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1
Nonlinear computational structural mechanics: New approaches and non-incremental methods of calculation. New York: Springer, 1999.
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2
Wanda, Nicholas-Wolosuk, ed. Changing agency policy: An incremental approach. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2002.
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3
Michael, Stonebraker, ed. Migrating legacy systems: Gateways, interfaces & the incremental approach. San Francisco, Calif: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1995.
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4
Lo-Cheng, Sik-sze. Public budgeting in Hong Kong: An incremental decision-making approach. Hong Kong: Writers' and Publishers' Cooperative, 1990.
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5
Baldwin, Richard E. Incremental trade policy and endogenous growth: A q-theory approach. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.
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6
Bornkessel, Ina. The argument dependency model: A neurocognitive approach to incremental interpretation. Leipzig: MPI of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2002.
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7
Latham, Andrew. Toward an effective verification regime for the convention on certain conventional weapons: The outline of an incremental approach. Ottawa, Ont: Dept. of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 1994.
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8
Ladeveze, Pierre. Nonlinear Computational Structural Mechanics: New Approaches and Non-Incremental Methods of Calculation (Mechanical Engineering Series). Springer, 1998.
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9
Ichikawa, Jonathan Jenkins. Assertion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199682706.003.0007.
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This chapter takes up the knowledge norm of assertion, according to which assertion is governed by the constitutive norm that one may assert only what one knows. The relationship between such norms and contextualism is controversial—some philosophers have argued that there is a special problem for this combination of views, and others have argued that the knowledge norm provides direct support for contextualism. This chapter rejects both kinds of simple connections. The book's relevant alternatives approach to knowledge, however, combined with Stalnakerian approaches to assertions and conversational contexts, is suggestive of an underexplored interpretation of the knowledge norm—the incremental knowledge norm of assertion, according to which what is required for proper assertion depends on its incremental conversational effect.
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Pula, Besnik, and Yannis A. Stivachtis. Historical Sociology and International Relations: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Large-Scale Historical Change and Global Order. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.90.
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Historical Sociology (HS) is a subfield of sociology studying the structures and processes that have shaped important features of the modern world, including the development of the rational bureaucratic state, the emergence of capitalism, international institutions and trade, transnational forces, revolutions, and warfare. HS differs from other approaches in sociology given its distinction between routine social activities and transformative moments that fundamentally reshape social structures and institutions. Within international relations, the relevance of history in the field’s study has been highly disputed. In fact, mainstream international relations (IR)—Neorealism and Liberalism—has downplayed the importance of history. Nevertheless, World History (WH) and HS have exercised a significant degree of influence over certain theoretical approaches to the study of international relations. The history of HS can be traced back to the Enlightenment period and the belief that it was possible to improve the human condition by unmaking and remaking human institutions. HS was then taken up by a second wave of historical sociologists who were asking questions about political power and the state, paving the way for greater engagement between IR and sociology. Third wave HS, meanwhile, emerged from a questioning of received theoretical paradigms, and was thus characterized by theoretical and methodological revisions, but only minor and incremental changes to the research agenda of second wave Historical Sociology.
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Sahay, Sundeep, T. Sundararaman, and Jørn Braa. The Challenge of Integration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758778.003.0004.
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This chapter explores how the Expanded PHI approach can inform the diagnosis of the fragmentation problem, and solutions to address it. Fragmentation is undoubtedly a ‘wicked’ problem, since trying to address it in one place may throw up new and unexpected issues in others. Integration is positioned as a modern solution, such as the architecture of open health information exchange to address the fragmentation problem, and significant efforts and money are being put in by ministries, donors, software vendors, and others in this area. Various global declarations have emphasized integration as a primary effort in health sector reforms in LMICs. Approaches have also often emphasized ‘big bang solutions’ that have typically not given adequate time for the solutions to take root. The Expanded PHI approach argues for incremental and bottom-up approaches informed by broader top-down visions.
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Lamb, Kevin L., Gaynor Parfitt, and Roger G. Eston. Effort perception. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0015.
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As the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale was not appropriate for children, investigators set about developing child-specific scales which employed numbers, words and/or images that were more familiar and understandable. Numerous studies have examined the validity and reliability of such scales as the CERT, PCERT and OMNI amongst children aged 5 to 16 years, across different modes of exercise (cycling, running, stepping, resistance exercise), protocols (intermittent vs. continuous, incremental vs. non-incremental) and paradigms (estimation vs. production). Such laboratory-based research has enabled the general conclusion that children can, especially with practise, use effort perception scales to differentiate between exercise intensity levels, and to self-regulate their exercise output to match various levels indicated by them. However, inconsistencies in the methodological approaches adopted diminish the certainty of some of the interpretations made by researchers. The scope for research in the application of effort perception in physical education and activity/health promotion is considerable.
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Sahay, Sundeep, T. Sundararaman, and Jørn Braa. Complexity and Public Health Informatics in Low and Middle-Income Countries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758778.003.0007.
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This chapter enriches the Expanded PHI perspective through the lens of complexity. Current technical health systems and institutional developments, including the increasing inter-connections between them, and the uncertainities associated with both context and goals are enhancing complexity exponentially. Simple linear approaches to design and develop systems can no longer work, as they imply trying to bring order into processes which by definition defy them. Cloud computing and big data are offered as examples to depict this rising complexity, providing rich opportunities to materialize them. Many organizations are adopting outsourcing models as a means to manage this complexity. However, outsourcing comes in multiple hues and shades, from a simple use of third party hardware to the externalization of the whole value chain of activities, including the analysis and use of data. Public health informatics in LMICs, which are population-based and taking place in largely resource-constrained and unstructured settings, are by definition problematic to outsource and should be approached with caution. An incremental approach where a ‘cultivation strategy’ addresses uncertainities, and ‘attractors’ draw in user-participants are more likely to succeed.
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Thelen, Kathleen, and James Conran. Institutional Change. Edited by Orfeo Fioretos, Tulia G. Falleti, and Adam Sheingate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662814.013.3.
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This chapter traces developments in historical institutionalist approaches to institutional change. Originally, historical (like rational choice and sociological) institutionalism focused on institutions as “independent” variables, favoring a “comparative statics” mode of analysis. Institutions were relatively fixed and unproblematically enforced rules, while change came through periodic “critical junctures.” A dualistic institutional imagery treated institutions as exogenous for some analytical purposes, highly plastic for others. More recently, historical institutionalists have turned their attention to the dynamics of institutional evolution through political contestation and contextual change. This has allowed the identification of previously neglected processes of incremental and endogenous institutional change.
15
Kress, Alexander. An incremental elicitation approach to limited-precision auctions. 2004.
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16
Taha, Abu-Bakr M. An approach to software fault localization and revalidation based on incremental data flow analysis. 1991.
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17
Eivin, Arkady *. Synchronous circuit verifier (SCV) - an artificial intelligence approach to interactive incremental verification of sequential circuits. 1989.
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18
Kononov, Yuri D., and Svetlana V. Steklova. Long-term Modeled Projections of the Energy Sector: An Incremental Approach to Narrowing Down the Uncertainty Range. Springer, 2020.
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19
Council, Puget Sound Regional, ed. Developing your center: A step-by-step approach : a product of the Urban center incremental development study. [Seattle, Wash: The Council, 1996.
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20
Nik Mustapha bin Raja Abdullah. Estimation of average and incremental net economic values of Oregon ocean sport-caught salmon: An aggregated travel cost approach. 1988.
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21
Gerard, McMeel. Part II Causes of Action, 7 Negligence. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198705956.003.0007.
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This chapter considers cases where the general principles of negligence play a role in establishing that the provider of financial advice or information is under a common law duty to take reasonable care and skill in respect of that activity. The seminal case establishing liability for negligent words (as opposed to deeds) was Hedley Byrne v Heller & Partners. More recently there has been considerable judicial vacillation over the appropriate test for establishing a duty of care in new situations. After some doubts, the principal test of assumption of responsibility has been rehabilitated. In addition, the three-stage approach and the incremental approach must be considered.
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Levy, Brian. ‘All for Education’—Meeting the Governance Challenge. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824053.003.0010.
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This chapter explores some implications for education policy of the research laid out in this book. First, it reviews the empirical results on how context, the quality of hierarchical and horizontal governance, and educational outcomes interact. Both the interests of stakeholders and the ideas which they hold vis-à-vis the system’s functioning shape influence whether low-level equilibrium traps take hold, and how they can be overcome. Second, it lays out a two-part policy approach—practical initiatives for incrementally improving hierarchical and horizontal governance, plus a broader reframing of the ideas surrounding how education and other public services should be provided. The overall aim is to initiate a process which proceeds deliberately, and incrementally, while cumulatively building momentum for re-orienting the system as a whole towards learning.
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Peacock, Linzi, and Rachel Hignett. Acquired heart disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0041.
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Heart disease in pregnancy is a leading cause of maternal death worldwide. In the United Kingdom and United States, heart disease in pregnancy is the commonest cause of maternal death. In Europe, over 1% of maternal deaths are attributable to structural heart disease. In addition, heart disease in pregnancy is a significant cause of severe maternal and fetal morbidity. Whilst the vast majority of women with heart disease in pregnancy have underlying congenital heart disease, most maternal deaths are due to acquired heart disease (AHD). As the risk factors for AHD become ever more prevalent, the expectation is that disease burden from AHD in pregnancy will also increase. Women with AHD benefit from preconception or early assessment in pregnancy by a multidisciplinary team including obstetricians, cardiologists, and obstetric anaesthetists. Risk assessment using the modified World Health Organization classification of cardiac disease in pregnancy will inform frequency of review in pregnancy. A detailed plan for delivery should be agreed in the third trimester. Where possible, a vaginal delivery is advised: caesarean delivery is reserved for women with obstetric indications or with specific severe underlying cardiac conditions. Slow incremental epidural analgesia is usually recommended to reduce the cardiorespiratory work of labour and an assisted second-stage delivery will limit exertion due to pushing. Neuraxial anaesthesia for operative delivery is becoming a more familiar approach and techniques such as low-dose spinal component combined spinal–epidural or slow incremental epidural top-up maximize haemodynamic stability. Invasive monitoring is often beneficial. Post-delivery care is safely delivered in a high dependency or intensive therapy setting. This chapter looks at the general principles of management of women with AHD, and then examines in detail ischaemic heart disease, arrhythmias, cardiac transplantation, aortic pathology and aortic dissection, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, and infective endocarditis.
24
Marshall, Shelley. Living Wage. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830351.001.0001.
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In this groundbreaking book, Marshall presents a a regulatory plan for addressing poorly paid, precarious work in global supply chains. Aside from climate change, inequality and poverty remain the biggest crises of our age. While the top 1 per cent continues to make gains in their share of wealth, the number of low income people in precarious and insecure work is also increasing. In a unique approach that draws on legal sociology, political economy and regulatory studies, this book describes existing regulatory measures that have succeeded, but which have to date attracted little scholarly attention. It builds on these successful experiments to set out a vision for a new multi-level, international labour law that would increase minimum wages incrementally across all nations until they reach the level of a living wage.
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Lev, Shaul, and Pierre Singer. Enteral nutrition in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0206.
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Enteral nutrition (EN) is an integral part of the patient care in the intensive care unit (ICU) in order to maintain gut integrity, to modulate stress and the systemic immune response, and to attenuate disease severity. The timing of commencing EN in critically-ill patients depends on patient status and should be initiated as soon as the patient is stabilized. The energy and protein targets should be estimated and the feed prescription should match the nutritional target. The rate of EN dose increment or the addition of supplemental parenteral nutrition (PN) to reach the nutritional target is still debatable and ranges between 3 days (ESPEN approach) and up to 8 days (ASPEN approach). Micronutrients should be supplemented to all patients. The role of pharmaconutrition is controversial due to recent negative trials, but the use of EN with supplemental omega-3 and GLA for acute respiratory distress syndrome patients is still advocated by ESPEN and ASPEN guidelines.
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Hendriks, Carolyn M., Selen A. Ercan, and John Boswell. Mending Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843054.001.0001.
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This book advances the idea of democratic mending in response to the growing problem of disconnections in contemporary democracies. Around the globe vital connections in our democratic systems are wearing thin, especially between citizens and their elected representatives, between citizens in polarized public spheres, and between citizens and their complex governance systems. The wide scale of disrepair in our democratic fabric cannot realistically be patched over through institutional redesign or one-off innovation. Instead this book calls for a more connective and systemic approach to repairing democracies. For reform inspiration the authors engage in a critical dialogue between systems thinking in deliberative democracy and contemporary practices of political participation. They present three rich empirical cases of how everyday actors — citizens, community groups, administrators, and elected officials—are seeking to create and strengthen democratic connections in unpromising or challenging circumstances. The cases uncover the practical and varied work of democratic mending; these are small-scale, incremental interventions aimed at repairing disconnects in different parts of democratic systems. The empirical insights revealed in this book push forward ideas on connectivity in democratic theory and practice. They demonstrate that even in moments of dysfunctional disconnection, considerable learning, adaptation, and improvisation for democratic renewal can emerge. Ultimately, this book pioneers an approach to analysing democratic politics which might spark a ‘connective turn’ in the way scholars and practitioners think about and seek to improve democracy at the large scale.
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Daly, Paul. Understanding Administrative Law in the Common Law World. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192896919.001.0001.
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This book has three goals: to enhance understanding of administrative law; to guide future development of the law; and to justify the core features of the contemporary law of judicial review of administrative action. Around the common law world, the law of judicial review of administrative action has changed dramatically in recent decades, accelerating a centuries-long process of incremental evolution. This book offers a fresh framework for understanding the core features of contemporary administrative law. Through comparative analysis of case law from Australia, Canada, England, Ireland and New Zealand, Dr Daly develops an interpretive approach by reference to four values: individual self-realisation, good administration, electoral legitimacy and decisional autonomy. The interaction of this plurality of values explains the structure of the vast field of judicial review of administrative action: institutional structures, procedural fairness, substantive review, remedies, restrictions on remedies and the scope of judicial review, everything from the rule against bias to jurisdictional error to the application of judicial review principles to non-statutory bodies. Addressing this wide array of subjects in detail, Dr Daly demonstrates how his pluralist approach, with the values being employed in a complementary and balanced fashion, can enhance academics’, students’, practitioners’ and judges’ understanding of administrative law. Furthermore, this pluralist approach is capable of guiding the future development of the law of judicial review of administrative action, a point illustrated by a careful analysis of the unsettled doctrinal area of legitimate expectation. Dr Daly closes by arguing that his values-based, pluralist framework supports the legitimacy of contemporary administrative law which although sometimes called into question in fact facilitates the flourishing of individuals, of public administration and of the liberal democratic system.
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Drope, Jeffrey, Clifford E. Douglas, and Brian D. Carter. Tobacco Control. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0064.
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Until the mid-twentieth century, opposition to tobacco use was based primarily on moral and social issues rather than specific health effects or strategies to control the problem. Since then, a comprehensive approach has been developed to counter the activities of the tobacco industry. National and international agencies work to protect non-smokers from tobacco smoke, decrease consumption by increasing the price of tobacco products through excise taxes, promote cessation, educate the public about the dangers of tobacco use, prohibit sales to minors, enforce bans on advertising, promotion, and sponsorship, and change social norms about tobacco use. Although this chapter cites mostly examples from the United States, the “Best Practices” for comprehensive tobacco control are now embedded in the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and the WHO Empower Initiative. These interventions were developed incrementally over decades and continue to be refined and tailored for effectiveness at the national and international level.
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Mundy, Peter. A Neural Networks, Information-Processing Model of Joint Attention and Social-Cognitive Development. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0010.
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A neural networks approach to the development of joint attention can inform the study of the nature of human social cognition, learning, and symbolic thought process. Joint attention development involves increments in the capacity to engage in simultaneous or parallel processing of information about one’s own attention and the attention of other people. Infant practice with joint attention is both a consequence and an organizer of a distributed and integrated brain network involving frontal and parietal cortical systems. In this chapter I discuss two hypotheses that stem from this model. One is that activation of this distributed network during coordinated attention enhances the depth of information processing and encoding beginning in the first year of life. I also propose that with development joint attention becomes internalized as the capacity to socially coordinate mental attention to internal representations. As this occurs the executive joint attention network makes vital contributions to the development of human social cognition and symbolic thinking.
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Szmukler, George. Treatment pressures and ‘coercion’. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198801047.003.0009.
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In this chapter, compulsion is presented in a broader context of ‘treatment pressures’. A hierarchy of pressures is presented, each increment moving in a more coercive direction. It comprises persuasion; interpersonal leverage; inducements; threats; and compulsion. The last has been dealt with in previous chapters. The distinction between inducements and threats turns on whether rejecting a conditional proposal—if you do X, I will do Y; if you don’t, I will do Z—results in the subject being ‘worse off’ or not according to a ‘moral baseline’. Threats involve proposals making the person worse off and represent ‘coercion’; inducements, where rejection does not make the person worse off, do not. However, in the context of mental health care, inducements can be problematic. While threats, often covert, are very common in mental health care, they are considered unethical. Perhaps, if regulated, they could have a place. Justifications, across the board, can follow a ‘capacity–will and preferences’ approach.
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Baaij, C. J. W. Legal Integration and Language Diversity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680787.001.0001.
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How is the European Union (EU) to create laws that are uniform in a multitude of languages? Specifically, how is it to attain both legal integration and language diversity simultaneously without the latter compromising the former? The answer lies in the domain of translation. A uniform interpretation and application of EU law begins with the ways in which translators and jurist–linguists of the EU legislative bodies translate the original legislative draft texts into the various language versions. In the EU, law and language are inherently connected. This book critically assess contemporary translation practices in the EU legislative procedure, or “EU Translation,” and proposes an alternative, “source-oriented” approach that promises to better serve the policy objectives of the EU. On the one hand, the EU pursues legal integration, that is, the incremental harmonization and unification of its Member States’ laws, for the purpose of reducing national regulatory differences among Member States. On the other hand, in its commitment to the diversity of European languages, its legislative institutions enact legislative instruments in 24 languages. Contrary to the orthodox view in academic literature and to the current policies of the EU, this book suggests that the English language version should serve as the original and only authentic legislative text and that translation into the other language versions should avoid prioritizing clarity and fluency over syntactic correspondence and employ neologisms for distinctly EU legal concepts.
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Ghiselli, Andrea. Protecting China's Interests Overseas. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867395.001.0001.
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Many countries in history have faced the problem of how to defend their interests overseas. China is not different. China’s Interest Frontiers: The Making of an International Strategy sheds light on the tortuous securitization process that pushed the Chinese foreign and security policy machine to evolve in order deal to the new threats to Chinese assets and nationals in the Middle East and North Africa. Based on a vast number of Chinese language sources, the analysis presented in the book finds that crises, especially the evacuation from Libya in 2011, deeply influenced how Chinese civilian and military elite think about the protection of the country’s interests overseas. Consistent with this development, the emphasis on ensuring that the People’s Liberation Army can play a larger role, along with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, has become a crucial issue for Chinese policymakers. Yet, the presence of many bureaucratic actors, each with its own priorities and interests, was a challenge for the creation and implementation of a clear strategy. In the aftermath of the Arab Spring, it seems that the situation has been improving slowly but steadily, although some changes will take more time than others to be completed. Vis-à-vis an extremely complex challenge, China’s cautiously incremental approach to the use of its military has, so far, spared it from strategic overstretching. Yet, the reactive nature of its strategy makes it vulnerable to shocks. This is especially true as Chinese public opinion has become increasingly interested in how the country’s overseas interests are protected.
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Finch, Emily, and Stefan Fafinski. Criminology Skills. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198799818.001.0001.
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Criminology Skills covers both study skills and research skills in one manageable volume. The text is designed to enable you to develop an integrated understanding of the key skills required to succeed in your study of criminology. A three-part structure introduces you to the skills of finding source materials and takes you through the academic skills you will need to succeed in your degree, before finishing with a section on research methods and writing dissertations and research reports. The book provides an ideal introduction to the key study and research skills that you will need to demonstrate during your study and practice of criminology. Criminology Skills first helps you establish a strong skills foundation before incrementally building to a more advanced level increasing the competence, and confidence, with which you will be able to approach projects that require strong academic and research skills. After an introduction to the study of criminology, the book covers: books and journals; statistics and official publications; media and web sources; criminal law; study skills; writing skills; referencing and avoiding plagiarism; essay writing; presentations; revision and examinations; research ethics; gathering data; quantitative analysis; qualitative analysis; and dissertations and research reports. It is accompanied by online resources.
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Levy, Benjamin R. Metamorphosis in Music. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199381999.001.0001.
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In the 1950s and 1960s György Ligeti went through a remarkable transition from writing music in the style of Bartók to working at the cutting edge of the avant-garde. Through careful study of the sketches and drafts, as well as analysis of the finished scores, Metamorphosis in Music takes a detailed look at this compositional evolution. The book begins with Ligeti’s synthesis of folk music and modernism in Musica ricercata and continues through the turn of the 1970s, examining nearly every major work as well as numerous unpublished studies. It shows Ligeti’s early discovery of twelve-tone technique, the influence of electronic music on his orchestral writing, and his involvement with the absurdist Fluxus group, and it argues that the repertoire of techniques he developed in this experimental period was incrementally codified into the composer’s personal style in the mid- and late 1960s. The conclusion looks at Ligeti’s approach to form and expression at the turn of the 1970s, when one phase of his metamorphosis had run its course, and the new challenge of composing an opera loomed on the horizon. Throughout the book, sketch study works alongside comments from interviews—counterbalancing the composer’s crafted public narrative, revealing hidden influences, lingering attachments, and insights into the creative process, and ultimately helping complete the picture of how he found his voice in a generation straddling the divide between the modern and postmodern eras.
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Brunner, Ronald D., and Amanda H. Lynch. Adaptive Governance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.601.
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Adaptive governance is defined by a focus on decentralized decision-making structures and procedurally rational policy, supported by intensive natural and social science. Decentralized decision-making structures allow a large, complex problem like global climate change to be factored into many smaller problems, each more tractable for policy and scientific purposes. Many smaller problems can be addressed separately and concurrently by smaller communities. Procedurally rational policy in each community is an adaptation to profound uncertainties, inherent in complex systems and cognitive constraints, that limit predictability. Hence planning to meet projected targets and timetables is secondary to continuing appraisal of incremental steps toward long-term goals: What has and hasn’t worked compared to a historical baseline, and why? Each step in such trial-and-error processes depends on politics to balance, if not integrate, the interests of multiple participants to advance their common interest—the point of governance in a free society. Intensive science recognizes that each community is unique because the interests, interactions, and environmental responses of its participants are multiple and coevolve. Hence, inquiry focuses on case studies of particular contexts considered comprehensively and in some detail.Varieties of adaptive governance emerged in response to the limitations of scientific management, the dominant pattern of governance in the 20th century. In scientific management, central authorities sought technically rational policies supported by predictive science to rise above politics and thereby realize policy goals more efficiently from the top down. This approach was manifest in the framing of climate change as an “irreducibly global” problem in the years around 1990. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established to assess science for the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The parties negotiated the Kyoto Protocol that attempted to prescribe legally binding targets and timetables for national reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. But progress under the protocol fell far short of realizing the ultimate objective in Article 1 of the UNFCCC, “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system.” As concentrations continued to increase, the COP recognized the limitations of this approach in Copenhagen in 2009 and authorized nationally determined contributions to greenhouse gas reductions in the Paris Agreement in 2015.Adaptive governance is a promising but underutilized approach to advancing common interests in response to climate impacts. The interests affected by climate, and their relative priorities, differ from one community to the next, but typically they include protecting life and limb, property and prosperity, other human artifacts, and ecosystem services, while minimizing costs. Adaptive governance is promising because some communities have made significant progress in reducing their losses and vulnerability to climate impacts in the course of advancing their common interests. In doing so, they provide field-tested models for similar communities to consider. Policies that have worked anywhere in a network tend to be diffused for possible adaptation elsewhere in that network. Policies that have worked consistently intensify and justify collective action from the bottom up to reallocate supporting resources from the top down. Researchers can help realize the potential of adaptive governance on larger scales by recognizing it as a complementary approach in climate policy—not a substitute for scientific management, the historical baseline.