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1
Skees, Stephanie. "A Scoping Review of Financial Elder Exploitation Interventions." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1254.
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Abstract Elder financial exploitation (EFE), defined by the National Center for Elder Abuse (2021) as “the misappropriation of an older person’s money or property,” is a continuing public health crisis shown to cost individuals at least $2.9 billion a year (MetLife Mature Market Institute, 2011). Many believe this impact will increase exponentially due to the effects of COVID-19. In fact, a recent study conducted by Chang & Levy (2021) found that the prevalence of elder abuse as a whole increased from 1 in 10 older adults to 1 in 5 in the past year. Although increased collaboration between state attorneys general, Adult Protective Services, and financial institutions has driven progress in the field; there is still little known regarding EFE interventions. To address this issue, this study conducts a scoping review of the EFE intervention literature. This approach was chosen over a systematic review primarily due to the lack of a universal definition of EFE, as well as the limited number of studies available delineating between EFE and elder abuse as a whole. The main findings of the review reveal that current EFE intervention practices are focused on preventing abuse before it occurs by addressing risk factors for abuse in older adults; and are largely reliant on Adult Protective Services and the legal system. This finding is significant because state policies differ in their qualifications of EFE, thus leaving many older adults vulnerable and unprotected. Further interventions that address EFE while it is occurring and alignment across governing bodies are needed.
2
Evans, S. M., F. J. C. Fletcher, P. J. Loader, and F. G. Rooksby. "Habitat exploitation by landbirds in the changing Western Samoan environment." Bird Conservation International 2, no. 2 (June 1992): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900002355.
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SummaryThe avifauna of Western Samoa is dominated by indigenous species, including several endemic ones. They are primarily birds of the rainforest and, since the islands have already suffered severe loss of this habitat and there is likely to be increased pressure on it in the future, their long-term prospects are not good. At present, introduced, non-native birds are not a threat to indigenous species, being confined largely to urban habitats, and there is little interaction with forest species. Several indigenous species exploit manmodified habitats, however, and it is possible that, as has occurred elsewhere, some of them may adapt fully to urban life.
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Silva, Marisa, Paula Seijas, and Paz Otero. "Exploitation of Marine Molecules to Manage Alzheimer’s Disease." Marine Drugs 19, no. 7 (June 28, 2021): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19070373.
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Neurodegenerative diseases are sociosanitary challenges of today, as a result of increased average life expectancy, with Alzheimer’s disease being one of the most prevalent. This pathology is characterized by brain impairment linked to a neurodegenerative process culminating in cognitive decline and behavioral disorders. Though the etiology of this pathology is still unknown, it is usually associated with the appearance of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The most used prophylaxis relies on anticholinesterase drugs and NMDA receptor antagonists, whose main action is to relieve symptoms and not to treat or prevent the disease. Currently, the scientific community is gathering efforts to disclose new natural compounds effective against Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative pathologies. Marine natural products have been shown to be promising candidates, and some have been proven to exert a high neuroprotection effect, constituting a large reservoir of potential drugs and nutraceutical agents. The present article attempts to describe the processes of extraction and isolation of bioactive compounds derived from sponges, algae, marine bacteria, invertebrates, crustaceans, and tunicates as drug candidates against AD, with a focus on the success of pharmacological activity in the process of finding new and effective drug compounds.
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Minsker, Karl, Gennady Zaikov, and Marina Artsis. "Achievements and research tasks for polyvinylchloride ageing and stabilization." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 2, no. 3 (September 15, 2008): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht02.03.199.
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Perspectives of polyvinylchloride (PVC) production without labile groups in a backbone have been considered. It has been shown that such production provides drastic increase of an intrinsic stability of polymeric products, possibility of PVC processing with the minimum amounts or in total absence of stabilizers and other chemicals-additives and the opportunity of creation materials and products on a PVC basis with the essentially increased life time. Data allowing to create rigid, semi-rigid and flexible (plasticized) materials and products with the minimum amounts of chemicals-additives and prolonged life time of their service at exploitation under natural and special conditions are presented.
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Robinson, Orin J., Olaf P. Jensen, Mikaela M. Provost, Shuochen Huang, Nina H. Fefferman, Amira Kebir, and Julie L. Lockwood. "Evaluating the impacts of fishing on sex-changing fish: a game-theoretic approach." ICES Journal of Marine Science 74, no. 3 (December 14, 2016): 652–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw222.
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Abstract Sex change has been widely documented in many commercially and recreationally important fish species, yet the implications of this life history trait are not considered in most stock assessments. This omission can lead to poor estimates of parameters vital to understanding the health of sequentially hermaphroditic stocks. Here, we present a game theoretic approach to model the sex changing behaviour of a stock of protogynous (female first) hermaphroditic fish and produce estimates of maximum sustainable yield (MSY), equilibrium biomass at MSY (BMSY) and sex ratio, then compare these reference points to those from an otherwise identical gonochoristic (non-sex changing) stock. We tested each stock at varying levels of exploitation and with a range of assumptions about how sex ratio impacts fertilization rate. We show that a protogynous hermaphroditic stock with flexible timing of sex change produces similar MSY and slightly higher BMSY than a gonochoristic stock with otherwise identical vital rates. Sex changing stocks were also able to maintain a higher proportion of males in the population than did non-sex changing stocks as exploitation increased. Although sex changing stocks were able to maintain their sex ratio, the age at which females changed sex decreased with increased exploitation, suggesting smaller body size, and presumably lower fecundity, for females in heavily exploited sex changing stocks. Our game theoretic approach to evaluating hermaphroditic stocks can accommodate a wide variety of sex changing cues and behaviours and allows a flexible model for understanding the effects of exploitation on hermaphroditic stocks.
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Windsland, Kristin. "Total and natural mortality of red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) in Norwegian waters: catch–curve analysis and indirect estimation methods." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, no. 2 (July 2, 2014): 642–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu138.
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Abstract The red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) is native to the Bering Sea, but was deliberately introduced to the Barents Sea during the 1960s. Since then, the red king crab has spread to Norwegian waters, and crab densities have increased sufficiently to support a coastal fishery. Information about total and natural mortality, which is important to ensure adequate management, is lacking. Estimates of annual total mortality (Z) were calculated using length-converted catch curves in three periods of different levels of exploitation. Separate analyses were run on trap and trawl data as well as on original and catch per unit effort-corrected data. Natural mortality was estimated using a linear regression of total mortality and exploitation level and by using indirect methods based on life history parameters. There was a significant increase in Z throughout the consecutive periods in both sexes. In males, the increase coincided with the increase in exploitation level. The increase in female mortality, which was not explained by exploitation level, is probably an effect of the increase in male mortality. Natural mortality (M), estimated using indirect methods, averaged 0.23 for both sexes. The estimated M using linear regression was 0.37/0.44, which may be an overestimate.
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Xiang, Miao, Andrew L. Rypel, Fei Cheng, Jiao Qin, Lei Zhang, Yushun Chen, and Songguang Xie. "Shift towards Opportunistic Life-History of Sleeper in Response to Multi-Decadal Overfishing." Water 13, no. 18 (September 18, 2021): 2582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182582.
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Understanding long-term changes in life-history traits is central to assessing and managing freshwater fisheries. In this study, we explored how life-history traits have shifted in association with long-term change in population status for a native fish species (freshwater sleeper, Odontobutis sinensis, a by-catch species of shrimp traps) in the middle Yangtze lakes, China. We assessed the life-history traits of the species from Honghu Lake in 2016, where abundance had been dramatically lower following about 60 years of high fishing pressure, and made comparisons to similar data from Liangzi Lake (1957), when fishing intensity was low and abundance was high, and Bao’an Lake (1993–1994), when about 10 years of intense exploitation had occurred and abundance had greatly declined. Modern Honghu Lake sleeper exhibit life-history traits that are substantially more opportunistic compared to both of the historical populations. Modern fish were larger at age-1 and had significantly faster growth rates, a higher prevalence of sexually mature individuals and increased fecundities. Fish from the historical samples were larger and had higher age class diversity and delayed sexual maturation. Combined, the data suggest that faster growth towards early sexual maturation and reduced body sizes are associated with destabilized populations and ecosystems. Similar life-history patterns are common in other declined fish populations under exploitation. Recovering historic fish life-history dynamics requires conservation management policies aimed at reducing harvest and improving floodplain habitats.
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Andersen, Ken H., Lise Marty, and Robert Arlinghaus. "Evolution of boldness and life history in response to selective harvesting." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 75, no. 2 (February 2018): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0350.
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Whether intensive harvesting alters the behavioral repertoire of exploited fishes is currently unknown, but plausible. We extend a fish life-history model to account for boldness as a personality trait that affects foraging intensity, which affects energy intake and risk from predation and fishing gear. We systematically investigate life-history and behavioral trait evolution along the boldness–timidity axis in response to the full range of common selectivity and exploitation patterns in fisheries. In agreement with previous studies, we find that any type of harvesting selects for fast life histories and that merely elevated, yet unselective, fishing mortality favors boldness. We also find that timid-selective fishing (which can be expected in species targeted by active gear types) selects for increased boldness. By contrast, increased timidity is predicted when fishing targets bolder individuals common to passive gears, whether in combination with selection on size or not. Altered behavior caused by intensive harvesting should be commonplace in nature, which can have far-reaching ecological, evolutionary, and managerial impacts. Evolution of timidity is expected to strongly erode catchability, which will negatively affect human well-being and influence the reliability of stock assessments that rely on fishery-dependent data.
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Manzoor, Seema, Dua e. Rehma, Misbah B. Qureshi, and Muhammad Shahid. "Analyzing Level Of Sexual Harassment And Exploitation Of Female Domestic Workers." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 13, no. 1 (September 8, 2016): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v13i1.193.
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This study aims to establish the understanding and producing realistic information about the level of sexual harassment and exploitation of female domestic workers. The study has also tried to analyze the issues which affect the life of women working as domestic workers and facing great challenges. In Pakistan number of female domestic workers is growing dut to poverty, lack of education and inflation. By using quantitative research method researcher has analyzed different factors and circumstances which these women are experiencing, different areas of Karachi are chosen as universe of population for this study. Whereas, convenience and purposive sampling techniques of non-probability sampling method are used in order to collect the data by hundred respondents from different areas of Karachi. In Pakistan now more women are connected to labour force due to increased employment opportunities, on the other hand women are doing work outside their homes to gain their economic independence and the rights and social standing like men in the family and society. But they face exploitation, sexual harassment and discrimination.
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Ollus, Natalia. "Forced Flexibility and Exploitation: Experiences of Migrant Workers in the Cleaning Industry." Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 6, no. 1 (March 25, 2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v6i1.4908.
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Globalization has resulted in structural changes in the labor markets over the last decades. These changes have weakened some of the economic and social dimensions of work. At the same time, migration and especially labor migration have increased on the global level. This article looks at the situation of migrant workers in the cleaning industry in Finland. It is based on interviews with migrant workers who have experienced labor exploitation in the cleaning industry, representatives of cleaning industry employers, and representatives of labor unions. The primary aim is to give voice to the migrant workers themselves and to analyze how they experience their work and their position in working life. The findings suggest that there is a risk that migrant workers in the cleaning sector experience various forms of exploitation. This article argues that the demand and need for (employee) flexibility may turn into forced flexibility that exploits the powerless and vulnerable migrant workers who have few other options than to agree to work on poor terms. The article suggests that the structural reasons that make the exploitation of migrant labor possible should be identified and addressed in order to prevent misuse of any workers, especially migrants.
11
Gaglio, Mattias, Elena Tamburini, Francesco Lucchesi, Vassilis Aschonitis, Anna Atti, Giuseppe Castaldelli, and Elisa Anna Fano. "Life Cycle Assessment of Maize-Germ Oil Production and The Use of Bioenergy to Mitigate Environmental Impacts: A Gate-To-Gate Case Study." Resources 8, no. 2 (April 2, 2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8020060.
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The need to reduce the environmental impacts of the food industry is increasing together with the dramatic increment of global food demand. Circulation strategies such as the exploitation of self-produced renewable energy sources can improve ecological performances of industrial processes. However, evidence is needed to demonstrate and characterize such environmental benefits. This study assessed the environmental performances of industrial processing of maize edible oil, whose energy provision is guaranteed by residues biomasses. A gate-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach was applied for a large-size factory of Northern Italy to describe: (i) the environmental impacts related to industrial processing and (ii) the contribution of residue-based bioenergy to their mitigation, through the comparison with a reference system based on conventional energy. The results showed that oil refinement is the most impacting phase for almost all the considered impact categories. The use of residue-based bioenergy was found to drastically reduce the emissions for all the impact categories. Moreover, Cumulative Energy Demand analysis revealed that the use of biomass residues increased energy efficiency through a reduction of the total energy demand of the industrial process. The study demonstrates that the exploitation of residue-based bioenergy can be a sustainable solution to improve environmental performances of the food industry, while supporting circular economy.
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Hutchings, Jeffrey A. "Life history consequences of overexploitation to population recovery in Northwest Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 824–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-081.
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Changes to life history traits are often concomitant with prolonged periods of exploitation. In the Northwest Atlantic, 30- to 40-year declines of more than 90% of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) have been associated with significant reductions in age and length at maturity, changes most parsimoniously explained as genetic responses to fishing. Increased survival costs of reproduction associated with earlier maturity, resulting in higher natural mortality and shorter life span, negatively affect population growth rate and rate of recovery. Coupled with lower hatching rate among first-time spawners and smaller size at maturity, a modest reduction in age from 6 to 4 years can reduce annual population growth in Atlantic cod by 25%30%, based on the output of a stochastic, age-structured life history model. Earlier maturity more than doubles the probability of negative population growth every generation. These results underscore the potential for fishing-induced changes to life history traits alone to generate slow or negligible recovery in marine fishes, exacerbating negative impacts on population growth resulting from ecosystem-level alterations to interspecific competition and predation.
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Spencer, Paul D., Sarah B. M. Kraak, and Edward A. Trippel. "The influence of maternal effects in larval survival on fishery harvest reference points for two life-history patterns." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 1 (January 2014): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0253.
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Increased larval viability with increased spawner age (i.e., maternal effects) have been observed in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and Pacific rockfish (Sebastes spp.) stocks. Analytical results from a Beverton–Holt recruitment model indicate density-independent maternal effects affected the relative stock productivity and fishing rate reference points. We simulated populations based on Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) and Pacific ocean perch (Sebastes alutus) to explore how estimates of reference points Fmsy and Fcrash are affected by maternal effects and potential interactions with life-history pattern, recruitment autocorrelation, and exploitation rate. Estimates of Fmsy and Fcrash were made from populations with maternal effects using either total larvae (proportional to eggs) or viable larvae (incorporating the maternal effect). Maternal effects have the largest impact upon estimated population productivity at high fishing rates. Estimates of Fmsy and Fcrash for cod were also affected by autocorrelated recruitment variability because of their reduced longevity compared with Pacific ocean perch. These results suggest the importance of evaluating the influence of maternal effects on estimated stock productivity on a case-by-case basis, particularly for depleted stocks composed of relatively young spawners.
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Jedele, Jenefer, Cameron Griffin, and Julie Weitlauf. "Indicators of Elder Mistreatment: Correlates among Veterans Receiving Care in the Veterans Health Administration." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3195.
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Abstract Among community-dwelling adults ages 65 and older, approximately 11% have experienced elder mistreatment (EM), including physical, emotional or sexual abuse, neglect, or financial exploitation. EM research typically focuses on this age group; however, Veterans receiving Veterans Health Administration (VHA) care have increased earlier morbidity, which may accelerate the impacts of EM. Using a cohort of all VHA Veterans 50 years and older with VHA use in 2018-2020, we examined correlates of EM. ICD-10 codes from clinical encounters identified Veterans with indications of EM (n=4,427). A 10% sample of Veterans without indications of EM was selected for comparison (n=530,535). Logistic regression compared EM+ Veterans to the comparison sample and assessed overall demographic and clinical differences as well as differences by age, i.e. 50-64 versus 65 and older. Overall, female gender (OR=5.3, 95% CI=4.3-6.5), non-white race/ethnicity (OR=1.7, CI=1.5-1.9), dementia (OR=3.0, CI=2.6-3.5), PTSD (OR=2.0, CI=1.6-2.5), anxiety (OR=1.3, CI=1.0-1.5), military service connected disability status (OR=1.3, CI=1.1-1.5), and higher Elixhauser medical morbidity scores (OR=1.1, CI=1.1-1.1) were associated with EM. Prior year ER visits (OR=28.0, CI=23.6-33.4), inpatient stays (OR=14.0, CI=11.5-17.0), and mental health visits (OR=26.1, CI=22.2-30.6) also predicted EM+ status. Forty-six percent of VHA Veterans with indicators of EM were aged 50-64. For these Veterans, female gender, PTSD, service connection, and mental health visits were associated with increased risk of EM compared to Veterans 65+. Findings highlight clinical correlates of EMs among Veterans in VHA care. Increased awareness of EM risk factors is warranted and may inform VHA efforts for EM prevention, detection and intervention.
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Sari, Eka Kartika, and Biko Nabih Fikri Zufar. "Perempuan Pencari Nafkah Selama Pandemi Covid-19." Al-Mada: Jurnal Agama, Sosial, dan Budaya 4, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31538/almada.v4i1.1106.
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The perception of women as the number two role in society continues to this day. This knowledge has an impact on women's inferiority and subordination. In addition, the conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic have increased the workload for women at home. The workload for women has increased threefold, including earning a living in it. The woman breadwinner in Kampung Kue Rungkut Lor II experienced this during the pandemic. This article uses qualitative research methods and a phenomenological approach, in order to obtain data on the quality of life in the Kampung Kue Rungkut Lor II community. The purpose of this study was to determine descriptively the condition of women breadwinners during the pandemic. As a result, the “Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar” (PSBB) affected the economic conditions in the Kampung Kue Rungkut Lor II community, and women also experienced three times more workload than men at home. The pandemic has actually added to the exploitation and oppression of women in the Kampung Kue Rungkut Lor II community. Therefore, it is necessary to have further research on the quality of life of women breadwinners in Kampung Kue Rungkut Lor II before the pandemic to find out the differences in the quality of life of women breadwinners in the same location.
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Hamilton, Scott L., and Jennifer E. Caselle. "Exploitation and recovery of a sea urchin predator has implications for the resilience of southern California kelp forests." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1799 (January 22, 2015): 20141817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1817.
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Size-structured predator–prey interactions can be altered by the history of exploitation, if that exploitation is itself size-selective. For example, selective harvesting of larger sized predators can release prey populations in cases where only large individuals are capable of consuming a particular prey species. In this study, we examined how the history of exploitation and recovery (inside marine reserves and due to fisheries management) of California sheephead ( Semicossyphus pulcher ) has affected size-structured interactions with sea urchin prey in southern California. We show that fishing changes size structure by reducing sizes and alters life histories of sheephead, while management measures that lessen or remove fishing impacts (e.g. marine reserves, effort restrictions) reverse these effects and result in increases in density, size and biomass. We show that predation on sea urchins is size-dependent, such that the diet of larger sheephead is composed of more and larger sized urchins than the diet of smaller fish. These results have implications for kelp forest resilience, because urchins can overgraze kelp in the absence of top-down control. From surveys in a network of marine reserves, we report negative relationships between the abundance of sheephead and urchins and the abundance of urchins and fleshy macroalgae (including giant kelp), indicating the potential for cascading indirect positive effects of top predators on the abundance of primary producers. Management measures such as increased minimum size limits and marine reserves may serve to restore historical trophic roles of key predators and thereby enhance the resilience of marine ecosystems.
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Fisher, Jonathan A. D., Kenneth T. Frank, Brian Petrie, and William C. Leggett. "Life on the edge: environmental determinants of tilefish (Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps) abundance since its virtual extinction in 1882." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 9 (May 12, 2014): 2371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu053.
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Abstract Unlike many temperate marine species that alter spatial or depth distributions in response to environmental change, tilefish (Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps) has such specific habitat requirements that off the coast of New England, USA, it is restricted to the normally warm-water, upper continental shelf slope, where it excavates and occupies burrows. In 1882, tens of millions of adult tilefish died suddenly following the intrusion of lethally cold Subarctic water into the tilefish habitat. Here we show that the same climate driver implicated in the 1882 event (the North Atlantic Oscillation: NAO) has also affected commercial tilefish landings throughout most of the 20th century by altering slope water temperatures and likely the tilefish's reproductive success. We also show that this temperature–landings relationship broke down in the 1970s coincident with dramatically increased exploitation. Reconstructions of decadal to millennial scale variations in slope water temperatures explain why no mass mortality occurred following the 2010 negative NAO anomaly, despite being similar in magnitude to the NAO anomaly that preceded the 1882 event.
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Kemp, Jodie, Gregory P. Jenkins, and Stephen E. Swearer. "Assessing the intrinsic resilience of a particularly fast-growing teleost prey species (red cod, Pseudophycis bachus)." Marine and Freshwater Research 64, no. 2 (2013): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12198.
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Understanding the life-history parameters that influence productivity is important in assessing the intrinsic resilience of a species to exploitation. The life-history characteristics of red cod, Pseudophycis bachus, were investigated to assess the intrinsic resilience of this important prey species to increased predation pressure by a range of high trophic-level predators. Red cod has a particularly short longevity; in Australian shelf waters it is uncommon to encounter individuals older than 2+ years. There are few shelf-water species that exhibit the rapid rate of growth that was observed where females and males attained ~300-mm total length in the first year. A particularly rapid growth rate, and a reproductive strategy characterised by early maturity and high fecundity, suggests that the species is relatively resilient. However, red cod is short lived, which exposes populations to large shifts in biomass. Harvesting of this species by predators, particularly during years of poor recruitment, may be significant in shaping the dynamics of red cod populations.
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Souza, Francisco Humberto Dübbern de, Marcos Rafael Gusmão, Frederico De Pina Matta, Ana Cecília Ribeiro De Castro, Andréa Mittelmann, Alessandra Pereira Fávero, and Liana Jank. "Atributos desejáveis para gramados a serem cultivados sob condições brasileiras: uma proposta." Ornamental Horticulture 22, no. 2 (September 5, 2016): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v22i2.841.
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Turfgrass cultivation is a multi-purpose popular practice, associated with life quality of urban populations in consequence of its capability of providing safe, pleasant environments, suitable for recreational and sportive activities. Additionally, it plays relevant environmental functions. For these reasons, turfgrasses constitute an important segment of the agribusiness in many countries. In Brazil, the importance of this type of cultivation has increased in spite of the reduced number of available turfgrass cultivars. Research programs aiming the exploitation of his ample genetic diversity could promote Brazil to the forefront of this type of agriculture in the tropical world. In this work, we discussed and proposed degrees of relevance for different characteristics of grass plants destined for use as permanent ground coverage under a variety of Brazilian situations.
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Stewart, John, and Julian M. Hughes. "Life-history traits of the southern hemisphere eastern red scorpionfish, Scorpaena cardinalis (Scorpaenidae: Scorpaeninae)." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 11 (2010): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf10040.
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Fishes of the family Scorpaenidae (scorpionfish/rockfish) are important to benthic rocky-reef communities and fisheries globally. The present study is the first to provide biological information for any species of the genus Scorpaena (Scorpaena cardinalis) in southern hemisphere waters, namely south-eastern Australia. Growth of S. cardinalis was estimated using size-at-age data from sectioned otoliths. Growth was slow, with fish attaining ∼22 cm after 5 years and 26 cm after 10 years. The oldest fish sampled was estimated to be 33 years old. In contrast to similar-sized congeneric species, males increased in length significantly faster and attained larger sizes than females. Variable recruitment patterns were evident from the age composition of the sampled population. Males of S. cardinalis had mean gonadosomatic index levels (0.09%) an order of magnitude smaller than did the females (2.8–4%) during the March spawning peak. S. cardinalis possesses a cystovarian Type II-3 ovary, a highly specialised form associated with external fertilisation and the production of eggs in a floating gelatinous mass. Traits such as slow growth, substantial longevity, variable recruitment patterns and a highly specialised reproductive strategy may make this species vulnerable to over-exploitation as has occurred with other members of the family Scorpaenidae elsewhere.
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Fuentes, Laura, Hugo Asselin, Annie Claude Bélisle, and Oscar Labra. "Impacts of Environmental Changes on Well-Being in Indigenous Communities in Eastern Canada." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (January 19, 2020): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020637.
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Climate change and natural resource exploitation can affect Indigenous people’s well-being by reducing access to ecosystem services, in turn impeding transmission of traditional knowledge and causing mental health problems. We used a questionnaire based on the Environmental Distress Scale (EDS) and the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10) to examine the impacts of environmental changes on 251 members of four Indigenous communities in the eastern Canadian boreal forest. We also considered the potential mitigating effects of sociodemographic characteristics (i.e., age, gender, parenthood, and time spent on the land) and protective factors (i.e., health, quality of life, resilience, life on the land, life in the community, and support from family and friends). Using linear regression, model selection, and multi-model inference, we show that the felt impacts of environmental changes increased with age but were lower for participants with higher quality of life. The effect of resilience was opposite to expectations: more resilient participants felt more impacts. This could be because less resilient individuals ceased to go on the land when environmental changes exceeded a given threshold; thus, only the most resilient participants could testify to the impacts of acute changes. Further research will be needed to test this hypothesis.
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Magnan, Pierre, Raphaël Proulx, and Michel Plante. "Integrating the effects of fish exploitation and interspecific competition into current life history theories: an example with lacustrine brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 747–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-041.
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We used data from 17 populations of lacustrine brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) of the Canadian Shield, southern Quebec, to test whether early maturity (in males and females) and high reproductive effort (in females) are associated with increased (i) fish exploitation (sportfishing) and (ii) interspecific competition through their effects on growth and survival. The age at maturity of males and females was inversely related to the intensity of both fishing and interspecific competition. Fishing and interspecific competition affect the age at maturity through their effect on adult survival but not on growth, supporting predictions of life history models based on survival. In contrast, we did not find consistent effects of interspecific competition and fishing on the gonadosomatic index of females, which was directly related to survival (in all populations) and to the age at maturity (in exploited populations). These latter results are contrary to the predictions of life history models under the assumption that survival is directly related to growth rate. Our results suggest that reproductive effort and age at maturity are not dependent on growth when survival is independent of growth, as is the case in exploited and sympatric populations experiencing low adult survival but high growth.
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Mason, Olivia, and Nick Megoran. "Precarity and dehumanisation in higher education." Learning and Teaching 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/latiss.2021.140103.
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The increased reliance of universities on a pool of highly skilled but poorly paid casualised academic labour for teaching and research has emerged as a defining feature of higher education provision under neoliberal New Public Management. Based on seventeen visual timeline interviews with academics in the North East of England, this article augments and extends existing studies of precarity through a framing of dehumanisation and humanisation. Specifically, we suggest that casualisation is dehumanising in four ways: it renders individuals invisible; it leaves them vulnerable to exploitation; it denies them academic freedom; and it hampers them in constructing a life narrative projecting into the future. We conclude that casualisation is not simply the product of a reprehensible political economy, but that it is an afront to the very meaning and dignity of being human.
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Wang, Shi Jie, and Jianhua Lv. "Reliability Optimum Design of NWG-Type Oil-Submerged Planetary Gear Reducer." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 1895–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.1895.
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Progressing cavity pumping technology will be extensively applied for oil exploitation because of its advantages such as lower cost, higher adaptability for oil viscosity, sand-content and oil-gas ratio. This pumping system consists of motor, reducer, coupling, progressing cavity pump, variable frequency converter and protector. Among them, oil-submerged planetary gear reducer is one of the most important transmission components, which transmits torque and adjusts the rotational speed between motor and pump. Because the reducer is required to work successively under the harsh down-hole condition of high temperature and pressure for long span, the reliability design and fatigue life become the key technical problems for research. Based on reliability theory and optimum design method, the mathematical model for reliability optimization of NWG-type gear reducer is built up and optimum geometrical parameters are found in this paper. It is testified that, with such parameters, the diameter of the reducer can be reduced, daily oil-output can be increased and life span of the pumping system can be thus lengthened.
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Zounon, Ornheilia, and Etienne Mullet. "Young Beninese People’s Views Regarding Colonization: A Preliminary Study." Universitas Psychologica 18, no. 4 (January 27, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy18-4.ybpv.
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The present study explored and mapped young Beninese people’s views regarding colonization. A sample of 63 students aged 18-20 and living in Cotonou, Benin were presented with 24 cards showing a story that depicted a colonization process and asked to assess each process using a response scale that ranged from “very negatively” to “rather positively”. Each story had four critical items of information: (a) the political/economic situation before colonization (e.g., the area was virtually stateless), (b) the colonial policy of the metropolis (e.g., pure exploitation of the colony’s riches and the building of a minimal infrastructure needed for easing exploitation), (c) the extent to which the average people’s standard of living and life expectancy increased during the colonial period, and (d) the level of brutality with which the colonizer’s rule was applied. Three qualitatively different positions were found: Always very negatively (4%), Undecidable (20%), and Depends on circumstances (74%). This majority position was that, even if colonization deprived African people of their right to self-determination, the colonizer’s action must be assessed taking into account the pros and the cons in each concrete situation. In other words, colonization was, in the case of Africa, not good or bad in itself. This view is in some way not that dissimilar from the one western Europeans may have today regarding past colonization by the Romans.
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Okonkwo, Chukwuma Chris, Francis Odikpo Edoziuno, Adeolu Adesoji Adediran, Enoch Mayowa Ibitogbe, Rasheedat Mahamood, and Esther Titilayo Akinlabi. "Renewable Energy in Nigeria: Potentials and Challenges." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 56, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 528–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.3.44.
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There is a huge renewable potential found in Nigeria which is yet to be explored. The heavy reliance on fossil fuels such as crude oil for its energy production has made it a top contributor to greenhouse gases up to 1.01 % of global emissions. Pertinent efforts have been placed on exploring renewable energy sources given the increased awareness of its sustainability. Furthermore, indicators suggest that crude oil will become a much less significant driver of the energy sector in the coming years. In the light of these issues, this paper presents the potentials that renewable energy has to offer, challenges that could limit its exploitation, and the current status of energy initiatives, including the decade-old renewable energy master plan. Meanwhile, we also discuss the benefits of adopting renewable energy technologies for urban and rural communities. In conclusion, the adverse effect of the exploitation of fossil fuels on the environment, including global warming, glacial meltdown, and acid rain, can be mitigated. Overall, the carbon footprint can be reduced if the potentials are appropriately utilized and converted into an accessible and affordable energy source. Although renewable energy projects have a high initial cost of running over a long life, the cost is small or no compared to conventional sources. The authors recommend the need to explore alternative energy sources that will be environmentally friendly and meet present energy demands.
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Teleky, Bernadette-Emőke, Adrian Gheorghe Martău, Floricuța Ranga, Felicia Chețan, and Dan C. Vodnar. "Exploitation of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Baker’s Yeast as Single or Multiple Starter Cultures of Wheat Flour Dough Enriched with Soy Flour." Biomolecules 10, no. 5 (May 18, 2020): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10050778.
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Sourdough fermentation presents several advantageous effects in bread making, like improved nutritional quality and increased shelf life. Three types of experiments aimed to evaluate comparatively the efficiency of two Lactobacillus (Lb.) strains, Lb. plantarum ATCC 8014 and Lb. casei ATCC 393, to metabolize different white wheat flour and soybeans flour combinations to compare their efficiency, together with/without Saccharomyces cerevisiae on sourdough fermentation. For this purpose, the viability, pH, organic acids, and secondary metabolites production were investigated, together with the dynamic rheological properties of the sourdough. During sourdough fermentation, LAB presented higher growth, and the pH decreased significantly from above pH 6 at 0 h to values under 4 at 24 h for each experiment. Co-cultures of LAB and yeast produced a higher quantity of lactic acid than single cultures, especially in sourdough enriched with soy-flour. In general, sourdoughs displayed a stable, elastic-like behavior, and the incorporation of soy-flour conferred higher elasticity in comparison with sourdoughs without soy-flour. The higher elasticity of sourdoughs enriched with soy-flour can be attributed to the fact that through frozen storage, soy proteins have better water holding capacity. In conclusion, sourdough supplemented with 10% soy-flour had better rheological properties, increased lactic, acetic, and citric acid production.
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Chen, Wen Juan, Zhi Hong Wang, Xian Zheng Gong, Bo Xue Sun, Yu Liu, Feng Gao, and Zuo Ren Nie. "Substance Flow Analysis of Rare Earth Lanthanum in China." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 2455–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.2455.
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Substance flow analysis (SFA) is an established method to analyze the structure and characterization of resource flows or substance flows. Lanthanum (La) is an important type of light rare earth element, which is widely used in the fields of glass, luminescence, catalyst, agriculture, etc. This paper conducts a static SFA for lanthanum in China in 2002 and 2011, including different life cycle stages, e.g., exploitation, concentration, smelting, manufacture, use and disposal. Mining utilization efficiency, smelting ratio, export rate, ratio of scrap to raw material in 2002 and 2011 were comparatively analyzed. The results indicated that the utilization efficiency of La in the production stage of rare earth concentrates increased in 2011 relative to the value in 2002 by 80%, and the utilization efficiency of La in the manufacturing stage increased by 74%. The results also showed that although the mining utilization rate was increased, the resource efficiency was still low and how to increase the resource efficiency is a significant issue for Chinese rare earth industry. On the based of the results, some advices were also proposed, which will provide useful reference information for the green development of Chinese rare earth industry.
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Hernández-Valencia, Carmen G., Angélica Román-Guerrero, Ángeles Aguilar-Santamaría, Luis Cira, and Keiko Shirai. "Cross-Linking Chitosan into Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose for the Preparation of Neem Oil Coating for Postharvest Storage of Pitaya (Stenocereus pruinosus)." Molecules 24, no. 2 (January 9, 2019): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020219.
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The market trend for pitaya is increasing, although the preservation of the quality of this fruit after the harvest is challenging due to microbial decay, dehydration, and oxidation. In this work, the application of antimicrobial chitosan-based coatings achieved successful postharvest preservation of pitaya (Stenocereus pruinosus) during storage at 10 ± 2 °C with a relative humidity of 80 ± 5%. The solution of cross-linked chitosan with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose with entrapped Neem oil (16 g·L−1) displayed the best postharvest fruit characteristics. The reduction of physiological weight loss and fungal contamination, with an increased redness index and release of azadirachtin from the microencapsulated oil, resulted in up to a 15 day shelf life for this fruit. This postharvest procedure has the potential to increase commercial exploitation of fresh pitaya, owing to its good taste and high content of antioxidants.
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Reznick, David N., and Cameron K. Ghalambor. "Can commercial fishing cause evolution? Answers from guppies (Poecilia reticulata)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 791–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-079.
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Life history theory predicts that high adult mortality rates select for earlier maturity and increased reproduction. If such evolution occurs in response to the commercial exploitation of natural fish populations, then the correlated reduction in body size would reduce the yield of the fishery. Earlier maturity and reduced body size are seen in commercially exploited populations. Here, we compare the life histories of natural populations of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) from Trinidad that live in either high- or low-predation environments, which serve as surrogates for the presence or absence of commercial fishing. We can quantify mortality rate and life history variables, including age and size at maturity, in the laboratory and in nature. We have manipulated mortality rates in nature and measured the rate of evolution. High mortality selects for earlier maturity at a smaller size, as observed in commercial fisheries and as predicted by theory. Furthermore, the nature and magnitude of predator-induced mortality are comparable to those caused by commercial fishing. The rate of evolution in guppies predicts similar evolution in commercial fisheries on a time scale of decades. These attributes support arguments that humans, like predators, have acted as an agent of selection when exploiting populations of fish.
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Bespalko, D. N. "The Life of Hunters in the Chita Region: Effect of Organizational and Technical Problems on Fur Trade (1930s – early 1990s)." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 22, no. 3 (October 29, 2020): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2020-22-3-565-574.
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The research featured the effect of household problems of hunters in the Chita region on the fur trade in Soviet Russia. It focused on their everyday life during the hunting season: supply chain, hunting and taiga infrastructure, shared camp property, specialized equipment and food, etc. The study was based on archival sources, reports of hunting expeditions, and memories of hunters. The author defined two stages of organizational and technical arrangement of hunting life in the conditions of the mountain taiga. The first stage lasted from 1930s to early 1950s. The woodlands were socialized, and individual form of exploitation of fishing grounds replaced the group one, which inevitably complicated the organizational and technical issues. The supply system worked intermittently, and no one was in charge of the land development. As a result, the quantitative indicators were low. During the second stage (1950s – early 1990s), the local hunting management improved radically. The hunting areas were officially distributed among collective farms and hunting teams. The newly established chain “procurement – farm – hunter” improved both the living conditions of the hunting population and increased the amount of furs and skins.
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Yin, Da, Pingya Luo, Jie Zhang, Xuyang Yao, Ren Wang, Lihui Wang, and Shuangwei Wang. "Synthesis of Oligomeric Silicone Surfactant and its Interfacial Properties." Applied Sciences 9, no. 3 (February 1, 2019): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9030497.
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During the exploitation of low permeability gas-condensate reservoirs, the mud filtrate, acidizing liquid, and fracturing fluid invade the reservoir and condensate gas, severely reducing the permeability of the reservoirs due to increased capillary pressure and water wettability. For the current paper, an oligomeric silicone surfactant (OSSF) containing sulfonic acid groups was synthesized to improve the flowback of such fluids. The critical micelle mass concentration and critical surface tension were determined by equilibrium surface tension. The surface tension increased with the hot rolling temperature and decreased with the addition of NaCl, KCl, or CaCl2. When the concentration exceeded critical micelle mass concentration, a micelle was formed and its size increased with mass concentration. OSSF adsorption through solid–liquid surface changed the surface chemical composition of the cores and transferred the wettability of cores from water-wet to preferential gas-wet by decreasing the surface energy. At the same time, the increasing temperature led to a change in the adsorption isotherm of quartz sand from Langmuir type (L-type) to “double plateau” type (LS-type) in the OSSF solution. In addition, NaCl decreased the relative foam volume of OSSF while extending the half-life. OSSF decreased the initial foaming volume and stability of the induction period and accelerated sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) formation.
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Kazemha, Anosh Sheikh. "The Role of Eco-Technologic Solutions in Designing Buildings based on Energy-Saving Approach." Modern Applied Science 11, no. 3 (January 26, 2017): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v11n3p112.
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Today, along with the increase in population growth and rapid expansion of cities, the need for urban constructions for to social activities is inevitable. In this regard, though considering quantity and variety of construction to accelerate their exploitation is necessary, but saving energy in designing buildings should also be considered both in improving the quality of constructions, and increasing the life of buildings should be considered in designing and building, because the case in buildings increased costs. Eco-technologic is a concept in which designing a building is done by using the best modern technology of the world and following the principle of sustainable development covering the present and future needs in line with optimizing energy consumption and reducing environmental pollution. In other words Ecology seeks to avoid waste of energy. In this study it was tried to investigate the role of Eco-technologic solutions in designing buildings with the approach of energy-saving by the use of library resources with applied-qualitative research method.
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Sani, Liaquat Ali. "براہوئی ادب ٹی مشی آ دارو تا جاچ او کدکاٹ." Al-Burz 5, no. 1 (December 10, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54781/abz.v5i1.161.
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This article describes the indigenous knowledge of folk medicine which is known as Mashi a daaro in Brahui folk literature. The folk remedies of Brahui have used as indigenous treatment. The exploitation of indigenous drug resources had increased the importance of the nomadic life of Brahui. The study of indigenous knowledge in Brahui folk lore shows the literary importance about folk medicine and other useful plants. Custom knowledge is generally accepted on / conveyed from herbalist (Hakims) and "Poopoo" (Traditional herbalists). At present time transmission of such knowledge from herbalists to folks had been enormously decreased. As we learn from the history of traditional herbalist or poopoo do not tell the specific prescription to the local people. So far credit goes to Brahui folk singers especially Murad Parkoi he saved the history of several herbs in his melodious voice.It further concludes that research should be carried out in the field of phyto-chemistry, pharmacology and biotechnology of these resources in order to save Brahui indigenous remedies
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Hashem, Mohamed, Yasser S. Mostafa, Saad Alamri, Ahmed M. Abbas, and Ebrahem M. Eid. "Exploitation of Agro-Industrial Residues for the Formulation of a New Active and Cost Effective Biofungicide to Control the Root Rot of Vegetable Crops." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 9254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169254.
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This study aimed to produce an economic and stable biofungicide based on a new effective antagonistic strain (Trichoderma harzianum JF419706) via the exploitation of agro-industrial lignocellulosic residues as carriers for fungal growth to control the root rot diseases of vegetable crops. Trichoderma harzianum JF419706 showed a good resistance to a chemical fungicide with two-fold of the recommended dose. It was able to propagate on corn stovers amended with 20% of date molasses, as a very cheap substrate, up to 2.90 × 1016 CFU/g after 30 days. Formulation of the bioagent on the substrate as a fine powder (FTB) increased the shelf-life up to 8 months with good viability (9.37 × 1011 CFU/g). The bioagent propagated itself in the rhizospheric soil about two-fold of the initial inoculum. Application of the FTB, as a seed treatment, suppressed the root rot disease severity percentage of cucumber, lettuce, and tomato plants to 70.0%, 61.5%, and 53.8%, respectively, from the control. The crop yield increased by 50%, 35%, and 30% in the same order of the three crops. FTB promoted the growth and physiological processes of the plants significantly compared with the control. Our study recommends the application of the FTB as a cost-effective biofungicide and biofertilizer in crop management, singly or as a part of integrated pest management, to ensure the sustainability of green farming and reduce the chemical input in cultural practices.
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Farag, Elmoubasher, Reina Sikkema, Tinka Vinks, Md Islam, Mohamed Nour, Hamad Al-Romaihi, Mohammed Al Thani, et al. "Drivers of MERS-CoV Emergence in Qatar." Viruses 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11010022.
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MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus) antibodies were detected in camels since 1983, but the first human case was only detected in 2012. This study sought to identify and quantify possible drivers for the MERS-CoV emergence and spillover to humans. A list of potential human, animal and environmental drivers for disease emergence were identified from literature. Trends in possible drivers were analyzed from national and international databases, and through structured interviews with experts in Qatar. The discovery and exploitation of oil and gas led to a 5-fold increase in Qatar GDP coupled with a 7-fold population growth in the past 30 years. The lifestyle gradually transformed from Bedouin life to urban sedentary life, along with a sharp increase in obesity and other comorbidities. Owing to substantial governmental support, camel husbandry and competitions flourished, exacerbating the already rapidly occurring desertification that forced banning of free grazing in 2005. Consequently, camels were housed in compact barns alongside their workers. The transition in husbandry leading to high density camel farming along with increased exposure to humans, combined with the increase of camel movement for the racing and breeding industry, have led to a convergence of factors driving spillover of MERS-CoV from camels to humans.
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Ware, D. M. "Life History Characteristics, Reproductive Value, and Resilience of Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, S1 (December 19, 1985): s127—s139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-268.
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The energy supply available for growth and reproduction (surplus energy), fecundity, and egg size increase with female size in British Columbia stocks of Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi). Fecundity is directly proportional to body weight, whereas egg weight is a curvilinear function with a weight exponent of about 0.2. The reproductive rate, defined as the product of fecundity and egg weight, is, therefore, proportional to the 1.2 power of the body weight. In 1974, 1978, and 1980 the size-dependent fecundity and reproductive rates were remarkably constant among management divisions along the coast. There is no evidence at present that these rates respond significantly to natural variations in stock abundance or marine climate, in contrast, there were interannual and regional differences in surplus energy that appeared as differences in the growth rate. Cluster analysis of the average length at ages 3–7 indicated that herring returning to the same division to spawn were more alike than those between divisions. An approximate reproductive value was calculated for the Queen Charlotte Island stock from the foregoing information, assuming that the population was momentarily at equilibrium. For the suspected natural mortality rate (M = 0.45), the maximum reproductive value occurred quite late in the life span: between ages 9 and 10. in other stocks of Pacific and Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus), with adequate time series, the growth rates and hence weight-at-age have increased by as much as 50% in response to a combination of fishing and adverse environmental changes which reduced population size. Concurrently the age at first maturity fell by as much as 2 yr. It is argued that the maximum growth response of a herring population roughly defines its ability to stabilize itself. If the maximum compensatory response is a 50% increase in weight at age, the population should be able to sustain an annual exploitation rate between 0.2 and 0.3. In principle, at this level of harvesting the population will be as resilient to a short run of unfavorable conditions as an unexploited stock
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Bornman, Juan. "Preventing Abuse and Providing Access to Justice for Individuals with Complex Communication Needs: The Role of Augmentative and Alternative Communication." Seminars in Speech and Language 38, no. 04 (September 2017): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1604279.
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AbstractIndividuals with disabilities, in particular those with complex communication needs, have an increased risk of falling victim to crimes such as abuse and violence. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) highlights the human rights that all persons should enjoy. It recognizes the importance of communication, not only as a basic human right that is essential to ensure one's protection and one's participation in all spheres of life, but also as an essential human need through which opinions, thoughts, emotions, and points of view can be shared. This article will address four specific articles of the CRPD that are essential for preventing abuse (including sexual abuse) and for providing access to justice for these at-risk individuals. These are: Article 6 (Women with Disabilities); Article 16 (Freedom from Exploitation, Violence and Abuse); Article 12 (Equal Recognition before the Law); and Article 13 (Access to Justice). Seven South African studies that focused on these four articles will be described in terms of their aims, methods, results, and clinical implications.
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Liu, Guiqing, Richou Han, and Li Cao. "Artificial Cultivation of the Chinese Cordyceps From Injected Ghost Moth Larvae." Environmental Entomology 48, no. 5 (September 13, 2019): 1088–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz099.
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Abstract The Chinese cordyceps, regarded as the ‘Himalayan Viagra’, is highly valued for its medicinal benefits. The decline of its yield due to over-exploitation and increased market demand have stimulated efforts to artificially cultivate Chinese cordyceps for over half a century. However, successful cultivation of Chinese cordyceps through caterpillar infection by the fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) and the induction of the fruiting body from each mummified cadaver remains difficult for its complex life cycle. Herein, we report the developmental dynamics of hyphal bodies in hemolymph of injected Thitarodes xiaojinensis (Tu, Ma & Zhang) larvae and the success in artificial cultivation of sexual fruiting bodies from the mummified cadavers in the low-altitude area. We find that not only the numbers of hyphal bodies but also the conversion of hyphal bodies into hyphae played important roles in the mummification of the injected larvae. This cultivation will be beneficial for sustainable utilization of natural resources and provides the possibility for further research on the mechanism of the interaction between pathogenic fungus and host insect.
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Dzihora, Yuliia, and Hennadiy Stolyarenko. "BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN CONTEXT OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY." WATER AND WATER PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL NEWS 29, no. 1 (July 27, 2021): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2218-930012021232378.
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With the beginning of Anthropocene epoch, nature is facing a lot of environmental problems that drastically increased in the last century. On the current rate of resource consumption, soon nature will lose the ability for self-restoration. In order to avoid inevitable consequences of resources exploitation, new approaches should be developed in all areas of human life. Linear economy concepts that were utilized for a long time and were based on use and disposal of each separate resource depending on the purpose is not sufficient anymore. More holistic approach should be applied to overcome the challenges that we are facing now. Application of circular economy concepts for wastewater treatment facilities has a great potential to enhance sustainability of water management. This paper will focus on circular economy concepts applied for modern pilot installation that combines biological treatment and membrane separation and discusses the potential for the full-scale implementation. Since, pilot plant was operated without any chemicals addition it eases the use of the waste sludge that is received as a by-product for different purposes as agricultural application and biogas production.
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Persoon, Gerard A., and Tessa Minter. "Knowledge and Practices of Indigenous Peoples in the Context of Resource Management in Relation to Climate Change in Southeast Asia." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (September 26, 2020): 7983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12197983.
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In this article, we document how four indigenous peoples in insular Southeast Asia (Indonesia and the Philippines) have reacted to external interventions and discuss to what extent climate change has been a factor in the adjustment of their way of life. All groups share a similar environment, that is tropical low land rainforest. However, their traditional modes of exploitation of this environment vary, which can be ascribed to specific geographical and cultural characteristics. In recent years, these indigenous peoples have faced encroachment of their lands through logging and mining activities and the arrival of migrants looking for arable lands. They have developed various ways to cope with the changing conditions, ranging from efforts to retreat into the remaining rainforest to increased resource extraction and losing a long-term interest in the sustainability of their home territory. The younger generation seems to take a different stand towards their future in relation to their natural environment and the way of life of their ancestors. Though there can be no doubt about climate change in the context of insular Southeast Asia, this change is difficult to differentiate from the cumulative environmental impacts brought about by other forms of anthropogenic change, notably forest degradation. Examples that will be discussed in this article are the Agta of Northeastern Luzon in the Philippines, and the Orang Rimba, the Mentawaians, and the Ngaju Dayak in Indonesia.
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Nikolić Topalović, Marina, Milenko Stanković, Goran Ćirović, and Dragan Pamučar. "Comparison of the Applied Measures on the Simulated Scenarios for the Sustainable Building Construction through Carbon Footprint Emissions—Case Study of Building Construction in Serbia." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 10, 2018): 4688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124688.
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Research was conducted to indicate the impact of the increased flow of thermal insulation materials on the environment due to the implementation of the new regulations on energy efficiency of buildings. The regulations on energy efficiency of buildings in Serbia came into force on 30 September 2012 for all new buildings as well as for buildings in the process of rehabilitation and reconstruction. For that purpose, the carbon footprint was analyzed in three scenarios (BS, S1 and S2) for which the quantities of construction materials and processes were calculated. The life cycle analysis (LCA), which is the basis for analyzing the carbon life cycle (LCACO2), was used in this study. Carbon Calculator was used for measuring carbon footprint, and URSA program to calculate the operational energy. This study was done in two phases. In Phase 1, the embodied carbon was measured to evaluate short-term effects of the implementation of the new regulations. Phase 2 included the first 10 years of building exploitation to evaluate the long-term effects of the new regulations. The analysis was done for the period of 10 years, further adjustments to the regulations regarding energy efficiency of the buildings in Serbia are expected in accordance with EU directives. The study shows that, in the short-run, Scenario BS has the lowest embodied carbon. In the long-run, after 3.66 years, Scenario S2 becomes a better option regarding the impact on the environment. The study reveals the necessity to include embodied carbon together with the whole life carbon to estimation the impact of a building on the environment.
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HANDAYANI, TUTY, RIANI WIDIARTI, A. HARSONO SOEPARDJO, FIKA ARIYANI, and EKO BURHANUDDIN. "The enhancement in comprehension for the younger generation of school age in conserving coastal biodiversity in Kepulauan Seribu, Indonesia." Ocean Life 1, no. 1 (May 16, 2017): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/oceanlife/o010104.
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Handayani T, Widiarti R, Soepardjo AH, Afriyani F, Burhanuddin E. 2017. The enhancement in comprehension for the younger generation of school age in conserving coastal biodiversity in Kepulauan Seribu, Indonesia. Ocean Life 1: 20-25. The exploration and exploitation can lead to the ecosystem and natural resources degradation. Kepulauan Seribu of Special Area of Jakarta has been extensively utilized and developed for tourism area, which could lead to the decreasing of environmental conditions. The awareness for keeping the ecosystem and marine life should be developed since early age. The objective of this research is to determine the level of understanding and ability in conserving the marine environment in their neighborhood for school-age generation. The method used in this study was quantitative with descriptive analysis. Two groups of the Junior High School students of Pulau Tidung and Pulau Harapan of the Kepulauan Seribu were provided training on conservation on coastal ecosystems. The education and training encompass the observation activity for coral reef using the Coral Health Chart method, seagrass condition observation through SeagrassWatch method, and introduction in the mangrove ecosystem. Based on the study, it can be inferred that the resulting activity indicated the level of understanding of cognitive abilities of two groups of the Junior High School in those two locations has increased. In addition, they affective ability increased sharply toward the students from Pulau Tidung whereas in Pulau Harapan an occurred a large increase in psychomotor abilities. The conclusion of this program is managed to improve the understanding and ability to act for the younger generation in conserving marine and coastal environments.
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Halim, Agus Abdul, Nugroho Tri Waskitho, and Galit Gatut Prakosa. "Analisis Dampak Penambangan Pasir Ilegal Sungai Brantas terhadap Lingkungan Hidup di Desa Brumbung Kabupaten Kediri." Journal of Forest Science Avicennia 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/avicennia.v2i2.9416.
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Indonesia is a country with abundant natural resources, including those with enough potential, namely the mining sand industry. Mining on a large scale is good for economic growth, but vice versa on the environmental impacts caused. Environmental damage due to exploitation also occurred in Brumbung village, Kediri district. Environmental damage caused by existing sand mining creates problems that must be claimed by all parties. This paper examines how the impact caused by sand mining activities on the surrounding environment. This type of research is descriptive-qualitative, where the research process and understanding are based on the methodology that investigates a phenomenon. To study this problem, observations and questions and answers were made to the miners, the surrounding community and also the relevant offices. The observed location is around the Brantas River where there are sand mining activities in Brumbung Village, Kepung Subdistrict, Kediri District. research in the area is motivated by the phenomenon of the large number of illegal sand mining in the Brantas river, especially in the self-inflated village, which has many pros and cons in the surrounding community. The environment itself is all things, conditions, conditions and influences that are in the space we occupy and affect the things that live, including human life. Population growth has increased the need for clothing, food, shelter, clean water and energy. This results in higher exploitation of natural resources and tends to neglect environmental aspects. Therefore there is a need for research on the study of environmental impacts, both physical and socio-economic activities of sand mining in the berumbung village, in order to obtain an overview of the environmental impacts that occur or will occur. Later this research is to be taken into consideration in making policies related to the problem of sand mining.
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Plattner, Helmut, and Alexei Verkhratsky. "Inseparable tandem: evolution chooses ATP and Ca 2+ to control life, death and cellular signalling." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1700 (August 5, 2016): 20150419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0419.
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From the very dawn of biological evolution, ATP was selected as a multipurpose energy-storing molecule. Metabolism of ATP required intracellular free Ca 2+ to be set at exceedingly low concentrations, which in turn provided the background for the role of Ca 2+ as a universal signalling molecule. The early-eukaryote life forms also evolved functional compartmentalization and vesicle trafficking, which used Ca 2+ as a universal signalling ion; similarly, Ca 2+ is needed for regulation of ciliary and flagellar beat, amoeboid movement, intracellular transport, as well as of numerous metabolic processes. Thus, during evolution, exploitation of atmospheric oxygen and increasingly efficient ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation by bacterial endosymbionts were a first step for the emergence of complex eukaryotic cells. Simultaneously, Ca 2+ started to be exploited for short-range signalling, despite restrictions by the preset phosphate-based energy metabolism, when both phosphates and Ca 2+ interfere with each other because of the low solubility of calcium phosphates. The need to keep cytosolic Ca 2+ low forced cells to restrict Ca 2+ signals in space and time and to develop energetically favourable Ca 2+ signalling and Ca 2+ microdomains. These steps in tandem dominated further evolution. The ATP molecule (often released by Ca 2+ -regulated exocytosis) rapidly grew to be the universal chemical messenger for intercellular communication; ATP effects are mediated by an extended family of purinoceptors often linked to Ca 2+ signalling. Similar to atmospheric oxygen, Ca 2+ must have been reverted from a deleterious agent to a most useful (intra- and extracellular) signalling molecule. Invention of intracellular trafficking further increased the role for Ca 2+ homeostasis that became critical for regulation of cell survival and cell death. Several mutually interdependent effects of Ca 2+ and ATP have been exploited in evolution, thus turning an originally unholy alliance into a fascinating success story. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evolution brings Ca 2+ and ATP together to control life and death’.
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Heins, David C., Kristine N. Moody, and Sophia Miller. "Are solo infections of the diphyllobothriidean cestode Schistocephalus solidus more virulent than multiple infections?" Parasitology 146, no. 1 (June 20, 2018): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118201800094x.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWe performed a long-term natural experiment investigating the impact of the diphyllobotriidean cestode Schistocephalus solidus on the body condition and clutch size (CS) of threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus, its second intermediate host, and the growth of larval parasites in host fish. We tested the hypothesis that single S. solidus infections were more virulent than multiple infections. We also asked whether the metrics of mean and total parasite mass (proxies for individual and total volume, respectively) were consistent with predictions of the resource constraints or the life history strategy (LHS) hypothesis for the growth of, hence exploitation by, larval helminths in intermediate hosts. The samples were drawn from Walby Lake, Alaska in eight of 11 years. Host body condition and CS (egg number per spawning bout) decreased significantly with intensity after adjustments for host size and parasite index. Thus, infections have an increasingly negative impact on measures of host fitness with greater intensity, in contrast to the hypothesis that single infections are more harmful than multiple infections. We also found that mean parasite mass decreased with intensity while total parasite mass increased with intensity as predicted by the LHS hypothesis.
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Chang, Yi-Jay, Chi-Lu Sun, Yong Chen, Yuying Zhang, and Su-Zan Yeh. "Incorporating climate changes into population dynamic modelling: an individual-based modelling approach for lobster." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, no. 1 (January 2011): 122–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f10-148.
Full textAbstract:
One of the most challenging issues in fisheries management is the evaluation of the effects of fishing in the context of a changing environment. Using the pronghorn spiny lobster ( Panulirus penicillatus ) fishery off the eastern coast of Taiwan as an example, we developed an individual-based model (IBM) that is capable of describing the temperature-dependent life history processes and fishery practices for the spiny lobster. We then used the model to evaluate potential impacts of increased ocean temperature on the estimation of mortality-based biological reference points for fisheries management. We demonstrate that a warming temperature would increase the yield-per-recruit and eggs-per-recruit values and consequently reduce the risk of overexploitation under the current exploitation level. However, there is likely a high risk of overexploitation in the long term if higher temperatures induce extra-high natural mortality. The evaluation of effectiveness of size regulations suggests that increasing minimum legal size is proposed as a good candidate measure to reduce the risk of overexploitation for pessimistically unfavorable environmental conditions. This study suggests that an explicit incorporation of the relationships between environmental variables and biological processes can greatly improve fisheries assessment and management.
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Chong, Lisa, Tobias K. Mildenberger, Merrill B. Rudd, Marc H. Taylor, Jason M. Cope, Trevor A. Branch, Matthias Wolff, and Moritz Stäbler. "Performance evaluation of data-limited, length-based stock assessment methods." ICES Journal of Marine Science 77, no. 1 (November 11, 2019): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz212.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Performance evaluation of data-limited, length-based methods is instrumental in determining and quantifying their accuracy under various scenarios and in providing guidance about model applicability and limitations. We conducted a simulation–estimation analysis to compare the performance of four length-based stock assessment methods: length-based Thompson and Bell (TB), length-based spawning potential ratio (LBSPR), length-based integrated mixed effects (LIME), and length-based risk analysis (LBRA), under varying life history, exploitation status, and recruitment error scenarios. Across all scenarios, TB and LBSPR were the most consistent and accurate assessment methods. LBRA is highly biased, but precautionary, and LIME is more suitable for assessments with time-series longer than a year. All methods have difficulties when assessing short-lived species. The methods are less accurate in estimating the degree of recruitment overfishing when the stocks are severely overexploited, and inconsistent in determining growth overfishing when the stocks are underexploited. Increased recruitment error reduces precision but can decrease bias in estimations. This study highlights the importance of quantifying the accuracy of stock assessment methods and testing methods under different scenarios to determine their strengths and weaknesses and provides guidance on which methods to employ in various situations.
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Nazari, Jamile, Vahide Payamnoor, Zahra Sadeghzadeh, Jahanbakhsh Asadi, and Mohammad R. Kavosi. "Increased Induction of Apoptosis in ESCC (Esophageal Squamous-Cell Carcinoma) by Betula pendula Roth Stem Cell Extract Containing Triterpenoids Compared to Doxorubicin." Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 21, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871520620666200811112904.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Esophageal Squamous-Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most life-threatening malignancies worldwide, with a growing incidence in Iran higher than the global average. Objective: The present study, for the first time under patent number (97668), introduces a method using in vitro production of activated-Birch stem cells using biotechnological techniques of tissue culture and plant stem cell culture from Betula pendula Roth (Birch) bark. Methods: In the first step, Birch stem cells were produced in large amounts using tissue culture, and then the amount of triterpenoids of its extract was measured by the HPLC method. In the second step, the cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT, and the IC50 was calculated. The cellular apoptosis in response to the extract compared to doxorubicin was measured using the Annexin V kit and the flow cytometry method. Results: The optimized method introduced in the current study efficiently produced plant stem cells containing triterpenoids in large quantities over a period of 2-4 months. Our findings indicated that the growth of ESCC cells decreased by induction treatment 3 times (24, 36, 48 hours). IC50 values were obtained in 24 hours for the natural bark extract, Birch stem cell extract, doxorubicin and interactions of two extracts with doxorubicin at 300μg/mL, 1700μg/mL, 0.5μM, 150μg/mL, 1800μg/mL, respectively. In the flow cytometric test, the Birch stem cell extract showed the highest percentage of apoptosis, with 92.5% for total apoptosis. The percentage of total apoptosis in doxorubicin treatment was 85.33%, and the combination of doxorubicin with Birch stem cell extract was 88.33%. Natural bark extract and its combination with a lower percentage (69.33% and 70.33%, respectively) caused apoptosis of esophageal cancer cells. Conclusion: Owing to the extinction of Birch in Iran and its inaccessibility and exploitation, Birch stem cells can be cultured as an appropriate alternative source to produce valuable triterpenoids for pharmaceutical purposes. Additionally, according to the results of this study, stem cells can be used to enhance the treatment of esophageal cancer and supplementation with chemotherapy.
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TIRTADANU, TIRTADANU, and SUPRAPTO SUPRAPTO. "Trawling ban impact on the stock density of shrimps in the Java Sea, Indonesia." Ocean Life 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/oceanlife/o010202.
Full textAbstract:
Tirtadanu, Suprapto. 2017. Trawling ban impact on the stock density of shrimps in the Java Sea, Indonesia. Ocean Life 1: 49- 54. The level of over-exploitation of shrimps and the use of destructive fishing gear in the Java Sea caused the goverment of Indonesia to ban the trawl operation since 2015. Information on the stock density of shrimps in the Java Sea is needed for evaluation of the management regime. The aims of this research was to study the impact of the trawling ban on the density of shrimps in the Java Sea. The research was conducted in October-November 2015 and October-November 2017 using a swept area trawl method. The results showed that the biomass of demersal fish and rays has increased but the biomass of shrimps in the Java Sea has decreased that might be due to the predator-prey relationship.The biomass of some smaller-size shrimps such as Metapenaeopsis palmensis, Trachypenaeus malaiana and Metapenaeopsis stridulans decreased, while the biomass of larger shrimps such as Metapenaeus ensis, Penaeus merguiensis and Penaeus monodon increased. This condition caused the changes of dominant shrimps in Java Sea where the dominant shrimps before the trawling ban were M. palmensis, while the dominant shrimps after two years trawling ban were M. ensis. From the results, there is an assumption that the ecosystem is more stable after two years of the trawling ban. Most of the density of larger-sized shrimp increased only in the middle of Java Sea, while the density in the coastal zone still decreased. We suggest regulations to control the quota of fishing vessels in the coastal waters to ensure the sustainability of shrimp resources.