Journal articles: 'Incontinenza'

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Nicolanti, G., F. Sacco, G. Rigon, D. Sacchini, L. Villani, A. Carbone, L. Pontani, S. Nallo, and R. Sacco. "Obesità E Incontinenza." Urologia Journal 57, no. 3 (June 1990): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156039005700301.

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Pol Roux, S., and M. Mane. "Incontinenza urinaria del soggetto anziano." EMC - AKOS - Trattato di Medicina 9, no. 4 (January 2007): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1634-7358(07)70380-7.

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Zaroli, A., S. Fontana, L. Giussani, and E. Ballarati. "Incontinenza Urinaria Da Sforzo Nella Donna." Urologia Journal 53, no. 4 (August 1986): 583–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156038605300418.

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Sacco, F., G. Rigon, G. Nicolanti, A. Carbone, D. Sacchini, P. A. Margariti, and C. Romanini. "Prevalenza E Incidenza Di Incontinenza Urinaria Femminile." Urologia Journal 56, no. 3 (June 1989): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156038905600306.

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Rigon, G., F. Sacco, G. Nicolanti, D. Sacchini, G. Plotti, F. Castaldo, and R. Sacco. "Cause Di Recidiva Di Incontinenza Urinaria Dopo Uretroplastica." Urologia Journal 54, no. 4 (August 1987): 444–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156038705400410.

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Rigon, G., F. Sacco, G. Nicolanti, G. Plotti, F. Castaldo, D. Sacchini, and R. Sacco. "Incontinenza Nella Donna Adulta Con Pregressa Enuresi Infantile." Urologia Journal 54, no. 5 (October 1987): 533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156038705400502.

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Polito, M., E. Caraceni, and G. Gabrielloni. "Incontinenza Da Stress: Riabilitazione Perineale Mediante Biofeedback Pressorio." Urologia Journal 57, no. 2 (April 1990): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156039005700222.

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Gianneo, E., P. Belvisi, S. Cappoli, G. Conti, M. G. Rizzuti, and G. C. Comeri. "Incontinenza Urinaria Ed Elettrostimolazione Funzionale Del Pavimento Pelvico." Urologia Journal 57, no. 4 (August 1990): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156039005700416.

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BERNASCONI, F., G. PISANI, S. ARIENTI, B. VERONESE, S. PITTALIS, M. CONTI, M. TASSI, S. GELOSA, A. BIELLA, and C. CERRI. "Uro-rehabilitation and effort urinary incontinence: medium-term results and analysis of the failure risk factors." Urogynaecologia 15, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/uij.2000.7.

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Sono state studiate 110 pazienti consecutive giunte per la prima volta all’Ambulatorio di Uro-ginecologia dell’Ospedale di Desio per una incontinenza urinaria da sforzo e sottoposte a trattamento uroriabilitativo presso la Divisione di Neuroriabilitazione dell’Ospedale di Seregno negli anni 1998- 2000.

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Dell'Acqua, S., R. Bosia, and C. Zanoni. "Incontinenza Urinaria Post-Prostatectomia Radicale ad Inconsueta Insorgenza Tardiva." Urologia Journal 71, no. 1 (January 2004): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156030407100121.

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Cornago, Dante, and Livio Garattini. "Analisi comparativa del mercato dei dispositivi per incontinenza in cinque paesi europei." Farmeconomia. Health economics and therapeutic pathways 1, no. 2 (June 15, 2000): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/fe.v1i2.714.

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The aim of the paper is to compare and valutate the market of the incontinence devices in five European countries: Italy, France, Germany, U.K. and Denmark. We chose incontinence devices because they are strictly connected with the development of the home delivery. France, Germany and U.K. has been analysed for their politic and territorial importance, while Denmark has been considered for its home assistance system. A common pattern has been applied in every country: first of all there is a general outline of the legislative aspect of the incontinence devices, then the study presents prescription procedure and the different models of distribution. Finally, it shows the competitive systems of the pharmaceuticals industry in every single country. The necessary information has been gathered through relevant literature and interviews with the area operators. The incontinence devices are repayable in all the studied countries, except from France. Every country has different health system (Italy, U.K and Denmark had a public health system; France and Germany has a mutualist health system). There isn’t an evident correlation between the type of the health system and the market of the incontinence devices.

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Sacco, F., G. Rigon, D. Sacchini, G. Nicolanti, G. Plotti, F. Castaldo, and R. Sacco. "Resistenze Uretrali E Atteggiamento Detrusoriale Nella Donna Con Incontinenza Urinaria." Urologia Journal 54, no. 5 (October 1987): 608–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156038705400512.

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Sacco, F., G. Rigon, D. Sacchini, A. Carbone, G. Plotti, F. Castaldo, and S. Mancuso. "Uroflussimetria E Cistometria Minzionale E Diagnosi Di Incontinenza Urinaria Nella Donna." Urologia Journal 53, no. 5 (October 1986): 760–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156038605300518.

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Varela-Portas de Orduña, Juan. "Avari e prodighi nella struttura dinamica dell’Inferno (Inferno VII 1-66)." Revista de Filología Románica 38 (November 16, 2021): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rfrm.78804.

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In queste pagine sosterremo che le principali caratteristiche dell’episodio degli avari e i prodighi sembrano indicare che Dante, l’autore, è interessato a sottolineare la sua funzione nella struttura dinamica dell’Inferno; a sottolineare cioè la funzione dell’avarizia-prodigalità nel degrado della mente umana come inizio del coinvolgimento della ragione nel peccato e quindi inizio della sua perversione. Sosterremo, insomma, che l’episodio è impostato per mettere in rilievo l’inizio del molto progressivo e scandito passaggio dai peccati di incontinenza ai peccati di violenza che si prolunga appunto da questo settimo canto fino al decimo.

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Ferreira Machado, Adriana, Fabrícia Eduarda Baia Estevam, Lívia Cristina de Rezende Izidoro, Hugo Miranda de Oliveira, Filipe Maciel de Souza dos Anjos, Sérgio Teixeira de Carvalho, and Luciana Regina Ferreira da Mata. "MALE URINARY INCONTINENCE AND THE DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY: EVALUATION OF MOBILE APPLICATIONS AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOAD." Cogitare Enfermagem, no. 27 (September 28, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/ce.v27i0.87470.

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Objective: to evaluate the suitability and usefulness of mobile apps aimed at urinary incontinence rehabilitation in the male population. Method: descriptive study, carried out with apps directed to the rehabilitation of male urinary incontinence. The apps were obtained from the Play Store and App Store. The search was conducted between May 3 and 10, 2021, in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The terms "urinary incontinence", "incontinencia urinaria", "urinary incontinence", and "Kegel" were used for selection. The applications were described and evaluated as established in the Applications Scoring System items. Results: Twenty-two apps were selected. Three were specific for men; three addressed exercises for pelvic muscle strengthening and voiding diary simultaneously; and five were compatible with both online stores. Conclusion: most of the available apps have limited functionality and information about male urinary incontinence. This study is expected to contribute to the development of more comprehensive and appropriate software for the male urinary incontinent population.

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Zanetti, G., A. Ceresoli, A. Trinchieri, M. Seveso, J. Bustros, G. L. Prati, A. Maggioni, and E. Austoni. "LA Riabilitazione Vescico-Sfinterica Nella Incontinenza Urinaria: Inquadramento clinico e protocollo terapeutico." Urologia Journal 58, no. 5 (October 1991): 514–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156039105800506.

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Carmignani, G., S. De Stefani, C. Corbu, F. Pirozzi Farina, and S. Poddighe. "Epispadia Completa Sottosinfisaria Con Incontinenza Totale Di Urine E Malformazione Dei Genitali Esterni." Urologia Journal 52, no. 2 (April 1985): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156038505200212.

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Mancini, E., D. Caserta, E. Stillitani, S. Brunori, S. Signore, A. Fico, G. Bellanova, et al. "Incontinenza urinaria nella donna: Inquadramento clinico e nostra esperienza nella terapia chirurgica: Urinary incontinence in women: Clinical classification and personal experience in surgical treatment." Urologia Journal 65, no. 2 (April 1998): 328–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156039806500225.

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After having outlined the clinical classification and physiopathology of urinary incontinence (IU), the authors present their cases which include 225 operations using Burch's colposuspension technique. Patients with 1st grade or no cystocele, slight relaxation of the pelvic floor and no sign of bladder instability were selected for this procedure. The technique is described. Lastly the authors confirm the effectiveness of the method, given the good results and total absence of risks and complications.

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Najjari, Laila, Nadine Janetzki, Lieven Kennes, Elmar Stickeler, Julia Serno, and Julia Behrendt. "Comparison of Perineal Sonographically Measured and Functional Urodynamic Urethral Length in Female Urinary Incontinence." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4953091.

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Objectives. To detect the anatomical insufficiency of the urethra and to propose perineal ultrasound as a useful, noninvasive tool for the evaluation of incontinence, we compared the anatomical length of the urethra with the urodynamic functional urethral length. We also compared the urethral length between continent and incontinent females.Methods. 149 female patients were enrolled and divided into four groups (stress, urge, or mixed incontinence; control). Sonographically measured urethral length (SUL) and urodynamic functional urethral length (FUL) were analyzed statistically. Standardized and internationally validated incontinence questionnaire ICIQ-SF results were compared between each patient group.Results. Perineal SUL was significantly longer in incontinent compared to continent patients (p<0.0001). Pairwise comparison of each incontinent type (stress, urge, or mixed incontinence) with the control group showed also a significant difference (p<0.05). FUL was significantly shorter in incontinent patients than in the control group (p=0.0112). But pairwise comparison showed only a significant difference for the stress incontinence group compared with the control group (p=0.0084) and not for the urge or mixed incontinent group. No clear correlation between SUL, FUL, and ICIQ-SF score was found.Conclusions. SUL measured by noninvasive perineal ultrasound is a suitable parameter in the assessment of female incontinence, since incontinent women show a significantly elongated urethra as a sign of tissue insufficiency, independent of the type of incontinence.

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Hannestad, Yngvild S., Rolv Terje Lie, Guri Rortveit, and Steinar Hunskaar. "Familial risk of urinary incontinence in women: population based cross sectional study." BMJ 329, no. 7471 (October 14, 2004): 889–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7471.889.

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Abstract Objective To determine whether there is an increased risk of urinary incontinence in daughters and sisters of incontinent women. Design Population based cross sectional study. Setting EPINCONT (the epidemiology of incontinence in the county of Nord-Trøndelag study), a substudy of HUNT 2 (the Norwegian Nord-Trøndelag health survey 2), 1995-7. Participants 6021 mothers, 7629 daughters, 332 granddaughters, and 2104 older sisters of 2426 sisters. Main outcome measures Adjusted relative risks for urinary incontinence. Results The daughters of mothers with urinary incontinence had an increased risk for urinary incontinence (1.3, 95% confidence interval 1.2 to 1.4; absolute risk 23.3%), stress incontinence (1.5, 1.3 to 1.8; 14.6%), mixed incontinence (1.6, 1.2 to 2.0; 8.3%), and urge incontinence (1.8, 0.8 to 3.9; 2.6%). If mothers had severe symptoms then their daughters were likely to have such symptoms (1.9, 1.3 to 3.0; 4.0%). The younger sisters of female siblings with urinary incontinence, stress incontinence, or mixed incontinence had increased relative risks of, respectively, 1.6 (1.3 to 1.9; absolute risk 29.6%), 1.8 (1.3 to 2.3; 18.3%), and 1.7 (1.1 to 2.8; 10.8%). Conclusion Women are more likely to develop urinary incontinence if their mother or older sisters are incontinent.

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Martins, José Luiz, and José Pinus. "Use of biofeedback (BFB) in the treatment of fecal incontinence after surgical correction of anorectal malformations by posterior sagital anorectoplasty (PSARP)." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 115, no. 3 (June 1997): 1427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31801997000300005.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate biofeedback(BFB)responses to rehabilitation techniques and physical exercises in incontinent or partially continent anorectal malformations patients after posterior sagital anorectoplasty (PSARP). DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Pediatric Surgery - Department of Surgery - UNIFESP-EPM. PATIENTS:The authors report on 14 patients with anorectal malformations (4 with partial fecal incontinence after primary PSARP; 6 with fecal incontinence after primary PSARP; 3 with partial fecal incontinence after secondary PSARP; and 1 with fecal incontinence after secondary PSARP). All patients were rehabilitated via a BFB program of exercises in order to improve the function of the anal sphincteric muscular complex for a period of 1 -3 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Clinical and manometric control. RESULTS: After BFB, of 4 partially continent patients after primary PSARP, 3 became continent; of 6 incontinent patients after primary PSARP, 4 became continent; of 3 partially continent patients after secondary PSARP, 1 became continent,1 showed no improvement and 1 became incontinent (infection + abscess + fibrosis + important anorectal stenosis). The incontinent patient after secondary PSARP showed no improvement. CONCLUSION: The authors concluded that BFB, used at the appropriate time with patient collaboration, is an important complement to the anatomical reconstruction of anorectal malformations in order to achieve good development and contractile functioning of the sphincteric muscular complex.

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Fatima, Arooj, Fareeha Amjad, Alishba Mustansar, Sajjid Mahmood, and Waqas Latif. "Impact of Urinary Incontinence on Quality-Of-Life among Females Receiving Pelvic Floor Muscles Strengthening Exercises for Urinary Incontinence." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2216984.

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Background: Among women urinary incontinence (UI) is the most familiar problem and complain of lower urinary symptoms in urinary incontinence has found between 15% and 55%. It is a symptom with a lot of influence on quality of life of women majorly in their community-based, confidential and sexual domains. Aim: To see the impact of urinary incontinence on quality of life among females receiving pelvic floor muscles strengthening exercises for urinary incontinence. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Methodology: Patients (n=165) females with urinary incontinence were enrolled. The effect of urine incontinence on female quality of life, as well as the effect of pelvic floor muscle strengthening exercises on urine incontinency. The study inquired about the respondents' backgrounds, daily routines, and the impact of incontinence on their social relationships, as well as the effects of urine incontinence on emotional and mental health. All female volunteers who have been dealing with urine incontinence for a few months will be included in the study. Analysis of data was done by SPSS v.26. Results: They were having physiotherapy for urine incontinency and it had not affected their quality of life but shown a positive effect in their household, social and personal activities. When the standard scoring method of IIQ-7 questionnaire applied the results of 0=Not at all,1= slightly, 2= moderate, 3= greatly, total mean of 7 items was 2.60 and 85% out of 100 get recovered and their quality of life improved by physiotherapy. Conclusion: It was concluded that the females who were receiving pelvic floor muscles strengthening exercises had good quality of life and urinary incontinence had not affected their quality of life (IIQ-7 score = 2.60) and had good impact on their quality of life. Keywords: Urine Incontinency, Quality of Life, Physiotherapy and Pelvic Floor Muscles.

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Naumann, Gert, Thomas Hitschold, Dominique Frohnmeyer, Peter Majinge, and Rainer Lange. "Sexual Disorders in Women with Overactive Bladder and Urinary Stress Incontinence Compared to Controls: A Prospective Study." Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 81, no. 09 (September 2021): 1039–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1499-8392.

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Abstract Introduction and Hypothesis Female urinary incontinence (UI) has a negative impact on sexual function and sexual quality of life (QoL) in women. But there is still no consensus on the type of UI or the prevalence of sexual dysfunction (SD). The aim of the study was to evaluate sexual disorders in women with overactive bladder (OAB) compared to patients with urinary stress incontinence (SUI) and healthy controls. Materials and Methods 106 women presenting to a urogynecological outpatient clinic (referral clinic) were investigated using standardized questionnaires and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI-d). All 65 incontinent women underwent a full urodynamic examination; the controls (31) were non-incontinent women in the same age range who came for routine check-ups or minor disorders not involving micturition or pelvic floor function. Women with mixed urinary incontinence, a history of previous medical or surgical treatment for UI, recurrent urinary tract infections, previous radiation therapy or pelvic organ prolapse of more than stage 2 on the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) system were excluded. Results 100 questionnaires could be evaluated (94.3%). Thirty-four women had urinary stress incontinence, 35 had OAB, 31 were controls. Mean age was 56 years, with no significant differences between groups. The scores of the questionnaire ranged from 2 to 35.1 points. The median score of OAB patients was significantly lower (17.6) than the median score of the controls (26.5; p = 0,004). The stress-incontinent women had a score of 21.95, which was lower than that of the controls but statistically non-significant (p = 0.051). In all subdomains, the OAB patients had lower scores than the stress-incontinent women and significantly lower values than the control group. Most striking was the impairment of “sexual interest in the last 4 weeks”. The figure for “none or almost no sexual activity” was 80% for the OAB group, 64.7% for the group of stress-incontinent women and 48% for the control group. Incontinence during intercourse was reported by one OAB patient and 4 stress-incontinent women but did not occur in the control group. Conclusions There is a high prevalence of SD in women with urinary incontinence. Patients with OAB reported a greater negative impact on sexual function and had significantly lower scores for the FSFI questionnaire than patients with stress incontinence or controls.

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Smolnova, Tatyana Yu, and D. M. Lukyanova. "The role of genetic polymorphisms and growth factors in pathogenesis of urgent and mixed urinary incontinence in women." Medical Journal of the Russian Federation 22, no. 6 (December 15, 2016): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2106-2016-22-5-325-328.

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The purpose of study. To analyze genetic polymorphisms of receptors of bladder, structural components of intercellular matrix of urinary excretion organs, molecular biochemical mechanisms of regulation of function of bladder and urethra resulting in urinary incontinency. Materials and methods. The analysis of publication data concerning genetic polymorphisms and molecular biochemical mechanisms of development of urinary incontinence in women. The results. The publication data is presented concerning impact of genetic polymorphisms of receptors of detrusor on development of urgent and mixed urinary incontinency in women. The corresponding molecular genetic and biochemical processes underlying detrusor sphincter dyssynergia in women are considered. Conclusion. The urinary incontinence is a multifactorial pathology developing due to alterations at systemic, organic, tissular and cellular levels. Such growth factors as bFGF, TGFβ, CTGF contribute into pathogenesis of urgent and partially mixed urinary incontinency resulting in intensification of unstripped muscle cohesions of detrusor, obstructive miohypertrophy and fibrosis of bladder wall. The altered adrenalin reactivity of urinary excretion ways plays particular role in pathogenesis of urgent component of urinary incontinence. And vice versa, damage of structure of connective tissue in patients with polymorphism COL1A1 or disorder of molecular biochemical mechanism of action of cytokines TGFβ and CTGF provoke insufficiency of sphincter apparatus of urinary excretion ways. The totality of enumerated mechanisms results in development of stress urinary incontinency. The elaboration of individual approach to selection of treatment method requires consideration of mentioned mechanisms of development of urinary incontinence including form and severity of disease.

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Callard, Jason, Mary A. McLoughlin, Julie K. Byron, and Dennis J. Chew. "Urinary Incontinence in Juvenile Female Soft-Coated Wheaten Terriers: Hospital Prevalence and Anatomic Urogenital Anomalies." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 52, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-6220.

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Urinary incontinence in juvenile female dogs is often associated with urogenital anatomic anomalies. Study objectives include: (1) determine hospital prevalence of urinary incontinence in juvenile female soft-coated wheaten terriers (SCWTs) compared to other affected dogs; (2) characterize anatomic anomalies affecting urinary incontinent juvenile female SCWTs utilizing uroendoscopy; and (3) compare incidence of ectopic ureters, paramesonephric remnants, and short urethras in juvenile female urinary incontinent SCWTs to other juvenile female dogs with urinary incontinence. We hypothesize juvenile SCWTs have an increased prevalence of urinary incontinence and an increased incidence of ectopic ureters, paramesonephric remnants, and short urethras compared to non-SCWTs with urinary incontinence within our hospital population. Medical records of female dogs 6 mo of age and younger with clinical signs of urinary incontinence and video uroendoscopic evaluation presenting to The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center from January 2000 to December 2011 were reviewed. Twelve juvenile SCWTs and 107 juvenile non-SCWTs met the inclusion criteria. Juvenile SCWTs were found to have an increased hospital prevalence of urinary incontinence compared to other affected breeds. Observed anomalies in SCWTs include: ectopic ureters, shortened urethras, paramesonephric remnants, and bifid vaginas. This information will help guide veterinarians in recognizing a breed-related disorder of the lower urogenital tract in SCWTs.

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Roehl, Barbara, and Edward M. Buchanan. "Urinary Incontinence Evaluation and the Utility of Pessaries in Older Women." Care Management Journals 7, no. 4 (December 2006): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/cmj-v7i4a007.

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Urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse are common conditions affecting the elderly. A careful evaluation of urinary incontinence, including history and physical examination, will often determine the etiology of this condition. Vaginal pessaries are a safe and effective treatment for both urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. They should be considered a viable alternative to surgery especially in the elderly with complicated medical histories. This article reviews the etiology of urinary incontinence, offers a guide in the evaluation of the incontinent woman, and reviews the use of pessaries for the treatment of incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse.

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Ho, Louisa K., Gregory C. Troy, and Don R. Waldron. "Clinical Outcomes of Surgically Managed Ectopic Ureters in 33 DogsS." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 47, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-5495.

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Factors that predict postoperative continence and incontinence were evaluated in 33 female dogs with surgically corrected ectopic ureters. The current study found that intramural or extramural, left- or right-sided, and unilateral or bilateral ectopic ureters were not significant factors influencing postoperative incontinence in affected dogs. The presence of either hydroureter or urinary tract infection was also not significantly associated with postoperative incontinence. Dogs with ectopic ureters that were incontinent postsurgically tended to remain unresolved.

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Siproudhis, L., E. Bellissant, F. Juguet, H. Allain, J.-F. Bretagne, and M. Gosselin. "Perception of and adaptation to rectal isobaric distension in patients with faecal incontinence." Gut 44, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 687–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.44.5.687.

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BACKGROUNDPerception of, and adaptation of the rectum to, distension probably play an important role in the maintenance of continence, but perception studies in faecal incontinence provide controversial conclusions possibly related to methodological biases. In order to better understand perception disorders, the aim of this study was to analyse anorectal adaptation to rectal isobaric distension in subjects with incontinence.PATIENTS/METHODSBetween June 95 and December 97, 97 consecutive patients (nine men and 88 women, mean (SEM) age 55 (1) years) suffering from incontinence were evaluated and compared with 15 healthy volunteers (four men and 11 women, mean age 48 (3) years). The patients were classified into three groups according to their perception status to rectal isobaric distensions (impaired, 22; normal, 61; enhanced, 14). Anal and rectal adaptations to increasing rectal pressure were analysed using a model of rectal isobaric distension.RESULTSThe four groups did not differ with respect to age, parity, or sex ratio. Magnitude of incontinence, prevalence of pelvic disorders, and sphincter defects were similar in the incontinent groups. When compared with healthy controls, anal pressure and rectal adaptation to distension were decreased in incontinent patients. When compared with incontinent patients with normal perception, patients with enhanced perception experienced similar rectal adaptation but had reduced anal pressure. In contrast, patients with impaired perception showed considerably decreased rectal adaptation but had similar anal pressure.CONCLUSIONAbnormal sensations during rectal distension are observed in one third of subjects suffering from incontinence. These abnormalities may reflect hyperreactivity or neuropathological damage of the rectal wall.

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Higa, Rosângela, Maria Helena Baena de Moraes Lopes, and Carlos Arturo Levi D'Ancona. "Male incontinence: a critical review of the literature." Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem 22, no. 1 (March 2013): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-07072013000100028.

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The aim was to identify and analyze studies on the quality of life and life experiences of men with urinary incontinence. Through critical review of the literature, data were analyzed using content analysis technique based on psychodynamic references. The results were grouped into two themes: Psychosocial lived experience aspects of men with urinary incontinence; Men's lived experience in the management of urinary incontinence. Men with urinary incontinence experienced a low self-image along with a sense of social stigma associated to the image of a deteriorated body. Seeking treatment when the incontinence is mild and making use of psychological and social mechanisms to adapt to the urinary incontinence. The study shows that incontinent men to have low expectation regarding treatment due to the lack of knowledge about existing therapies and strategies to urinary loss control.

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Di Giovacchino, G., M. Cellini, S. Guerri, A. Ledda, I. Pierangeli, R. Rossetti, and M. Peresson. "Valutazione combinata ecourodinamica clinica e neurofisiologica per la predizione di efficacia riabilitativa in soggetti con incontinenza urinaria: Echourodynamic and neurophysiological screening in patients with urinary incontinence for the evaluation of rehabilitative prognosis." Urologia Journal 62, no. 1 (February 1995): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156039506200113.

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Minaglia, Steven M. "Diagnostic Ultrasound to Evaluate Fecal Incontinence in Women: Clinical Overview and Current Applications." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 4, no. 1 (2010): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1124.

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Abstract Ultrasound is now frequently used in the evaluation of women with pelvic floor disorders. It has been applied to such diverse disorders such as voiding dysfunction, urinary and fecal incontinence, and defecatory dysfunction. A well-defined application of ultrasound is in the evaluation of fecal incontinence, where visualization of the anal sphincter complex and puborectalis muscle helps quantify both structure and function. The purpose of this review is to outline the clinical problem of fecal incontinence and to define the role of ultrasound in the evaluation of fecal incontinence in women. Objectives Outline the clinical problem of fecal incontinence Describe the anatomy of the anal sphincter complex Describe the role ultrasound plays in the evaluation of the fecal incontinent patient

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Crome, Peter, Allison E. Smith, Alexandra Withnall, and Ronan A. Lyons. "Urinary and faecal incontinence: prevalence and health status." Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 11, no. 2 (May 2001): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959259801011224.

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Incontinence is a common and distressing condition of later life. Prevalence studies have reported rates of urinary incontinence from about 3% to 60%, depending on how incontinence is defined and the type of population studied. There is much less information about the prevalence of faecal incontinence. However, some studies have found approximately 2% of the general population and about 60% of the nursing home population to be incontinent of faeces. Although some studies have examined the impact of urinary incontinence on health status, the impact of faecal incontinence has not been investigated previously. Quantification of the prevalence and specific impact on health of common disorders such as incontinence will help commissioners and providers in the prioritization of diagnostic and therapeutic services for this distressing condition. With this in mind, we report the relevant results of the Tipping the Balance Survey, which quantified the prevalence and impact on self-perceived health, anxiety and depression of both faecal and urinary incontinence.

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Yasmin, Lubna, and Ferdousi Begum. "Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence in Women." Bangladesh Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 33, no. 1 (July 3, 2020): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjog.v33i1.43548.

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Objective: The objectives of the study were to find out the prevalence of urinary incontinencein women. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on five hundred one (501)women older than 18 years of age who were admitted in department of obstetrics andgynaecology of Shaheed Suhrawardi Medical College and Hospital from April to December2009, answered a questionnaire about urinary incontinence. They were grouped accordingto presence or absence of urinary incontinence (incontinent and continent) and type ofincontinence present (urge, stress and mixed). Results: Urinary incontinence was found in 104(20.8%) women, out of which 25 (24%)suffered from stress incontinence only, 21 (20.2%) suffered from urge incontinence and58(55.8%) suffered mixed incontinence. Conclusions: One in five women older than 18 years of age suffer from one or other formof urinary Incontinence. Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2018; Vol. 33(1) : 59-62

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Silva, Maria Francisca, Rui Prado Costa, Carla Maria Oliveira, and Susana Moreira. "A Incontinência Urinária em Mulheres Praticantes de Exercício Recreativo: Um Estudo Transversal." Acta Médica Portuguesa 34, no. 11 (November 2, 2021): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.14004.

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Introduction: Urinary incontinence affects up to one third of women in Portugal. Exercise can be a precipitating/aggravating factor but also protective, if appropriate. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence in women who practice recreational exercise, to assess its relationship with the type of exercise and other coexisting risk factors, and assess whether the topic is addressed in gyms.Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study using self-reported questionnaires in gyms in Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal.Results: Two hundred and ninety women completed the questionnaires. From these, 67.6% were under 40 years old, 25.2% reported incontinence, and 53.4% had at least one risk factor unrelated to exercise. There was a statistically significant association (p < 0.05) between incontinence, obesity and constipation. High impact exercises were included in the training of 62.1% continent and 50.9% incontinent women. The topic of incontinence and strengthening of the pelvic floor muscles was addressed in only 5.5% in the initial assessment, 9.7% in collective training, and in 13.5% of the 37 women with individualized training.Discussion: The higher proportion of continent women - compared to incontinent - who practiced strenuous exercise suggests that this might be a provocative factor for some, although there was no statistically significant association between incontinence and type of exercise.Conclusion: Urinary incontinence affects women who practice recreational exercise, regardless of age and exercise characteristics. It is rarely addressed in gyms, and it is necessary to raise the awareness of professionals to enhance the preventive/therapeutic effects of exercise on the function of the pelvic floor and in the control of modifiable risk factors.

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Carvalhais, Alice, Thuane Da Roza, Sofia Vilela, Renato Jorge, and Kari Bø. "Association Between Physical Activity Level and Pelvic Floor Muscle Variables in Women." International Journal of Sports Medicine 39, no. 13 (October 16, 2018): 995–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0596-7531.

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AbstractIn order to investigate the potential impact of physical activity (PA) on pelvic floor muscle (PFM) function, a cross-sectional study was made to analyse the association between PA level and vaginal resting pressure (VRP) and PFM strength and endurance. Thirty-eight continent women and 20 women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) aged 19 to 49 years were enrolled in the study. PFM variables were assessed by manometry. The PA level was assessed through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire – Short Form. The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence – Short Form was applied to identify SUI. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were applied to estimate the association between PA and PFM variables. Incontinent women were classified as having a high PA level compared to the continent ones (65.0% vs 34.2%, respectively; p=0.030). There was a positive weak association between PA and VRP in continent (r=0.377) and an inverse association in incontinent women (r=−0.458). No associations were found between PA and PFM strength and endurance. Further studies are needed in order to identify a causal association between PA and SUI.

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Osipova, Natalya A., Dariko A. Niauri, and Alexander M. Gzgzyan. "Renal ionoregulation function in incontinent women." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 65, no. 2 (March 15, 2016): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd65244-53.

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Renal ionoregulation function was studied in 143 women with stress incontinence, in 43 with urge incontinence and in 91 with mixed incontinence. Total polyuria was diagnosed in 8,7 ± 1,7% and nocturnal polyuria in 21,7 ± 2,5% incontinent wonen. Changes in kidney function in total and nocturnal polyuria appear to be due not to a decrease in water reabsorption in the renal collecting duct but to reduction of ion reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of the Henle loop. Due to this defect, reabsorption of ions and water is decreased; as a result, lager volumes of fluid enter the collecting ducts.

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Herschorn, Sender. "Update on management of post-prostatectomy incontinence in 2013." Canadian Urological Association Journal 7, no. 9-10 (October 8, 2013): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.1621.

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Surgical intervention is often required to address urinary incontinence post-prostatectomy. This summary provides an overview of surgical intervention in post-prostatectomy incontinent patients and of the evidence supporting the various surgical interventions currently in use.

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Ceresoli, A., G. Zanetti, M. Seveso, A. Trinchieri, and P. Baroni. "Trattamento dell'incontinenza urinaria nel paziente operato per IPB." Urologia Journal 61, no. 1_suppl (January 1994): 158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156039406101s47.

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One complication of prostatectomy is urinary incontinence. In this study we treated 21 patients who were incontinent after surgery. Bladder training, after correct evaluation of the bladder and sphincteric situation, was our method of treatment in this situation.

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Papadopoulos, M., and R. Jordaan. "Urinary incontinence with special reference to the geriatric patient." South African Journal of Physiotherapy 55, no. 3 (August 31, 1999): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajp.v55i3.569.

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Problems involving the urinary tract, particularly urinary incontinence, tend to become more common with age. Urinary incontinence is a prevalent problem in the elderly and its medical, social and economic costs are significant. Patients are often too embarrassed or unwilling to seek treatment, as it is often seen as an inevitable corollary of old age, as it is not considered a life-threatening ailment and also because they assume that it is untreatable. The physiotherapist can play a very important role in both the prevention and management of incontinence, but sadly, very few physiotherapists are prepared to take this challenge. The aim of this review is to provide information, with specific reference to the elderly, regarding the prevalence, risk factors and causes of incontinence. The history and examining of the incontinent patient are discussed and management of the different types of incontinence are mentioned.

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Ferreira Machado, Adriana, Fabrícia Eduarda Baia Estevam, Lívia Cristina de Rezende Izidoro, Hugo Miranda de Oliveira, Filipe Maciel de Souza dos Anjos, Sérgio Teixeira de Carvalho, and Luciana Regina Ferreira da Mata. "INCONTINENCIA URINARIA MASCULINA Y TECNOLOGÍA DIGITAL: EVALUACIÓN DE APLICACIONES MÓVILVES DISPONÍVEIS PARA DOWNLOAD." Cogitare Enfermagem, no. 27 (September 28, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/ce.v27i0.87471.

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Objetivo: evaluar la idoneidad y utilidad de las aplicaciones móviles para la rehabilitación de la incontinencia urinaria en la población masculina. Método: estudio descriptivo, realizado con aplicaciones dirigidas a la rehabilitación de la incontinencia urinaria masculina. Las aplicaciones se obtuvieron de Play Store y App Store. La búsqueda se realizó entre el 3 y el 10 de mayo de 2021 en Minas Gerais, Brasil. Para la selección se utilizaron los términos “incontinência urinária”, “incontinencia urinaria”, “urinary incontinence” e “Kegel”. Las solicitudes fueron descritas y evaluadas según lo establecido en los ítems del Applications Scoring System. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 22 aplicaciones. Tres eran específicos para hombres; tres abordaban ejercicios para fortalecer la musculatura pélvica y miccional simultáneamente; y cinco eran compatibles con ambas salas virtuales. Conclusión: la mayoría de las aplicaciones disponibles tienen funcionalidades e información limitada sobre la incontinencia urinaria masculina. Se espera que este estudio contribuya al desarrollo de softwares más completos y adecuados para la población masculina con incontinencia urinaria.

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Carreño Parra, Lina Maria, Karen Viviana Mora, Greys Johanna Urán, and Adriana Angarita-Fonseca. "Factores de riesgo asociados a incontinencia urinaria en una población de mujeres en edad fértil de Bucaramanga, 2011." Revista Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud UDES 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20320/rfcsudes.v1i1.203.

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Objetivo: Establecer los factores de riesgo asociados a incontinencia urinaria en mujeres en edad fértil de 10 a 49 años del barrio Girardot, Bucaramanga 2011. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio tipo transversal, se aplicó una encuesta mediante entrevista, entre marzo y mayo de 2011, a 80 mujeres seleccionadas por conveniencia (34±11,9 años). Se estableció la asociación mediante regresiones de Poisson simples y múltiples. La variable dependiente fue incontinencia urinaria definida como un puntaje mayor que cero en el cuestionario International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short-Form (ICIQ-SF). Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de incontinencia urinaria de 63,75% (IC95% 52,24-74,21), la prevalencia de incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo fue de 50% (IC95% 38,8-61,2) y de urgencia de 11,3% (IC95% 4,2-18,3). En el análisis multivariado se encontró asociación entre fumadora activa e incontinencia urinaria [RP 1,6 (IC95% 1,3-2,1)]. Conclusión: La identificación de factores de riesgo asociados a incontinencia urinaria es importante para desarrollar intervenciones que disminuyan la carga de este fenómeno en la población general.

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Obedian, Edward, Shawn H. Zimberg, Deepak A. Kapoor, and Carl A. Olsson. "Urinary function after image-guided intensity modulated radiation therapy (IG-IMRT) of localized prostate cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2014): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.4_suppl.141.

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141 Background: Men choosing treatment for prostate cancer risk potential urinary dysfunction or incontinence. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of high dose image-guided intensity modulated radiation therapy (IG-IMRT) on urine control and function in such men. Methods: Between March 31, 2008 and September 28, 2012, 3,602 men received high dose IG-IMRT for localized prostate cancer with sufficient data for review, including baseline and minimum 11 month follow-up evaluation of urine control and function. The latter were determined by a urinary continence grading questionnaire and the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). These questionnaires were completed by all men prior to radiation (baseline) and at every follow up visit. The continence questionnaire separated patients as G0: no incontinence, G1: minimal incontinence not requiring pads, G2: incontinence requiring pads, and G3: incontinence interfering with daily life activities. Men with IPSS scores of 0 to 7 were deemed mildly, 8 to 19 moderately, and 20 to 35 severely symptomatic. Typical therapy was 8100 cGy delivered to the prostate in 45 fractions. Pelvic lymph nodes were treated in 13% (458) of the cases. Results: At baseline, incontinence grading in our 3,602 men was G0 in 3,086 (86%), G1 in 479 (13%) and G2/3 in 37 (1%) and IPSS was 0-7 in 2092 (58%), 8 to 19 in 1,276 (35%) and 20 or more in 233 (6.5%). After IG-IMRT, 2,635 (85%) of baseline GO men remained continent, 408 (13%) developed G1 incontinence and 43 (1.1%) developed G2/3 incontinence. Of 479 baseline G1 incontinent men, 259 (54%) improved to G0. Of 37 baseline G2/G3 incontinent men, 21 (57%) improved to G0/1 incontinence. In 2,092 mildly symptomatic men by IPSS (average 3.5 at baseline), there was a rise to 5.4 but 1,619 (77%) remained mildly symptomatic. In the 1,276 moderately symptomatic men at baseline the average IPSS (12) decreased to 9.8 at last follow up (p<0.001). Similarly, in the 233 severely symptomatic men at baseline the average IPSS (24) dropped to 13 at last follow up (p<0.001). Conclusions: Urinary incontinence following high dose IG-IMRT for prostate cancer is rare. IG-IMRT seems to improve some men with baseline urinary incontinence and higher IPSS scores. High dose IG-IMRT remains a good treatment option for localized prostate cancer.

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Osipova, Natalya A., Dariko A. Niauri, and Alexander M. Gzgzyan. "Clinical efficiency of desmopressin and cyclooxygenase inhibitor use in incontinent women." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 67, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd67240-51.

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Hypothesis/aims of study. Questions regarding the pathogenesis of urine incontinence and methods of treatment are acti vely discussed by gynecologists, urologists, and neuropathologists. Urine incontinence often has multifactor origins: the causes of urine incontinence are connected, as a rule, with the violation of urine continence functional mechanisms, anatomotopographical features of the lower urinary tract, or an premature ovarian failure. Simultaneously, changes in kidney function play a role in the pathogenesis of urine incontinence. In some cases, urine incontinence is combined with urine overproduction or inversion of the circadian rhythm of renal function owing to a decrease in the reabsorption of sodium ions in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. In some patients, we successfully normalized ion transport, diuresis, and circadian rhythm of urine production by desmopressin or diclofenac administration. The present analysis was undertaken to evaluate the clinical efficiency of desmopressin and diclofenac in incontinent patients with nocturnal polyuria and polyuria. Study design, materials, and methods. In total, 130 patients with complaints of urinary incontinence, polyuria (24-h urine volume of 40 mL/kg bodyweight or above), or nocturnal polyuria (nocturnal volume/24-h urine volume of 0.33 or above); 30 incontinent women without polyuria or nocturnal polyuria (comparison group); and 14 control subjects were included. The mean patient age was 43.6 ± 4.5 years (41.8 ± 3.7 years in the comparison group and 39.4 ± 6.3 years in the control group, p > 0.05). All the participants performed seven days of urine collection to determine the voided volumes. Patients with polyuria or nocturnal polyuria performed the 3-fold 24-h pad-test. Patients with polyuria and nocturnal polyuria were examined twice: in the initial state and one month after the start of treatment with the optimal dose of diclofenac or desmopressin (Minirin). Results. The use of both diclofenac or desmopressin in patients with various types of urine incontinence, polyuria, or nocturia decreased the volume of voided urine because of the normalization of diuresis and an increase in cystometric bladder capacity.

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Cusick, G., A. Birkett, S. Clarke-O'Neill, M. Fader, and A. M. Cottenden. "A system for logging incontinence events using a simple disposable sensor." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 217, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095441103322060767.

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Many elderly people entering residential or nursing care are already incontinent to some degree, relying on incontinence pads to deal with the consequences. A proportion of these people have been shown to exhibit a regular pattern in their incontinence, which opens up the possibility of mitigating the problem by instituting an individual toileting regime for the person. This can reduce their reliance on incontinence pads, both improving their quality of life, and reducing the cost of care. This paper covers the development and evaluation of a sensor for detecting incontinence events, suitable for use in this setting, and describes the design of an associated electronic logger. The devices form part of an assessment system intended to identify a pattern in incontinence where it exists, and to help with the design of the toilet regime for an individual. The requirement is that the system must reliably record incontinence events, and present the information describing them in a manner appropriate to the users of the devices, who are likely to be non-technical and non-specialist.

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Oliveira, Ivanda Araújo Matias Issa de, Cristiane Feitosa Salviano, and Gisele Martins. "Crianças com incontinência urinária: impacto na convivência dos familiares." Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line 12, no. 7 (July 3, 2018): 2061. http://dx.doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963-v12i7a234837p2061-2073-2018.

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RESUMOObjetivo: Identificar fatores que impactam na convivência dos familiares de crianças com incontinência urinária. Método: Estudo bibliográfico, descritivo, tipo revisão integrativa, com busca de artigos no mês de setembro de 2017, nas bases de dados LILACS, BDENF, MEDLINE e CINAHL. Considerou-se o recorte temporal de janeiro de 2012 a dezembro de 2017, utilizando os Descritores em Ciência da Saúde (DeCS) controlados e não controlados no idioma inglês e português. Resultados: Foram incluídos 11 artigos, publicados entre 2012 e 2016, destacando-se três categorias: 1) O nível educacional dos pais como um fator de impacto; 2) O impacto na qualidade de vida dos familiares; e 3) As mudanças que impactam no cotidiano familiar. Conclusões: A incontinência urinária afeta a rotina familiar e pode provocar transtornos psicológicos como estresse, ansiedade e depressão nas crianças e em seus familiares. Houve escassez de produções que relacionassem a percepção do familiar ante a incontinência urinária diurna e fecal com o nível escolar dos pais. Evidencia-se o papel do enfermeiro que atua em uropediatria sobre a importância da compreensão da convivência familiar, a fim de contribuir com o delinear de orientações voltadas para a educação e compreensão das experiências vividas pelos cuidadores. Descritores: Incontinência Urinária; Família; Cuidadores; Crianças; Enurese; Incontinência Urinária por Estresse.ABSTRACTObjective: To identify factors that have an impact on the coexistence of family members of children with urinary incontinence. Method: Bibliographic, descriptive, integrative review type study with search of articles in September 2017, in LILACS, BDENF, MEDLIN, and CINAHL databases. We considered the temporal cut from January 2012 to December 2017, using controlled and uncontrolled Health Science Descriptors (DeCS) in English and Portuguese. Results: We included 11 articles, published between 2012 and 2016, highlighting three categories: 1) The educational level of parents as an impact factor; 2) The impact on the quality of life of family members; and 3) The changes that impact on daily family life. Conclusions: Urinary incontinence affects the family routine and can cause psychological disorders, such as stress, anxiety, and depression in children and their family members. There was a shortage of productions that related family members' perceptions of diurnal urinary incontinence and fecal incontinence to the parents' education level. The role of nurses working in pediatric urology was evident with respect to the importance of understanding family coexistence in order to contribute to the delineation of guidelines aimed at the education and understanding of caregivers' experiences. Descriptors: Urinary Incontinence; Family; Caregivers; Children; Enuresis; Urinary Incontinence Due to Stress.RESUMENObjetivo: Identificar factores que impactan en la convivencia de los familiares de niños con incontinencia urinaria. Método: Estudio bibliográfico, descriptivo, tipo revisión integradora, con búsqueda de artículos en el mes de septiembre de 2017, en las bases de datos LILACS, BDENF, MEDLINE y CINAHL. Fue considerado el recorte temporal de enero de 2012 a diciembre de 2017, utilizando los Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud (DeCS) controlados y no controlados en idioma Inglés y portugués. Resultados: Se incluyeron 11 artículos publicados entre 2012 y 2016, destacándose tres categorías: 1) El nivel educativo de los padres como un factor de impacto; 2) El impacto en la calidad de vida de los familiares; y 3) Los cambios que impactan en el cotidiano familiar. Conclusiones: La incontinencia urinaria afecta la rutina familiar y puede provocar trastornos psicológicos como estrés, ansiedad y depresión en los niños y en sus familiares. Hubo escasez de producciones que relacionaran la percepción de los familiares ante la incontinencia urinaria diurna e incontinencia fecal con el nivel escolar de los padres. Se evidencia el papel del enfermero que actúa en urología pediátrica con respecto a la importancia de la comprensión de la convivencia familiar, a fin de contribuir con el delinear de orientaciones sobre la educación y comprensión de las experiencias vividas por los cuidadores. Descriptores: Incontinencia Urinaria; Familia; Cuidadores; Niños; Enuresis; Incontinencia Urinaria por Estrés.

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Whittleton, Tara, Olivia Munro, Victoria Barker, and Simon Tappin. "Canine urinary incontinence: diagnosis and treatment." Veterinary Nurse 14, no. 1 (February 2, 2023): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2023.14.1.10.

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Canine urinary incontinence is a common presentation in small animal practice. The care required by the owners at home should not be underestimated as a number of these dogs are presented by owners with a request for euthanasia. Many of the causes of incontinence are treatable, so the veterinarian and veterinary nurse should perform a thorough investigation in order to obtain a diagnosis and instigate appropriate therapy. This article outlines the initial approach to an incontinent dog and discusses the specific diagnostics and treatment options available and nursing care required.

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Zanollo, A., F. Fanciullacci, P. Politi, and M. De Giovanni. "IL XXXVIII Convegno Della Società Degli Urologi Del Nord Italia Tavola Rotonda.: La Prostatectomia Radicale Continenza Ed Incontinenza Dopo Prostatectomia Radicale Valutazione Urodinamica." Urologia Journal 57, no. 2 (April 1990): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156039005700212.

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Timmermans, J., B. Van Goethem, H. De Rooster, and D. Paepe. "Medical treatment of urinary incontinence in the bitch." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 88, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v88i1.11399.

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Urinary incontinence, an uncontrolled urine leakage during the storage phase of micturition, is a common condition in female dogs. In intact bitches, the reported prevalence is only 0.2-0.3%, but in spayed bitches it varies between 3.1-20.1%. Most commonly, dogs with acquired urinary incontinence suffer from urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. This condition seems tobe multifactorial, and although the exact pathophysiology remains unclear, potential risk factors include gender, gonadectomy, breed, body weight, urethral length and bladder neck position. In daily practice, the diagnosis of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence is usually made after eliminating other potential causes of urinary incontinence. Incontinent bitches are primarily treated with medications, such as alpha-adrenergic drugs, e.g. phenylpropanolamine and oestrogens. Surgery is recommended when patients become refractory to medical treatment.

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Timmermans, J., B. Van Goethem, H. De Rooster, and D. Paepe. "Medical treatment of urinary incontinence in the bitch." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 88, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v88i1.16038.

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Urinary incontinence, an uncontrolled urine leakage during the storage phase of micturition, is a common condition in female dogs. In intact bitches, the reported prevalence is only 0.2-0.3%, but in spayed bitches it varies between 3.1-20.1%. Most commonly, dogs with acquired urinary incontinence suffer from urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. This condition seems to be multifactorial, and although the exact pathophysiology remains unclear, potential risk factors include gender, gonadectomy, breed, body weight, urethral length and bladder neck position. In daily practice, the diagnosis of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence is usually made after eliminating other potential causes of urinary incontinence. Incontinent bitches are primarily treated with medications, such as alpha-adrenergic drugs, e.g. phenylpropanolamine and oestrogens. Surgery is recommended when patients become refractory to medical treatment.

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Ashley, J. R., and W. H. C. Burgdorf. "Incontinentia pigmenti: pigmentary changes independent of incontinence." Journal of Cutaneous Pathology 14, no. 4 (August 1987): 248–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0560.1987.tb01342.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Incontinenza'

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