Journal articles: 'Incurred loss'

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Dougherty, Paul J., Lynne V. McFarland, Douglas G. Smith, and Gayle E. Reiber. "Combat-incurred bilateral transfemoral limb loss." Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 73, no. 6 (December 2012): 1590–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ta.0b013e318265fe64.

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Pigeon, Mathieu, Katrien Antonio, and Michel Denuit. "Individual loss reserving using paid–incurred data." Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 58 (September 2014): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.insmatheco.2014.06.012.

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Beatty, Anne, and Scott Liao. "What Do Analysts' Provision Forecasts Tell Us about Expected Credit Loss Recognition?" Accounting Review 96, no. 1 (May 20, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/tar-2018-0049.

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ABSTRACT We document potential cross-sectional differences in how expected loss accounting will affect provision timeliness to provide important policy insights and contribute to the literature regarding the estimation of the expected loss model adoption impact and provision timeliness determinants. Our findings that analyst provision forecasts incrementally predict future nonperforming loans (NPLs) and market returns suggest that the incurred loss provision does not incorporate all available future loss information. Higher incremental coefficients on provision forecasts for banks with greater unrecognized future losses and incurred loss constraints suggest CECL could affect cross-sectional provision timeliness differences by removing these constraints. Specifically, the provision forecast and future NPL association increases with banks' unconstrained future loss estimates reflected in loan fair value disclosures and incurred loss constraints indicated by heterogeneous loans individually reviewed for impairment. This association also increases with EPS forecast errors, but decreases with target price and NPL forecast errors.

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H. L. Poon, Jacky. "Penalising Unexplainability in Neural Networks for Predicting Payments per Claim Incurred." Risks 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks7030095.

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In actuarial modelling of risk pricing and loss reserving in general insurance, also known as P&C or non-life insurance, there is business value in the predictive power and automation through machine learning. However, interpretability can be critical, especially in explaining to key stakeholders and regulators. We present a granular machine learning model framework to jointly predict loss development and segment risk pricing. Generalising the Payments per Claim Incurred (PPCI) loss reserving method with risk variables and residual neural networks, this combines interpretable linear and sophisticated neural network components so that the ‘unexplainable’ component can be identified and regularised with a separate penalty. The model is tested for a real-life insurance dataset, and generally outperformed PPCI on predicting ultimate loss for sufficient sample size.

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Norros, Olli. "Determining Damages incurred by False Information on the Securities Market." European Business Law Review 25, Issue 5 (October 1, 2014): 623–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2014029.

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Providing information to the market is one of the most important duties of a listed company on the securities market. If the information on the market is insufficient, false or misleading, the issuer may in most jurisdictions be held liable for the loss caused to the investors. The question of recoverable loss has generally been regarded as highly ambiguous. In this paper it is claimed that the recoverable economic interest is to be understood, as a general rule, as the difference between the realized purchase or sell price and the hypothetical, undistorted price. The prima facie method for computing the difference is the event study methodology, which focuses on daily abnormal returns. From the viewpoint of loss calculation, it is immaterial whether the investor has gained a net profit or loss on the investment. Moreover, the investor's right to compensation for public market disclosure error should be neither hindered nor reduced on the grounds that the liquidation of the investment does not occur or is delayed. However, if the corrective disclosure and the crash subsequent to it are followed by a counter-reaction in the market price, this may crucially delimit the recoverable damage of an investor who still holds the stocks at the moment of the damage claim.

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Gomaa, Mohamed, Kiridaran Kanagaretnam, Stuart Mestelman, and Mohamed Shehata. "Testing the Efficacy of Replacing the Incurred Credit Loss Model with the Expected Credit Loss Model." European Accounting Review 28, no. 2 (March 20, 2018): 309–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2018.1449660.

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Smith, Michael W., and Charles T. Rohla. "Pecan Orchard Damage and Recovery from Ice Storms." HortTechnology 19, no. 1 (January 2009): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.19.1.83.

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Typical damage, cleanup, and recovery from four ice storms beginning in Dec. 2000, with the latest in Dec. 2007, are reported for pecan (Carya illinoinensis). Damage levels were amplified as radial ice accretion increased. Cultivar affected the amount of damage incurred. Trees less than 15 ft tall typically had the least damage. Trees 15 to 30 ft tall incurred as much or more damage than larger trees and cleanup costs were greater. Production potential was directly related to canopy loss during the first growing season. The time to recover full production potential varied with the severity of canopy loss. Cleanup costs depended upon the amount of canopy damage incurred, tree spacing, tree size, and the amount of pruning needed to remove hanging and damaged limbs from the tree.

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Guo, Hongye, Qixin Chen, Xichen Fang, Kai Liu, Qing Xia, and Chongqing Kang. "Efficiency Loss for Variable Renewable Energy Incurred by Competition in Electricity Markets." IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 11, no. 3 (July 2020): 1951–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tste.2019.2946930.

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Hesselager, Ole. "A Markov Model for Loss Reserving." ASTIN Bulletin 24, no. 2 (November 1994): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.24.2.2005064.

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AbstractThe claims generating process for a non-life insurance portfolio is modelled as a marked Poisson process, where the mark associated with an incurred claim describes the development of that claim until final settlement. An unsettled claim is at any point in time assigned to a state in some state-space, and the transitions between different states are assumed to be governed by a Markovian law. All claims payments are assumed to occur at the time of transition between states. We develop separate expressions for the IBNR and RBNS reserves, and the corresponding prediction errors.

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Von Kaeppler, Ericka P., Erik J. Kramer, Claire A. Donnelley, Hao Hua Wu, Elliot Marseille, Edmund Eliezer, Heather J. Roberts, David Shearer, and Saam Morshed. "The Initial Economic Burden of Femur Fractures on Informal Caregivers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Malawi Medical Journal 33, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mmj.v33i2.9.

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BackgroundFemur fracture patients require significant in-hospital care. The burden incurred by caregivers of such patients amplifies the direct costs of these injuries and remains unquantified. Aim Here we aim to establish the in-hospital economic burden faced by informal caregivers of femur fracture patients. Methods 70 unique caregivers for 46 femoral shaft fracture patients were interviewed. Incurred economic burden was determined by the Human Capital Approach, using standardized income data to quantify productivity loss (in $USD). Linear regression assessed the relationship between caregiver burden and patient time-in-hospital.ResultsThe average economic burden incurred was $149, 9% of a caregiver’s annual income and positively correlated with patient time in hospital (p<0.01). Conclusion Caregivers of patients treated operatively for femur fractures lost a large portion of their annual income, and this loss increased with patient time in hospital. These indirect costs of femur fracture treatment constitute an important component of the total injury burden.

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Boison, Joe O., Gary O. Korsrud, James D. Macneil, William D. G. Yates, and Mark G. Papich. "Effect of Cold-Temperature Storage on Stability of Benzylpenicillin Residues in Plasma and Tissues of Food-Producing Animals." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 75, no. 6 (November 1, 1992): 974–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/75.6.974.

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Abstract A recently developed liquid chromatographic method is used to determine benzylpenicillin residues in incurred tissue and plasma samples from experimental animals stored at freezer temperatures of -20°C and -76°C. It was observed that penicillin- incurred plasma samples stored at -20°C for 2 months were relatively stable, showing a gradual loss of only 10-20% of the residues present at the beginning of the storage period. Loss of penicillin residues from bovine kidney and liver stored at -20°C occurred at a rate that was more rapid than from plasma. Losses in benzylpenicillin concentrations of up to 20% were observed in kidney and liver samples stored at -20C after as little as 10 days of storage. Gluteal muscle samples stored at the same temperature showed almost 50% reduction in benzylpenicillin concentration after only 10 days of storage. However, incurred tissue samples stored at -76°C remained stable. The depletion of benzylpenicillin residues from edible tissues and biological fluids follows a first-order rate law.

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Camfferman, Kees. "The Emergence of the ‘Incurred-Loss’ Model for Credit Losses in IAS 39." Accounting in Europe 12, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449480.2015.1012526.

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Hossain, MA, M. Khatun, MA Matin, and MF Dewan. "Postharvest loss assessment of major fruits grown in hill regions of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 42, no. 1 (March 29, 2017): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v42i1.31989.

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The study was conducted for assessing postharvest loss of major fruits in different hill regions of Bangladesh. The study areas covered four hill districts, namely Rangamati, Khagrachari, Bandarban and Moulvibazar and six selected fruits, namely mango, jackfruit, litchi, banana, pineapple and orange. These fruits are grown intensively in hill regions compared to other parts of Bangladesh. Data were collected from 2050 fruit growers and 749 traders of eight (8) upazilas considering accessible and less accessible areas. At farmers and traders level, the total postharvest loss of banana, pineapple, orange, mango, litchi and jackfruit were 372, 274, 200, 243, 165 and 380 kg/mt which was accounted about 37%, 27%, 20%, 24%, 17% and 38% of total production respectively. The main postharvest losses at farm level were incurred due to severe attack of insect, bat, squirrel and monkey. For traders, major losses were incurred during transportation. On the basis of retail price, the annual economic loss was estimated as Tk. 2107.5 crore and the maximum loss was incurred for banana (Tk. 705.79 crore) followed by pineapple (Tk. 550.58 crore) and mango (Tk. 508.95 crore) and the lowest for orange (Tk. 1.12 crore). It is interesting to note that, transportation dummy, labour dummy and market demand dummy had negative and significant effect on the postharvest losses. If transportation facilities can be improved and market demand and labour availability can be increased, postharvest loss will be decreased to an acceptable level at the study areas.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 42(1): 171-184, March 2017

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S, Siva Muniappan, and Justin Joy. "Demystifying the oil price fluctuations and mitigating its effect on the nations." Journal of Management and Science 12, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.12.30.

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This paper studies the causes of oil price fluctuations in the last fifty years and critically analyses the factors affecting the oil price. It also put forth the business problem of loss incurred by the oil-importing countries like India due to oil price fluctuations and gives the solution to lower the severity of the loss incurred by them. The findings are based on the ANOVA test carried out using the prices of the three major crude oil benchmarks such as WTI, Brent crude and OPEC. The findings of this study can be beneficial to the oil-importing nations whose portfolio is less diversified, and they can mitigate the adverse effect of possible oil price fluctuations.

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Saputra, Jumadil, Tika Fauzia, Sukono Sukono, and Riaman Riaman. "Estimation of Reinsurance Risk Value Using the Excess of Loss Method." International Journal of Business, Economics, and Social Development 1, no. 1 (June 12, 2020): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46336/ijbesd.v1i1.16.

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As with any other business that has a risk of any incident in the future, the insurance business also needs protection against the risks that may arise in the company so that the company does not lose. Therefore, the need for anticipation in organizing any claims submitted by the insurance company to Reinsurance Company so that insurance company may assign any or all of the risks to reinsurance companies. In the method of reinsurance excess-of-loss there is a certain retention limits that allow reinsurance companies bear no claims incurred on insurance companies. The results of this study showed the average occurrence of claims and the risks that may be encountered by Reinsurance Company during the period of insurance. The magnitude of the risk assumed by the reinsurer relies on the model claims aggregation formed from individual claim size distribution models and distribution models the number of claims incurred in the period of insurance. Besides the magnitude of risk was also determined from the retention limit of insurance and reinsurance method used.

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Marinković, Velibor. "A new family of quality loss functions." FME Transactions 50, no. 4 (2022): 701–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fme2204701m.

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Taguchi first developed the quality loss function to better estimate the economic losses incurred by manufacturers and customers caused by quality characteristics being off-target. The quality loss function measures the quality loss caused by a deviation of a quality characteristic from its defined target value. Several researchers have proposed different revised loss functions for overcoming some flaws of the Taguchi loss function. This paper recommends a new family of quality loss functions, which is very flexible, simple, and easy to implement. Three real case studies demonstrated the usability and capabilities of the proposed new loss function for quantifying and predicting quality losses.

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Du, Fang, Diana Hancock, and Alexander H. von Hafften. "Are Incurred Loss Standards Countercyclical? A Case Study Using U.S. Bank Holding Company Data." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15030111.

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After the 2008 global financial crisis, U.S. bank holding companies needing to cover larger-than-expected loan losses raised concerns that existing provision accounting may be procyclical. Most related studies have found evidence of procyclicality using either aggregate time-series data or “as-reported” panel data. We test the null hypothesis that provisions were a constant fraction of nonperforming loans across the economic cycle. We create a “forced” panel, which incorporates the entities acquired by each holding company in the quarters prior to their mergers. As in the related literature, we fail to reject the null hypothesis with “as-reported” data; however, we reject the null hypothesis with the “forced” panel. This finding suggests that holding companies built up provisions to some degree during the pre-crisis period to cover larger future losses. These actions reduced capital and likely depressed lending in the pre-crisis period; such countercyclical impacts are consistent with post-crisis macroprudential policies.

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McCue, Michael, Mark A. Hall, and Jennifer Palazzolo. "Key drivers of financial performance of insurers in the Affordable Care Act market exchange." Health Services Management Research 33, no. 3 (November 15, 2019): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951484819887139.

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While most publicly-traded insurers have experienced losses and exited the Affordable Care Act individual insurance market exchange, insurers specializing in Medicaid managed care have been profitable in this market. Accessing individual market data, this study compares the financial performance of 20 state insurers owned by two publicly-traded companies that historically focused on insuring Medicaid members compared to 40 insurers owned by other publicly-traded companies. Medicaid-focused insurers incurred a significantly lower medical loss ratio of 83.3% compared to the medical loss ratio of 93.7% of other publicly-traded insurers, and they earned a significantly higher profit margin of 4.6% compared to the operating loss of 6.5% incurred by other publicly-traded insurers. This superior financial performance of Medicaid-focused insurers could be due to one or a combination of: their care management experience with the Medicaid population, other cost reducing strategies such as provider contracting, or the enrollment of a healthier than average population.

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Chen, Jibo, Keyao Chen, Guizhi Wang, Rongrong Chen, Xiaodong Liu, and Guo Wei. "Indirect Economic Impact Incurred by Haze Pollution: An Econometric and Input–Output Joint Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 13 (July 1, 2019): 2328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132328.

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Econometrics and input–output models have been presented to construct a joint model (i.e., an EC + IO model) in the paper, which is characterized by incorporating the uncertainty of the real economy with the detailed departmental classification structure, as well as adding recovery period variables in the joint model to make the model dynamic. By designing and implementing a static model, it is estimated that the indirect economic loss for the transportation sector caused by representative haze pollution of Beijing in 2013 was 23.7 million yuan. The industrial-related indirect losses due to the direct economic losses incurred by haze pollution reached 102 million yuan. With the constructed dynamic model, the cumulative economic losses for the industrial sectors have been calculated for the recovery periods of different durations. The results show that: (1) the longer the period that an industrial department returns to normal output after haze pollution has impacted, the greater the cumulative economic loss will be; (2) when the recovery period is one year, the cumulative economic loss value computed by the dynamic EC + IO model is much smaller than the loss value obtained by the static EC + IO model; (3) the recovery curves of industrial sectors show that the recovery rate at the early stage is fast, while it is slow afterwards. Therefore, the governance work after the occurrence of haze pollution should be launched as soon as possible. This study provides a theoretical basis for evaluating the indirect economic losses of haze pollution and demonstrates the value of popularization and application.

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AMANI, ZATA ATIKAH, and Puji Sucia Sukmaningrum. "KINERJA KEUANGAN PADA PERUSAHAAN ASURANSI SYARIAH DI INDONESIA DAN PERUSAHAAN ASURANSI SYARIAH DI MALAYSIA PERIODE 2013-2015." Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan 5, no. 8 (June 18, 2019): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/vol5iss20188pp645-663.

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The purpose of this research is to determine the differences in financial performance of Islamic insurance in Indonesia and Islamic insurance in Malaysia during the period of 2013-2015. This research method uses quantitative methods, and using sample of three Islamic insurance companies in Indonesia and eight Islamic insurance companies in Malaysia. Subsequently, do different test by using Mann-Whitney Test and Independent Sample T-Test. Assessment of financial performance is measured by the ratio of change of surplus ratio,underwriting ratio, incurred loss ratio, commission ratio, management ratio, premium growth ratio, and retention ratio. The data used is secondary data which is being collected of annual financial report from 2013-2015. The comparison shows that there’s significant difference in, underwriting ratio, andthere are no significant differences in surplus ratio, incurred loss ratio, commission ratio, management ratio, premium growth ratio, retention ratio.

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Dina Manolache, Aurora Elena. "Chain claims reserving methods in non-life insurance." Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Statistics 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/icas-2019-0019.

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Abstract Considering that the reliability of reserves valuation directly influences the financial strength of an insurance company, the main aim of this paper is to present a claims reserving estimation for a Romanian non-life insurer based on the most popular chain methods which are typically used in practice for the estimation of outstanding claims reserves in general insurance industry: Standard Chain Ladder and Munich Chain Ladder both on the claims incurred data and claims paid data. The tail development factors have been estimated based on the curve-fitting methods. The obvious advantage of these methods is represented by its simplicity of the practicality application. The results of the research under two chain claims reserving models reveal significant differences between the Standard Chain Ladder and Munich Chain Ladder with respect to the claims reserves level. Probably the Standard Chain Ladder based on paid method underestimates the outstanding loss liabilities and Standard Chain Ladder based on Incurred method overestimates the claims reserves. The claims reserves predictions under the Paid Munich Chain Ladder and Incurred Munich Chain Ladder are between the two Standard Chain Ladder outstanding loss liabilities estimates. The results of the tail extrapolation shown that the incorporation of the tail factors can have a significant impact on claims predictions.

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Parker, Rolland S., and Andrew Rosenblum. "IQ loss and emotional dysfunctions after mild head injury incurred in a motor vehicle accident." Journal of Clinical Psychology 52, no. 1 (January 1996): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(199601)52:1<32::aid-jclp5>3.0.co;2-y.

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Ameen, Mike S., Aseem K. Srivastava, and Ivan L. Berry. "I: Ultra-Shallow Junction Cleaning: Metrology for Evaluating Dopant Loss and Substrate Erosion." Solid State Phenomena 134 (November 2007): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.134.129.

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We have investigated the use of Rs and SIMS measurements to quantify substrate erosion due to plasma ashing and subsequent wet cleaning in the creation of ultra-shallow junctions. The near-surface proximity of the implants makes them highly sensitive to various plasma and wet chemical processes. We also observed a dependency on the implant species, dose and energy that can be correlated to substrate damage incurred during implant.

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Nii Boi Quaye, Enoch, Charles Andoh, and Anthony Q.Q. Aboagye. "Loss reserve variability and loss reserve errors." Journal of Risk Finance 15, no. 3 (May 19, 2014): 248–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-03-2014-0018.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to assess the level and variability of Ghanaian property and liability insurer’s reserve estimates to examine its sources and ascertain if reserve errors are random or not (i.e. manipulated or not). Design/methodology/approach – It uses information on insurer claim reserve provisions, claims outstanding, claims incurred and claims paid for the period of 2000-2010. Categorizing the sources of variation as endogenous and exogenous, the authors use the panel correlated standard error regression model to determine sources and magnitude of industry reserve error. Findings – The study finds that size, age, lag of loss reserve error, inflation rate and real gross domestic product are significant in determining the degree of reserve error variation. Type of ownership (domestic or foreign) is, however, not a significant source of variation. Further, the authors found that industry reserve errors are random (not manipulated) across firms, suggesting that sampled insurers act independently on reserve error decision making and are not influenced by industry trends and competition. Research limitations/implications – The main research study limitation is the difficulty involved in obtaining annual statements from insurance companies in Ghana. Reluctance of companies to make statements available impeded on the smooth flow of the study during data collection. Practical implications – Policy-wise, this suggest that regulatory bodies can uniquely set reserve error levels for existing firms with little influence on competition. Further, the Ghanaian insurance regulator does not to focus on the type of ownership (foreign or local) when setting regulatory standards. However, size of the company and age (length of operation) should be considered. Originality/value – This paper is the first empirical study to examine the loss reserve error and loss reserve variability of Ghanaian property and liability insurance companies.

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Chiu, Kevin, Joanna P. MacEwan, Katalin Bognar, Desi Peneva, Suepattra Grace May, Lauren Zhao, Candice Yong, et al. "Estimating productivity losses for cancer patients and caregivers of cancer patients." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e19381-e19381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e19381.

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e19381 Background: Although cancer is a leading cause of illness in the United States, its true impact on productivity is poorly understood. Traditional approaches to capturing health-related productivity loss—e.g., the human capital method—focus on patients’ foregone wages, overlooking fringe benefits and the impacts incurred by caregivers and co-workers. Thus, the value of lost productivity is often underestimated. We sought to comprehensively estimate productivity loss incurred by working-age cancer patients and unpaid caregivers in the United States. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey study of (i) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and breast cancer (BC) patients, and (ii) unpaid caregivers. To measure loss associated with absenteeism and presenteeism, participants reported pre- and post-cancer diagnosis income, hours worked, and time to complete tasks. The “multiplier effect” method was used to measure productivity loss incurred by co-workers due to patient or caregiver absenteeism and/or presenteeism. Exploratory multivariable analyses controlled for cancer type, stage, age, time since diagnosis, oncogene mutation status, and industry sector. Results: A total of 404 participants (104 BC, 100 NSCLC patients; 100 BC, 100 NSCLC caregivers) completed the surveys. Of these, 319 participants (162 BC, 157 NSCLC) who worked ≥40 weeks in the year pre-diagnosis and who did not transition from part- to full-time work after diagnosis were included in the analysis. Over a third of the NSCLC (33%) and BC (43%) patients left the workforce after diagnosis. For patients, estimated mean annual productivity loss equaled $123,792 (144% of mean income pre-diagnosis) for NSCLC and $123,502 (209% of mean income pre-diagnosis) for BC. For caregivers, the estimated mean annual productivity loss was $90,421 (108% of mean income pre-diagnosis) for NSCLC and $143,839 (190% of mean income pre-diagnosis) for BC. Exploratory analyses also found that patient age and stage at diagnosis were positively correlated with a greater absenteeism effect. Conclusions: This study found that traditional approaches, such as the human capital method, significantly underestimate productivity loss in cancer patients and caregivers. Holistic approaches that include lost wages, fringe benefits, and teamwork effects, are better approaches to understanding the amplified impact cancer can have for patients, caregivers, and co-workers.

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Zhang, Guoquan, Guohao Li, and Jing Peng. "Risk Assessment and Monitoring of Green Logistics for Fresh Produce Based on a Support Vector Machine." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 7569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187569.

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The sustainability and profitability of fresh produce supply chains are contingent upon several risk factors. This work, therefore, examines several risk indicators that affect the quality and safety of fresh produce in transit, including technological, biological, sustainability, environmental, and emergency risks. Then, we developed a risk assessment and monitoring model that employs a machine learning algorithm, a support vector machine, based on historical monitoring data. The proposed methodology was then applied to simulation and numerical analysis to assess the risks incurred in the strawberry cold chain. After training, the algorithm predicted the risks incurred during transportation with an average accuracy of 90.4%. Therefore, the developed methodology can effectively and accurately perform a risk assessment. Furthermore, the risk assessment model can be applied to other fresh produce due to comprehensive risk indicators. Decision-makers in fresh produce logistics companies can use the developed methodology to identify and mitigate risks incurred, thus improving food safety, reducing product loss, maximizing profits, and realizing sustainable development.

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Jindal, Pankaj, Anu N. Nagarkar, and S. B. S. Mann. "Reversible hearing loss associated with high-voltage electric shock." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 119, no. 8 (August 2005): 631–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0022215054516124.

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Hearing loss associated with high-voltage electric shock is a rare entity and minimal information is available in the current literature about this condition. To our knowledge, this article represents the first case report in the literature of improvement in sensorineural hearing loss sustained due to a high-voltage electric shock.A case report of a patient who incurred various otologic problems, including hearing loss and tinnitus, is presented. An improvement in hearing loss and tinnitus was observed in the subsequent follow up after one month. Audiological findings and possible pathophysiology of hearing loss are discussed.We recommend that further studies be done to investigate the incidence, severity and pathophysiology of hearing loss in such cases.

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Kalavai, Shafeeque Ahmed, and Prabhakar Karthikeyan Shanmugam. "An investigation on apportion of mathematical loss in transmission loss/cost allocation approach." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 15, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v15.i1.pp1-8.

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<p>Cost allocation of highly non-linear transmission loss is complex and essential in competitive electricity market. In most of the existing transmission loss/cost allocation approaches, real power loss depends on selection of slack bus and hence the cost of transmission losses which are allocated to the generators and the loads also varies. In this paper, a complete analysis on the impact of slack bus selection on transmission loss allocation with and without mathematical loss is made. One of the existing approaches, proportional generation and proportional load (PGPL) method is taken to illustrate the impact. Mathematical loss is the loss without generation and load in the network and can be obtained from power flow solution by taking generation and load as zero. The cost incurred for this mathematical loss is allocated to the transmission lines while the cost of transmission loss due to bilateral contracts is allocated among the sources and the consumers. These loss/cost allocations with and without considering mathematical loss is shown using an IEEE 30 bus, 57 bus, 75 bus and 118 bus systems. The simulation results are obtained using MATLAB R2014a.<em></em></p>

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Duda, Jiří, and Lenka Žůrková. "Costs of employee turnover." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 7 (2013): 2071–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361072071.

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The aim of this paper is to establish a general methodology for calculating the costs incurred by employee turnover. This paper deals with identification of costs incurred by the departure of an employee, and does not deal with the cost of recruitment of a new employee. Economic calculations are adjusted to the tax policy in the Czech Republic. The costs of employee turnover (according to Bliss, 2012) include the costs of substitution of the unoccupied position, costs of conducting the exit interview and termination of the contract. The cost of an executive’s time to understand the causes of leaving and costs of the leaving employee’s training were also determined. Important factors in the costs of employee turnover also include the loss of knowledge and possibly also a loss of customers. Costs of lost employee and department productiveness represent an important part of the costs of employee turnover, as well. For all of these costs there have been proposed general calculations formulas.

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Araújo, Antônio Maria Henri Beyle de, Paulo Roberto Barbosa Lustosa, and Edilson Paulo. "The cyclicality of loan loss provisions under three different accounting models: the United Kingdom, Spain, and Brazil." Revista Contabilidade & Finanças 29, no. 76 (November 6, 2017): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x201804490.

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ABSTRACT A controversy involving loan loss provisions in banks concerns their relationship with the business cycle. While international accounting standards for recognizing provisions (incurred loss model) would presumably be pro-cyclical, accentuating the effects of the current economic cycle, an alternative model, the expected loss model, has countercyclical characteristics, acting as a buffer against economic imbalances caused by expansionary or contractionary phases in the economy. In Brazil, a mixed accounting model exists, whose behavior is not known to be pro-cyclical or countercyclical. The aim of this research is to analyze the behavior of these accounting models in relation to the business cycle, using an econometric model consisting of financial and macroeconomic variables. The study allowed us to identify the impact of credit risk behavior, earnings management, capital management, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) behavior, and the behavior of the unemployment rate on provisions in countries that use different accounting models. Data from commercial banks in the United Kingdom (incurred loss), in Spain (expected loss), and in Brazil (mixed model) were used, covering the period from 2001 to 2012. Despite the accounting models of the three countries being formed by very different rules regarding possible effects on the business cycles, the results revealed a pro-cyclical behavior of provisions in each country, indicating that when GDP grows, provisions tend to fall and vice versa. The results also revealed other factors influencing the behavior of loan loss provisions, such as earning management.

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Utami, Adita, Cut Lutfiah Zulfa, Asep Yayat Nurhidayat, Teuku M. Rasyif, and Nurul Fajar Januriyadi. "Congestion Cost Analysis and Potential Loss of Private Vehicle on Jalan Jenderal Sudirman, Jakarta." Majalah Ilmiah Pengkajian Industri 16, no. 3 (December 29, 2022): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/mipi.v16i3.5533.

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In recent years, many big cities have experienced congestion in the world, including DKI Jakarta. Rapid economic growth has led to high demand for travel in the City, and rapid urbanization is one of the causes of traffic congestion. Traffic congestion is a characteristic of urban areas caused by increased economic activity, increased productivity of population movement, and inadequate facilities. Traffic congestion causes lost travel time, losses due to vehicle emissions, and increases traffic accidents. This study discusses the amount of costs incurred by vehicle users who pass Jenderal Sudirman street when experiencing congestion. This study aims to provide an overview for private vehicle users of the amount of costs incurred when using a private vehicle when passing Jenderal Sudirman street. The method used in determining Vehicle Operational Costs (VOC) is a method developed by the Institute for Affiliation and Research and Industry (LAPI) ITB 1997, while getting lost costs due to congestion is reviewed based on VOC and time value with the Income Approach method. The results show a high difference in operational costs and the loss of time value which is the total cost loss due to congestion on the road. Keywords: Congestion, Vehicle operating Cost, Lost Costs, Income approach

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Amini, Raisha, and Yulial Hikmah. "ESTIMASI CADANGAN KLAIM IBNR MENGGUNAKAN METODE CHAIN-LADDER DAN BORNHUETTER-FERGUSON PADA PRODUK INDEMNITY DI PT. XYZ." MAp (Mathematics and Applications) Journal 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15548/map.v4i1.4203.

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Klaim IBNR (Incurred But Not Reported) adalah klaim yang sudah terjadi namun belum dilaporkan. Karena belum dilaporkan, maka totalnya diakumulasikan dalam bentuk cadangan dan dianggap sebagai kewajiban bagi perusahaan asuransi karena sudah terjadi. Klaim yang sudah terjadi namun belum dilaporkan ini disebabkan oleh keterlambatan atau disebut lag/jarak yang disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor. Setiap produk asuransi memiliki lag yang berbeda-beda. Perusahaan asuransi tidak mempunyai data keterlambatan tersebut sehingga data tersebut dapat dibentuk dari data klaim historis menggunakan run-off triangle. Tujuan dari run-off triangle adalah mengetahui berapa lama yang dibutuhkan dari suatu klaim yang terjadi sampai klaim tersebut dilaporkan. Data klaim historis dalam bentuk run-off triangle disebut sebagai incurred sehingga diperoleh gambaran pengalaman klaim dan data tersebut digunakan untuk mengestimasikan masa depan dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan estimasi ultimate loss. Estimasi ultimate loss adalah estimasi total klaim jika sudah full terlaporkan. Jika sudah didapatkan estimasi ultimate loss dan incurred, maka selisihnya merupakan cadangan klaim yang sudah terjadi namum belum dilaporkan atau IBNR. Terdapat banyak metode untuk memperhitungkan cadangan klaim IBNR. Beberapa Metode yang dapat digunakan adalah dengan metode Chain-Ladder dan Bornhuetter-Ferguson. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa metode Bornhuetter-Ferguson lebih sesuai pada pehitungan cadangan klaim untuk produk indemnity di PT. XYZ. Hal ini disebabkan oleh data klaim historis di penelitian ini memiliki rata-rata waktu penundaan pelaporan klaim lebih dari dua hingga tiga bulan serta estimasi cadangan klaim dengan metode Bornhuetter-Ferguson menghasilkan cadangan klaim lebih besar dibandingkan dengan metode Chain-Ladder. Oleh karena itu, PT. XYZ akan lebih aman untuk menghindar risiko kekurangan cadangan jika menerapkan metode Bornhuetter-Ferguson dibandingkan dengan metode Chain-Ladder.

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Giliker, Paula. "Tony Weir and the Law of Tort." Journal of European Tort Law 4, no. 1 (April 2013): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jetl-2013-0003.

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AbstractTony Weir was a leading figure in UK tort law who sadly passed away in December 2011. This paper examines his lasting contribution to English tort law as a scholar unafraid to speak his mind and whose incisive commentaries continue to be read by students and Supreme Court justices alike. It will focus on two areas in which Weir’s contribution was particularly significant: the treatment of claims for negligently-incurred pure economic loss and the degree to which tort law should provide a remedy for injuries resulting from risks which individuals have freely incurred. Weir’s contribution was distinctive and forcefully argued, encouraging his audience to reflect on the policy choices underlying any system of tort law.

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Montojo, Ulysses, Virginia Delos Santos, Camille Narida, Ivy Febreo, Deserie Peralta, Riza Jane Banicod, and Omar Sabal. "Estimation of Post-Harvest Losses of Fish Transported Using Ice-chilled Carrier Boats from High Seas Pocket 1." Philippine Journal of Fisheries 27, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31398/tpjf/27.1.2019a0018.

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Access of Philippine traditional fresh/ice-chilled seining vessels to High Seas Pocket 1 (HSP-1) lessens fishing pressures in the Philippine Exclusive Economic Zone where juvenile oceanic tunas are more likely to be found. However, catch landed by carrier boats from HSP-1 were observed to be of reduced quality, thus eliciting lower market value. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of icechilled carrier boats by generating data on the magnitude of post-harvest losses incurred in landed catch from HSP-1. Exploratory Fish Loss Assessment Method and Questionnaire Loss Assessment Method were used to estimate quality losses. Landed catch of ice-chilled carrier boats from HSP-1 recorded an estimated loss of 17.25%. Key players incurred an estimated financial loss amounting to PHP 223 million (USD 4.3 million). Low quality catch commonly sold as raw materials for canning, smoking, and fishmeal processing entail cheaper prices, thus regarded as losses. A positive correlation was established between fishing duration and losses. Results indicate that the current preservation technique in carrier boats could induce quality deterioration in fish given the long distances and transit times involved. Thus, the use of carrier boats with freezing system should be allowed in HSP-1 to sufficiently preserve the quality of the catch. This will reduce losses in post-harvest fisheries, thereby increasing the potential income of HSP-1 players.

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Hart, K., H. Greenwood, and H. Truby. "Pound for pound? Comparing the costs incurred by subjects following four commercially available weight loss programmes." Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 16, no. 5 (October 2003): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-277x.2003.04671.x.

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Dech, Zelie F. "Blood Conservation in the Critically Ill." AACN Advanced Critical Care 5, no. 2 (May 1, 1994): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/15597768-1994-2009.

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The insertion of arterial lines has become a routine procedure for the critically ill. Valuable patient data can be obtained from the arterial line, nursing and laboratory personnel time can be saved, and patient discomfort can be minimized. However, increased blood loss is incurred and may result in nosocomial anemia. This blood loss can be sharply reduced by heightened staff awareness, use of tubing that eliminates the need for discard, and drawing only the volume necessary for laboratory testing. Bedside microchemistry and protocols for obtaining a laboratory test may further decrease blood loss and eliminate the need for blood transfusions to replace iatrogenic blood loss

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Matvejevs, Aleksandrs, Anatoliy Malyarenko, and Andrejs Matvejevs. "Estimation and Calculation Procedures of the Technical Provisions for Outstanding Insurance Claims." Applied Computer Systems 15, no. 1 (July 1, 2014): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acss-2014-0002.

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Abstract The paper presents algorithms for insurance technical provisions taking into account losses, which are incurred but not reported. Evaluation of insurance technical provisions for the kinds of insurance, such as Motor Third Party Liability (MTPL) Insurance, Property Insurance and some others, have difficulties in assessing the impact of the losses from insurance claims incurred requiring a longer time for the settlement of insurance claims. These insurance requirements are mainly associated with health insurance in the MTPL Insurance, losses related to compensation for moral injuries, as well as on life care and life-long pension. To run these payments, you need to know the financial indicators for the period of settlement of loss (such as the effective interest rate, investment income, etc.) In the article the procedures for the most accurate forecast possible losses for the expected excess of loss amount for a treaty year are provided, using the loss experience of the previous years of the occurrence with their development. However, certain adjustments should be made to take account of the impact of losses from previous years for the current period. This article describes how outstanding losses have to be projected on a year of reporting, so that they are correspond to the current values

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Lv, Tai, Li Yuan Liu, and Kun Lu. "Research on Testing of Burning Lignite in 1000MW Ultra Supercritical Concurrent Boiler." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 3736–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.3736.

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Power plant’s NO.3 boiler in Suizhong is 1000MW ultra supercritical concurrent boiler. As a result of the increase in the price of coal at present, loss incurred in most of the power plants, the most effective medium to realize profit is burning lignite. This paper analyzed its economic indicators, and summarized its survey.

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van der Geest, Kees, and Markus Schindler. "Brief communication: Loss and damage from a catastrophic landslide in Nepal." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 11 (November 8, 2016): 2347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-2347-2016.

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Abstract. This brief communication reports key findings of a recent piece of research that studied the impacts of the 2014 Jure landslide in Sindhupalchok (Nepal) and the effectiveness of household preventive and coping measures. The people-centered methods reveal not just what was lost in the disaster, but also how and why. A key finding of the household survey is that households in higher income groups incurred higher losses in monetary terms, simply because they had more to lose. By contrast, lower-income households lost more in relative terms: the value of their losses amounted to 14 times their annual earnings. Many lower-income households will never fully recover from this blow to their livelihoods and wellbeing. The findings have important implications for discussions on loss and damage valuation, compensation and relief.

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Ceponis, M. J., and R. A. Cappellini. "Wholesale, Retail, and Consumer Level Losses of Nectarines in Metropolitan New York." HortScience 20, no. 1 (February 1985): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.20.1.90.

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Abstract Quantitative and qualitative losses incurred in the marketing of nectarines (Prunus persica L. ‘Nectarina’ Ait) in metropolitan New York were studied at wholesale, retail, and consumer levels from 1981 to 1983. Examination of nectarines at the wholesale level indicated that losses to pathological, physiological, and physical deterioration were 3.3%. Losses of 6.6% were observed at retail store and consumer levels. Decay, mainly due to brown rot, was the leading cause of loss in wholesale and consumer level sampling, whereas mechanical damage caused most of the loss in retail.

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Nagy, Laura R., Dominic Stanculescu, and Richard T. Holmes. "Mass Loss by Breeding Female Songbirds: Food Supplementation Supports Energetic Stress Hypothesis in Black-Throated Blue Warblers." Condor 109, no. 2 (May 1, 2007): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/109.2.304.

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Abstract Reproduction is physiologically stressful for many animals. Female birds often lose body mass after their young hatch, which has been commonly attributed either to an energetic deficit incurred while breeding (the energetic stress hypothesis) or to an adaptive reduction in wing-loading to save energy during flight (the wing-loading hypothesis). We tested these two hypotheses for an open-cup nesting passerine, the Black-throated Blue Warbler (Dendroica caerulescens), using a food-supplementation experiment. We found that females provided with extra food lost less body mass between the incubation and nestling periods than did control females and that mass loss varied seasonally, with females in both treatments that nested earlier in the season losing more mass. We conclude that greater mass loss in control females supports the energetic stress hypothesis in Black-throated Blue Warblers.

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Zhao, Tong, Tian Xiang Xia, Qing Yu, Li Zhang, and Liang Zou. "Research on a New Digital Algorithm to Improve the Monitoring Accuracy of the Dielectric Loss Factor." Advanced Materials Research 732-733 (August 2013): 1081–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.732-733.1081.

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Based on Hilbert transform and complex trigonometric operation, this paper presents a new digital algorithm to improve the monitoring accuracy of the dielectric loss factor, and the theoretical basis of the algorithm is also deduced. Simulation results show that, the new algorithm renders good application performance when there exists power frequency fluctuation or the sampled data length is not exactly an integer fold of a power cycle, which demonstrates the algorithm can effectively solve the issues incurred from asynchronous sampling.

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Yuan, Shuai, Guizhi Wang, Jibo Chen, and Wei Guo. "Assessing the Forecasting of Comprehensive Loss Incurred by Typhoons: A Combined PCA and BP Neural Network Model." Journal on Artificial Intelligence 1, no. 2 (2019): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/jai.2019.06535.

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Deka, Ram Pratim, Ulf Magnusson, Delia Grace, Thomas F. Randolph, Rajeswari Shome, and Johanna F. Lindahl. "Estimates of the Economic Cost Caused by Five Major Reproductive Problems in Dairy Animals in Assam and Bihar, India." Animals 11, no. 11 (October 30, 2021): 3116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113116.

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Reproductive problems in dairy animals reduce fertility, prevent conception, create problems in the delivery of healthy calves, lead to postpartum complications, increase inter-calving periods, reduce milk yield, and lower overall lifetime productivity. This study aimed at understanding the incidence of reproductive problems and the cost caused by these. The study covered 954 dairy animals in Bihar and 1348 dairy animals in Assam that were selected using a multi-stage random sampling method. The costs were calculated as the sum of income losses and expenditures incurred. The major cost incurred resulted from extended calving intervals (46.1% of the total cost), followed by loss through salvage selling (38.1%), expenditure for treatment of repeat breeders (5.9%), loss of milk production (5.3%) and expenditure for extra inseminations (2.0%). About one fifth of the selected reproductive problems were left untreated. The estimated cost of reproductive problems was Indian Rupees (INR) 2424.9 (USD 36.1) per dairy animal per year (of the total dairy animal population) which represented approximately 4.1% of the mean value loss of dairy animals (INR 58,966/USD 877) per year. Reproductive problems were significantly (p < 0.001) higher among improved (exotic breed or cross-bred) dairy animals than indigenous (native breed or nondescript indigenous) dairy animals. The study suggests that with the increase of improved dairy animal population, the loss may further increase. The study concludes that any economic estimation of reproduction problems based on aetiology without confirmatory diagnoses could be highly misleading because of the complex nature of the problems.

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Perboni, Acácio, Jose A. Frizzone, Antonio P. de Camargo, and Marinaldo F. Pinto. "Modelling head loss along emitting pipes using dimensional analysis." Engenharia Agrícola 35, no. 3 (June 2015): 442–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v35n3p442-457/2015.

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Local head losses must be considered in estimating properly the maximum length of drip irrigation laterals. The aim of this work was to develop a model based on dimensional analysis for calculating head loss along laterals accounting for in-line drippers. Several measurements were performed with 12 models of emitters to obtain the experimental data required for developing and assessing the model. Based on the Camargo & Sentelhas coefficient, the model presented an excellent result in terms of precision and accuracy on estimating head loss. The deviation between estimated and observed values of head loss increased according to the head loss and the maximum deviation reached 0.17 m. The maximum relative error was 33.75% and only 15% of the data set presented relative errors higher than 20%. Neglecting local head losses incurred a higher than estimated maximum lateral length of 19.48% for pressure-compensating drippers and 16.48% for non pressure-compensating drippers.

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Schroy, Catherine, Amanda Ortmann, and Elizabeth Mauzé. "Sudden Hearing Loss Following a Traumatic Head Injury: A Case Study." Perspectives on Aural Rehabilitation and Its Instrumentation 19, no. 1 (May 2012): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/arii19.1.15.

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This is a case study of a 40-year-old male with a sudden profound sensorineural hearing loss experienced secondary to a skull fracture incurred during a violent assault. Following the acute phase of his medical care, the patient received long-term multidisciplinary rehabilitative care in two states that included audiologic, psychologic, and vocational services. This case highlights the need to make resources available to the patient, but stresses the importance of a patient-centered approach. Service providers often think they know what is best for their patients and are frustrated, if not disappointed, when patients do not follow advice. In this case, it became apparent that the patient needed to decide when he was ready to address all of the issues related to his hearing loss and subsequent communication, psychosocial, and vocational difficulties.

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Jia, Xingyu, Xi Zhang, Kui Guo, and Xuehui Li. "Effect of the Radial Velocity Distribution on the Loss Generation of a Contra-Rotating Fan in a Ventilation System." Entropy 25, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25030433.

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Quantification of the loss generation of ducted contra-rotating fan (CRF) blades is difficult to achieve, since there are no guide vanes between rotors. A blade design program was established to investigate the relationship between radial velocity distribution and incurred loss. Numerical and experimental techniques were used to confirm the optimal configuration’s overall performance. The relationship between loss and velocity distribution under the impact of spanwise load distribution was confirmed by the entropy contour from various perspectives. The appropriate radial velocity distribution can improve the operating efficiency of a CRF by reducing the entropy around the annulus under design and near-stall conditions. This regularity could provide some strategies in the design of contra-rotating blades.

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Azis, Muh Aksa, Chandra Nainggolan, Priyanto Rahardjo, and Muhammad Nur Findra. "The Financial analysis of the catching of blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) in South Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi." Journal of Tropical Fisheries Management 6, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jppt.v6i1.43839.

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One of the important capture fisheries commodities in Southeast Sulawesi, especially small-scale fisheries, is blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) using traps. The catching is said to be successful if it gets the maximum profit for the business actor. The use of different types of bait in trap results in different catches. The purpose of this study was to analyze the financial aspects which include costs, income, profits, and the level of financial feasibility of catching crabs using different baits, namely peperek fish and anchovies. The method used in this study is a survey method, namely by reviewing, observing and collecting information data directly in the field. The results of the study indicated that the variable costs incurred annually have a greater amount than the fixed costs. The biggest revenue from the crab catching business was by using peperek fish bait, with the profits being able to cover the costs incurred. Crab fishing business using peperek fish is said to be feasible and profitable as seen from the value of NPV, IRR, and B/C Ratio with the return on capital in the category of medium return on capital. Meanwhile, by using anchovy bait, there is a loss, where the revenue obtained cannot cover the costs incurred.

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Miyachi, K., K. Ishihara, R. Kimizuka, and K. Okuda. "Arg-gingipain A DNA Vaccine Prevents Alveolar Bone Loss in Mice." Journal of Dental Research 86, no. 5 (May 2007): 446–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910708600511.

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One major pathogenic factor of Porphyromonas gingivalis is Arg-gingipain (Rgp), an arginine-specific cysteine proteinase. To clarify the effect of rgpA DNA vaccine, we immunized BALB/c mice via the abdomen with a Gene Gun or via the nasal cavity weekly for 6 weeks. After immunization, the mice were challenged orally with P. gingivalis. Immunization elicited IgG responses against P. gingivalis in both groups. Nasal immunization also induced sIgA against P. gingivalis, although Gene Gun immunization did not. Reduction of alveolar bone loss was observed in both groups at 42 days following initial infection. This effect was more pronounced in the intranasal immunization group than in the Gene Gun group. The results of this study suggest that immunization with rgpA DNA vaccine via the nasal cavity is an effective method for preventing alveolar bone loss incurred by infection with P. gingivalis.

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Gainett, Guilherme, Vanessa L. González, Jesús A. Ballesteros, Emily V. W. Setton, Caitlin M. Baker, Leonardo Barolo Gargiulo, Carlos E. Santibáñez-López, Jonathan A. Coddington, and Prashant P. Sharma. "The genome of a daddy-long-legs (Opiliones) illuminates the evolution of arachnid appendages." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1956 (August 4, 2021): 20211168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1168.

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Chelicerate arthropods exhibit dynamic genome evolution, with ancient whole-genome duplication (WGD) events affecting several orders. Yet, genomes remain unavailable for a number of poorly studied orders, such as Opiliones (daddy-long-legs), which has hindered comparative study. We assembled the first harvestman draft genome for the species Phalangium opilio , which bears elongate, prehensile appendages, made possible by numerous distal articles called tarsomeres. Here, we show that the genome of P. opilio exhibits a single Hox cluster and no evidence of WGD. To investigate the developmental genetic basis for the quintessential trait of this group—the elongate legs—we interrogated the function of the Hox genes Deformed ( Dfd ) and Sex combs reduced ( Scr ), and a homologue of Epidermal growth factor receptor ( Egfr ). Knockdown of Dfd incurred homeotic transformation of two pairs of legs into pedipalps, with dramatic shortening of leg segments in the longest leg pair, whereas homeosis in L3 is only achieved upon double Dfd + Scr knockdown. Knockdown of Egfr incurred shortened appendages and the loss of tarsomeres. The similarity of Egfr loss-of-function phenotypic spectra in insects and this arachnid suggest that repeated cooption of EGFR signalling underlies the independent gains of supernumerary tarsomeres across the arthropod tree of life.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Incurred loss'

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