Academic literature on the topic 'Incurred loss'
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Journal articles on the topic "Incurred loss"
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Dougherty, Paul J., Lynne V. McFarland, Douglas G. Smith, and Gayle E. Reiber. "Combat-incurred bilateral transfemoral limb loss." Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 73, no. 6 (December 2012): 1590–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ta.0b013e318265fe64.
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Pigeon, Mathieu, Katrien Antonio, and Michel Denuit. "Individual loss reserving using paid–incurred data." Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 58 (September 2014): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.insmatheco.2014.06.012.
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Beatty, Anne, and Scott Liao. "What Do Analysts' Provision Forecasts Tell Us about Expected Credit Loss Recognition?" Accounting Review 96, no. 1 (May 20, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/tar-2018-0049.
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ABSTRACT We document potential cross-sectional differences in how expected loss accounting will affect provision timeliness to provide important policy insights and contribute to the literature regarding the estimation of the expected loss model adoption impact and provision timeliness determinants. Our findings that analyst provision forecasts incrementally predict future nonperforming loans (NPLs) and market returns suggest that the incurred loss provision does not incorporate all available future loss information. Higher incremental coefficients on provision forecasts for banks with greater unrecognized future losses and incurred loss constraints suggest CECL could affect cross-sectional provision timeliness differences by removing these constraints. Specifically, the provision forecast and future NPL association increases with banks' unconstrained future loss estimates reflected in loan fair value disclosures and incurred loss constraints indicated by heterogeneous loans individually reviewed for impairment. This association also increases with EPS forecast errors, but decreases with target price and NPL forecast errors.
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H. L. Poon, Jacky. "Penalising Unexplainability in Neural Networks for Predicting Payments per Claim Incurred." Risks 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks7030095.
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In actuarial modelling of risk pricing and loss reserving in general insurance, also known as P&C or non-life insurance, there is business value in the predictive power and automation through machine learning. However, interpretability can be critical, especially in explaining to key stakeholders and regulators. We present a granular machine learning model framework to jointly predict loss development and segment risk pricing. Generalising the Payments per Claim Incurred (PPCI) loss reserving method with risk variables and residual neural networks, this combines interpretable linear and sophisticated neural network components so that the ‘unexplainable’ component can be identified and regularised with a separate penalty. The model is tested for a real-life insurance dataset, and generally outperformed PPCI on predicting ultimate loss for sufficient sample size.
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Norros, Olli. "Determining Damages incurred by False Information on the Securities Market." European Business Law Review 25, Issue 5 (October 1, 2014): 623–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2014029.
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Providing information to the market is one of the most important duties of a listed company on the securities market. If the information on the market is insufficient, false or misleading, the issuer may in most jurisdictions be held liable for the loss caused to the investors. The question of recoverable loss has generally been regarded as highly ambiguous. In this paper it is claimed that the recoverable economic interest is to be understood, as a general rule, as the difference between the realized purchase or sell price and the hypothetical, undistorted price. The prima facie method for computing the difference is the event study methodology, which focuses on daily abnormal returns. From the viewpoint of loss calculation, it is immaterial whether the investor has gained a net profit or loss on the investment. Moreover, the investor's right to compensation for public market disclosure error should be neither hindered nor reduced on the grounds that the liquidation of the investment does not occur or is delayed. However, if the corrective disclosure and the crash subsequent to it are followed by a counter-reaction in the market price, this may crucially delimit the recoverable damage of an investor who still holds the stocks at the moment of the damage claim.
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Gomaa, Mohamed, Kiridaran Kanagaretnam, Stuart Mestelman, and Mohamed Shehata. "Testing the Efficacy of Replacing the Incurred Credit Loss Model with the Expected Credit Loss Model." European Accounting Review 28, no. 2 (March 20, 2018): 309–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2018.1449660.
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Smith, Michael W., and Charles T. Rohla. "Pecan Orchard Damage and Recovery from Ice Storms." HortTechnology 19, no. 1 (January 2009): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.19.1.83.
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Typical damage, cleanup, and recovery from four ice storms beginning in Dec. 2000, with the latest in Dec. 2007, are reported for pecan (Carya illinoinensis). Damage levels were amplified as radial ice accretion increased. Cultivar affected the amount of damage incurred. Trees less than 15 ft tall typically had the least damage. Trees 15 to 30 ft tall incurred as much or more damage than larger trees and cleanup costs were greater. Production potential was directly related to canopy loss during the first growing season. The time to recover full production potential varied with the severity of canopy loss. Cleanup costs depended upon the amount of canopy damage incurred, tree spacing, tree size, and the amount of pruning needed to remove hanging and damaged limbs from the tree.
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Guo, Hongye, Qixin Chen, Xichen Fang, Kai Liu, Qing Xia, and Chongqing Kang. "Efficiency Loss for Variable Renewable Energy Incurred by Competition in Electricity Markets." IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 11, no. 3 (July 2020): 1951–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tste.2019.2946930.
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Hesselager, Ole. "A Markov Model for Loss Reserving." ASTIN Bulletin 24, no. 2 (November 1994): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.24.2.2005064.
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AbstractThe claims generating process for a non-life insurance portfolio is modelled as a marked Poisson process, where the mark associated with an incurred claim describes the development of that claim until final settlement. An unsettled claim is at any point in time assigned to a state in some state-space, and the transitions between different states are assumed to be governed by a Markovian law. All claims payments are assumed to occur at the time of transition between states. We develop separate expressions for the IBNR and RBNS reserves, and the corresponding prediction errors.
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Von Kaeppler, Ericka P., Erik J. Kramer, Claire A. Donnelley, Hao Hua Wu, Elliot Marseille, Edmund Eliezer, Heather J. Roberts, David Shearer, and Saam Morshed. "The Initial Economic Burden of Femur Fractures on Informal Caregivers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Malawi Medical Journal 33, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mmj.v33i2.9.
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BackgroundFemur fracture patients require significant in-hospital care. The burden incurred by caregivers of such patients amplifies the direct costs of these injuries and remains unquantified. Aim Here we aim to establish the in-hospital economic burden faced by informal caregivers of femur fracture patients. Methods
70 unique caregivers for 46 femoral shaft fracture patients were interviewed. Incurred economic burden was determined by the Human Capital Approach, using standardized income data to quantify productivity loss (in $USD). Linear regression assessed the relationship between caregiver burden and patient time-in-hospital.ResultsThe average economic burden incurred was $149, 9% of a caregiver’s annual income and positively correlated with patient time in hospital (p<0.01). Conclusion Caregivers of patients treated operatively for femur fractures lost a large portion of their annual income, and this loss increased with patient time in hospital. These indirect costs of femur fracture treatment constitute an important component of the total injury burden.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Incurred loss"
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BARBAGALLO, DANILO. "Bank 's Loan Loss Provisions, new IFRS 9 and Basel III framework. Profiles of convergence, empirical evidence and possible impacts on the system." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/77082.
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La stima delle perdite di valore sui crediti in portafoglio rappresenta un esercizio di fondamentale importanza per qualsiasi tipo di impresa e per i relativi stakeholders. Stante la peculiarità dell’attività bancaria e la speciale connotazione di “bene merce” che i crediti assumono per le aziende di credito, l’importanza di tale esercizio per tali tipi d’impresa risulta ancor di più amplificata. Sotto una prima prospettiva la stima delle Loan Loss provisions è di fondamentale importanza nell’area del financial reporting. Le rettifiche sui crediti in portafoglio sono di fondamentale importanza dal punto di vista della stabilità della singola banca, stante le connessioni esistenti tra provisions e capitale regolamentare. Le rettifiche sui crediti influenzano notevolmente la determinazione del capitale riconosciuto ai fini regolamentari. Un ulteriore dimensione in cui le rettifiche di valore rivestono un ruolo di fondamentale importanza riguarda la stabilità finanziaria nel suo complesso, secondo un’ottica macroeconomica. Ad aprile 2009, seguendo le conclusioni indicate dai leader del G20 e degli organismi internazionali come IL FSF (ora FSB), lo IASB annuncia – congiuntamente al FASB - la volontà di accelerare il processo di sostituzione dei rispettivi principi contabili relativi agli strumenti finanziari.
Pochi mesi dopo lo IASB annuncia l’avvio del processo di sostituzione dello IAS 39 con il nuovo IFRS 9. A Luglio 2009 lo IASB pubblica il primo ED circa la fase 1 del progetto, relativa alla misurazione e classificazione degli strumenti finanziari. A novembre 2009, segue la pubblicazione della fase 2, relativa al nuovo modello di impairment, mentre la pubblicazione del primo ED relativo all’Hedge Accounting sarà rinviato a dicembre del 2010. Il processo di sostituzione dello IAS 39 durerà circa 5 anni. La versione definitiva del nuovo IFRS 9 è, infatti, stata pubblicata nel mese di Luglio del 2014.
Il nuovo modello contabile si fonda sul concetto di perdita attesa. Le finalità di una rilevazione maggiormente tempestiva delle perdite di valore rispecchia forse più un esigenza di stabilità finanziaria che di una corretta rappresentazione contabile della performace aziendale e del valore di carico dei crediti in portafoglio. In questo senso si può dire che la nuova regolamentazione contabile tende ad una forte convergenza verso la regolamentazione prudenziale. Allo scopo di fornire evidenza del fenomeno sono presentati due azioni di vigilanza che negli ultimi anni hanno interessato le banche italiane ed il loro portafogli creditizi.
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Arévalo, Mejía Julia Elvira, and Alania Macario charles Sobero. "“Incumplimiento con la calidad adecuada en los procesos constructivos de obras de edificación”, caso de estudio de centro comercial." Master's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653704.
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El presente trabajo se enfoca en la mejora de la calidad concerniente a los elementos estructurales de un centro comercial, a efectos de reducir y minimizar las No Conformidades más relevantes que se presentaron en obra.
El proyecto se basó en la construcción y ampliación de locatarios de un centro comercial que tendrá como fin su alquiler.
Mediante la aplicación del Análisis Causa Raíz y con las herramientas de diagrama de Ishikawa y diagrama de Pareto, se pudo encontrar las posibles causas del incumplimiento de la calidad en los elementos estructurales, las que subsecuente se validaron a fin de determinar acciones correctivas.
En el primer capítulo se señala el planteamiento del problema, problemas principales, secundarios, justificación del estudio, limitación y los objetivos generales y específicos.
En el Segundo Capitulo se señala el marco teórico, donde menciona la calidad en el Perú, la gestión de la calidad total, los costos de la calidad en la construcción, ingeniería de la calidad y definiciones.
En el tercer capítulo se indica la utilización del Análisis Causa Raíz, las herramientas Diagrama Causa Efecto y Diagrama de Pareto.
En el cuarto capítulo, se presenta el desarrollo del análisis de causa raíz mediante una secuencia de pasos.
En el quinto capítulo, La Evaluación Económica, Presupuesto de obra, Costo de Reparación y Análisis del Gasto Incurrido.
Finalmente, en el capítulo seis, se presentará las conclusiones y recomendaciones del presente trabajo.This work focuses on quality improvement concerning the structural elements of a shopping center, in order to reduce and minimize the most relevant Non-Conformities that occurred on site. The project was based on the construction and expansion of tenants of a shopping center that will be rented as its purpose. By applying the Root Cause Analysis and using the Ishikawa diagram and Pareto diagram tools, it was possible to find the possible causes of quality noncompliance in the structural elements, which were subsequently validated in order to determine corrective actions. In the first chapter the problem statement, main and secondary problems, justification for the study, limitation and general and specific objectives are indicated. In the Second Chapter the theoretical framework is pointed out, where it mentions the quality in Peru, the total quality management, the costs of quality in construction, quality engineering and definitions. The third chapter indicates the use of Root Cause Analysis, the Cause Effect Diagram and Pareto Diagram tools. In the fourth chapter, the development of root cause analysis is presented using a sequence of steps. In the fifth chapter, The Economic Evaluation, Construction Budget, Repair Cost and Incurred Expense Analysis. Finally, in chapter six, the conclusions and recommendations of this work will be presented.
Trabajo de investigación
Books on the topic "Incurred loss"
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González Medina, Claudia Margarita. Cómo citar y referenciar autores en textos académicos universitarios. Bogotá. Colombia: Universidad de La Salle. Ediciones Unisalle, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19052/9789585400528.
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En la actualidad, escribir es un reto para maestros y para estudiantes de todos los niveles de formación, y se convierte en un desafío mayor cuando se requiere sustentar una idea y contrastarla con la de otra persona. Por esta razón, este libro les permitirá observar y comparar tres diferentes estilos de citas y referencias (APA, NTC 6166-2016 y Vancouver) para que escriban textos académicamente respetuosos por los derechos de autor y, de esta forma, cumplan con los requisitos exigidos en toda clase de publicaciones, además de no incurrir en plagio. Este libro, además, ofrece a los lectores una forma gráfica del manejo de referencias que les servirá de apoyo cuando sea necesario redactar, incluir diferentes autores y referenciar.
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Pernsteiner, Angela. Incurred-Loss-Model und Expected-Loss-Model im Vergleich - praktische Implikationen und kritische Würdigung. GRIN Verlag GmbH, 2011.
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Great Britain: Board of Trade. Return of the Expenses Incurred by the Board of Trade and Other Government Departments in Conncetion with the Inquiry into the Loss of the Titanic. Stationery Office, The, 2013.
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Milewski, Melissa. The Law of Bodily Injury. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190249182.003.0009.
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Chapter 7 examines the personal injury suits that formed almost half of the civil suits between black and white litigants in eight state supreme courts from 1900 to 1920. Facing terrible pain and loss in the wake of their own or loved one’s injuries, some African Americans turned to the courts to gain damages. There, in a time of encroaching segregation and racial injustice, a number of black litigants found disproportionate success in the realm of tort litigation. During their trials, black litigants shaped their testimony to meet the legal basis of personal injury, emphasizing their own caution at the time of the accident, their continuing pain and weakness from the injury, and the loss of income they had incurred. As in fraud cases, their claims of weakness and vulnerability could reinforce white judges’ and jury members’ ideas about racial inequality, but also allowed them to frequently win such suits.
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Sheppard, Charles R. C., Simon K. Davy, Graham M. Pilling, and Nicholas A. J. Graham. The future, human population and management. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787341.003.0010.
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Climate change and direct, local impacts are reducing the ability of reefs to support rich ecosystems, including those of people dependent upon them. Reef adaptation has been suggested as being possible, but is unlikely to be sufficient to ensure their survival after a few decades. Human population increase is remorseless and with it comes increasing demand on reef resources. Protected area management and better management of key species holds promise as one method for ensuring reef survival, as does a need to obtain proper ecosystem values of reefs and their species and of the cost incurred in their loss. Reefs are connected in terms of larval and species flows, so broadscale management of networks of marine protected areas is also needed to ensure the survival of reefs, as is a more intelligent selection of areas for protection, favouring those which show greatest resilience and ability to recover from impacts.
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Morris, Craig Eric, Melanie L. Beaussart, Chris Reiber, and Linda S. Krajewski. Intrasexual Mate Competition and Breakups. Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.19.
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Female competition for male attention is multifaceted. Typically psychological and relational in nature, this competition may be no less damaging than physical violence more commonly used between males. Research on female–female mate competition has examined short-term effects, yet how women cope with long-term effects of romantic relationship dissolution has been little explored. If negative emotions exist because they provide an evolutionary advantage (attuning physiological processes, thoughts, and behaviors to deal with situations that have frequently incurred high fitness costs), then emotions arising from the loss of a mate to a sexual rival may potentially motivate actions that could make one avoid this scenario in the future. This essay argues that there are consequences of female intrasexual mate competition that may be both evolutionarily adaptive and also beneficial in terms of personal growth and that may expand beyond mating and into other realms of personal development.
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Hood, Christopher, and Rozana Himaz. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779612.003.0011.
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This concluding chapter (a) compares all the episodes of fiscal squeeze in the UK over a century in terms of loss imposition, political costs to incumbents in pursuing fiscal squeeze, and the degree of state effort involved; (b) shows how the fiscal squeeze ‘game’ changed over a century (in terms of depth, length, composition, blame allocation, and of the tactics adopted, including stealth taxes and bear traps); (c) explores consequences of fiscal squeezes, and shows that a puzzle in the literature about apparently erratic voter ‘punishment’ of governments imposing austerity policies can be resolved if austerity is defined in terms of losses imposed rather than debt and deficit outcomes, and if political costs incurred by incumbents in pursuing fiscal squeeze are considered; (d) considers the future of fiscal squeeze, exploring what future fiscal squeezes will be like if past trends continue into the future.
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Rickels, Laurence A. Mister V and the Unmournable Animal Death. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474422734.003.0012.
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This chapter focuses on the unmournable nature of animal death, turning to Heidegger, Freud and Melanie Klein (as advocates of both successful and unsuccessful mourning, first and second deaths) as entry points for an analysis of Emilie Deleuze’s 2003 film, Mister V. The film tracks the changes in relationality incurred when the eponymous psychotic horse escapes and tests not only the boundaries of the film’s diegesis but also its own discursive fabulation. Here man, as majority figure, is not an option for becoming. Man must be divested of his majoritarian status before he can become other. In this regard, ‘becoming-animal’ is the missing link between man and ‘becoming multiple’, so that the metamorphosis necessarily entails a ‘loss’ as initiation so that we can enter the substitutive order of becoming-other. This is not necessarily incompatible with Freud. Indeed, the two main trajectories of the latter’s thought: 1) totemic identification and 2) castration (as an initiation into the ‘management’ of loss or lack) also separate out as tendencies of unmourning and ‘successful mourning’, of first and second deaths, respectively. Both are compatible with the anti-Oedipal momentum of Deleuze and Guattari’s schizoanalysis.
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Frank, Arthur W. King Lear. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192846723.001.0001.
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Abstract The consolations of tragedy are dark, but their darkness is what rings true to readers whose lives already share it. In King Lear an enraged old man upends the lives of those around him. It’s a story of loss, forgiveness, and deeper loss. To show how this story can console, Arthur Frank draws upon both the decades he has spent witnessing serious illness and his own experiences of ageing. His reading presents King Lear as a resource for people living lives that are troubled, exemplifying how to find consolation in literature. Shakespeare did not write self-help books, but his plays can help: not by fixing but by making liveable what cannot be fixed. Shakespeare’s Dark Consolations invites readers, including those not already familiar with King Lear, to hear how the play’s words can speak for us when our own words fail, and how its characters can speak to us, becoming our companions. Frank understands tragedy as a form of human relationship: a tragic sharing. Cordelia’s words, ‘We are not the first / Who with the best meaning have incurred the worst’, express the companionship that makes vulnerability liveable. Shakespeare’s Dark Consolations is a companion to those who need the consolation that King Lear can offer.
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Eisenberg, Melvin A. Formulas for Measuring Expectation Damages for Breach of a Contract to Provide Services. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0015.
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Chapter 15 concerns formulas for measuring expectation damages for contracts to provide services, including breaches by both service-purchasers and service-providers. In case of breach by service-purchasers one formula is based on the service-provider’s lost profit. Under an alternative formula the service-provider is entitled to the contract price minus the out-of-pocket costs remaining to be incurred by the service-provider at the time of breach. Although these two expressions look very different they are algebraically equivalent and yield the same amount of damages. In case of breach by the service-provider the core formulas for measuring damage to the service-purchaser involve either cost-of-completion or diminished-value damages.
Book chapters on the topic "Incurred loss"
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Vella, Mark, and Christian Colombo. "D-Cloud-Collector: Admissible Forensic Evidence from Mobile Cloud Storage." In ICT Systems Security and Privacy Protection, 161–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06975-8_10.
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AbstractDifficulties with accessing device content or even the device itself can seriously hamper smartphone forensics. Mobile cloud storage, which extends on-device capacity, provides an avenue for a forensic collection process that does not require physical access to the device. Rather, it is possible to remotely retrieve credentials from a device of interest through undercover operations, followed by live cloud forensics. While technologically appealing, this approach raises concerns with evidence preservation, ranging from the use of malware-like operations, to linking the collected evidence with the physically absent smartphone, and possible mass surveillance accusations. In this paper, we propose a solution to ease these concerns by employing hardware security modules to provide for controlled live cloud forensics and tamper-evident access logs. A Google Drive-based proof of concept, using the SEcube hardware security module, demonstrates that D-Cloud-Collector is feasible whenever the performance penalty incurred is affordable.
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Nedimović, Svjetlana. "Europe’s Debt Denied: Reflections on 1989 and the Loss of Yugoslav Experience of Direct Democracy." In The Politics of Debt and Europe's Relations with the 'South', 247–77. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474461405.003.0011.
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A conscious political erasure of the legacy of socialist revolutions and politics followed the regime changes in Eastern Europe in 1989. The transition moved away from the initial demands for the democratization of socialism, towards capitalism and procedural democracy. In the process, the political experience of the democratic practices of socialism was obscured, as well as the anti-fascist resistance and revolutionary experience of a century-old struggle against authoritarian tendencies and for equality, which was also the driving force of the movement behind the 1989 uprisings.The chapter looks into the case of Yugoslavia and the mechanisms of erasure to argue that a political debt to the socialist past of Europe has been incurred by a deliberate politics of oblivion and discreditation both nationally and supranationally, within the EU institutions. The Yugoslav example is particularly significant given the direct democratic practices it developed despite the bureaucratization of the Communist party in its final decades. The debt thus incurred is however making itself felt in present-day Europe through its political crisis of the so-called democratic deficit and the rising Far Right.
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"Article 115 . Indemnity for loss incurred in avoiding injury to a submarine cable or pipeline." In United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, edited by Alexander Proelß, 789–92. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845258874-789.
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"Article 115. Indemnity for loss incurred in avoiding injury to a submarine cable or pipeline." In United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, edited by Alexander Proelß, Amber Rose Maggio, Eike Blitza, and Oliver Daum, 788–91. Verlag C.H.BECK oHG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/9783406779374-788.
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Palekar, Srilatha, Arun Pardhi, and Sunanda Jindal. "Can Toyota Regain Its Footing in India?" In Indian Business Case Studies Volume VIII, 133–40. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192869449.003.0016.
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Abstract From localization to cost control measures to small hybrid cars, Toyota is pulling out all stops in its recovery bid. For Toyota’s Indian operations, small isn’t beautiful; it is unprofitable. At least, that’s what the numbers would appear to suggest. Toyota Kirloskar Motor Pvt. Ltd incurred a loss of Rs 180 crores in the fiscal year ended 31 March 2014, marking a dubious first in the Japanese automaker’s 15—year history in India. The loss was largely on account of a recent focus on the small—car Liva and the entry—level sedan Etios for a company that has always made money in India on the back of a focus on workhorse—like utility vehicles—the iconic Qualis first, and then the Innova—and up—market sedans such as the popular Corolla.
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Poole, Phillippa, and Mark Hobbs. "Bronchitis." In Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease, edited by Cheston B. Cunha, 195–99. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0029.
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This chapter looks at bronchitis. Bronchial infections with viral and bacterial microorganisms cause considerable morbidity, as well as economic costs incurred through health care and loss of productivity. These infections affect all age groups. An important consideration is whether or not an individual has underlying chronic lung disease, as that alters the etiology, clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and indications for therapy. The chapter discusses acute infectious bronchitis in individuals without underlying chronic lung disease, before outlining approaches when an individual has an acute exacerbation of a chronic lung disease such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis.
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Bart PM, Joosen. "Part III Quantitative Capital Requirements, 6 The Definition of Default, Loss Distribution, Expected and Unexpected Loss, and Provisioning in the Context of Credit Risk." In Capital and Liquidity Requirements for European Banks. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198867319.003.0006.
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This chapter evaluates the principles for assessing credit risk, the consequences this has for capital requirements, and the fundamental approach that is chosen for all banks in this area. Absorbing losses is one of the functions of bank capital. As regards the credit risk concerning the bank’s exposures, it can generally be argued that banks will suffer losses on their credit portfolios due to counterparties failing to pay interest, the principal or costs incurred by the bank and attributable to the relevant loans. Banks will by nature always be faced with such losses, the only question of when they will occur, and their magnitude is an issue that will have to be dealt with in the context of credit risk management. The chapter then differentiates between manifest losses, expected losses, and unexpected losses. It also looks at the capital conservation buffer (CCB) introduced by Basel III; the definition of default in European banking law; and credit risk adjustments. Finally, the chapter considers the revisions to Capital Requirements Regulation (CRR) to address non-performing exposures.
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M. Ikegwu, Theophilus, Clement C. Ezegbe, Chioke A. Okolo, and Chigozie E. Ofoedu. "Postharvest Preservation Technology of Cereals and Legumes." In Postharvest Technology - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102739.
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Cereals and legumes are prone to perishability and have very short shelf-life if not given proper treatment. During different handling and marketing operations, there is a huge postharvest loss of agricultural produce. The qualitative and quantitative losses incurred in cereals and legumes commodities between harvest and consumption are huge. Qualitative losses such as loss inedibility, nutritional quality, calorific value, and consumer acceptability of fresh produce are much more difficult to assess than are quantitative losses. The major cause of postharvest loss (PHL) is the availability of poor infrastructure for postharvest technology (PHT) and processing of commodities. These losses can only be minimized by proper handling, marketing, and processing of the agricultural commodities; as well as the use of modern preservation technologies such as irradiation, radio frequency heating, etc. The sufficient knowledge of pre-and post-harvest preservation technologies and the provision of adequate and sufficient storage facilities for cereals and legumes handling and distribution would help to mitigate the incidence of postharvest deterioration and therefore improve the availability of cereals and legumes in the market and subsequent reduction in malnutrition for increased food security. Postharvest preservation technology of cereals and legumes is very fundamental in reducing postharvest losses and increasing food security.
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Alnsour, Muhammed, Nadar Ismael, Zaid Nsoor, and Midhat Feidi. "The Perceived Risks Affecting Online Shopping Adoption in Jordan." In Research Anthology on E-Commerce Adoption, Models, and Applications for Modern Business, 1911–24. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8957-1.ch095.
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This article studies online shopping and e‐commerce adoption in Jordan due to the significant growth of this industry in Jordan particularly and the rest of the world generally, which is receiving attention globally and has proven to largely contribute to the growth of nations' economies. This article specifically studies the risk that online users perceive from online shopping and how they affect the growth of this industry. This study adopts a quantitative research approach, with a total of 355 questionnaires distributed by the researchers, to determine whether perceived risks of online shopping have an effect on a number of user adoptions. The article studies the two main risks of online shopping, payment risk, and product risk. Payment risks are defined as the financial loss which included risks associated with using credit cards and identity theft. Product risk is described as the loss incurred when a product does not perform as expected or does not match what was shown and described online. The study concludes that perceived payment risk and product risk affect online shopping negatively and has negatively impacted the number of users adopting this phenomenon.
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Reginster, Bernard. "Guilt and Punishment." In The Will to Nothingness, 121–52. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868903.003.0005.
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This chapter focuses on the genealogical account of guilt and punishment. I argue that Nietzsche’s focus on the relation between guilt and indebtedness is highly significant: it allows one to understand how punishment (or penance) can expunge guilt, by constituting an alternative way of repaying a debt. I argue that Nietzsche analyses guilt as a loss of self-esteem that accompanies the failure to keep faith with one’s commitments (understood as promises), rather than as a fear of the painful consequences incurred for breaking them. I then turn to his analysis of “bad conscience,” or conscience that speaks in a primarily admonishing and critical voice. Nietzsche locates its origin in the adoption of “negative ideals,” or ideals of self-denial or self-mastery, motivated by the ressentiment aroused by the constraints of socialization. The combination of these two trends then produces the concept of “guilt before God.”
Conference papers on the topic "Incurred loss"
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Guo, Hongye, Qixin Chen, Xichen Fang, Kai Liu, Qing Xia, and Chongqing Kang. "Efficiency Loss for Variable Renewable Energy Incurred by Competition in Electricity Markets." In 2020 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm41954.2020.9281419.
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Forbes, Kevin H., and L. Daniel Metz. "Protection of Drivers and Spectators from Pit Entrance Injuries Incurred During Loss of Control Accidents." In Motorsports Engineering Conference & Expostion. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/942468.
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Przytarski, Pawel J., and Andrew P. S. Wheeler. "Accurate Prediction of Loss Using High Fidelity Methods." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-77125.
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Further improvements in aero-engine efficiencies require accurate prediction of flow physics and incurred loss. Currently, the computational requirements for capturing these are not known leading to inconsistent loss predictions even for scale-resolving simulations depending on the chosen convergence criteria. This work investigates two aspects of loss generation using high-fidelity simulation. In the first case study we look at the effect of numerical resolution on capturing viscous dissipation by simulating a Taylor-Green vortex canonical flow. The second case study focuses on the effect of flow physics on loss generation and uses a transitional compressor cascade subjected to freestream turbulence.
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Chou, Elaine S., and Joseph M. Kahn. "Achievable Rates of Coupled SDM Systems Utilizing Successive Interference Cancellation." In Signal Processing in Photonic Communications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/sppcom.2022.spm4i.4.
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In simulated 15,000 km seven-core coupled-core multi-core fiber links with 0.3 dB mode-dependent gain per amplifier, successive interference cancellation with linear equalizers approaches optimal performance when coding across modes; otherwise, a 38% capacity loss is incurred.
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Amgoud, Leila, Jonathan Ben-Naim, and Srdjan Vesic. "Measuring the Intensity of Attacks in Argumentation Graphs with Shapley Value." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/10.
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In an argumentation setting, a semantics evaluates the overall acceptability of arguments. Consequently, it reveals the global loss incurred by each argument due to attacks. However, it does not say anything on the contribution of each attack to that loss. This paper introduces the novel concept of contribution measure which evaluates those contributions. It starts by defining a set of axioms that a reasonable measure would satisfy, then shows that the Shapley value is the unique measure that satisfies them. Finally, it investigates the properties of the latter under existing semantics.
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Dishart, Peter T., and John Mdore. "Tip Leakage Losses in a Linear Turbine Cascade." In ASME 1989 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/89-gt-56.
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An investigation of lip leakage flow and its effects on loss production was performed on a large scale linear turbine cascade having a tip gap measuring 2.1% of the blade height. The flow exiting the tip gap was measured to determine the tosses incurred within the tip gap and the secondary kinetic energy due to tip leakage. Additional measurements, 40% of an axial chord downstream of the blade trailing edges, showed the development of the leakage flow and the overall cascade losses. At the downstream location, the additional loss due to lip leakage was found to be the sum of the measured loss at the tip gap exit plane and the amount of tip gap secondary kinetic energy which had been dissipated by that downstream location.
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Fan, Lixin, Kam Woh Ng, Ce Ju, Tianyu Zhang, and Chee Seng Chan. "Deep Polarized Network for Supervised Learning of Accurate Binary Hashing Codes." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/115.
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This paper proposes a novel deep polarized network (DPN) for learning to hash, in which each channel in the network outputs is pushed far away from zero by employing a differentiable bit-wise hinge-like loss which is dubbed as polarization loss. Reformulated within a generic Hamming Distance Metric Learning framework [Norouzi et al., 2012], the proposed polarization loss bypasses the requirement to prepare pairwise labels for (dis-)similar items and, yet, the proposed loss strictly bounds from above the pairwise Hamming Distance based losses. The intrinsic connection between pairwise and pointwise label information, as disclosed in this paper, brings about the following methodological improvements: (a) we may directly employ the proposed differentiable polarization loss with no large deviations incurred from the target Hamming distance based loss; and (b) the subtask of assigning binary codes becomes extremely simple --- even random codes assigned to each class suffice to result in state-of-the-art performances, as demonstrated in CIFAR10, NUS-WIDE and ImageNet100 datasets.
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Praisner, T. J., J. P. Clark, T. C. Nash, M. J. Rice, and E. A. Grover. "Performance Impacts Due to Wake Mixing in Axial-Flow Turbomachinery." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90666.
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One of the last loss mechanisms remaining to be quantified and correlated for inclusion in meanline predictive systems concerns the mixing of wakes across downstream airfoil rows. Here, we demonstrate that the unsteady losses incurred as turbomachinery wakes mix in downstream rows are a function of the velocity ratio across the downstream row as calculated in the frame of reference of wake generation. Analytical and computational results, compared to measurements of wakes mixing under variable free-stream velocity conditions, reveal that wake-loss modification is primarily a result of an inviscid dilation of the stream tubes that comprise the wake fluid. Further, simulations of wakes exposed to a range of turbomachinery-specific velocity ratios indicate that wake-loss augmentation caused by stream-tube dilation is significantly more pronounced than wake-loss reductions imparted by stream-tube contraction. It is demonstrated that wakes in turbines are dilated in the adjacent downstream row, whether it is a vane or a blade row, through a work extraction process that occurs in the wake-generation reference frame. Finally, comparisons between rig data and CFD simulations suggest that wake-mixing losses, enhanced by downstream rows, can contribute as much as 1.5 percent of lost efficiency in multistage low-pressure turbines.
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Halpern, Daniel, and Nisarg Shah. "Fair and Efficient Resource Allocation with Partial Information." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/32.
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We study the fundamental problem of allocating indivisible goods to agents with additive preferences. We consider eliciting from each agent only a ranking of her k most preferred goods instead of her full cardinal valuations. We characterize the amount of preference information that must be elicited in order to satisfy envy-freeness up to one good and approximate maximin share guarantee, two widely studied fairness notions. We also analyze the multiplicative loss in social welfare incurred due to the lack of full information with and without fairness requirements.
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McCallum, Marcus, Chas Jandu, and Andrew Francis. "Probabilistic and Deterministic Approach to the Setting of In-Line Inspection Intervals." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-50350.
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All pipelines are susceptible to the possibility of corrosion damage. Corrosion is a time dependent process that leads to localised gradual thinning of the pipeline wall and if allowed to continue will eventually cause failure of the pipewall. Due to the progressive nature of corrosion the likelihood of failure increases with time. One means of mitigating the likelihood of such failures is to perform an in-line inspection using a metal loss detection tool. The frequency of inspection is an important parameter to operators since if it is too high, excessive costs will be incurred and if it is too low, failure involving loss of supply, threats to safety and the environment may follow. Operators therefore seek the optimum frequency. This paper describes a robust method for optimizing inspection intervals based on the use of structural reliability analysis.
Reports on the topic "Incurred loss"
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VanderGheynst, Jean, Michael Raviv, Jim Stapleton, and Dror Minz. Effect of Combined Solarization and in Solum Compost Decomposition on Soil Health. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594388.bard.
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In soil solarization, moist soil is covered with a transparent plastic film, resulting in passive solar heating which inactivates soil-borne pathogen/weed propagules. Although solarization is an effective alternative to soil fumigation and chemical pesticide application, it is not widely used due to its long duration, which coincides with the growing season of some crops, thereby causing a loss of income. The basis of this project was that solarization of amended soil would be utilized more widely if growers could adopt the practice without losing production. In this research we examined three factors expected to contribute to greater utilization of solarization: 1) investigation of techniques that increase soil temperature, thereby reducing the time required for solarization; 2) development and validation of predictive soil heating models to enable informed decisions regarding soil and solarization management that accommodate the crop production cycle, and 3) elucidation of the contributions of microbial activity and microbial community structure to soil heating during solarization. Laboratory studies and a field trial were performed to determine heat generation in soil amended with compost during solarization. Respiration was measured in amended soil samples prior to and following solarization as a function of soil depth. Additionally, phytotoxicity was estimated through measurement of germination and early growth of lettuce seedlings in greenhouse assays, and samples were subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing to characterize microbial communities. Amendment of soil with 10% (g/g) compost containing 16.9 mg CO2/g dry weight organic carbon resulted in soil temperatures that were 2oC to 4oC higher than soil alone. Approximately 85% of total organic carbon within the amended soil was exhausted during 22 days of solarization. There was no significant difference in residual respiration with soil depth down to 17.4 cm. Although freshly amended soil proved highly inhibitory to lettuce seed germination and seedling growth, phytotoxicity was not detected in solarized amended soil after 22 days of field solarization. The sequencing data obtained from field samples revealed similar microbial species richness and evenness in both solarized amended and non-amended soil. However, amendment led to enrichment of a community different from that of non-amended soil after solarization. Moreover, community structure varied by soil depth in solarized soil. Coupled with temperature data from soil during solarization, community data highlighted how thermal gradients in soil influence community structure and indicated microorganisms that may contribute to increased soil heating during solarization. Reliable predictive tools are necessary to characterize the solarization process and to minimize the opportunity cost incurred by farmers due to growing season abbreviation, however, current models do not accurately predict temperatures for soils with internal heat generation associated with the microbial breakdown of the soil amendment. To address the need for a more robust model, a first-order source term was developed to model the internal heat source during amended soil solarization. This source term was then incorporated into an existing “soil only” model and validated against data collected from amended soil field trials. The expanded model outperformed both the existing stable-soil model and a constant source term model, predicting daily peak temperatures to within 0.1°C during the critical first week of solarization. Overall the results suggest that amendment of soil with compost prior to solarization may be of value in agricultural soil disinfestations operations, however additional work is needed to determine the effects of soil type and organic matter source on efficacy. Furthermore, models can be developed to predict soil temperature during solarization, however, additional work is needed to couple heat transfer models with pathogen and weed inactivation models to better estimate solarization duration necessary for disinfestation.
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Shpigel, Nahum, Raul Barletta, Ilan Rosenshine, and Marcelo Chaffer. Identification and characterization of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis virulence genes expressed in vivo by negative selection. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7696510.bard.
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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of a severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in ruminants, known as Johne’s disease or paratuberculosis. Johne’s disease is considered to be one of the most serious diseases affecting dairy cattle both in Israel and worldwide. Heavy economic losses are incurred by dairy farmers due to the severe effect of subclinical infection on milk production, fertility, lower disease resistance and early culling. Its influence in the United States alone is staggering, causing an estimated loss of $1.5 billion to the agriculture industry every year. Isolation of MAP from intestinal tissue and blood of Crohn's patients has lead to concern that it plays a potential pathogenic role in promoting human IDB including Crohn’s disease. There is great concern following the identification of the organism in animal products and shedding of the organism to the environment by subclinically infected animals. Little is known about the molecular basis for MAP virulence. The goal of the original proposed research was to identify MAP genes that are required for the critical stage of initial infection and colonization of ruminants’ intestine by MAP. We proposed to develop and use signature tag mutagenesis (STM) screen to find MAP genes that are specifically required for survival in ruminants upon experimental infection. This research projected was approved as one-year feasibility study to prove the ability of the research team to establish the animal model for mutant screening and alternative in-vitro cell systems. In Israel, neonatal goat kids were repeatedly inoculated with either one of the following organisms; MAP K-10 strain and three transposon mutants of K-10 which were produced and screened by the US PI. Six months after the commencement of inoculation we have necropsied the goats and taken multiple tissue samples from the jejunum, ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes. Both PCR and histopathology analysis indicated on efficient MAP colonization of all the inoculated animals. We have established several systems in the Israeli PI’s laboratory; these include using IS900 PCR for the identification of MAP and using HSP65-based PCR for the differentiation between MAV and MAP. We used Southern blot analysis for the differentiation among transposon mutants of K-10. In addition the Israeli PI has set up a panel of in-vitro screening systems for MAP mutants. These include assays to test adhesion, phagocytosis and survival of MAP to/within macrophages, assays that determine the rate of MAPinduced apoptosis of macrophages and MAP-induced NO production by macrophages, and assays testing the interference with T cell ã Interferon production and T cell proliferation by MAP infected macrophages (macrophage studies were done in BoMac and RAW cell lines, mouse peritoneal macrophages and bovine peripheral blood monocytes derived macrophages, respectively). All partners involved in this project feel that we are currently on track with this novel, highly challenging and ambitious research project. We have managed to establish the above described research systems that will clearly enable us to achieve the original proposed scientific objectives. We have proven ourselves as excellent collaborative groups with very high levels of complementary expertise. The Israeli groups were very fortunate to work with the US group and in a very short time period to master numerous techniques in the field of Mycobacterium research. The Israeli group has proven its ability to run this complicated animal model. This research, if continued, may elucidate new and basic aspects related to the pathogenesis MAP. In addition the work may identify new targets for vaccine and drug development. Considering the possibility that MAP might be a cause of human Crohn’s disease, better understanding of virulence mechanisms of this organism might also be of public health interest as well.
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Bastidas Hernández, Fernanda. Diferencias normativas en el tratamiento contable y fiscal de ingresos. Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/gcnc.41.
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La presente nota de clase tiene por objetivo analizar el marco normativo respecto al reconocimiento y la medición de los ingresos bajo los estándares internacionales de información financiera para el Grupo 2 vs. ingresos bajo las normas tributarias para efecto de declaración de renta en Colombia. Las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (NIIF) corresponden a los principios contables y estándares técnicos establecidos por la International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), cuyo objetivo consiste en armonizar la normativa contable en el ámbito internacional. Es pertinente resaltar que en los marcos regulatorios que existen en Colombia los ingresos provienen del incremento en el patrimonio, sin que este incremento esté relacionado con el aporte de socios; sin embargo, el reconocimiento y la medición contemplan algunas diferencias que bajo la norma internacional se deben cumplir, como son los elementos de control, la transferencia de riesgos y ventajas, la fiabilidad en la medición, la probabilidad en los beneficios económicos recibidos y la identificación de costos en que se incurra y grados de terminación para el caso de ingresos por prestación de servicios. La norma fiscal determina valores nominales como factor principal de reconocimiento, independientemente de la transferencia de riesgos y ventajas. La importancia de conocer y analizar la diferencia de los elementos contables y fiscales relacionados con los ingresos es fundamental debido a la disminución de índices de error en la identificación de la rentabilidad financiera para las organizaciones y el reporte correcto de ingresos para efectos de declaración de renta, evitando así posibles sanciones por omisión de ingresos o por corrección en liquidación de impuestos. Conviene recordar que en contabilidad resalta la esencia sobre la forma, mientras que fiscalmente prima la forma sobre la esencia.
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Rigby, Dan, Michael Burton, Katherine Payne, Zachary Payne-Thompson, Stuart Wright, and Sarah O’Brien. Impacts of Food Hypersensitivities on Quality of Life in the UK and Willingness to Pay (WTP) to remove those impacts. Food Standards Agency, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.kij502.
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This project concerns the impacts of food hypersensitivity on people’s quality of life and the monetary value people assign to the removal of those impacts. Food hypersensitivities (FHS) are, in this report, defined as comprising food allergy, coeliac disease and food intolerance. Estimates of the economic value of removal of food hypersensitivity were generated from a stated preference (SP) survey in which people completed a discrete choice experiment (DCE). The DCE comprised of choices between (i) no change in respondents’ food hypersensitivity and (ii) the condition being removed for a specified period, at a cost. The surveys were conducted between July and December 2021 by adults regarding their own food hypersensitivity or by parents/carers regarding their child’s food hypersensitivity. The samples comprised 1426 adults and 716 parents. The average WTP for the removal of an adult’s FHS for a year, pooled across all conditions was £718. For models estimated separately by condition, the WTP values for food allergy, coeliac disease and food intolerance were £1064, £1342 and £540 respectively. In models estimated on DCE data from parents regarding their children’s food hypersensitivity the average WTP, pooled across all conditions, was £2501. The annual WTP values by condition were: £2766 for food allergy; £1628 for coeliac disease; £1689 for food intolerance. Respondents rated their (child’s) health and the impacts of their (child’s) FHS using several established instruments including the Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire (FAQLQ); Food Intolerance Quality of Life Questionnaire (FIQLQ); Coeliac Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire, (CDQ). In the adult allergy and intolerance models we find robust evidence of effects of the perceived severity of FHS on WTP – the higher people’s FAQLQ and FIQLQ scores, the more they are willing to pay to remove their condition. There was no effect of variation in the CDQ score on WTP to remove coeliac disease. In the child WTP results we find condition-severity effects in the coeliac sample: the worse the child’s CDQ score the higher the parents’ WTP to remove the condition. The WTP values are estimates of the combined annual costs associated with (i) the intangible costs including the pain, anxiety, inconvenience and anxiety caused by FHS and (ii) additional incurred costs (time and money) and lost earnings. The values can be incorporated into the FSA Cost of Illness (COI) model, the Burden of Foodborne disease in the UK (Opens in a new window) which is currently used to measure the annual, social, cost of foodborne disease. A Best Worst Scaling (BWS) exercise was conducted to identify the relative importance of the many and diverse impacts which comprise the FAQLQ, FIQLQ and CDQ instruments. The BWS results indicate that people assign very different levels of importance to the impacts comprising the three instruments. This unequal prioritisation contrasts with the equal weighting used in the construction of the FAQLQ, FIQLQ and CDQ measures. Embarrassment and fear related to eating out or social situations feature in the top three impacts for all the conditions. Identifying the effects which most affect quality of life (from the perspective of people living with those conditions) has the potential to inform policy and practice by both regulators and private organisations such as food business operators.
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Estimating financial cost to individuals with a food hypersensitivity. Food Standards Agency, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.buq453.
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The Food Standards Agency (FSA) is a non-ministerial government department within the United Kingdom responsible for protecting public health and protecting consumer interests in relation to food in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Food Hypersensitivities (FHS) is a key priority within the FSA as it is an important food-related health issue with a severe and enduring impact for people living with it. FHS includes individuals living with a food allergy, coeliac disease and food intolerance. It is the responsibility of the FSA to seek ways to understand and reduce avoidable deaths, the negative impact of FHS on both consumers and businesses, and make sure that FHS consumers have access to safe food that is what it says it is on the label, which they can trust. For people with chronic and / or potentially life-threatening FHS, that trust becomes even more important. FHS places both a public health and financial burden on society. According to the FSA’s Food and You 2 Wave 3 Survey(footnote 1), an estimated 800,000 people are living with a clinically diagnosed food allergy, 300,000 with coeliac disease and 1.2 million living with food intolerance and other FHS conditions in the UK. The FSA has invested in a programme of research to understand the economic and societal burden of FHS and to explore how people living with FHS are impacted in their daily lives. The FSA commissioned RSM UK Consulting (RSM), Dr Audrey DunnGalvin from University College Cork and Alizon Draper from the University of Westminster to quantify and monetise the financial burden imposed on people living with FHS through their day-to-day management of the physical risks associated with food allergies, food intolerance and coeliac disease. This is the first study of its kind to consider whether residents in England, Northern Ireland, and Wales who live with any type of FHS condition (food intolerance, coeliac disease or food allergy) results in additional financial burden for their household. About this study The aim of the study was to quantify and monetise the financial burden imposed on households with FHS through the day-to-day management of the physical risks associated with food allergies, food intolerance and coeliac disease, by: comparing the price paid for food between households with at least one adult above 18 years old living with FHS, to households without FHS valuing the direct costs incurred through efforts to manage FHS and remain symptom free (for example, medical and kitchen supplies) monetising indirect costs incurred when having to deal with an FHS condition (for example, lost working days) This study is unique in terms of estimating price differentials for food consumption across different types of FHS and then comparing to a non-FHS comparison group. Previous studies have focused on coeliac disease, specifically the comparison between gluten-free and gluten-containing products, so this study is adding new knowledge to the evidence base.