Elastic and Plastic Properties of Soda Lime Glass by Micro-Indentation." Key Engineering Materials 442 (June 2010): 294–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.442.294.

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Brittle cracking in a residual impression can be observed during micro indentation testing of brittle materials. The formation of these cracks in the residual impression depends upon the nature of materials, geometry of indenter, testing load, dwell time and depth of penetration. The area adjacent to the cracks may be appearing either as raised up or sunk down at the edges. This plastic residual impression can be used to obtain various elastic and plastic properties of brittle materials such as shear strength, fracture toughness, crack resistance, surface strength, etc. In present work Soda Lime Glass was studied by micro indentation test carried on Vickers hardness testing method using diamond pyramid indenter. Indentations were obtained on glass using different loads with different dwell times. These indentations generated micro cracks on surface. It was observed that on low values of load no visible cracks were found but on increasing the load the nucleation of crack started its critical value. On further increasing the load the steady growth of crack was observed. The dwell time also affects the propagation of the crack, as the dwell time increased the crack propagation shifts toward higher values. Results were analyzed in the form of load versus crack size for different dwell times focusing on the onset of crack propagation. The results obtained during study were applied to relate various elastic and plastic properties of Soda Lime Glass.

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38

Kalnaus, Sergiy, Andrew S. Westover, Guang Yang, Mordechai Kornbluth, Erik Herbert, and Nancy Dudney. "Inverted Glasses As Ductile Lithium Ion Conductors for Solid State Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 1 (August 9, 2024): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-011118mtgabs.

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Inorganic electrolytes for solid state batteries with Li metallic anodes must combine properties such as high ionic conductivity, chemical stability, and resistance to failure due to propagation of Li dendrites. Abundance of experimental evidence suggests that cracking of the solid electrolytes due to pressure exerted by lithium plating into the material defects is the primary source of failure [1]. This is due to inherent brittleness of the ceramic ionic conductors, i.e. their inability to reduce stress by means other than fracture. Unlike ceramics, plastic deformation in glass can be achieved via shear and (or) by densification. Both mechanisms can be operational in glasses with reduced content of glass formers relative to the content of glass modifiers – i.e. inverted glasses. Using the example of lithium phosphorous oxynitride, Lipon, we demonstrate how these two mechanisms are capable of accommodating applied stress while avoiding creation of new surfaces by cracking. We investigate the resistance to fracture in Lipon-like glasses and the underlying connection to their composition via instrumented nano-indentation, Raman spectroscopy, and numerical simulations. We observe enhancement of isochoric shear with increase of Li content, similarly to the reports of increased plasticity in sodium aluminoborate glases with high alkali content [2]. Nano-indentation demonstrates that Lipon is extremely resistant to fracture, compared to other inorganic solid electrolytes [3]. [1] Porz, T. Swamy, B.W. Sheldon, D. Rettenwander, T. Fromling, H.L. Thaman, S. Berendts, R. Uecker, W.C. Carter, Y.-M. Chiang, Mechanism of lithium metal penetration through inorganic solid electrolytes. Adv. Energy Mater. 7, 1701003 (2017) [2] Sellappan, T. Rouxel, F. Celarie, E. Becker, P. Houizot, R. Conradt, Composition dependence of indentation deformation and indentation cracking in glass. Acta Mater. 61, 5949–5965 (2013) [3] Kalnaus, A. Westover, M. Kornbluth, E.J. Herbert, N.J. Dudney, Resistance to fracture in the glassy solid electrolyte Lipon. J. Mater. Research, 36, 787-795 (2021)

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39

Liu, Pengfei, Lars R. Jensen, Chengwei Gao, and Morten M. Smedskjaer. "Indentation deformation and cracking behavior of hydrated aluminoborate glasses." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 105, no. 2 (October 28, 2021): 1039–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.18175.

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40

Januchta, Kacper, Pengfei Liu, Søren R. Hansen, Theany To, and Morten M. Smedskjaer. "Indentation cracking and deformation mechanism of sodium aluminoborosilicate glasses." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 103, no. 3 (November 18, 2019): 1656–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.16894.

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41

Liang, Kaiming, and Koufen Gu. "Transformation Driving Force for Indentation Cracking in Zirconia Ceramics." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 76, no. 12 (December 1993): 3144–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1993.tb06620.x.

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42

Burns, S. J., and K. Y. Chia. "Nonlinear Compliance Testing Applied to Indentation Cracking in Ceramics." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 78, no. 9 (September 1995): 2328–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1995.tb08665.x.

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43

USAMI, Hatsuhiko, Kazuto OHASHI, Shinnya SASAKI, and Junji SUGISHITA. "Cracking Behavior of Fused Silica Glass in Sphere Indentation." JSME International Journal Series A 46, no. 3 (2003): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmea.46.415.

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44

Armstrong, R. W., A. W. Ruff, and H. Shin. "Elastic, plastic and cracking indentation behavior of silicon crystals." Materials Science and Engineering: A 209, no. 1-2 (May 1996): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(95)10148-9.

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45

Saarna, Mart, Liina Lind, Priidu Peetsalu, and Fjodor Sergejev. "Cyclic Loading of TiCN Coating by Vickers Indentation." Key Engineering Materials 721 (December 2016): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.721.425.

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Physical Vapour Deposited (PVD) coatings are used in wide range of industrial applications where requirements differ. For example, in cutting applications adhesive-abrasive wear along with high contact stresses prevail and PVD coating with thickness of ~2 μm are used. In forming applications adhesive wear usually dominates and relatively thick PVD coatings (~5 μm) are preferred. For both the applications coatings are subjected to cyclic stress and therefore it is a point of interest to learn the behaviour of PVD coatings with different thickness under cyclic loading. Cracking resistance and fatigue properties of gradient TiCN on hard metal substrate was evaluated by means of the cyclic Vickers indentation method. Hard metal was chosen as a substrate material to avoid pile-up effect and support the hard coating during indentation. The results of the single indentation Vickers test show that secondary radial and circumferential cracks appear in tested coatings already after the first indent. With increasing cycles the cracks grow up to a critical crack length after which the crack length doesn’t increase further. The tested coating thickness has no significant effect on cracking behaviour.

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46

Armstrong, Ronald W., and Wayne L. Elban. "Dislocation Reaction Mechanism for Enhanced Strain Hardening in Crystal Nano-Indentations." Crystals 10, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10010009.

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Stress–strain calculations are presented for nano-indentations made in: (1) an ammonium perchlorate (AP), NH4ClO4, {210} crystal surface; (2) an α-iron (111) crystal surface; (3) a simulated test on an α-iron (100) crystal surface. In each case, the calculation of an exceptionally-enhanced plastic strain hardening, beyond that coming from the significant effect of small dislocation separations in the indentation deformation zone, is attributed to the formation of dislocation reaction obstacles hindering further dislocation movement. For the AP crystal, the exceptionally-high dislocation reaction-based strain hardening, relative to the elastic shear modulus, leads to (001) cleavage cracking in nano-, micro- and macro-indentations. For α-iron, the reaction of (a/2) <111> dislocations to form a [010] Burgers vector dislocation obstacles at designated {110} slip system intersections accounts for a higher strain hardening in both experimental and simulated nano-indentation test results. The α-iron stress–strain calculations are compared, both for the elastic deformation and plastic strain hardening of nano-indented (100) versus (111) crystal surfaces and include important observations derived from internally-tracked (a/2) <010> Burgers vector dislocation structures obtained in simulation studies. Additional comparisons are made between the α-iron calculations and other related strength properties reported either for bulk, micro-pillar, or additional simulated nano-crystal or heavily-drawn polycrystalline wire materials.

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Rzepiejewska-Malyska, K. A., W. M. Mook, M. Parlinska-Wojtan, J. Hejduk, and J. Michler. "In situ scanning electron microscopy indentation studies on multilayer nitride films: Methodology and deformation mechanisms." Journal of Materials Research 24, no. 3 (March 2009): 1208–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.0139.

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Systematic studies of the deformation mechanisms of multilayer transition metal nitride coatings TiN/CrN, TiN/NbN, and NbN/CrN, and corresponding reference coatings of TiN, NbN, and CrN deposited by a direct current (dc) magnetron sputtering process onto silicon 〈100〉 have been performed. Mechanical characterization was conducted using a combination of microindentation and nanoindentation in the load range 30 to 150 mN and 0.5 to 3.5 mN, respectively. For both load ranges, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in situ indentation was used to observe the indentation process including any pileup, sink-in, and fracture mechanisms specific to each coating. The coatings’ microstructure, both before and after indentation, was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was possible to both correlate the indentation load–displacement response to surface roughness effects and fracture modes (substrate and film cracking) and observe deformation mechanisms within the coatings.

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48

AKYOL, Burak, Mustafa GÜDEN, and Subhan NAMAZOV. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF STRAIN RATE ON THE CRUSHING STRENGTH OF A CELLULAR CONCRETE." Machine Science Journal 1, no. 1 (May 15, 2023): 4–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.61413/ftxi2310.

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The strain rate dependent compressive strength of an autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) having a density of 600 kg m-3 was experimentally investigated between quasi-static and high strain rates (2x10-3-~4150 s-1) through quasi-static and dynamic compression, confined compression and indentation tests. High strain rate equilibrium and direct impact non-equilibrium compression tests in conjunction with the high strain rate confined compression and indentation tests were conducted in a compression Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar. The experimental results showed two different regions of the compressive strength-dependency on the strain rate: a low-strain rate-dependent region from quasi-static to ~18 s-1 and a high-strain ratedependent region from ~18 s-1 to ~1000 s-1. The switch of the failure mode from the single axial cracking at quasi-static strain rates to the extensive axial and circumferential cracking at increasing strain rates was ascribed to both the axial and radial inertia. The dynamic increased factor (DIF=dynamic strength/static strength) showed an abrupt increase after ~18 s-1 as similar with the compressive strength. The mean confined and indentation strength values also increased as the velocity increased, while the mean confined compression strength values were shown to be comparable with the dynamic compressive strength values. The inertia and strain rate contributions to the enhancement of DIF until about 1000 s-1 were predicted by taking the quasistatic indentation strength as the full confinement strength.

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Morris, Dylan J., and Robert F. Cook. "Indentation fracture of low-dielectric constant films: Part II. Indentation fracture mechanics model." Journal of Materials Research 23, no. 9 (September 2008): 2443–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0295.

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Part I [D.J. Morris and R.F. Cook,J. Mater. Res.23,2429 (2008)] of this two-part work explored the instrumented indentation and fracture phenomena of compliant, low-dielectric constant (low-κ) films on silicon substrates. The effect of film thickness and probe acuity on the fracture response, as well as the apparent connection of this response to the perceived elastic modulus, were demonstrated. These results motivate the creation of a fracture model that incorporates all of these variables here in Part II. Indentation wedging is identified as the mechanism that drives radial fracture, and a correction is introduced that adjusts the wedging strength of the probe for the attenuating influence of the relatively stiff substrate. An estimate of the film fracture toughness can be made if there is an independent measurement of the film stress; if not, a critical film thickness for channel-cracking under the influence of film stress may be estimated.

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Zarudi, Irena, and Liang Chi Zhang. "Microcracking in Monocrystalline Silicon due to Indentation and Scratching." Key Engineering Materials 312 (June 2006): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.312.345.

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This paper discusses the cracking in monocrystalline silicon induced by microindentation with spherical and Berkovich indenters and scratching. It was found cracks always commenced in a specimen’s subsurface beneath the transformation zone. While using a Berkovich indenter the level of the maximum indentation load, Pmax, to initiate microcracking was lower than the case with a spherical indenter. In both indentation and scratching all microcracks took place at the sites of slip intersection or emanated from the bottom of a transformation zone. The paper also discussed critical loads for microcracking.

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