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Chandra, Pankaj, Sandeep Srivastav, and Bipin Shah. "Innovation, Incubation, and Incubator." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 28, no. 2 (April 2003): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920030208.
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This panel discussion was a part of a programme ‘From Incubation to Enterprise’ which was conducted by Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad's (IIMA) Centre for Innovation, Incubation, and Entreprenuership (CIIE) on January 4, 2003. Professor Pankaj Chandra of IIMA led the discussion. The distinguished panelists were Mr Sandeep Srivastav and Professor Bipin Shah. Their experience and insight on the subject helped in understanding the process of incubation leading to enterprise. The panel discussion addressed the following questions: What is incubation? What is innovation? What is the process of incubation that is needed for commercializing an innovation? What role does an incubator play? The following important points were made by the panelists: An innovative entrepreneur should adapt to the demand of the market. The adaptation may be with regard to technology, marketing, business idea or business plan. The concept of incubation originated from the medical field. The concept of incubators is applied more to project ideas which have a high degree of uncertainty. The aim of the incubators is to facilitate the survival of such companies and also to nurture these companies for growth and success. Incubators play the role of risk-sharing and providing credibility to an idea as it progresses from being an idea to some kind of product. It minimizes uncertainty and increases the success rate of an enterprise that is at a very nascent stage. The difference among promotional efforts and hand-holding is that promotional effort is the assistance given for setting up a business whereas, in an incubator, it is more of hand-holding. The biggest benefit of being in an incubator is that it insulates you from the outside environment and hence an innovator can just concentrate on getting his idea fool-proof for the market. Incubators even provide the network, linking the innovators with societal resources. The network is of two kinds - knowledge network and social network. The role of venture capitalists in enterprise building is to provide linkages for a budding entrepreneur. But not many people are ready to give money at an idea level Professor Pankaj Chandra concluded the discussion by saying that the incubator is not just for supporting the innovator but also for ensuring that the idea is converted into an enterprise.
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Puškarić, Staša, Mateo Sokač, Živana Ninčević, Heliodor Prelesnik, and Knut Yngve Børsheim. "AI-Light Spectrum Replicator (LSR): A Novel Simulated In Situ Lab/On-Deck Incubator." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 2 (February 16, 2024): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020339.
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In this communication, we present the prototype of a new simulated in situ lab/on-deck incubator, the light spectrum replicator (LSR), and a method for simulating the measured in situ HOCR light spectrum curves in incubation chambers. We developed this system using AI and genetic algorithms in an iterative fashion to find the best-fitting light spectrum in situ irradiance at different depths. The HOCR light spectrum measured at the depth and time of sampling was processed immediately, so the incubator is in a stable and ready condition by the time the samples inoculated with 14C were placed in sample holders (10 min after sampling). This incubator is intended to provide a reliable, fast, and easy-to-use tool for studying primary production based on the evaluation of the photosynthetic uptake of 14C. This system enables short incubation periods for small samples: we tested incubations of 5 mL samples during 15 min incubation periods. Our initial measurements taken using the prototype revealed a sufficiently good correlation between the on-deck measurements and in situ incubations. This prototype can be improved, as discussed in this text.
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Fe Alin T. Dalangin and Adolfo C. Ancheta. "Performance Evaluation of the Developed Solar Powered Poultry Egg Incubator for Chicken." Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology (JSET) 6, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.61569/gw5y2t68.
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A Solar Powered Poultry Egg Incubator (SPPEI) was developed and tested to evaluate its performance, and it was compared to an existing incubator that can incubate chicken eggs within the temperature range of 35◦C to 40◦C. The main components of the developed incubator are the incubating unit, the temperature device and the photovoltaic (PV) system. The developed incubator had 73% hatchability, 71% vigorous chicks and fewer dead embryos compared to the existing incubator that had 60% hatchability, 58% chick vigor and more embryos. The developed incubator hatched chicks starting on the 18th day until the 21st day of incubation, while the existing incubator hatched chicks on the 18th day until the 22nd day of incubation. The average temperatures in the developed incubator were within the acceptable incubation temperature range: at 37.72◦C (99.89◦F) in the morning, at 37.94◦C in◦ the afternoon (100.29◦F), and at 37.83◦C (100.09◦F) in the evening, while with the existing incubator, it is within 38.67◦C (101.6◦F), 38.74◦C (101.7◦F) and 38.52◦C (101.3◦F). The average relative humidities in the developed incubator are 60% in the morning, 60.3% in the afternoon and also 60.3% in the night while that of the existing incubator are 60%, 57.33% and 59%, respectively. The egg incubator was able to maintain the optimum conditions for the hatching of the chicken eggs, and was capable of incubating and hatching the chicken eggs effectively.
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Grandi, Alessandro, and Rosa Grimaldi. "Evolution of Incubation Models." Industry and Higher Education 18, no. 1 (February 2004): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000004773040933.
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This paper addresses the role of incubators in supporting new venture creation. A mapping of four different types of incubator is proposed: corporate private incubators (CPIs), independent private incubators (IPIs), business innovation centres (BICs) and university business incubators (UBIs). This mapping is exemplified through case studies of one incubator for each of the four categories. The authors argue that one interpretative key to explain the dynamics of the incubation industry is the evolution of company requirements and consequently of the services offered by incubators. In this context, two different incubating models are described which provide incubators with useful indications as to how they should position themselves strategically.
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Dzulfiqor, Y., M. A. Setiadi, and N. W. K. Karja. "Transformation of ram sperm nuclei in oocytes cytoplasm during in vitro fertilization." Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture 44, no. 2 (June 20, 2019): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.44.2.146-154.
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The aim of present study was to understand the transformation of ram sperm nuclei within oocyte cytoplasm during in vitro fertilization. The oocytes were collected from slaughterhouse ovaries. Before fertilization, the oocytes were maturated in vitro for 24 hours in the incubator with 5% CO2 at 38.5°C. Then the oocytes (n= 635) was fertilized by incubating the oocytes with sperm (5x106 spermatozoa/ ml) for 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 hours. At the end of incubating period, the oocytes were fixed and stained with aceto-orcein 2% before evaluated under phase contrast microscope. Sperm nuclear transformation was evaluated according to sperm nuclear status of sperm, such as condensation, decondensation, and formation of prepronuclei and pronuclei. Sperm condensation and decondensation were seen at 3 hours after incubation. Prepronuclei and pronuclei were found at 6 hours of incubation. Pronuclei formation was significantly increased in the 9 hours after incubation (P<0.05). The incidence of polyspermia was significantly increased at 12-15 hours after incubation (P<0.05). In conclusion penetration of sperm into oocytes has been occurred at 3 hour of fertilization period. The formation of pronuclei was found at 6 hours after incubation and the incidence of polyspermia was increased when the fertilization period prolonged.
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Eikmeier, D., C. Medus, and K. Smith. "Incubation period for outbreak-associated, non-typhoidal salmonellosis cases, Minnesota, 2000–2015." Epidemiology and Infection 146, no. 4 (February 7, 2018): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268818000079.
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AbstractIncubation period for non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections is generally reported as 6–72 h despite numerous reports of foodborne NTS outbreaks with median incubation periods >3 days. We summarised 16 years of Minnesota foodborne NTS outbreaks to better estimate the expected range of incubation periods for NTS infections. Of the 1517 NTS outbreak cases, 725 had enough data to calculate a precise incubation period. The median incubation period was 45 h; 77 (11%) cases had incubations ⩽12 h and 211 (29%) cases had incubations >72 h. Incubation period length varied by outbreak vehicle type, Salmonella serotype and outbreak setting. Based on our data, a more accurate description would be that the incubation of NTS infection is usually from 12 to 96 h, that incubations in >96 to 144 h (>4 to 6-day) range are not unusual and that incubations from 7 to 9 days and occasionally longer also occur.
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Lepik, Katri-Liis, and Eliisa Sakarias. "Towards an understanding of how a higher education institution can enhance the impact of social enterprises through incubation." Management & Marketing 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mmcks-2023-0003.
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Abstract Social entrepreneurship is a relatively new concept in Estonia and measuring the social impact of enterprises is not yet the norm. It has gained more awareness during recent years and therefore several support instruments have been established. The aim of the paper is to provide a framework for impact analysis of an incubator and analysis of the evaluation of the program for social enterprises according to the designed framework. The incubation program itself was piloted at a higher education institution. The paper addresses the concept of social enterprises, new social venture creation, incubation by a higher education institution and its impact on social enterprises. While the development of enterprises is a common topic, the research on social impact incubators is still scarce. The study is characterised by a descriptive and an exploratory study design. The paper explores the social enterprise incubator through mixed-method two-stage content analysis of the applications and self-analysis reports of the participants of the incubator. In the process of the content analysis, qualitative data analysis is used. Finally, the paper concludes that the incubator was successful as it helped the social enterprises to become sustainable and enhanced their social impact. The limitation of the research is the evaluation design which addresses measuring the successfulness of the incubation immediately after the end of the programme and not in the long-term. The study contributes to the literature on measuring the successfulness of incubation processes and on the practice of incubating new social ventures with social impact.
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Benseddik, N., and G. Camps. "Incubation." Encyclopédie berbère, no. 24 (October 1, 2001): 3714–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1569.
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Gao, Yuchen, and Yimei Hu. "The upgrade to hybrid incubators in China: a case study of Tuspark incubator." Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management 8, no. 3 (October 2, 2017): 331–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jstpm-05-2017-0021.
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Purpose This study aims to explore key factors and specific ways for the upgrade to hybrid incubators in the context of China. A hybrid incubator means that a technology-based business incubators (TBIs) can implement various distinct value creation processes with the integration of the advantages of non-for-profit and for-profit TBIs at same time as Chinese government now requires government-sponsored non-for-profit TBIs to be profitable self-sustainability with less dependent on direct public subsidies, aiming to motivate these TBIs to provide higher quality services for their tenant new technology-based firms (NTBFs). Design/methodology/approach This study conducts a single in-depth case-study of Tuspark Incubator (located in Tsinghua Science Park [TSP]) with categorical analysis. Findings Three factors, i.e. incubation subdivision, intermediary platform and proactive approach, are found to be essential for a formerly government-sponsored TBI’s upgrading. Incubation subdivision enables Tuspark Incubator to create multiple incubation processes with incubator characteristic variables of both non-for-profit and for-profit incubators; with the establishment of intermediary platform, Tuspark Incubator provides specialized business support and high-quality networking from relevant specialized service organizations external to the incubator; more proactive approach with equity investment on incubating firms from Tuspark Incubator help to generate social welfare and financial profit at the same time. Practical implications For the incubators’ managers, incubation subdivision enables TBIs to operate for-profit and non-for-profit processes at the same time and provides different specific needs; more open intermediary service platforms can leverage the full potential of the actors in innovation system and help TBIs to save resource when upgrading to hybrid incubators; proactive approaches nurture learning climate and entrepreneurship environment to enhance the successful rate on NTBFs inside incubators and provide main profit source for incubators. For policy makers, using proactive approaches including creating a good milieu for incubation on technology-based start-ups and the design of public guidance funds is increasingly crucial. Originality/value This research is a pioneering study on the key factors and specific ways for the upgrade of government-sponsored non-for-profit TBIs in China to hybrid for-profit and non-for-profit incubators.
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Schwartz, Michael. "Incubation time, incubator age, and firm survival after graduation." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management 15, no. 1/2 (2012): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijeim.2012.044073.
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Bartlett, Terri L., Douglas W. Mock, and P. L. Schwagmeyer. "Division of Labor: Incubation and Biparental Care in House Sparrows (Passer Domesticus)." Auk 122, no. 3 (July 1, 2005): 835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/122.3.835.
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AbstractIn the great majority of animal taxa, males do not participate in parental care, but substantial paternal care is common across avian species. We examined male and female incubation contributions in House Sparrows (Passer domesticus), quantifying the incubation behavior of free-living, individually color-banded parents during 47 nesting cycles. We also measured the relative warmth of male and female incubation surfaces. Females spent more time incubating than their male partners, and female time incubating served as the best single predictor for hatching success. Considered alone, male time incubating correlated negatively with hatching success, but that effect was nullified when female incubation was taken into account. Females had warmer abdomens than males, a difference that may reflect greater development of brood patch and effectiveness of incubation in that sex. Here, male badge size was not demonstrably associated with either male or female incubation patterns or hatching success.División de Labores: Incubación y Cuidado por Ambos Progenitores en Passer domesticus
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Manlove, Chad A., and Gary R. Hepp. "Patterns of Nest Attendance in Female Wood Ducks." Condor 102, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.2.286.
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AbstractWe examined sources of variation in incubation patterns among female Wood Ducks (Aix sponsa), and investigated the effect of female nest attentiveness on incubation period. Data were collected from 44 females (n = 911 days) using temperature data loggers to monitor nest attendance throughout incubation. Mean (± SE) incubation constancy was 86.9 ± 0.6% and incubation period averaged 30.9 ± 0.2 days. Females took an average of two bimodally-distributed recesses per day. Duration of recesses averaged 98.6 ± 3.4 min, but were shorter in the morning than in mid-day or late afternoon. Body mass of incubating females declined 0.68 ± 0.2 g day−1, but there was no relationship between constancy and early incubation body mass or weight change of females. Incubation constancy was not correlated with length of the incubation period. For most females, incubation constancy and recess frequency did not change as incubation progressed. The fact that incubating females only lost an average of 3% of body mass, and constancy was not related to either body mass or length of the incubation period, suggests that females were not constrained energetically. Finally, we propose that the combination of reduced predation risk and the need of neonates to be more functionally mature at hatching has selected for longer incubation periods in Wood Ducks and other cavity-nesting waterfowl.
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Korsheva, I. A., and I. V. Trotsenko. "The influence of incubator design features on the incubation result." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 954, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/954/1/012039.
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Abstract This article shows the results of chicken eggs incubation by IUP-F-45 and BioStreamer 165HD. There were two different types of machines during two-lots of eggs incubation. The BioStreamer 165HD is equipped with such feature as flexible incubation environment tuning according to its technology of embryo feedback. The sensors control the temperature inside machine by using the temperature of egg shells. Also there are sensors which can monitor the humidity level by controlling and predicting the humidity loss of each egg lot and using the narrow-hatching window technology. The incubators are managed by controller and connected to one computer network. The eggs are set to cellular structure incubation tray. The pulsators are equipped with five wide blades to ensure the required air flow rate. In addition, the roof vents have been improved. The power of the heating elements has been increased, which provides a quick heating time for all eggs at the beginning of the incubation cycle. The larger diameter of the cooling coil creates a wider overall cooling surface. As a result of the research, it was found that the use of the BioStreamer incubator made it possible to increase the hatchability of eggs, to carry out the simultaneous hatching of young brood, reducing the hatching by 5.5 hours, to increase the yield of conditioned young chickens by 0.9% and its quality, to obtain a greater amount of meat products from broilers: the average weight of chickens increased by 2.7 per cent, the safety of brood - by 3.6 per cent.
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Wolniak, Radosław, and Michalene Eva Grebski. "Comparative Analysis of the Level of Satisfaction with the Services Received at the Business Incubators in USA and Poland – pre-incubation and incubation stage." Production Engineering Archives 20, no. 20 (September 1, 2018): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2018.20.08.
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Abstract The paper concentrate on the problems of customers satisfaction from services in incubator centres in USA and Poland. The aim of the paper is to analyse the level of satisfaction of Business Incubation Centre on the example of two incubator centres one from USA (Hazelton CAN-Be in Pennsylvania and second in Gliwice Poland). The analysis was conducted in pre-incubation and incubation stage. The analysis was conducted on example of survey analysis in both incubator centres. On the base of achieved results we assessed the priority of customers in each incubator centre.
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Meseguer, M., K. M. Hilligsøe, K. S. Pedersen, J. Herrero, A. Tejera, and N. Garrido. "Pregnancy rates after incubation in new time-lapse incubator (embryoscope) providing detailed information about embryo development compared to incubation in a standard incubator." Fertility and Sterility 94, no. 4 (September 2010): S150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.07.603.
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Petrucci, Francesco. "The incubation process of mid-stage startup companies: a business network perspective." IMP Journal 12, no. 3 (November 12, 2018): 544–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imp-07-2017-0043.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to preliminary attempt to deal with the phenomenon of business incubation from the industrial network perspective (Hakansson et al., 2009). The study draws on the Industrial Marketing and Purchasing (IMP) insights on new business formation and development in business networks as a starting point to shed light on the incubator–incubatee relationship content and development to see how this specific relationship influences the development process of a mid-stage business venture. The author believes that the IMP tradition – with its focus on interactions in business relationships – can positively contribute to implementing this neglected topic of incubation research. Design/methodology/approach The paper develops a longitudinal case study describing a mid-stage start-up venture initiating and developing a business relationship with a private business incubator. The relationship is explored through an abductive research design grounded in the IMP ARA model of analysis. The investigation focuses on how the incubation process unfolds through resources’ and actors’ interactions at different scales of analysis: the focal dyad, the incubation internal environment and the surrounding network. Particular “contextual” emphasis is put on new venture’s prior relationships. The study reveals three main findings. Findings Business incubation results as an emergent, and interdependent, process of interaction that develops among the incubator, the incubatee and external networked actors. In this perspective, the paper aims to re-discuss the role of the incubator in the process of forming and developing a new company considering its minor role in the wider developmental setting surrounding the incubatee. Research limitations/implications The paper introduces IMP concepts to business incubation debates, which can positively challenge and provide novel explanations about the recurring gaps of the literature. Further research should provide more detail on the role and functioning of interactive incubation in a business network context, addressing complex topics such as incubation performance and outcomes. Further research should also deepen and discuss the role of incubation relationships within the set of initial relationships of a new venture. Practical implications This analysis can be used to revise the general approach to the management and configuration of business incubators. Present insights could be helpful, in fact, to design more effective incubation offerings and models, as well as develop best managerial practices targeted at interacting with new venture especially in the resource dimension, both within and outside the incubation environment. Originality/value The incubation dyad, as a unit of analysis, has been scarcely addressed in incubation research. This is central for addressing the role of interactions, relationships and networks in incubation, all elements which have been too scarcely investigated. In addition, the paper deals with a private business incubator, a particular model which is in need for more research. Finally, the case of an established new venture which decides to enter a business incubator at a later stage of its development represents a peculiar case which does not fit classical research typically focused on new ventures “born and raised” entirely in incubation.
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Branstad, Are, and Alf Steinar Saetre. "Venture creation and award-winning technology through co-produced incubation." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 23, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 240–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-09-2014-0156.
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Purpose – Corporate incubation is a type of business incubation designed to assist small firms to develop using know-how available in large companies. The purpose of this paper is to explicate how incubation services can be co-produced and describe the contributions and conditions influencing learning and firm development. Design/methodology/approach – The study used a longitudinal single-case method to analyze a small firm’s development process during four years of incubation. The authors recorded and analyzed interviews with the incubator manager and the entrepreneur, and with incubator staff and external stakeholders. Findings – The incubator provided knowledge- and network-based services. These services emphasized the need for the entrepreneurs to be both proactive and receptive to counseling. Although the incubator and the entrepreneurs made progress in developing the company, a dispute over ownership shares threatened to break down the incubation process. Research limitations/implications – Taking evidence from a longitudinal case study, this paper exemplifies and emphasizes that incubation can be a process of interdependent service production in which entrepreneurs are active contributors. Future research should explore how managers and entrepreneurs handle the ambiguities of valuation of incubator contributions. Practical implications – For managers it is important to take seriously the key task of communicating the value of the incubator’s contribution to the companies they recruit. For entrepreneurs it is important to find ways to estimate potential for value added from the incubator. Originality/value – This paper provides a processual understanding of the dynamics of incubator co-production, not found in extant literature.
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Soeb, Md Janibul Alam, Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun, Shamima Shammi, Minhaj Uddin, and Rukon Ahmed Eimon. "Design and Fabrication of Low-Cost Incubator to Evaluate Hatching Performance of Egg." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 7 (December 3, 2021): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2021.6.7.2662.
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In this study, a poultry egg incubator was designed, fabricated, and tested to evaluate its hatching performance. The incubator consists of a microcontroller with egg turner trays and incubating chamber of 116 nos. of egg capacity. The hatchability of the developed incubator was 79.3% and 87.1% hatchability during manual and automatic trials respectively. The temperature in the developed incubator was within the acceptable incubation temperature ranges from 37.6 °C to 38.6 °C. The average relative humidity in the developed incubator was maintained at 63.6% at manual and 55-65% at automatic trial. The eggs were turned manually approximately at 6 hours of interval. On the other hand, in the automatically controlled trial, it was done by egg turner maintaining exactly 6 hours of interval. It is noted that the percentage of hatching in rice husk incubators is below 55% which is much below comparing with the developed incubator. Also, the newborn chickens in rice husk incubators are unhealthy as they don’t get a sufficient amount of heat. Besides, in the sand incubation technique, kerosene-based hurricane lamps are used which produce Carbon Dioxide. The developed incubator is environment friendly because it doesn’t produce any by-product that is responsible for harming the environment. Also, after the successful trials, we have found the benefit-cost ratio was 1.42 which was quite satisfactory. The egg incubator can maintain the optimum conditions for the hatching of the chicken eggs and is capable of incubating and hatching the chicken eggs effectively. If the developed incubator is commercially supplied to the end-user, it will be a beneficial process of hatching for the farmer of Bangladesh.
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Soeb, Md Janibul Alam, Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun, Shamima Shammi, Minhaj Uddin, and Rukon Ahmed Eimon. "Design and Fabrication of Low-Cost Incubator to Evaluate Hatching Performance of Egg." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 7 (December 3, 2021): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ej-eng.2021.6.7.2662.
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In this study, a poultry egg incubator was designed, fabricated, and tested to evaluate its hatching performance. The incubator consists of a microcontroller with egg turner trays and incubating chamber of 116 nos. of egg capacity. The hatchability of the developed incubator was 79.3% and 87.1% hatchability during manual and automatic trials respectively. The temperature in the developed incubator was within the acceptable incubation temperature ranges from 37.6 °C to 38.6 °C. The average relative humidity in the developed incubator was maintained at 63.6% at manual and 55-65% at automatic trial. The eggs were turned manually approximately at 6 hours of interval. On the other hand, in the automatically controlled trial, it was done by egg turner maintaining exactly 6 hours of interval. It is noted that the percentage of hatching in rice husk incubators is below 55% which is much below comparing with the developed incubator. Also, the newborn chickens in rice husk incubators are unhealthy as they don’t get a sufficient amount of heat. Besides, in the sand incubation technique, kerosene-based hurricane lamps are used which produce Carbon Dioxide. The developed incubator is environment friendly because it doesn’t produce any by-product that is responsible for harming the environment. Also, after the successful trials, we have found the benefit-cost ratio was 1.42 which was quite satisfactory. The egg incubator can maintain the optimum conditions for the hatching of the chicken eggs and is capable of incubating and hatching the chicken eggs effectively. If the developed incubator is commercially supplied to the end-user, it will be a beneficial process of hatching for the farmer of Bangladesh.
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Folk, Travis Hayes, and Gary R. Hepp. "Effects of Habitat use and Movement Patterns on Incubation Behavior of Female Wood Ducks (Aix Sponsa) in Southeast Alabama." Auk 120, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 1159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/120.4.1159.
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Abstract We examined effects of movement patterns and habitat use of female Wood Ducks (Aix sponsa) during incubation on incubation constancy and recess frequency. Incubating females (n = 41) were equipped with subcutaneous radiotransmitters and subsequently located during daily recess events. Using compositional analysis, we determined beaver ponds, creeks, ephemeral wetlands, and lake-influenced habitats ranked higher in preference than other available aquatic habitats (i.e. managed impoundments, farm pond, and lake habitats). An inverse relationship between female use of the top four ranked habitats and recess range size suggested that those were high-quality habitats. Mean (±SE) incubation constancy (n = 40 nests) was 81.3 ± 0.8%, and females took an average of 2.2 ± 0.3 recesses day−1. Incubation period averaged 31.8 ± 0.3 days, and there was a weak inverse relationship between incubation period and incubation constancy. Incubating females lost 3.9 ± 0.8% of early incubation body mass, but body-mass changes were not associated with use of preferred habitats (i.e. beaver ponds, creeks, ephemeral wetlands, and lake-influenced areas). Initiation date of incubation and percentage use of preferred habitats were the most important variables describing variation in incubation constancy. Constancy declined later in the breeding season and with increased use of preferred habitats. Recess frequency decreased with increasing variation in distances that females traveled from the nest. Wood Ducks nesting at southern latitudes generally are not energetically constrained during incubation, and nest attentiveness is only weakly associated with incubation period. We would expect stronger relationships between habitat use, body-mass dynamics, and incubation behavior under environmental conditions that are more severe or less predictable.
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Álvarez, Elena, and Emilio Barba. "Within and between population variations of incubation rhythm of great tits Parus major." Behaviour 151, no. 12-13 (2014): 1827–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003218.
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Uniparental incubation frequently means that eggs remain unattended for periods where the incubating bird is foraging out of the nest. The determination of incubation rhythms (i.e., the length and temporal pattern of incubation sessions) and the factors which affect them are therefore important to understand life-history trade-offs. We described the incubation rhythm and its temporal variation of a southern European great tit Parus major population, and review previous studies to check for latitudinal trends. In the studied population, females were active (from first exit in the morning to last entrance in the evening) 12.5 h per day, performing incubation sessions (on-bouts) of 26 min and recesses (off-bouts) of 12 min. Thus, they were incubating around 67% of their active day, or 83% of the whole day. Attentiveness (% of time incubating) increased throughout the incubation period, due to shorter off-bouts. The active day was longer as the number of daylight hours increased. We show for the first time in a bird species that attentiveness was constant along a latitudinal gradient ranging from Norway to Spain. Females spend a higher proportion of the daylight hours out of the nest as latitude decreases, compensating incubation time during the longer nights. Off-bouts were shorter in central European populations, increasing towards the north and the south, while on-bouts showed no latitudinal variation.
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Meister, Alexander Dominik, and René Mauer. "Understanding refugee entrepreneurship incubation – an embeddedness perspective." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 25, no. 5 (August 13, 2019): 1065–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-02-2018-0108.
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Purpose Recent years have seen a wave of immigration in western countries. Entrepreneurship can foster refugees’ integration in the labour market. Hence, the authors observe an emergence of incubators with social purpose, addressing the key challenges of refugee entrepreneurs. The purpose of this paper is to look at the particularities and the impact of business incubation on entrepreneurial development and embeddedness of refugee entrepreneurs in the host country by applying the theoretical lens of mixed embeddedness theory. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on a qualitative case study approach exploring one business incubation model for refugee entrepreneurs in Germany. For a multi-stakeholder perspective, the data were collected through a participatory focus group workshop and semi-structured interviews of refugee entrepreneurs and incubator stakeholders (e.g. incubator management, mentors and partners) contributing to the incubation. The data collection extends over the duration of five months of the incubation programme. Findings The empirical results emphasise the impact of the business incubator on refugee entrepreneur’s development and embeddedness. In this analysis, the authors identify key themes of a particular incubation process addressing the lack of embeddedness and barriers to refugee entrepreneurs in the host country. From the results, the authors elaborate a particular business incubation process framework of refugee entrepreneurs. Originality/value The findings enhance the understanding how business incubation contributes to the embeddedness of refugee entrepreneurs in their new hosting environment. Thus, this research contributes to the existing literature by extending incubation model frameworks towards refugee entrepreneurship and embeddedness perspectives. Furthermore, the study emphasises the role of the incubator in the context of the dimensions of the mixed embeddedness of the refugee entrepreneurs.
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Cirule, Iveta, Inga Uvarova, and Ginta Caune. "European Trends in Business Incubation Through open Innovation Approach." European Integration Studies 1, no. 16 (September 6, 2022): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eis.1.16.31635.
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The open innovation (OI) is the actual framework for exploiting external resources and wider networks in doing innovation instead of just operating with in-house resources. Business incubators ensure networking and facilitate OI collaborations both inside the incubator among entrepreneurs and outside with external stakeholders. The purpose of the qualitative study is to identify the European trends in business incubation through OI approach by setting two main tasks – 1) identify business incubation trends and 2) validate these theoretical findings by conducting the empirical study in Latvia business incubators and 3) draw the conclusions for business incubation practitioners in order to improve business incubation from OI perspective. The qualitative research methods applied – 1) literature review on business incubation trends, OI approach in business incubation such as service provision, online and onsite incubation, tenant OI competences and strategies, co-creation and collaboration and 2) the empirical qualitative research in Latvia business incubators by conducting incubator management (13) interviews. The results proved that the main national trends dominant and present in Latvian business incubation are corresponding to the European trends, namely, 1) incubators are serving as OI partners and are recognized by tenants as access providers to external resources ands networks; 2) networking as facilitating activity of the inside-out and outside-in OI strategies; 3) tenants’ OI strategies and motivation as well as variety of OI partners (experts, mentors, clients, companies, researchers, universities) promote the better incubation results in terms of ideas validated, product developed, companies created and innovation implemented. These results are in line with the main findings on European trends from a literature review perspective. This article provides national findings on OI application in business incubation as the empirical novelty for business incubation practitioners, academia, entrepreneurship support policy makers and tenants internationally detecting the crucial role of OI activities applied in business incubation and incubators as OI partners. Business incubation trend analysis through Open innovation approach is a novelty of this research. Key words: open innovation, open innovation strategies, business incubator, business incubation trends, value co-creation Acknowledgement This research was conducted within the project “Open Innovation, No1.1.1.2/VIAA/3/19/426” funded by Postdoctoral Research Support Aid programme of Latvia.
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Smith, Steven M., and Steven E. Blankenship. "Incubation effects." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 27, no. 4 (April 1989): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03334612.
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Olsen, Glenn H., and Rob Harvey. "Practical Incubation." Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians 6, no. 4 (1992): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30136978.
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Ackerman, Ralph A., David, Tracy Barker, Geoff Birchard, Donal M. Boyer, Michael Gamer, Stephen Hammack, Bruce Shwedick, and Robert Nathan. "Egg Incubation." Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 12, no. 1 (January 2002): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5818/1529-9651.12.1.7.
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Wells, Donald H. "Forced Incubation." Creativity Research Journal 9, no. 4 (October 1996): 407–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj0904_12.
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Reimer, V. A., S. P. Knyazev, and V. Yu Lyskova. "Breeding of chickens of the ROSS-308 cross at different air humidity in the incubator." Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), no. 2 (July 10, 2024): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2024-71-2-251-258.
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Artificial incubation of poultry eggs makes it possible to organize year-round production of poultry products, increase productivity and reduce the number of the parent flock of poultry. In studies on incubation eggs of the parent flock of hens of the Ross-308 cross that meet the existing standards, it was found that with different air humidity in the incubator, the efficiency indicators of biotechnology change embryo development, chick hatching and egg hatchability, incubation waste and the intensity of the withdrawal of conditioned young. The optimal humidity in the incubator was in the range of 52–54 %. In this mode, the development of embryos of the first category was at the level of 62.5 %, the hatch of young animals and the hatchability of eggs amounted to 88.5 and 89.4 %, respectively, incubation waste was 4.3–7.3 % lower compared with higher or lower humidity with high intensity of hatchling and profitability of the incubation process. Deviation from the established optimum of air humidity in the incubator is accompanied by deterioration in all studied indicators of broiler reproduction.
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Kabaradin, Abulasan. "Development and Performance Evaluation of Home-Made Electric and Kerosene Lump Egg Incubator." International Journal of Precision Farming 1, no. 1 (October 23, 2023): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ijpf.v1i1.2176.
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This study was carried out to develop and evaluate the performance of home-made electric and kerosene lump egg incubator capable of incubating 150 eggs at predetermined temperature and humidity. The fabricated incubator consists of an egg cabinet made from MDF and plywood, egg tray made from mesh wire, TS-C700 temperature controller, hygrometer, a kerosene lump, water pan, and cooling fan system. The performances were evaluated in terms of hatchability rate, chick normality, fertility, and embryonic mortality rate. The experimental design used was simple descriptive statistics against the biological performance of the incubator. Naturally mated stock koekoek chicken eggs were used for evaluation of the developed incubator. The investigation revealed that the machine was evaluated at temperature of 37.50C and 60% relative humidity for the first 18 days of incubation and then temperature was lowered to 36.50C and increasing relative humidity to 65%. The ambient temperature of egg incubator has more effect on the interior temperature making the interior temperature varied. The average hatchability rate, fertility, embryonic mortality rate, and chick normality were 77.60%, 57.02%, 9.61% and 91.96% at average temperature of 37.240C and 60.75% of relative humidity were observed during incubation test. Depending on the performance results of the the incubator, it is concluded that the constructed incubator machine can be effectively and efficiently used by small and medium-scale poultry farmers.
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AL-MUBARAKI, HANADI, and HOLGER SCHRÖL. "MEASURING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BUSINESS INCUBATORS: A FOUR DIMENSIONS APPROACH FROM A GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL PERSPECTIVE." Journal of Enterprising Culture 19, no. 04 (December 2011): 435–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495811000842.
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Business incubators are intended to support startup and entrepreneurial businesses by providing a number of services and resources to clients. The effectiveness of the business incubation industry has been debated since the industry gained popularity in the 1990s. But up to now, there exists no commonly agreed model in theory and practice to measure the effectiveness of business incubation in a standardized way. The aim of this paper is to identify and to assess critical dimension of business incubation, which are suitable to measure the effectiveness of business incubation. This research is a multi-method approach combining desk-research, interviews and a multi-case study of five incubator organizations in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states. From these findings, a model for measuring the effectiveness of business incubation in a standardized way is developed. This model helps incubator manager, policy maker researchers, practitioners, stakeholders and government parties for successful implementation of business incubation initiatives. In addition, it increases new knowledge for academic literature incubators and economic development.
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Foreman, John W., and Linda Benson. "Effect of cystine loading and cystine dimethylester on renal brushborder membrane transport." Bioscience Reports 10, no. 5 (October 1, 1990): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01152292.
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The effect of loading renal tubule cells with cystine was studied by incubating them with cystine dimethylester. Proline uptake into brushborder membrane vesicles isolated from the cystine loaded cells was not different from that observed into brushborder vesicles isolated from tubules incubated in buffer alone. Incubating brushborder membranes with 2 mM cystine dimethylester for 10 minutes reduced the uptake of proline by 27% after 15 seconds of incubation and by 21% after 60 seconds of incubation. There was no effect after 20 minutes of incubation. Pre-incubating brushborder membrane vesicles with cystine dimethylester had no statistically significant effect on the affinity of priline for the carrier, but did reduce the maximal rate of proline uptake by 49%.
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Hoppe, Ian R., Jocelyn O. Harrison, Edward J. Raynor IV, Mary Bomberger Brown, Larkin A. Powell, and Andrew J. Tyre. "Temperature, wind, vegetation, and roads influence incubation patterns of Greater Prairie-Chickens (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus) in the Nebraska Sandhills, USA." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 2 (February 2019): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0130.
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Avian incubation involves behavioral decisions that must balance trade-offs between the incubating bird’s survival and current and future reproductive success. We evaluated variation in incubation off-bout duration and frequency among Greater Prairie-Chickens (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus (Brewster, 1885)) in the Nebraska Sandhills, USA. Greater Prairie-Chicken life history favors incubation behaviors that prioritize success of the current breeding attempt over adult survival. Previous observations suggest incubating females make these behavioral decisions based on ambient temperature conditions, their own body condition, and predation risk. We monitored nest attendance by females at 30 Greater Prairie-Chicken nests to identify proximate cues used to make behavioral decisions regarding incubation. We recorded 930 incubation off-bouts. Females took 1.9 ± 0.7 off-bouts/day (mean ± SD), each with a mean (±SD) duration of 43.3 ± 24.1 min. Off-bouts were shorter in duration at higher wind speeds, at lower ambient temperatures, at nests with less cover, and at nests closer to roads. Females were most likely to leave the nest during mid-morning and evening, as are most gallinaceous birds, and incubation off-bouts became less frequent later in the season. We did not observe differences in incubation behavior between nests that failed and those that successfully hatched one or more chicks.
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Lin, Jun, Shuang Li, Ying Ning Hu, Jing Sheng Liu, and Jie Wen Wu. "Medium-Sized Ground Source Heat Pump Incubator Design and Research of Condenser." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.341.
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Based on kind of medium-sized ground source heat pump incubator condenser’s design and research, incubator can get good uniformity temperature filed. Incubation experiments showed that the incubator reached the national key performance indicators. Compared with the traditional way of heating incubation, the experiment got a high rate of hatchability and child health. Energy saving effect is remarkable and achieve good social and economic benefits.
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Famiola, Melia, and Sri Hartati. "Entrepreneurship Learning System in Business Incubators : An Case Study In Indonesia." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.28 (November 30, 2018): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.28.22390.
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This paper aims to explore the system of entrepreneurial learning in Indonesian business Incubator and identify their success factors to support the entrepreneurs. This study is qualitative research using case approach. We collect data from six incubators in West Java Indonesia and interviewing tenants and person in charge of the incubation management. In general, we found three similar stages of incubation assistance to encourage and support entrepreneurial process for their tenants: pre-incubation, incubation, and post-incubation. Even though the condition is not in an ideal, the respondents highlight some influent factors of the incubation performance in Indonesia; 1) government support for incubation program related in funding, infrastructure and policies toward the entrepreneurship ecosystem; 2) networking with financial institution; 3) Support from university and research centre; 4) Social environment of incubators.
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Kitagawa, Fumi, and Susan Robertson. "High-Tech Entrepreneurial Firms in a University-Based Business Incubator." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 13, no. 4 (November 2012): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/ijei.2012.0092.
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This paper considers the underlying processes and contexts of incubation as critical factors in accelerated firm growth in a university-based technology incubator. At the heart of the study is a concern to understand these dynamics in the early stages of incubation, including processes of firm network formation, the capacity to access and use combinations of resources at various phases of incubation, and the ways in which the incubator, as a techno-social space, supports the connection of different resources and their relationships. Building on theoretical frameworks that draw on the conceptual work of Lachmann and Bourdieu, the authors argue that it is possible to identify ‘heterogeneous resources' as different forms of ‘capital’ at work in the incubation process. The empirical case study at a university-based technology incubator illustrates the ways in which university incubators help high-tech start-up firms to build these capabilities through network formation and a variety of types of resource mobilization.
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U.J, Etoamaihe. "Development of a Charcoal-Heated Egg Incubator for Family Poultry Farming." Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research 8, no. 4 (2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajar-16000342.
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The high cost and the epileptic nature of electricity supply in Nigeria has adversely affected the rate of poultry farming which resulted in high cost of poultry products. Hence, the need to have an alternative energy source that is renewable, inexhaustible, readily available, cheap and storable. The developed charcoal-heated egg incubator consists of two distinct units which are the heating and incubating units. The heating unit consists of two charcoal burners which generate heat and the heated air in the heating chamber flows through a pipe by natural drift through the incubating chamber where the eggs are kept for incubation to take place. The objective of this study is to develop a charcoal heated egg incubator with a temperature regulatory device and carry out the performance evaluation. The developed charcoal heated egg incubator had workability efficiency of 63%.
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Fahem Alhadeethi, Aya Zaid, and Ziyad Tariq Mohammed Aldhanki. "Impact of Temperature Changing During Incubation Process on Hatching and Chick’s Quality Traits of Broiler Breeder Eggs." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1371, no. 7 (July 1, 2024): 072009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1371/7/072009.
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Abstract This experiment was conducted to assess the hypothesis of influencing the temperature changing during incubation on some hatching traits, spread of hatching, and some chick’s quality. A total of 440 ROSS 308 broiler hatching eggs (63.54 + 2.07 g) from 34-week old broiler breeders, randomly distributed into five treatment groups of 88 eggs each, the first, second, third and fourth group were subjected to change in temperature (39.5 °C, 55% RH) at 7th, 10th, 13th and 16th day of incubation respectively for 12 hours; via transferring the treated eggs from first incubator to the second, after that the thermal treated eggs were returned to the first incubator with the fifth group (control treatment) under optimal incubation conditions (37.8 °C and 55% RH) throughout the incubation period (1-18 d). Treated eggs with increasing temperature during incubation period significantly decreased the percentage of chick’s hatched in last phase of hatching windows in comparison with the control group, also, significant increase in early embryonic mortality percentage was noticed in 7th and 10th day group, whereas, changing in temperature during incubation caused significant differences in chick’s length and body free yolk (%) and yolk (%) for treated groups.
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Maulidian, Mutiara Dewi Puspitawati, Novita, Rizka Ramayanti, Lely Dahlia, and Iis Purnengsih. "Green Entrepreneurship Incubation Model for Students at Trilogy University Business Incubator: A Literature Review." E3S Web of Conferences 483 (2024): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202448301017.
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Green entrepreneurship, which emphasizes sustainable economic methods, has grown rapidly in recent decades. Green startups are supported by several incubation programs worldwide. Their frameworks, resources, and mentorship tactics have changed to meet new requirements. This study explores these paradigms in Trilogi University’s academic and cultural milieu. Second, this research analyzes global green entrepreneurship incubation models’ frameworks, resources, and mentorship methods. Second, to evaluate these models’ suitability for Trilogi University. A systematic literature study was conducted using academic databases. The evolution of green entrepreneurship incubation approaches was highlighted in 1990–2023 articles. A rigorous two-stage review and theme analysis were used to organize retrieved data into trends and difficulties, notably at universities. The study examines incubation frameworks, resource diversification, and mentorship strategy development. Various worldwide models are investigated, focusing on Trilogi University. The study highlights the benefits of integrating these approaches in academic contexts, such as multidisciplinary collaboration and access to huge resources. This study connects global incubation models to university environments, preparing future researchers. Global best practises can help academic institutions, like Trilogi University, optimise their incubation methods. The report recommends addressing scalability and funding dynamics to help green businesses grow in academia.
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Bar, Shaul. "Incubation and traces of incubation in the biblical narrative." Old Testament Essays 28, no. 2 (2015): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2015/v28n2a3.
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Nair, Sujith, and Tomas Blomquist. "The temporal dimensions of business incubation: A value-creation perspective." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 21, no. 1 (December 12, 2018): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465750318817970.
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The purpose of this article is to develop an understanding of business incubation along its temporal dimensions from a value creation perspective. We explore the temporal dimensions of business incubation by conducting a case study of six Swedish incubators with 43 semi-structured interviews of entrepreneurs and incubator coaches and managers. We show that temporality could be understood along the content and process of value creation. Such a delineation brings out the temporal tensions associated with the value creation processes in incubation. Our study adds to the current incubator literature by providing a more comprehensive explanation of its processes from a value creation perspective.
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Schaaf, Alejandro A., David L. Vergara-Tabares, Tobías N. Rojas, Agustín Díaz, Giovana Peralta, and Susana I. Peluc. "Incubation behavior of the Masked Gnatcatcher (Polioptila dumicola) in Central Argentina." El Hornero 35, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.56178/eh.v35i2.444.
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We described parental behaviors at one nest during the incubation period of the Masked Gnatcatcher (Polioptila dumicola). The nest contained three eggs and both parents shared incubation duties for 14-15 days. The use of remote sensors allowed us to determine that adults spent 668.83 ± 40.86 min per day incubating, which resulted in approximately 80% of daylight hours to nest attentiveness. Lapses of incubation were on average 86.30 ± 51.67 min. We did not find significant differences in the duration or amount of incubation lapses or off-bouts among periods of the day (morning, midday, and afternoon).
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Guan, Chenghua, and Shengxue Jin. "Does the Type of Funding Affect Innovation? Evidence from Incubators in China." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 31, 2023): 2548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032548.
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Technology business incubation is vital for the promotion of innovative development and plays an essential role in economic development and social stability. This paper empirically studies the impact of fund types on incubator innovation and its mechanisms using China’s incubator data from 2015 to 2019 and the fixed effect model. It is found that incubation funds, venture capital, and fiscal subsidies can significantly promote incubator innovation, with venture capital having the most substantial boost, followed by incubation funds and fiscal subsidies. Analysis of these mechanisms reveals that the promotion of incubator innovation by different funds relies primarily on R&D expenditure and on the scale of technology services expenditures. Further analysis shows that the effect varies according to the incubator, and that a reduction in the proportion of a comprehensive incubator fund or in the proportion of subsidy for a professional incubator does not contribute to enterprise innovation. This paper provides empirical evidence to support China in its improvement of the financing mechanisms for entrepreneurship and the promotion of sustainable economic and social development.
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Edgar, Macalane, Chikafa Bridget, Kamtsokwe Mtemwengi, and G. Glorindal. "Smart incubator for empowering poultry farmers by maximizing egg hatching success." i-manager's Journal on Information Technology 12, no. 4 (2023): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jit.12.4.20063.
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The poultry industry plays a vital role in ensuring the global food supply, and efficient egg incubation is crucial for successful poultry farming. Traditional egg incubation methods have relied on manual monitoring and control, resulting in suboptimal hatch rates and increased labor requirements. However, the emergence of smart technologies has revolutionized the field of egg incubation, leading to the development of the Smart Egg Incubation System. The Smart Egg Incubation System integrates advanced technology, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Machine Learning (ML), to optimize the incubation process and enhance hatch rates. The system employs a network of sensors to monitor and collect real-time data on temperature, humidity, egg turning, and ventilation within the incubation environment. This paper also proposes a commercial incubators website that will help to market incubators available for companies and hold their company profiles, where customers will tend to explore what they need pertaining to incubators and egg incubator accessories, helping to meet the needs of local farmers. This will help small enterprises to grow and get affordable incubators and accessories to eliminate the distance in business affairs for both local farms and big farms. An AI chatbot will also be available specifically designed to assist farmers in monitoring and managing chicken incubators effectively. The chatbot aims to provide real-time information and support to farmers, addressing their needs related to purchasing incubators, understanding incubator capacities, hatching periods, and addressing miscellaneous questions. The AI chatbot acts as a reliable virtual assistant, offering farmers guidance on where to purchase suitable incubators tailored to their specific requirements. By analyzing a comprehensive database of reputable suppliers and their offerings, the chatbot offers recommendations based on factors such as incubator size, cost, features, and customer reviews.
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Demuth, Jeffery P. "The effects of constant and fluctuating incubation temperatures on sex determination, growth, and performance in the tortoise Gopherus polyphemus." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 1609–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-120.
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Temperature-dependent sex determination is one of the best documented yet evolutionarily enigmatic sex-determining systems. The classical theoretical framework suggests that temperature-dependent sex determination will be adaptive when males and females benefit differentially from development at certain temperatures. Empirical evidence has not provided convincing support for this "differential-fitness" hypothesis. Furthermore, since most experiments utilize constant temperature incubation treatments to explore phenotypic response to temperature, few studies have addressed the consequences of incubation under natural conditions. In this study I utilized constant-temperature laboratory incubations and natural-nest incubations to determine the effects of temperature on sex, size, growth, and locomotor performance in the tortoise Gopherus polyphemus. Constant-temperature incubations do induce substantial growth and performance variation in these tortoises. However, the data do not clearly support the differential-fitness hypothesis because (i) growth variation does not result in adult size dimorphism, (ii) performance differences are confined to a very short period after hatching, and (iii) natural incubation temperatures do not vary sufficiently to produce significant phenotypic variation in traits other than sex.
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Faraz, Nahiyah Jaidi, Setyabudi Indartono, Siswantoyo Siswantoyo, and Jane S. C. Liu. "Strategic Map of University Incubation Center." Jurnal Economia 17, no. 2 (October 30, 2021): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/economia.v17i2.43845.
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Abstract: This study is aimed to investigate the Strategic Map of the Incubator center. The business incubation process can vary from one incubator to another. This research extends the previous works to improve the solution business incubator problems in Indonesia heading their competitive advantages heading to the global market compared to the Taiwan cases. This study investigates the different types of business incubator strategies for Indonesia and Taiwan cases by using quantitative and qualitative with the primary that had been collected through surveys and observations. The Result shows that Chaoyang Business Incubation Center (CBIC) and Business Incubator LPPM UNY have quite different patterns of their strategies. The Business Support Model Represent CBIC is program demand: Entrepreneur-initiated, whereas LPPM one is program supply: Incubator-initiated. The Business Incubator LPPM UNY is likely to be more active than BCIC. However, CBIC seems to promote entrepreneurs more actively rather than Business Incubator LPPM UNY.Keywords: Strategic Map, Incubation Center, Indonesia, Taiwan Peta Strategis Pusat Inkubasi Universitas Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki peta strategis dari pusat inkubator. Proses inkubasi bisnis dapat bervariasi dari satu inkubator ke inkubator lainnya. Penelitian ini memperluas karya-karya sebelumnya untuk meningkatkan masalah inkubator bisnis solusi di Indonesia yang mengarah keunggulan kompetitif mereka menuju pasar global dibandingkan dengan kasus Taiwan. Penelitian ini menyelidiki berbagai jenis strategi inkubator bisnis untuk kasus Indonesia dan Taiwan dengan menggunakan kuantitatif dan kualitatif dengan primer yang telah dikumpulkan melalui survei dan observasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pusat Inkubasi Bisnis Chaoyang (CBIC) dan inkubator bisnis LPPM UNY memiliki pola strategi mereka yang sangat berbeda. Model pendukung bisnis merupakan CBIC adalah permintaan program: wirausaha dimulai, sedangkan LPPM satu adalah pasokan program: inisiasi inkubator. Inkubator bisnis LPPM UNY kemungkinan akan lebih aktif daripada BCIC. Namun, CBIC tampaknya mempromosikan wirausahawan lebih aktif daripada inkubator bisnis LPPM UNY.Kata kunci: Peta Strategis, pusat Inkubator, Indonesia, Taiwan
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Karatas-Ozkan, Mine, William D. Murphy, and David Rae. "University Incubators in the UK." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 6, no. 1 (February 2005): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/0000000053026419.
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The overall aim of this paper is to deepen the understanding of forming and effectively managing university incubators in the UK. Recognizing that the term ‘business incubator’ embraces a wide range of institutions, all of which aim to foster the creation and development of enterprises – SMEs or corporate ventures – by established organizations, the formation of different types of university incubators is explored from the perspective of the incubator managers who are involved in the process. Four case studies are presented, which show how the incubator managers discern incubation practices within the current UK system of business incubation and develop their particular programmes. The case studies are constructed by generating in-depth case material through interviews with the incubator managers, participant observation in one setting, and documentary search during 2002 and the first half of 2003. Evaluating the contextual constraints and opportunities in the UK, it is illustrated that the contextual issues are by their nature complex, dynamic and diverse, and they are also central to understanding the way the incubation programmes are shaped and reshaped over time. Some core ideas and lessons have been drawn from the research and it is hoped that they can help incubation community members to re-evaluate their own experiences and assist public policy makers in gauging their policies.
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van Tilburg, Jaap, Peter van der Sijde, José Molero, and Pepa Casado. "Virtual Incubation of Research Spin-Offs." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 3, no. 4 (November 2002): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000002101299330.
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This paper explores the concept of ‘virtual incubation’. Based on the notion of the virtual organization the authors develop this concept and relate this to phases in the development of companies (from pre-start-up to growth). Next the different tasks a virtual incubator can fulfil are developed and illustrated with some examples of virtual incubators that are already operational in Europe. The final section of the paper draws conclusions regarding the commitment of stakeholders, the best focus for virtual incubation and the kind of services required. One interesting option is the combination of a non-virtual incubator with virtual elements.
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Halim, Fandi, Gunawan, and Agustina. "Digital-Based Incubator Framework Modelling for University." International Journal of E-Entrepreneurship and Innovation 10, no. 1 (January 2020): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeei.2020010102.
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A business incubator is an entity which supports a developing business through providing resources and services and has become more common as the number of entrepreneurs increases. This is especially in the university environment for its ability to become a product or service for students entrepreneurs. The research is aimed at modeling a digital-based business incubator framework for universities who intend to establish their own incubators. Research was conducted by analyzing previous models and research. The framework consists of 4 stages which include: preparation, pre-incubation, incubation, and post-incubation. Each stage has its own activity to help prepare an outcome for the next stage. Also considered are its success factor.
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Harvey IV, William F., Gary R. Hepp, and Robert A. Kennamer. "Body mass dynamics of wood ducks during incubation: individual variation." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 570–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-081.
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Female wood ducks (n = 72) lost on average 1.3 ± 0.1 g/day during incubation. Change in body mass varied greatly among females (CV = 93%); it ranged from individuals that gained body mass to those that lost > 4 g/day. Loss of body mass was directly related to body mass of females in early incubation, but not to time of nesting, age, or clutch mass. Incubating hens lost mass at a greater rate in 1986 (1.9 ± 0.2 g/day) than in 1987 (1.2 ± 0.2 g/day), possibly because drought conditions in 1986 reduced foraging areas. For individuals sampled in both years of the study (n = 14), the group average of early incubation body mass and rate of mass change during incubation were similar between years. However, while similarity of body mass for individual females at the start of incubation was high between years (repeatability 82%), it was low for body mass changes that occurred during incubation (repeatability 31%). Thus, although change in body mass was related to the body mass at which hens began incubation, other factors must also have been involved.
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Wada, Haruka, Buddhamas P. Kriengwatana, Todd D. Steury, and Scott A. MacDougall-Shackleton. "Incubation temperature influences sex ratio and offspring’s body composition in Zebra Finches (Taeniopygia guttata)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 96, no. 9 (September 2018): 1010–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0099.
Full textAbstract:
Incubation temperature has the potential to influence offspring sex, phenotype, and survival, particularly in species with temperature-dependent sex determination. However, relatively little is known about how incubation temperature affects sex ratio and offspring condition in other animals. Incubating birds allocate varying time for egg incubation depending on the parents’ condition and ambient temperature, likely altering nest microclimate. To understand how incubation temperature impacts offspring phenotype in birds, we artificially incubated Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia guttata (Vieillot, 1817)) eggs at 36.2, 37.4, or 38.4 °C during the entire incubation period and examined sex ratio and offspring quality. We found that incubation temperature of 36.2 °C resulted in a greater likelihood of a young being male compared with 37.4 °C, indicating that it is more likely for males to survive until the juvenile stage compared with females in the 36.2 °C group. We also found sex-specific effects of incubation temperature on body composition. Although incubation temperature did not affect fat or lean mass of female young, male offspring from the 38.4 °C group had significantly less lean mass throughout their lives compared with males from 37.4 or 36.2 °C. This study shows that there are sex differences in the effects of incubation temperature, and variable incubation temperature has a capacity to influence offspring secondary sex ratio and body condition in songbirds.