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Onstad, L. A., and John J. Gallagher. "INDEMNIFICATION OF OIL SPILL COOPERATIVES DURING THIRD PARTY SPILLS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1989, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 499–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1989-1-499.
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ABSTRACT Oil spill cooperatives are generally organized under an agreement that requires a member company to indemnify all other members fully against liability arising from a member company's spill and response actions with cooperative resources. The cooperatives also require the same type of indemnification on the part of nonmembers and third parties. When a major third-party spill occurs in an area where the cooperative's equipment is required, the cooperative can find itself dealing with representatives of shipping companies who are unable or unwilling to commit to required indemnification. At the same time, it is likely to be in the interest of the cooperative (the oil and gas industry) to ensure an adequate response is made. Reverting to federal response under U. S. Cost Guard direction is an option (Section 311[k] Fund), but not preferred. The Coast Guard has been unwilling or unable to establish contractual arrangements before the fact with cooperatives, thus leading to instances of delayed payments, non-allowable costs, and disputes. Protection and indemnification (P&I) clubs, which underwrite the liability insurance of the vessels, are accustomed to dealing with marine disasters and have been asked to review the indemnification requirements of Clean Seas, which are similar to those of other industry cooperatives. The clubs are willing to work with the cooperatives’ requirements to eliminate an inordinate amount of time in contract negotiations during the early hours or days of a spill and to ensure parties do not have to rely upon a federal response. With the acceptance of these requirements by the clubs, it is hoped shipping companies and representatives will be able to enter into contracts or indemnification agreements with cooperatives with full support from the clubs.
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Barry, Edward, Anil U. Mane, Joseph A. Libera, Jeffrey W. Elam, and Seth B. Darling. "Advanced oil sorbents using sequential infiltration synthesis." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 6 (2017): 2929–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta09014a.
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Musante, Glenna B. "Mopping Up Disasters: Textiles Protect People and the Planet." AATCC Review 14, no. 6 (November 1, 2014): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14504/ar.14.6.2.
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Saeed, Fariha. "Oil spill problems from the aspects of the Claim, Performance and Insurance Functions." International Journal Papier Public Review 1, no. 2 (August 30, 2020): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.47667/ijppr.v1i2.13.
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This article discusses oil spills from the aspects of the claim, performance and insurance functions of the results of tracing oil spills at sea depending on many factors, including the physical, chemical and toxicity characteristics of oil, as well as its distribution which is influenced by the dynamics of seawater: tides, wind, waves and currents. The impact of insoluble oil compounds in water will float and cause seawater to turn black. Several components of oil sink and accumulate in sediments as pollutant deposits in sand and rocks on the beach. Claim settlement in Marine Hull and Machinery is the same as general loss insurance. The rights of the insured that must be fulfilled by the insurer, if it has met the terms and conditions determined by the insurer and stated in the policy. Members receive protection & indemnity for this guarantee so that members are protected and receive compensation from associations that are not covered or insufficiently covered by insurance.
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Ishutin, A. V. "PROBLEMS OF LEGAL REGULATION FOR THE PREVENTION AND ELIMINATION OF EMERGENCY OIL SPILLS." Pravovedenie IAZH, no. 3 (2021): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rgpravo/2021.03.09.
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Oil production, being a key source of the budget of the Russian Federation, is associated with a serious negative impact on the environment. In particular, the storage and transportation of oil and petroleum products are often accompanied by spills, as a result of which harmful substances enter the soil, water and atmosphere. These incidents are man-made disasters, and their consequences affect not only the site of the spill, but also the neighboring territories. This article analyzes the state of the Russian regulatory framework for the prevention of accidental spills of oil and petroleum products and concludes that it is imperfect.
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Qiu, Shaoyang, Hongxiang Ren, Haijiang Li, Rui Tao, and Yi Zhou. "An Improved Particle Number-Based Oil Spill Model Using Implicit Viscosity in Marine Simulator." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (June 7, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5545051.
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Improving the physical realism of oil spill scenes in marine simulators can further enhance the emergency response capabilities of officials in charge and crew members and help reduce losses caused by oil spill disasters. In order to uniformly simulate the spreading, drift, breakup, and merging of oil spills at sea, we propose an improved divergence-free position-based fluid (DFPBF) framework based on the particle number density model. In our DFPBF framework, the governing equations for oil spills and ocean are discretized by Lagrangian particles, and the incompressibility of oil spills and ocean is ensured by solving the divergence-free velocity constraint solver and constant density constraint solver. In order to stably simulate the fate and transport of oil spills with higher viscosity, we introduce an implicit viscosity solution scheme for our DFPBF framework. The implicit solver uses a splitting concept to decouple viscosity solve and adopts an implicit scheme to discretize the integration of viscous force. Moreover, our DFPBF framework can ensure a divergence-free velocity field before applying the implicit viscosity scheme, which avoids the undesired bulk viscosity effects. The simulation results show that our DFPBF framework can stably simulate oil spills of various viscosities, especially high-viscosity crude oils.
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Cheung, May, and Jun Zhuang. "Regulation Games Between Government and Competing Companies: Oil Spills and Other Disasters." Decision Analysis 9, no. 2 (June 2012): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/deca.1120.0233.
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Moore, Roberta, and Candace M. Burns. "The Effect of Oil Spills on Workers Involved in Containment and Abatement." AAOHN Journal 59, no. 11 (November 2011): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507991105901103.
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The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is the most recent manmade disaster to challenge occupational health nurses caring for a unique worker population. The effects of oil spills on wildlife, marine life, and the ecosystem are well studied and documented, but the effects on workers who contain and abate such disasters are not. These workers can suffer from a multitude of illnesses and injuries, such as ataxia, migraines, and various lung diseases, which can be a challenge for occupational health nurses.
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Yuan, Dan Dan, Yong Gang Xie, and Hong Jun Wu. "Research on Influences of Waters along Sino-Russian Oil Pipeline Affected by Unexpected Environmental Disasters." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 2505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.2505.
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In this paper, the waters including rivers and lakes along the Sino-Russian oil pipeline in China has been analyzed and potential emergent situations and its consequences (such as oil spills) has been discussed and conducted. Furthermore, measures in response to these consequences to deal with these emergent situations are also introduced, including engineering, Non-engineering and emergency management measures.
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Walker, Ann Hayward. "Human Dimension Impacts of Oil Spills and Social Responsibility: Evolving Needs." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 2159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.2159.
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ABSTRACT Beyond the traditional ecological impacts of oil spills, oil spills can also affect people; these are the human dimensions of oil spills. Under current institutional procedures in the US, little attention is given during preparedness and response to social issues and implementing actions to mitigate the human dimension impacts of oil spills. Social responsibility is increasingly being used as a measure of the overall performance of businesses and organizations. Previous work recognized that public and stakeholder reactions to, and perceptions about, an oil spill response can influence the overall success of response. However, improvements in recent years to achieve the “best response” focus increasingly on operational aspects of oil spills. Human dimensions, representing the non-operational aspects of oil spills, generally remain unaddressed in the US regulatory framework. With the widespread use of social media, stakeholders and the global public are able to express their concerns and objections about oil spills; demand transparency and aggressive action during an incident to protect people and the environment, mitigate all impacts; and call to punish those responsible. Spills which are perceived as technological disasters are viewed as preventable by those in affected areas. Spill management teams (SMTs) in the US typically are comprised of the organization of responsible party (RP) and government responders, which is integrated in function but necessarily aligned in their respective priorities. The influence of politics and legal teams on SMTs represents both opportunities for and barriers to addressing human dimension concerns and impacts during response. This paper discusses the evolving needs for the USCG and EPA, as agency leaders in the US National Response System (NRS), to adapt existing preparedness and response practices. This paper also explores potential opportunities to incorporate social responsibility into oil spill preparedness and response strategies as ways to mitigate human dimensions impacts going forward. Research has shown that community adaptation and resilience is: at least in part related to a community having access to knowledge and resources which are possessed by oil spill experts; that transfer of knowledge takes time; and that building connections between local communities and oil spill experts helps promote community adaptation and resilience. The author suggests that within the existing regulatory framework there is conceptual space to leverage trusted networks of existing relationships and enhance our ability to carry out preparedness and response activities consistent with social responsibility.
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Hunter, Steve. "THE OILING OF ICS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1993, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1993-1-25.
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ABSTRACT The incident command system (ICS) works for oil spills. It should be the industry standard and some will argue that it already is. But there are a number of temptations to fiddle with it. Fueling these inclinations is the fundamental difference between oil spills and natural disasters: Oil spills make the perpetrator fix the problem—under heavy oversight. Add to this difference the public outcry that attends oil spills and the dual role of government as both helper and prosecutor. From these conditions emerge adaptations of ICS which both weaken and strengthen it. The benefits of ICS are diminished by deputy incident commanders who block unified commanders from access to section chiefs, over-zealous crisis managers who displace command post decisions or its information office, separate press offices with party line slants, government law enforcement activity mixed into spill response, nonstandard operations terminology and structure involving “containment and cleanup” or “salvage,” and the commingling of public and private response funds. ICS's application to oil spill response is strengthened by the use of trained unified commanders, deputy incident commanders who operate as staff rather than line, crisis managers who support on-scene objectives, joint information centers, and heavy involvement of skilled, prepared environmental assessment teams in the planning section who generate priorities, strategies, and (operationally coordinated) tactics. Technically, not all these points constitute alterations of ICS, but most do and the others come close. This mixed bag of strengthening and weakening tweaks to oil spill ICS provides an opportunity to take a new look at this faithful friend to the crisis responder.
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Strang, Kenneth David David. "Developing prescriptive environmental protection models from descriptive human accident behavior." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 6, no. 4 (November 9, 2015): 438–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-08-2013-0029.
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Purpose – This study aims to examine human-made oil–gas disasters to illustrate how a prescriptive model could be developed. Resilience to human-made disasters, such as oil or gas spills, can be improved by using prescriptive models developed by analyzing past behavior. This type of study is useful for urban planning and monitoring, as there is a higher probability of human triggered disasters in densely populated areas. Design/methodology/approach – This study examined 10 years of more than 1,000 oil–gas disasters that were caused by humans in the upstate New York area to illustrate how a prescriptive model could be developed. Findings – A statistically significant predictive model was developed that indicated humans in certain industry categories were approximately six times more likely to have an oil–gas accident resulting in environmental pollution. Research limitations/implications – A prescriptive environmental protection model based on human accident behavior would generalize to all levels of government for policy planning, and it would be relevant to environmental protection groups in any region with a large population of humans using oil and gas (that covers most countries on earth). Originality/value – The empirical risk management literature was reviewed to identify factors related to environmental accident prediction with the goal of developing an explanatory model that would fit the oil–gas human accident data.
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Valdes, Dennisses, Dana Stalcup, and Wendy Christopherson. "Developing Epa's Core Oil Spill Program." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-369.
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ABSTRACT The purpose of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Core Oil Spill Program effort is to help define core or fundamental Oil Spill Program activities nationwide to ensure that EPA maintains a well-trained, dedicated staff with the necessary resources to prevent, prepare for, and respond to oil and hazardous substance incidents the threaten the waters of the United States. It is especially important that sound oil spill programs are in place in all EPA regions and headquarters to adequately address the changing industry culture and to prevent future disasters comparable to the Ashland tank collapse, the Exxon Valdez spill, and recent major pipeline spills. Emphasis on these core activities should help the regional oil spill programs prioritize activities in an era of reduced funding for EPA's Oil Spill Program and aging oil industry infrastructure.
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Hu, Zhi Hua. "Framework and Key Modules for Emergency Resource Decision Support System to Response Oil Spill Disasters." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 1509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.1509.
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Oil spills represent one of the most destructive environmental disasters. The frameworks of decision support system (DSS) for peace time and emergency situation are proposed. The monitoring network acquires the foundational data and information for decision from sensor network, information system and social network. The peace time DSS models the monitoring network and the general monitoring, prediction, simulation and management modules for contingent events and emergency resources. The emergency DSS is modeled as a layered architecture. Form the information acquisition to the decision layer, the information flow and real-time decision-making modules are revealed. Finally, the key models and algorithm for resource deployment and scheduling are studied.
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Hussain, Sajjad, Saira Miraj, and Rani Saddique. "Social Work and Community Based Disaster Risk Management in Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences 10, no. 1 (September 8, 2019): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v10i1.105.
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Pakistan is exposed to various natural calamities due to its geophysical condition and climatic changes. In addition, man-made disasters also pose a threat to human lives and properties which includes industrial and transport disasters including oil spills, civil unrest, wars and conflicts. Although it is not possible to stop or prevent natural disasters, but the negative impacts of natural disasters can be minimized through human efforts. The government of Pakistan has adopted participatory approach as part of its policy for disaster management. This research paper is based on the analysis of secondary data for reviewing the existing policies with emphasis on disaster risk reduction in pre and post disaster period. The paper concludes that participation of target community is indispensable for disaster risk reduction on sustainable basis. The article suggests that community should be meaningfully involved in disaster risk reduction efforts at the local level. In this connection the role of social workers is indispensable for disaster risk reduction on sustainable basis.
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Nordin, Shahrina Md, Ammar Redza Ahmad Rizal, Rafidah Abd Rashid, Rohayu Che Omar, and Unggul Priyadi. "Incidents and Disaster Avoidance: The Role of Communication Management and the Organizational Communication Climate in High-Risk Environments." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 10138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810138.
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Health, safety and the working environment are of paramount importance, especially in the high-risk environments found at facilities in the oil and gas industry, where hazards are inevitable and accidents may lead to regrettable situations such as explosions, oil spills and other disasters. The high number of accidents and disasters at such facilities bring safety-related matters to the fore. The complexity of the communication process is very often underestimated, where failures in communication could lead to major disasters. This paper investigates the role of communication management and the organizational communication climate and their impact on incidents and disaster avoidance. This study embarks on a quantitative approach involving 260 personnel from high-risk workplaces at oil and gas facilities, based on purposive sampling. Hypotheses were tested using PLS-SEM to identify causal relationships and for mediation analysis. The findings of this study show that communication management and the organizational communication climate have a significant impact on disaster avoidance. The organizational communication climate is also found to be a significant mediator for the relationship between communication management and disaster avoidance. Communication management and the organizational communication climate need to be enhanced and to be integrated with other technology and innovation to improve safety regulation adherence in the oil and gas industry.
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Lestari, Fatma, Dicky Pelupessy, Yasuhito Jibiki, Fiori Amelia Putri, Ahmad Yurianto, Gama Widyaputra, Sony Maulana, Cynthia Febrina Maharani, and Fumihiko Imamura. "Analysis of Complexities in Natech Disaster Risk Reduction and Management: A Case Study of Cilegon, Indonesia." Journal of Disaster Research 13, no. 7 (December 1, 2018): 1298–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2018.p1298.
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Complex disasters may occur as a result of a natural disaster combined with an industrial or a technological disaster. These are also called “natural-hazard triggered technological (natech) disasters.” Currently, there is increasing awareness of the hazards of these natech disasters. Natural disasters could trigger a technological disaster including oil spills and the release of hazardous and flammable materials and toxic chemicals, causing cascading events. The impact of the damage on public health and safety could be catastrophic, as it may result in massive loss of life, environmental destruction, and asset and property loss. Moreover, it could cause business disruptions and affect a country’s reputation. This paper describes a case study on the application of disaster risk reduction and management for natech disasters in Cilegon, Indonesia. We introduce the analysis of risk assessment conducted in Cilegon, the preparedness of the Cilegon City government, a contingency plan that has been developed, and the state of disaster preparedness in industrial zones. Natural and technological disaster risks as well as several emergency preparedness efforts are discussed and multiple stakeholders are identified. The paper serves as a foundation for future research to address natech disasters.
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aihue, Lisa Ka'. "Coping With Technological Disasters: Helping Communities Help Themselves." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 713–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-713.
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ABSTRACT Major technological disasters, such as oil spills, create many situations that are addressed in typical government and industry contingency plans—for example, how to boom a beach, clean a bird, or lighter a tanker. What is not addressed in contingency plans is how to mitigate the social and psychological impacts of such a disaster on residents of affected communities. Technological disasters have been shown to produce what have come to be known as “corrosive communities” characterized by unusually high levels of tension, conflict, ongoing litigation, and chronic psychological stress. Having experienced a major oil spill firsthand, the members of the Prince William Sound Regional Citizens' Advisory Council (PWS RCAC) initiated a project to fill this large gap in oil spill response planning. In addition to drawing on personal experience, PWS RCAC consulted experts in the fields of socioeconomic and technological disaster research to help in the development of a guidebook titled Coping with Technological Disasters. The guidebook was released in 1999 and contains information to help communities and individuals understand what a technological disaster is, how it differs from a natural disaster, and what to expect during and in the years following the disaster. Information, resources, and proven programs are presented in the guidebook for use by local governments, civic groups, mental health organizations, individuals, or just about anyone responding to a major disaster. Since its release, the guidebook has been requested by communities, state and federal agencies, organizations, and companies throughout Alaska, the United States, and internationally. Community leaders, mental health professionals, and emergency responders have praised the guidebook as an excellent reference and resource. By sharing what the communities of the Exxon Valdez oil spill region have learned, PWS RCAC believes that this guidebook will enhance already existing contingency plans, not only for spill response, but for other emergencies as well.
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Hazel, William Edward, and Michael J. Rancilio. "HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES DURING COLD WEATHER OIL SPILL RESPONSES." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-109.
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ABSTRACT Oil spill operations present responders with the difficult task of establishing site safety protocols during emergency conditions. Often these safety protocols must be established when standard operating procedures have either broken down, as is the case during disasters at sea, or are nonexistent, as occurs when spills happen in remote areas. To perform oil spill operations in a safe and effective manner, recovery technicians on the management and field level must initially prepare themselves for dangerous operations by an extensive training program (including that training required of hazardous materials workers by OSHA 1910.120). Beyond this, oil spill responders must develop, implement, and monitor safety protocols at the outset and through the conclusion of each response operation. This paper will present a case study of an operation where these principles were successfully implemented despite the fact that weather conditions on the site were extremely harsh.
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Yeung, Polly, Bridey White, Michael Ziccardi, and B. Louise Chilvers. "What Helps Oiled Wildlife Responders Care for Animals While Minimizing Stress and Compassion Fatigue." Animals 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071952.
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Oil spills are environmental disasters and their long-term impact is not just a concern for the environment and economy, but also for first responders’ health and wellbeing. Wildlife, such as aquatic birds and certain marine mammals, are highly susceptible to physiological effects of oiling, and oiled wildlife responders are crucial to provide measures for their survival. The purpose of this research was to explore the experiences of oiled wildlife responders and what factors and conditions have helped or inhibited the responders to care-affected wildlife. This study collected responses (n = 50) from a survey of responders who attended either the New Zealand MV Rena or US Refugio pipeline oil spills. Study participants were mostly older (>40), highly educated females. We found there were significant differences in compassion satisfaction, resilience, burnout and overall satisfaction based on age, gender and role. While most responders have only attended limited numbers of oil spill incidents, they reported positive experiences and found it rewarding. Findings from responders indicated that to lessen stress and compassion fatigue during an incident, provision of training and support from professional organizations equips responders with knowledge and skills that can support their personal resilience to respond to disaster events.
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Grattan, Lynn M., Babette Brumback, Sparkle M. Roberts, Stacy Buckingham-Howes, Alexandra C. Toben, and Glenn Morris. "“Bouncing back” after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 26, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-09-2016-0195.
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Purpose The psychological and behavioral consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill disaster were among the most widespread, long term, and costly of all oil spill-related disasters. However, many people were resilient, and understanding the factors associated with resilience in the immediate aftermath of this disaster are needed to guide early interventions. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach In total, 133 adults from the Northeast Gulf Coast participated in a study of mental health outcomes during the oil spill and one year later. Participants completed a battery of measures that assessed their basic demographics, income status, perceived environmental risk (i.e. characteristic way people think about and interpret environmental risks), self-reported resilience (i.e. ability to “bounce back” after a disaster), and mental health status. Findings Results of univariate analyses indicated similar, elevated levels of mental health problems at both time points; however, environmental risk perception was higher one year post-spill than during the spill. In multivariate analyses, income stability, increased time, higher self-reported resilience, and lower environmental risk perception were associated with better mental health outcomes while age and gender had no association. Originality/value Oil spills are protracted disasters, and better mental health outcomes are linked to financial stability, as well as a belief in environmental restoration and one’s own capacity for resilience. Since resilience and environmental worry are potentially modifiable processes, they might be targeted in prevention and early intervention efforts in order to create more robust, prepared individuals in the face of an oil spill disaster.
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Lyster, Rosemary. "A Fossil Fuel-Funded Climate Disaster Response Fund under the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage Associated with Climate Change Impacts." Transnational Environmental Law 4, no. 1 (April 2015): 125–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102514000302.
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AbstractThree sets of social institutions deal with catastrophic risk: government regulation through rule making, the market, and civil liability. Climate disasters expose the limitations of all of these social institutions and often result in extensive uncompensated losses, particularly in developing countries. The author proposes the establishment of a fossil fuel-funded Climate Disaster Response Fund to compensate victims for the ‘residual’ risk of climate disasters in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. This Fund, established under the UNFCCC’s Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage Associated with Climate Change Impacts, would comprise levies placed on the world’s top 200 fossil fuel companies. This proposal is modelled on various domestic and international funds which have been established to overcome the difficulties posed by tort law and which require companies to pay for the hazardous consequences of their activities and products. Precedents include funds to compensate for the damage caused by toxic chemicals, oil pollution spills, asbestos and nuclear accidents.
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Kopteva, Alexandra V., Alexander Dementyev, and Vladimir Koptev. "Analysis of the Structure of Viscous Oil Flow for the Development of a System to Prevent the Formation of Paraffin Deposits in Pipelines." Materials Science Forum 1022 (February 2021): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1022.42.
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The detection of paraffin deposits in the systems of main oil pipelines today is a very important problem, since they lead to emergency oil spills, environmental disasters and economic losses both for the enterprise and for the country as a whole. This work is aimed at studying the physicochemical properties of asphaltic resin paraffins, as well as the mechanism of phase transition from liquid to crystalline. Such studies make it possible to estimate the absorption coefficient of the paraffin phase, which was previously not possible due to the complex nature of oil, consisting of hydrocarbons and many organic compounds of various molecular weights, and to provide high-precision non-contact measurements of the concentration of suspended asphalt-resin-paraffins in the oil flow in the pipeline. The analysis of the morphology and chemical composition of paraffins of various deposits is carried out, the dependence of the phase transition depending on the temperature gradient is determined.
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McClurg, Leanne. "Liability in oil and gas: what happened in the case of Deepwater Horizon?" APPEA Journal 51, no. 2 (2011): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj10048.
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Disasters such as the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig and the consequential pollution in the Gulf of Mexico have heightened awareness surrounding liability for such events. It is an opportune time for all companies—whether owners, operators or contractors—to closely examine their contracting regimes to ensure their interests are protected to the maximum extent possible. It is commercial reality in all industries that parties negotiating contracts seek to limit their liability. Unique to the oil and gas industry, contracts for services usually contain reciprocal indemnities, often referred to as knock for knock clauses, where each party is responsible for loss or damage to its own people and property, regardless of the cause. Such clauses have the effect of altering the common law position where liability is usually based on the cause of any loss or damage. In this session the speaker discusses some tips and traps for drafting reciprocal indemnity clauses, and looks at how they have been interpreted by the courts. Consideration is given to how an incident like Deepwater Horizon would be treated if it occurred in Australia and an update on the US Senate Committee’s inquiry into the disaster is provided.
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Burgiel, Stanley W. "The incident command system: a framework for rapid response to biological invasion." Biological Invasions 22, no. 1 (November 22, 2019): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-019-02150-2.
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AbstractThe incident command system (ICS) is a framework for organizing and directing on-site, tactical responses to a particular event or series of events. ICS provides a command structure for coordination, information flow, analysis, decision-making, communications, and implementation in an authoritative and standardized manner. The ICS framework has been used for emergency response in a variety of situations where the environment, human health, or other resources are at risk, including wildfires, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, oil and chemical spills, infectious disease outbreaks, and invasive species. This paper outlines the key components of ICS, as well as major elements for building ICS capacity. It concludes with a list of considerations for applying ICS in the invasive species context.
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Edwards, Sam. "Protecting Culture and Marine Ecosystems Under the Law in Micronesia." International Journal of Cultural Property 19, no. 2 (May 2012): 197–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739112000161.
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AbstractTraditional culture and marine ecosystems are two important resources that are disappearing at alarming rates worldwide. Islands are places where culture and the marine environment are intertwined and offer the best locales to address this threat. Disasters such as shipwrecks and oil spills damage both culture and the environment, yet the legal system does not permit full recovery. This research advances a new tort theory of cultural and ecosystem damage to compensate victims in marine damage cases. Specifically this research investigates theories of recovery in the Federated States of Micronesia since Micronesia is in an ideal position to recognize this new damage theory. Micronesia can help establish precedents that other jurisdictions can follow to help preserve the culture and the marine ecosystems upon which they rely.
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Hamad, Asmaa A., Hani A. Moubasher, Yasser M. Moustafa, Nermen H. Mohamed, and Eman H. Abd-el rhim. "Petroleum Hydrocarbon Bioremediation Using Native Fungal Isolates and Consortia." Scientific World Journal 2021 (May 4, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6641533.
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Crude oil spills as a result of natural disasters or extraction and transportation operations are common nowadays. Oil spills have adverse effects on both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and pose a threat to human health. This study have been concerned with studying the capability of six fungal species (Curvularia brachyspora, Penicillium chrysogenum, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Alternaria alternata, and Stemphylium botryosum) and three fungal consortia (FC), FC1 (P. chrysogenum and C. brachyspora), FC2 (S. brevicaulis and S. botryosum), and FC3 (S. brevicaulis, S. botryosum, and C. sphaerospermum), to remediate petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs). Qualitative and quantitative changes in polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and saturated hydrocarbons (SH) mixtures and the patterns of PHs degradation have been examined using HPLC and GC. Studying the GC chromatogram of C. sphaerospermum revealed severe degradation of SHs exhibited by this species, and the normal-paraffin and isoparaffin degradation percentage have been valued 97.19% and 98.88%, respectively. A. alternata has shown the highest significant (at P ˂ 0.05) PAH degradation percent reaching 72.07%; followed by P. chrysogenum, 59.51%. HPLC data have revealed that high-molecular-weight PAH percent/total PAHs decreased significantly from 98.94% in control samples to 68.78% in samples treated with A. alternata. FC1 and FC2 consortia have exhibited the highest significant PH deterioration abilities than did the individual isolates, indicating that these fungal consortia exhibited positive synergistic effects. The study supports the critical idea of the potential PAH and SH biodegradation as a more ecologically acceptable alternative to their chemical degradation.
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Grimaldi, C. S. L., D. Casciello, I. Coviello, T. Lacava, N. Pergola, and V. Tramutoli. "An improved RST approach for timely alert and Near Real Time monitoring of oil spill disasters by using AVHRR data." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 5 (May 9, 2011): 1281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1281-2011.
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Abstract. Information acquired and provided in Near Real Time is fundamental in contributing to reduce the impact of different sea pollution sources on the maritime environment. Optical data acquired by sensors aboard meteorological satellites, thanks to their high temporal resolution as well as to their delivery policy, can be profitably used for a Near Real Time sea monitoring, provided that accurate and reliable methodologies for analysis and investigation are designed, implemented and fully assessed. In this paper, the results achieved by the application of an improved version of RST (Robust Satellite Technique) to oil spill detection and monitoring will be shown. In particular, thermal infrared data acquired by the NOAA-AVHRR (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) have been analyzed and a new RST-based change detection index applied to the case of the oil spills that occurred off the Kuwait and Saudi Arabian coasts in January 1991 and during the Lebanon War in July 2006. The results obtained, even in comparison with those achieved by other AVHRR-based techniques, confirm the unique performance of the proposed approach in automatically detecting the presence of oil spill with a high level of reliability and sensitivity. Moreover, the potential of the extension of the proposed technique to sensors onboard geostationary satellites will be discussed within the context of oil spill monitoring systems, integrating products generated by high temporal (optical) and high spatial (radar) resolution satellite systems.
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Balogun, Abdul-Lateef, Abdul-Nasir Matori, and Kelvin Wong Toh Kiak. "DEVELOPING AN EMERGENCY RESPONSE MODEL FOR OFFSHORE OIL SPILL DISASTER MANAGEMENT USING SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM (SDSS)." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-3 (April 23, 2018): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-3-21-2018.
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Environmental resources face severe risks during offshore oil spill disasters and Geographic Information System (GIS) Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps are increasingly being used as response tools to minimize the huge impacts of these spills. However, ESI maps are generally unable to independently harmonize the diverse preferences of the multiple stakeholders’ involved in the response process, causing rancour and delay in response time. This paper’s Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) utilizes the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model to perform tradeoffs in determining the most significant resources to be secured considering the limited resources and time available to perform the response operation. The AHP approach is used to aggregate the diverse preferences of the stakeholders and reach a consensus. These preferences, represented as priority weights, are incorporated in a GIS platform to generate Environmental sensitivity risk (ESR) maps. The ESR maps provide a common operational platform and consistent situational awareness for the multiple parties involved in the emergency response operation thereby minimizing discord among the response teams and saving the most valuable resources.
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Hughes, Joseph T., and Scott Rudolph. "NIEHS Oil Spill Health and Safety Training: Learning from Deepwater Horizon to Improve Future Response Training." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 2129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.2129.
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ABSTRACT: When the Deepwater Horizon oil drilling rig exploded on April 20, 2010, in the Gulf of Mexico, the United States faced an enormous challenge. The massive oil release had significant consequences in the region for the environment and for human health. The U.S. government has plans in place for an emergency response to disasters, and these plans are based on experiences during previous disasters, including the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster, and Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. After each disaster, the emergency response was evaluated and analysis of lessons learned led to revised emergency response plans for oil spills and for other types of disasters. In the case of the Deepwater Horizon event, the National Contingency Plan (NCP) was activated. The disaster response was implemented rapidly on a huge scale. Numerous governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, local groups, and BP employees and contractors were engaged. Over 47,000 cleanup workers were trained to deal with the oil release. (See Table One) Over time, concerns have been raised about the health of cleanup workers, and the monitoring of their health continues.Table One:DWH Workforce Metrics The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Worker Education and Training Program (WETP) held a workshop in Mobile, AL on May 4–5, 2011 that included a broad range of participants who were involved in the Deepwater Horizon response. This paper summarizes findings from the workshop report of what worked and what did not work as the basis for improvements in preparedness for future disasters. Specifically, workshop findings and recommendations focused on two topics: community engagement in the response process and the development of safety training for non-professional cleanup workers. The dialogue revealed that local community resources were utilized during the Deepwater Horizon response. However, workshop attendees noted areas for improving community engagement. They expressed that communities possess unparalleled knowledge of their local environments and can provide a valuable workforce to support response efforts. Workshop participants also called attention to a need to consider local community health issues in the response plan, so that information, appropriate medical care, and other health needs are addressed rapidly. While worker training was implemented quickly, training quality needs improvement. Issues around appropriate pre-incident training need to be addressed by OSHA and others responsible for worker protection. The Deepwater Horizon oil release was a disaster that called upon the U.S. to assemble and deploy tremendous resources to address an evolving challenge. The response was rapid, resilient, and in many ways effective. Workshop participant experience documents areas for improvement. The government has taken experiences from previous disasters to revise national disaster response plans. Deepwater Horizon response, as summarized in this report, can be applied to further improve worker safety and health training so that emergency responses to future disasters can more effectively address the challenges and needs of those involved in the event.
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Jessup, David A., and Jonna A. K. Mazet. "Rehabilitation of Oiled Wildlife: Why Do It?" International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 573–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-573.
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ABSTRACT Although the public's interest in oil spills and similar environmental disasters often focus on the plight of injured animals, animal issues are only a very small part of an oil spill response. The dichotomy between the public's and the media's perception of what is important and what many wildlife biologists feel is important for long-term species conservation has led to conflicts and heated exchanges between proponents and opponents of oiled wildlife care. Additionally, some critics believe that there is a competition for funds between wildlife care and wildlife restoration, and that oiled wildlife care is offered up as a solution to pollution's damage to wildlife populations, or as an alternative to prevention. In California the collection, medical care, and rehabilitation of oiled wildlife is part of a comprehensive program for pollution response and provides data needed for planning, prevention and restoration. It is conducted for specific legal, social, political, and biological reasons. Under these circumstances, oiled wildlife care supports species conservation programs, as well as helping to document injury.
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Nicholls, Keith, J. Steven Picou, and Janel Lowman. "Enhancing the Utility of Community Health Workers in Disaster Preparedness, Resiliency, and Recovery." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 170–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.170.
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ABSTRACT As part of the Deepwater Horizon Medical Settlement, the University of South Alabama's Coastal Resource & Resiliency Center is charged with preparing Community Health Workers (CHWs) to serve in areas affected by the oil spill. The immediate objective of this effort is to enhance primary and behavioral healthcare capacity and health literacy, especially among disadvantaged and underserved populations. A review of previous research confirms the utility of CHWs in accomplishing this objective. Findings further suggest that CHWs could play a crucial role in the area of oil spill response and recovery, but fulfilling this role will require appropriate training. In this paper, we provide an outline of CHW training that includes: 1) educational outreach to enhance literacy and promote preparedness; 2) identification and management of diseases and conditions associated with or exacerbated by such technological disasters; and 3) essential elements in the recognition and referral of psychosocial problems associated with the oil spill experience. Community Health Workers have great potential to contribute in the area of oil spill response and recovery by motivating maximum preparedness, speeding recovery, and increasing resiliency for future spills. It is important that institutional actors involved in the area recognize this potential and contribute to its realization.
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Nadorff, Norman, and Maria Beatriz Gomes. "Look before you leap: are your oil patch liability clauses enforceable?: (An analysis under civil law jurisdictions with emphasis on Brazil)." Journal of World Energy Law & Business 14, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jwelb/jwab004.
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Abstract The oil and gas industry requires huge investments involving extraordinary financial, environmental and safety risks. Dramatic images of the Deepwater Horizon (Gulf of Mexico, 2010), Alpha Piper (Scotland, 1988), P-51 (Brazil, 2001) and Campeche (Mexico, 1979) disasters offer chilling reminders of the monumental loss of life, property and environmental integrity that can quickly result from human error. With this backdrop, industry participants and their insurers learned early on that the normal fault-based approach to wellsite liability did not fit the nature and needs of the petroleum business. This article analyzes the risks inherent in applying the laws of a civil law jurisdiction to an oil and gas wellsite contract based on common law principles, with special emphasis on Brazil. It first briefly describes the traditional common law approach to liability allocation in wellsite contracts, including “knock-for-knock” principles (“K4K”). Next, it outlines the traditional civil law approach to liability (responsbilité) through French and Brazilian prisms. The authors do not deeply discuss the pros and cons of K4K clauses nor the policy implications of anti-indemnity statutes. Rather, they assume the reader is contemplating the negotiation of a wellsite services contract subject to the laws of a civil law jurisdiction, and describe the relevant risks and possible mitigation strategies.
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Lichtveld, Maureen Y., and Farah A. Arosemena. "Resilience in the Aftermath of The Gulf Of Mexico Oil Spill: An Academic-Community Partnership to Improve Health Education, Social Support, Access to Care, and Disaster Preparedness." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 156–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.156.
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ABSTRACT The Gulf of Mexico oil spill affords a unique opportunity to examine resilience from a transdisciplinary, systems perspective. In 2011, the National Research Council (NRC) in its publication “Building Community Disaster Resilience through Private-Public Collaboration” recommended research that results in quantitative risk and outcome markers, projects which strengthen community resilience, and to document best practices. Although the ecological impacts of oil spills are widely studied, the full picture displaying the impact on population health is a lesser-explored area. Disasters, both natural and technological, can result in both short-term and long-term stressors. Tulane University Transdisciplinary Research Consortium for Gulf Resilience on Women's Health (GROWH) and the Gulf Region Health Outreach Program (GRHOP) community engagement and community health navigation projects are examples of evidence-based interventions using trained community health workers (CHWs) to address NRCs recommendations by 1) assessing adherence to prenatal care and postpartum and infant health outcomes, 2) building bridges between health systems and communities – working to improve the relevance, acceptability, and accessibility of health services, 3) increasing access to occupational and environmental health specialists, and 4) improving the ability of Gulf Coast communities to withstand and recover from a disaster.
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Grau, Sharon E. "RESPONSE CAPABILITY: CAN ECONOMICS JUSTIFY SUSTAINABILITY?1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (May 1, 2005): 773–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-773.
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ABSTRACT This paper explores the motivations for corporate engagement in environmentally sustainable behavior. Although there are several reasons for companies to apply environmentally sustainable business practices, the most enticing are economic. Like a pendulum, the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 responded to a full left swing of potential major disasters and brought the weight to the far right. These regulations established requirements for the response equipment/personnel needed in the event of a worst-case discharge. Also due to the significant efforts of established pollution prevention regulations, the past decade has seen a drastic drop in the number of spills and the amount of oil discharged. The strides toward improvement are impressive, but the reduction in spills, seems to be leading toward regionalization of local response assets and elimination of excess duplication by not replacing unserviceable equipment. Effective responses are also a key part of environmental sustainability. The end result could be a very expensive response, which could be simply averted by retaining current levels of local response capability. Understanding that the primary objective of any company is profit, environmental protection can provide one path toward financial reward. This includes, but is not limited to a “green” public image, which generally increases the consumer base and profits. The economic benefits of environmentally sound business practices, however, are not always initially apparent. Therefore, monetary gain may not always present sufficient motivation. In this case, proponents of environmental sustainability can cite social responsibility as cause, or look to the federal government for support and control. In an effort to stop the swing of the pendulum between a major disaster and the inability to respond, companies should be encouraged to maintain response capabilities at their current levels and to recognize that a loss of local response resources could be both an environmental and financial nightmare.
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Belamarić, Goran, Željko Kurtela, and Rino Bošnjak. "Simulation Method - Based Oil Spill Pollution Risk Analysis for the Port of Šibenik." Transactions on Maritime Science 5, no. 2 (October 21, 2016): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v05.n02.005.
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Statistical data, analyses and assessment of maritimepassenger traffic in sea ports in the Republic of Croatia pertaining to the traffic in the Port of Šibenik indicate that, following the expansion and reconstruction of berths for large ships in 2014, marine traffic in the waters of the Port of Šibenik and the Channel of St. Ante has been on the rise. There is therefore a need for pollution risk analysis for the Port of Šibenik. Risk assessment was made using the qualitative method of “Risk assessment-based threat ranking”, following which a scenario involving discharge of harmful substances (oil spill) and possible pollution of the Port of Šibenik and the Channel of St. Ante in difficult navigating conditions in restricted waterways and bad weather was simulated. Marine pollution itself has no direct impact on human life. There are usually no human casualties, although major disasters can affect human health. There can therefore be dire indirect consequences, with negative impact on the eco-system, and consequently on some of the most important branches of industry like tourism, sports, fishing, etc. The prevalent northerly and southerly winds have a particularly high influence on the spreading of oil spills in closedoff waters like those of the Port of Šibenik. The influence of sea currents in the Krka river basin and the Channel of St. Ante is exceptionally strong, especially during heavy rains accompanied by increased water flow. Oil spill simulation is therefore an important tool for planning preventive action and response operations in case of oil spill from ships.
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Holyk, Olena, Iryna Bereziuk, Mariya Miroshnichenko, and Mohammad Ismail. "Monitoring and Analysis of Oil Pollution of Water Resources With Using an Intelligent Decision Support System." Central Ukrainian Scientific Bulletin. Technical Sciences, no. 3(34) (October 2020): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32515/2664-262x.2020.3(34).175-181.
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Oil production is increasing. This increases the number of accidents. Oil spills are increasing. Since oil has special physical and chemical properties and parameters, contamination of water resources by oil and oil products causes man-made disasters. The authors made the assumption that a robot with artificial intelligence will be used to purify the water surface from oil (oil products) by biological methods. This robot will be located directly on the ship and will monitor and analyze oil pollution. In order to carry out clean-up activities at the site of the accident, it is necessary to have information on the main parameters of oil pollution. The authors of this article propose a structure for the monitoring and analysis of oil pollution in water resources. According to this structure, analysis and monitoring must be carried out by an intelligent decision support system. An intelligent decision support system includes a database of oil pollution parameters and a knowledge base. The aim of this work is to analyze oil pollution on the water surface using an intelligent decision support system. In order to achieve this objective, the article proposes the structure of the oil pollution parameter database, which is part of an intelligent system to support decision-making on oil pollution analysis and assessment. This scheme includes the main parameters of oil pollution affecting the decision on the choice of type and quantity of treatment products for the biological treatment method. An algorithm for determining the capacity of oil spill is proposed. The main elements of the oil pollution parameters database are: type of oil products, capacity of oil spill, water flow, wave height and velocity, wind direction and speed. In future, the analysis and monitoring scheme for oil-based water pollution will be expanded to include special technical, measuring and meteorological instruments that will allow the immediate presence of the oil (oil products) spill investigate oil contamination parameters.
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Buttke, Danielle, Sara Vagi, Tesfaye Bayleyegn, Kanta Sircar, Tara Strine, Melissa Morrison, Mardi Allen, and Amy Wolkin. "Mental Health Needs Assessment After the Gulf Coast Oil Spill—Alabama and Mississippi, 2010." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 27, no. 5 (August 21, 2012): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x12001100.
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AbstractIntroductionPrevious oil spills and disasters from other human-made events have shown that mental health effects to the affected population are widespread and can be significant.Hypothesis/ProblemThere has been concern regarding the likelihood that existing public health surveillance was not capturing the mental health effects to the population affected by the Gulf Coast oil spill. The objectives of this study were to assess the mental health needs of coastal communities in the states of Alabama and Mississippi following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.MethodsA cluster sampling methodology was used to assess the mental health status of coastal residents in three counties in Alabama four months following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, and in the Gulf Coast counties in Mississippi 5.5 months after the oil spill.ResultsA total of 469 residents of the selected areas were interviewed. Between 15.4 and 24.5% of the respondents reported depressive symptoms, with 21.4-31.5% reporting symptoms consistent with an anxiety disorder, and 16.3-22.8% reporting ≥14 mentally unhealthy days within the past 30 days. Overall, there were more negative quality of life indicators and negative social context outcomes than in the state's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey. Between 32.1% and 35.7% of all households reported decreased income since the oil spill, and 35.5-38.2% of all households reported having been exposed to oil.ConclusionThe proportion of respondents reporting negative mental health parameters in the affected Alabama and Mississippi coastal communities is higher than the proportion reported in the 2008 and 2009 BRFSS state reports, suggesting that the public health response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill should focus on mental health services in these communities.ButtkeD, VagiS, BayleyegnT, SircarK, StrineT, MorrisonM, AllenM, WolkinA. Mental health needs assessment after the Gulf Coast oil spill—Alabama and Mississippi, 2010. Prehosp Disaster Med.2012;27(5):1-8.
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Jacobs, Todd, Michelle Jacobi, Mark Rogers, Jeremy Adams, John “JC” Coffey, John Walker, and Bob Johnston. "Testing and Evaluating Low Altitude Unmanned Aircraft System Technology for Maritime Domain Awareness and Oil Spill Response in the Arctic." Marine Technology Society Journal 49, no. 2 (March 1, 2015): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.49.2.23.
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AbstractNational and international policies and treaties require the protection and exploration of the Arctic. The maritime services play a primary role in pursuing responsible Arctic stewardship by protecting the environment and the personnel conducting operations and research in this harsh environment. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is an important partner to the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) in hazard response and mitigation (including oil spills and search and rescue). During Arctic Shield exercises, as part of the USCG Research and Development Center's Arctic Technology Evaluation, manned and unmanned systems including the AeroVironment Puma™ All Environment (AE) (Puma) Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS), were used to provide real-time information for maritime domain awareness and oil spill response in the Arctic. Real-time information distribution and maritime domain awareness are critical to prepare for and respond to potential environmental disasters in the Arctic. Additionally, the Puma was assessed for shipboard operations capabilities, Arctic air space coordination, deconfliction and safety issues, and real-time data visualization through the Arctic Environmental Response Management Application® as part of a larger data management plan. The results are provided from the successful Puma testing during the Arctic Shield 2013 and 2014 exercises aboard the USCG Cutter (USCGC; Icebreaker) Healy. An overview of these operations is given with recommendations for future testing and technology assessments of small UAS platforms for Arctic shipboard operational deployments. These findings are put into context for utilization in the field to support operations and decision making in the case of a real oil spill in the Arctic region.
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SCHULZ, MICHAŁ, ALEKSANDRA ŁOŚ, PATRYCJA SKOWRONEK, and ANETA STRACHECKA. "Prominence of environmental and anthropogenic agents on the occurrence of coral reef bleaching syndrome and coral diseases." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 10 (2024): 6139–2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6139.
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Coral reefs are the most productive ecosystems on Earth. They ensure the conservation of biodiversity and are a live habitat for 25% of all marine organisms. The main relationship on the coral reef is the symbiosis between corals and algae from the genus Symbiodinium (commonly called zooxanthellae). The authors of this publication have characterized and described the factors limiting the occurrence of coral reefs, including: water temperature, salinity, access to sunlight, contamination, physicochemical and hydromechanical parameters of water. Moreover anthropogenic threats to coral reefs have been specified, including diving tourism, ecological disasters (e.g. oil spills) and the development of marine aquaristics. Rapid changes in the basic living conditions are dangerous for corals and their symbionts and may cause the unsuitability of the new environment resulting in diseases such as coral bleaching. Corals bleaching is a disease associated with the break of the coral and algae relationship which results in a coral reef death on a global scale. Awareness of these negative factors, often related to human activity, may allow us to better understand the ecological processes that are the basis of reef functioning and might enable us to prevent and oppose to the changes and ecological recessions of coral reefs.
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Tedeschi, Edward. "Booms." Pure and Applied Chemistry 71, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199971010017.
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Introduction: A "Boom" is a floating mechanical barrier used to control the movement of substances that float according to ASTM F-818 Standard Terminology Relating to Spill Response Barriers. (ASTM, 1994).Since oil has been transported by sea, accidental spills have occurred from time to time, but only since the 1960's has its spillage along coastlines or within harbor areas caused enough public concern to demand that it be removed immediately. Large disasters, such as the grounding of the "Torrey Canyon" and the Santa Barbara drilling platform blowout, put pressure on the oil producing community to prevent spillage and to develop procedures and equipment to recover the spills that did occur. Experimental booms were introduced in the early 1960's but it wasn't until later in the decade that their manufacture became commercially viable. Relatively crude booms to contain or control the spread of spilled oil were developed and some were assembled on site. Logs were tied together with old conveyor belting nailed between the ends; oil drums were strapped to plywood sheets connected with rubber or fabric; canvas was sewn over fishing floats knotted along a line. Although these booms were relatively effective in calm water when a small volume of oil was spilled, most of them were cumbersome to maneuver and they quickly failed when waves or current were present.Spills in the early 1970's, along with growing environmental awareness, prompted legislators, both national and local, to require that the responsible parties clean up their act. Worldwide entrepreneurial spirit spawned several dozen small manufacturing enterprises to meet local and, in some cases, international demand for cheap efficient booms.In the mid 70's, several events happened which shaped the spill response industry and started the evolution leading to the better products and response techniques which we use today. The Arab Oil Embargo of 1973 raised the price of a barrel of oil to the point that the cost of the product lost in a spill became relevant. U.S. governmental agencies, including E.P.A., M.M.S., and Coast Guard developed regulations that fined the spillers of even small amounts of oil. Money was spent by government and the oil industry on research and test facilities to understand the limits and differences of boom designs, resulting in improved performance. Oil terminals in most major harbor areas pooled their resources and formed local and regional oil spill response cooperatives (Etkin, 1991). The U.S. Navy, being a large buyer of booms, contacted the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) to see if they had any people working on the subject of spill response products in general and specifically on standardization of boom connectors. They did not, so they issued an invitation to the industry at-large to form a committee to write standards on that subject. Committee F-20 was born. It took ten years to publish F-962 Standard Specification for Oil Spill Response Boom Connector, but along the way, over 40 consensus Standards (ASTM, 1994) have been published to aid users and manufacturers alike in the selection of spill response products and guidelines for their use.This chapter will discuss the types of booms available today, the problems associated with their use under various environmental conditions, special products for unusual situations, and also thoughts regarding future developments.
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Sagrera, Carlos. "New Challenge in Latin American and Caribbean Oil Spill Control: Offshore Prevention and Response after the DWH Milestone." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1.
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ABSTRACT With offshore activities at different exploration and production stages in virtually all South American countries with sea coasts, a Central American country, and some Caribbean countries, the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) disaster has not gone unnoticed among the governments and the oil industry in the area. Organizational and human errors committed and highlighted in the investigations that have successively come to light in such a world power as the U.S.—a leader in the sector—, bring to mind the realities and systemic safety failures of the schemes and procedures in force, both in the oil industry and regulatory authorities, to control these potential environmental disasters. The offshore issue has become a priority in the Latin American and Caribbean oil industry and grows because of the recurrent confirmation of new oilfields and their successful exploration by international oil companies through block concessions, which is the only way to access the required effective technology for exploitation. Over the past decades and without exception, Latin America and the Caribbean has gone through emergency situations with spills from oil tankers, explosions and fires in refineries, pipeline fires and sabotage, and explosions and sinkings of oil rigs. The shy cooperation attempts between states and national oil companies obtained few concrete results despite the efforts of regional organizations such as ARPEL. This paper emphasizes the weaknesses in response procedures and standards through specific examples of recent incidents in “the Big Three” (Brazil, Mexico, and Venezuela), which could become worse in the current offshore deep and ultra-deep water scenario. It challenges the National Contingency Plans that must now include offshore goals and an organization scheme, such as the Incident Command System, which must be adapted as soon as possible due to the new scenarios and the need for effective inclusion of environmental actors previously relegated. The paper also outlines response strategies applied in DWH and their possible use in offshore scenarios in the region, which will require coordinated efforts by all stakeholders. It emphasizes that this is an excellent opportunity for operational improvement of the Latin American and Caribbean oil sector with respect to safety, emergencies, and spill control.
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Beskid, P. P., P. Yu Bogdanov, V. A. Miklush, Т. М. Tatarnikova, E. A. Chernetsova, and A. D. Shishkin. "Results of research in the field of remote sensing methods for detecting oil pollution on the water surface conducted at the RSHU." HYDROMETEOROLOGY AND ECOLOGY. PROCEEDINGS OF THE RUSSIAN STATE HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, no. 60 (2020): 371–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33933/2074-2762-2020-60-371-391.
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The article presents the scientific results which are a generalization of almost twenty years of experience of the staff of the department of information technology and security systems of the Russian State Hydrometeorological University in the field of remote sensing methods of oil pollution on the water surface. The choice of radar systems for the implementation of remote monitoring of the water surface on the characteristics of efficiency and coverage of the area of responsibility is substantiated. Structurally, the radar monitoring system should consist of a network of centimeter and millimeter range radar systems. The use of centimeter-range radar systems is due to the preservation of their operability during intense precipitation. Millimeter-wave radar systems are characterized by higher radar contrast, which significantly increases the effectiveness of environmental monitoring of water areas, their performance depending on the weather conditions. Thus, a combination of radars of two ranges allows continuous monitoring of the water area in any weather conditions. Radar systems are a recording module as part of an object monitoring system. The facility monitoring system, in addition to existing systems at the regional level, allows to receive information on the environmental situation promptly. This is especially true in case of emergency situations that occur during loading and transportation of oil products and other environmentally hazardous substances. The most significant result of many years of research is the concept of an automated distributed system for remote environmental monitoring of the water surface. For each module of the system, methods and models for processing spatial data and algorithms for the distribution of measuring instruments in the monitoring space are proposed. The purpose of the functioning of such a system is associated with detecting oil spills on the water surface, monitoring the dynamics of pollution and predicting the development of emergencies resulting from environmental disasters. International cooperation in the field of environmental protection is shown to be international in nature, the joint projects being an effective tool for development of scientific and educational potential of higher education in the field of ecology. Participation in international projects not only allows to increase the scientific and educational potential of higher education, but also influences the formation of environmental policy
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Francois, Samantha, Lauren Czaplicki, Lisa Gentry, and Lisanne Brown. "Using Community Health and Clinic Capacity Assessments to Determine and Prioritize Health Needs in Gulf Coast Communities Affected by the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 184–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.184.
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ABSTRACT The Primary Care Capacity Project (PCCP) of the Gulf Region Health Outreach Program aims to expand access to integrated high quality, sustainable, community-based primary care with linkages to specialty mental and behavioral health, and environmental and occupational health services in four Gulf States following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. This paper presents findings from community and clinic assessments in Gulf Coast counties and parishes impacted by the oil spill and how these findings informed technical assistance and funding to Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) and the communities they serve. This process included community and clinic assessments. The community health assessments included existing and data and data from community stakeholders on demographics, health determinants, and health status. Existing data were gathered from sources including the U.S. 2010 Census, Vital Statistics, and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and Gulf State Population Survey. State, county, and sub-county level data were gathered for 17 Gulf coast counties. These data were summarized and analyzed to create community profiles for each of the counties to characterize their demographic profile, health status, healthcare access, social environment, and oil spill impact. These profiles were then used to facilitate a community prioritization process with county stakeholders. Stakeholders representing multiple sectors of the community participated in focus groups and a group consensus building activity to determine the health priorities for their counties. Concurrent to the community assessment, clinic assessments were conducted with FQHCs identified through the Health Resources and Services Administration Data Warehouse in 16 of the 17 counties. The clinic assessment was conducted with FQHC administrative staff and clinic staff to measure clinic capacity and needs. Data gathered from the community and clinic assessments suggest that mental health and chronic illness, such as diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease are health priorities in the Gulf Region. Primary care and mental health care provider shortages were “access to care” priorities as evidenced by both the community and clinic assessments. Also, transportation and proximity to primary care facilities were access to care priorities. These findings helped to inform funding and technical assistance to the FQHCs located in Gulf Coast counties. The assessment processes and how the data and information gathered through them can translate to preparedness, response, and recovery action planning and decision making following oil spills or other natural or man-made disasters.
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Prisyajnyuk, V., S. Semychayevsky, M. Yakimenko, and M. Osadchuk. "REGARDING THE USE OF MODERN TECHNICAL MEANS OF PROTECTION AGAINST FLOOD OF TERRITORIES AND FACILITIES FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 161 (March 26, 2021): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2021-1-161-315-319.
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The danger to society caused by the consequences of natural disasters tends to increase despite the general technical progress and the application of measures to prevent them and combat them. Every year the number of victims, in particular, from floods increases by an average of 6%. Flooding in certain areas can occur due to floods and inundations. Floods are natural processes that occur in the biosphere and affect the planet for millennia. Flood is a significant flooding of the area due to rising water levels in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, caused by downpours, spring snowmelt, wind surges, destruction of dams, dams and more. Floods cause great material damage and casualties. The water level in reservoirs depends on many different factors. All over the world, experts conduct long-term observations, tracking all seasonal changes, and collect data for forecasting. Floods and their causes are well studied. The main causes of these disasters are: - prolonged rains; - melting snow; - raising the bottom; - strong winds and storms; - groundwater; Thus, the issue of using modern technical means of protection against flooding of territories and objects of various purposes is relevant. A number of publications consider current trends in effective flood risk management planning in the European Union and describe the catastrophic consequences of floods and ways to combat them, and so on. At the same time, these studies do not contain data on testing and implementation in Ukraine of modern technical means to combat floods in the EU. To address these issues, the Institute of Public Administration and Research on Civil Defense commissioned by the State Service of Ukraine for Emergencies has developed a method of testing water-absorbing devices designed for: - flood protection; - changes in the direction of water flow during floods, torrential rains, melting snow, etc. - removal of water from flooded areas (basements, garages, etc.); - elimination of environmental accidents (spills of oil, diesel fuel and other chemicals). Developed by the Institute of Public Administration and Research on Civil Protection, the method of testing water-absorbing means will allow in the future to test and assess the suitability of such technical means for use by fire and rescue units when performing tasks to remove water from flooded areas and create barriers to water. time of protection against floods, changes in the direction of water flow during floods, torrential rains, melting snow, etc.
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Da Silva Baptista, Érika Cardoso, André Luiz Carvalho da Silva, Rodrigo Coutinho Abuchacra, and Ana Beatriz Pinheiro. "Sensibilidade ambiental do litoral da Ilha Grande (Angra dos Reis, RJ) a potenciais desastres causados por derramamento de óleo." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 12, no. 7 (January 31, 2020): 2470. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v12.7.p2470-2488.
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O presente estudo objetiva compreender o grau de sensibilidade ambiental do litoral da Ilha Grande a potenciais eventos de derramamento de óleo e as consequências destes para os ecossistemas litorâneos. Foram realizados trabalhos de campo voltados para a caracterização morfológica e sedimentar de diversas praias ao redor da ilha e aplicação do Índice de Sensibilidade Ambiental (ISA) a eventos de derramamento de óleo. Foram encontrados os seguintes índices de sensibilidade ambiental à poluição por óleo: ISA 1, atribuído aos costões rochosos no entorno da Ilha Grande; ISA 3, em praias como Lopes Mendes (P3), Santo Antônio e Dois Rios, no setor Meridional-oriental da ilha; ISA 4, para as praias de Freguesia de Santana, Japariz, Amor, Camiranga, Feiticeira, Preta, Abraão, Júlia, Bica, Guaxuma, Abraãozinho, Mangues e Pouso, no setor Setentrional-oriental, praias de Lopes Mendes (P1 e P2) e Caxadaço, setor Meridional-oriental; praias da Parnaioca, Aventureiro, Meros, Provetá, Vermelha e Grande de Araçatiba, no setor Meridional-ocidental; Lagoa Verde e praia de Araçá, no setor Setentrional-ocidental; ISA 5, no tocante às praias Comprida, Crena no setor Setentrional-oriental e Maguariqueçaba no setor Setentrional-ocidental; ISA 10, correspondente às lagoas do Sul e do Leste. O estudo da sensibilidade ambiental aponta para níveis distintos de vulnerabilidade deste litoral a um eventual desastre dessa natureza. A expansão das atividades associadas à extração petrolífera na Bacia de Santos, bem como o tráfego intenso de embarcações na Baía da Ilha Grande, podem causar sérios danos às atividades pesqueiras e turísticas na região, além de comprometer os diversos ecossistemas costeiros e marinhos. Environmental sensibility of the Ilha Grande coast (Angra dos Reis, RJ) to potential oil spill disasters A B S T R A C TThe objective of this study is to understand the risk and environmental sensitivity of the Ilha Grande coast to oil spill events and their consequences for coastal ecosystems areas. The methodology of this study is based on the fieldwork to characterize the morphology and sediments of some beaches; application of the Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) to oil spill events on the coast. The beaches analyzed in this study present the following environmental sensitivity indices to pollution caused by oil spill: ISA 1, attributed to the rocky shores around Ilha Grande; ISA 3, in the case of the beaches of Lopes Mendes (P3), Santo Antônio and Dois Rios, all located in the southern-eastern sector of the island; ISA 4, for the beaches of Santana, Japariz, Amor, Camiranga, Feiticeira, Preta, Abraão, Júlia, Bica, Guaxuma, Abraãozinho, Mangues and Pouso (in the eastern sector), beaches of Lopes Mendes (P1 and P2 ) and Caxadaço (Southern-eastern sector), Parnaioca, Aventureiro, Meros, Provetá, Vermelha and Grande de Araçatiba beaches (Southern-western sector), Lagoa Verde and Araçá beach (Northern-Western sector); ISA 5, for the beaches Comprida, Crena (northern-eastern sector) and Maguariqueçaba (northern-western sector); ISA10, corresponding to the lagoons of the South and East. The beaches analyzed in this study have the following environmental sensitivity results to the pollution caused by oil spill: ESI 3, in the case of the beaches of Lopes Mendes, Santo Antônio and Dois Rios, all located in the southern-eastern sector of the island; ESI 4, to the beaches of Freguesia de Santana, Japariz, Preta, Abraão, Júlia, Bica, Crena, Guaxuma, Abraãozinho (in the Eastern-Northern sector), beaches of Mangues and Pouso (sector Southern-eastern), Araçá (northern-western sector); and ESI 5, with regard to Comprida (northern sector). The study of the environmental sensitivity of the Ilha Grande, associated with an oil spill, points to the vulnerability of this coast to an eventual disaster of its nature. The expansion of associative activities with oil extraction in the Santos Basin and the associated risks may cause severe damage to fishing and tourism activities in the region and endanger coastal and marine ecosystems.Keywords: environmental sensibility; pollution; oil spills; Ilha Grande-RJ.
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Wang, Si, Lin Mu, Zhenfeng Yao, Jia Gao, Enjin Zhao, and Lizhe Wang. "Assessing and zoning of typhoon storm surge risk with a geographic information system (GIS) technique: a case study of the coastal area of Huizhou." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 439–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-439-2021.
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Abstract. Storm surge is one of the most destructive marine disasters to life and property for Chinese coastal regions, especially for Guangdong Province. In Huizhou city, Guangdong Province, due to the high concentrations of chemical and petroleum industries and the high population density, the low-lying coastal area is susceptible to the storm surge. Therefore, a comprehensive risk assessment of storm surge over the coastal area of Huizhou can delimit zones that could be affected to reduce disaster losses. In this paper, typhoon intensity for the minimum central pressure of 880, 910, 920, 930, and 940 hPa (corresponding to a 1000-, 100-, 50-, 20-, and 10-year return period) scenarios was designed to cover possible situations. The Jelesnianski method and the Advanced Circulation (ADCIRC) model coupled with the Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) model were utilized to simulate inundation extents and depths of storm surge over the computational domain under these representative scenarios. Subsequently, the output data from the coupled simulation model (ADCIRC–SWAN) were imported to the geographic information system (GIS) software to conduct the hazard assessment for each of the designed scenarios. Then, the vulnerability assessment was made based on the dataset of land cover types in the coastal region. Consequently, the potential storm surge risk maps for the designed scenarios were produced by combining hazard assessment and vulnerability assessment with the risk matrix approach. The risk maps indicate that due to the protection given by storm surge barriers, only a small proportion of the petrochemical industrial zone and the densely populated communities in the coastal areas were at risk of storm surge for the scenarios of 10- and 20-year return period typhoon intensity. Moreover, some parts of the exposed zone and densely populated communities were subject to high and very high risk when typhoon intensities were set to a 50- or a 100-year return period. Besides, the scenario with the most intense typhoon (1000-year return period) induced a very high risk to the coastal area of Huizhou. Accordingly, the risk maps can help decision-makers to develop risk response plans and evacuation strategies in coastal communities with a high population density to minimize civilian casualties. The risk analysis can also be utilized to identify the risk zones with the high concentration of chemical and petroleum industries to reduce economic losses and prevent environmental damage caused by the chemical pollutants and oil spills from petroleum facilities and infrastructures that could be affected by storm surge.
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Thompson, R. C., T. P. Crowe, and S. J. Hawkins. "Rocky intertidal communities: past environmental changes, present status and predictions for the next 25 years." Environmental Conservation 29, no. 2 (June 2002): 168–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892902000115.
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Rocky shores occur at the interface of the land and sea. Typically they are open ecosystems, with steep environmental gradients. Their accessibility to man has rendered them susceptible to a variety of impacts since prehistoric times. Access can be regulated, however, and they are more amenable to management than open ocean habitats. This review uses examples from throughout the world to demonstrate the extent to which rocky shores have been, and are currently, affected by pollution (examples used are endocrine disrupters, oil, eutrophication), over-collection of living resources, introduced alien species, modification of coastal processes (coastal defences, siltation) and global change (climate, sea level). These impacts are put into the context of natural fluctuations in time and variability in space of both the environment and the organisms. The relative magnitudes of some anthropogenic disturbances differ between the industrialized, developed world and the developing world. For example, in developed, industrialized countries pollution based impacts should diminish over the next 25 years due to improved regulation and a reduction in older ‘dirtier’ heavy industry. Conversely, in many developing countries pollution will increase as a consequence of growth in the human population and industrialization. Except for large-scale disasters such as oil spills, pollution tends mainly to influence embayed coastlines. Chronic effects such as eutrophication can have broader-scale impacts over whole coastlines and elevated nutrient levels have also been implicated in a trend of increasing frequency of catastrophic kills due to harmful algal. Direct removal of living resources has had major effects on coastlines at both local and regional scales and is likely to increase over the next 25 years, especially in developing countries where rapidly expanding human populations will put further pressure on resources. Impacts from recreational activities are likely to increase with greater leisure time in wealthier regions of the world, and cheaper travel will spread these impacts to poorer regions. Invasions by alien species have increased in frequency during the last 20 years leading to some dramatic effects on native assemblages. Problems associated with alien species, especially pathogens, will continue to increase over the next few decades. The proportion of the coastline modified by artificial structures (breakwaters, seawalls, groynes) will increase because of coastal development and defences against sea-level rise and the greater frequency of storms. This will increase connectivity between areas of rocky habitat. Siltation will continue to increase due to urbanization of catchments and estuaries, and changes in agricultural practice. This may have considerable impacts at local and regional scales, favouring sediment tolerant organisms such as turf algae and anemones. In the future, greater frequency of environmental extremes is likely, including large-scale events such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Global change in temperature, sea-level rise and increases in the frequency of storms will affect rocky shores throughout the world, but this will occur over long time scales; over the next 25 years most of the responses by rocky shore communities will mostly be quite subtle. Thus rocky shores will be subject to increasing degradation over the next 25 years. They are, however, less vulnerable than many other aquatic habitats due to their hard substratum (rock), their relative lack of large biogenic structures and to their generally open nature. They are also remarkably resilient, and recovery can occur rapidly due to recruitment from unaffected areas. Their susceptibility to both terrestrial and marine disturbances does make them more vulnerable than sublittoral and offshore habitats. There are considerable gaps in knowledge, particularly of certain microhabitats such as crevices, boulders, sand-scoured areas and rock pools. These have been much less studied than more accessible assemblages on open, freely draining rock. More research is needed to establish the effects of increasing sediment loads, ultraviolet radiation and introduced species on rocky shore communities. Strategic and applied research programmes should integrate field experiments and carefully selected monitoring programmes to verify management regimes. Hindcasting from the palaeo-record would be valuable, to compare rates of predicted change with periods when change was rapid in the past. This information could, in principle, be used to help conserve rocky shores through networks of marine protected areas and a general reduction of environmental pollution.
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Patalano, Andrew, Fabian Villalobos, Pedro Pena, Evan Jauregui, Cengiz Ozkan, and Mihri Ozkan. "Scaling sorbent materials for real oil-sorbing applications and environmental disasters." MRS Energy & Sustainability 6 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mre.2019.3.
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ABSTRACTThere are few feasible options for sorbents, which can be quickly manufactured and deployed in the event of a major oil spill and so every oil spill is an ecological disaster. This paper aims to provide an understanding of what a realistic, full-scale crude oil spill solution would look like based on the performance of the best sorbents currently available, their costs, and their advantages.Adsorbent materials or “sorbents” described here have been a recent target for research toward applications in environmental cleanup, remediation, and hazardous material containment. These materials contain many compositions, syntheses, and practical manufacturing parameters that make most of them practically and logistically unfit to tackle quantities much larger than a single barrel of oil. Different properties of crude oil and nonpolar materials, such as their viscosity, density, and weathering, can also make these materials seem attractive on a lab scale but underperform in field testing and in practical applications. This review addresses the challenges, advantages, and disadvantages of different technical applications of the superior sorbent materials and material types in the literature. In addition, we discuss the different costs and manufacturing challenges of sorbent materials in real oil spills and what a feasible containment sorbent material might look like.
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Gonçalves, Leandra R., DG Webster, Oran Young, Marcus Polette, and Alexander Turra. "The Brazilian Blue Amazon under threat: Why has the oil spill continued for so long?" Ambiente & Sociedade 23 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asoc20200077vu2020l5id.
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Abstract In August 2019, an oil spill incident washed the coast in Brazil affecting some of the country’s most visited and preserved beaches in Northeast and Southeast. This paper argues that the influence of power disconnects delayed the proper actions. Power disconnects occur when the victims of environmental harm (residents of northeastern and southeastern Brazil) lack power to prevent it or, conversely, when those who do have the power to protect the environment (the Brazilian government and the international community) do not experience the costs of degradation. Although Brazil has emerged as an environmental leader in the international arena in the past, it has fallen behind on the improvements that are needed to prevent spills like this from affecting coastal communities and biodiversity in the future. Ultimately, as long as political injustices persist, ecological disasters will continue, and Governance will not improve.