Journal articles on the topic 'Incongruenza'
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Mishima, Mizuho, Kazuki Hayashida, Yoshiki Fukasaku, Rento Ogata, Kazuki Ohsawa, Ken Iwai, Wen Wen, and Shu Morioka. "Adaptability of the Sense of Agency in Healthy Young Adults in Sensorimotor Tasks for a Short Term." Behavioral Sciences 13, no. 2 (February 5, 2023): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs13020132.
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Sense of agency (SoA) refers to the subjective feeling of controlling one’s own actions and sensory feedback. The SoA occurs when the predicted feedback matches the actual sensory feedback and is responsible for maintaining behavioral comfort. However, sensorimotor deficits because of illness cause incongruence between prediction and feedback, so the patient loses comfort during actions. Discomfort with actions associated with incongruence may continue robustly (i.e., “not” adaptable) throughout life because of the aftereffects of the disease. However, it is unclear how the SoA modulates when incongruency is experienced, even for a short term. The purpose of this study was to investigate the adaptability of the SoA in healthy participants in sensorimotor tasks for a short term. Participants were divided into congruent and incongruent exposure groups. The experimental task of manipulating the ratio of the self-control of a PC cursor was used to measure the SoA before and after exposure to congruent or incongruent stimuli. The results showed no significant differences between the groups before and after exposure for a short term. The finding that the SoA was not adaptable may assist in guiding the direction of future studies on how to correct incongruence.
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Roussel, Nathalie Anne, Margot De Kooning, Jo Nijs, Patrick Cras, Kristien Wouters, and Liesbeth Daenen. "The Role of Sensorimotor Incongruence in Pain in Professional Dancers." Motor Control 19, no. 4 (October 2015): 271–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0074.
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This study evaluated whether dancers with pain experience more sensory changes during an experimentally induced sensorimotor incongruent task and explored the relationship between sensorimotor incongruence and self-reported measures (e.g., Short Form 36-questionnaire (SF-36), psychosocial variables and physical activity). Forty-four dancers were subjected to a bimanual coordination test simulating sensorimotor incongruence (i.e., performing congruent and incongruent arm movements while viewing a whiteboard or mirror) and completed standardized questionnaires. Significantly more dancers experienced sensory changes during the performance of incongruent movements while viewing a mirror (p < .01), but the intensity of the reported sensations was very low. No differences were observed between dancers with and without baseline pain, but significant negative associations were found between sensorimotor incongruence and subscores of the SF-36. Sensorimotor incongruence can provoke small sensory changes in dancers but appears unrelated to baseline pain symptoms. Sensorimotor incongruence appears to be related to quality of life.
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Appelbaum, L. Gregory, C. Nicolas Boehler, Lauren A. Davis, Robert J. Won, and Marty G. Woldorff. "The Dynamics of Proactive and Reactive Cognitive Control Processes in the Human Brain." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 5 (May 2014): 1021–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00542.
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In this study, we leveraged the high temporal resolution of EEG to examine the neural mechanisms underlying the flexible regulation of cognitive control that unfolds over different timescales. We measured behavioral and neural effects of color–word incongruency, as different groups of participants performed three different versions of color–word Stroop tasks in which the relative timing of the color and word features varied from trial to trial. For this purpose, we used a standard Stroop color identification task with equal congruent-to-incongruent proportions (50%/50%), along with two versions of the “Reverse Stroop” word identification tasks, for which we manipulated the incongruency proportion (50%/50% and 80%/20%). Two canonical ERP markers of neural processing of stimulus incongruency, the frontocentral negative polarity incongruency wave (NINC) and the late positive component (LPC), were evoked across the various conditions. Results indicated that color–word incongruency interacted with the relative feature timing, producing greater neural and behavioral effects when the task-irrelevant stimulus preceded the target, but still significant effects when it followed. Additionally, both behavioral and neural incongruency effects were reduced by nearly half in the word identification task (Reverse Stroop 50/50) relative to the color identification task (Stroop 50/50), with these effects essentially fully recovering when incongruent trials appeared only infrequently (Reverse Stroop 80/20). Across the conditions, NINC amplitudes closely paralleled RTs, indicating this component is sensitive to the overall level of stimulus conflict. In contrast, LPC amplitudes were largest with infrequent incongruent trials, suggesting a possible readjustment role when proactive control is reduced. These findings thus unveil distinct control mechanisms that unfold over time in response to conflicting stimulus input under different contexts.
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Obhi, Sukhvinder S., and Melvyn A. Goodale. "Bimanual Interference in Rapid Discrete Movements Is Task Specific and Occurs at Multiple Levels of Processing." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 3 (September 2005): 1861–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00320.2005.
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It has been suggested that interference in symbolically cued bimanual reaction time tasks is caused primarily by the perceptual processing of stimuli and not by motor preparation of the required movements. Here subjects made movements of the right and left index fingers that varied in their spatial and motor congruence. Spatial congruence was manipulated by presenting symbolic cues (i.e., pairs of letters) on a computer screen cueing the required movement directions. Motor congruence was manipulated by altering hand orientation. Results showed that interference occurs at both the stage of stimulus processing and the stage of motor preparation. These effects were reflected in the latencies of the different bimanual movements with both motor incongruence and spatial incongruence causing significant increases in reaction time. However, spatially incongruent movements that were made in response to incongruent visual cues demonstrated changes in reaction time that were more than double those of movements that required simultaneous activation of nonhomologous muscles. Therefore in symbolically cued bimanual reaction-time tasks, although both motor and spatial constraints operate, there is a clear dominance of spatial incongruence on performance. While motor congruence effects are likely due to cross-facilitation in corticospinal pathways, spatial incongruence effects are probably due to interference between the mechanisms that identify incongruent stimuli and translate these cues into the appropriate movements.
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Donohue, Sarah E., Alexandra E. Todisco, and Marty G. Woldorff. "The Rapid Distraction of Attentional Resources toward the Source of Incongruent Stimulus Input during Multisensory Conflict." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 4 (April 2013): 623–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00336.
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Neuroimaging work on multisensory conflict suggests that the relevant modality receives enhanced processing in the face of incongruency. However, the degree of stimulus processing in the irrelevant modality and the temporal cascade of the attentional modulations in either the relevant or irrelevant modalities are unknown. Here, we employed an audiovisual conflict paradigm with a sensory probe in the task-irrelevant modality (vision) to gauge the attentional allocation to that modality. ERPs were recorded as participants attended to and discriminated spoken auditory letters while ignoring simultaneous bilateral visual letter stimuli that were either fully congruent, fully incongruent, or partially incongruent (one side incongruent, one congruent) with the auditory stimulation. Half of the audiovisual letter stimuli were followed 500–700 msec later by a bilateral visual probe stimulus. As expected, ERPs to the audiovisual stimuli showed an incongruency ERP effect (fully incongruent versus fully congruent) of an enhanced, centrally distributed, negative-polarity wave starting ∼250 msec. More critically here, the sensory ERP components to the visual probes were larger when they followed fully incongruent versus fully congruent multisensory stimuli, with these enhancements greatest on fully incongruent trials with the slowest RTs. In addition, on the slowest-response partially incongruent trials, the P2 sensory component to the visual probes was larger contralateral to the preceding incongruent visual stimulus. These data suggest that, in response to conflicting multisensory stimulus input, the initial cognitive effect is a capture of attention by the incongruent irrelevant-modality input, pulling neural processing resources toward that modality, resulting in rapid enhancement, rather than rapid suppression, of that input.
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Arbouw, Paula, Paul W. Ballantine, and Lucie K. Ozanne. "Sustainable brand image: an examination of ad–brand incongruence." Marketing Intelligence & Planning 37, no. 5 (August 5, 2019): 513–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mip-08-2018-0307.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how consumer attitudes are affected by corporate brands that have newly adopted a sustainable brand image. Specifically, this paper examines consumer responses to ad–brand incongruity and tests whether two-sided messages yield greater acceptance of incongruence. Design/methodology/approach In total, 528 responses were collected via an online experiment using a 3×2 between-subjects factorial design which manipulated three levels of perceived ad–brand congruence (congruent, moderately incongruent and extremely incongruent) and two levels of message sidedness (one- and two-sided). Findings Results indicate that brand managers have to be careful not to create ad–brand incongruence after adopting new brand values and should avoid two-sided messages during this period. Originality/value This paper tests the use of two-sided messages as resolution hints for ad–brand incongruence and furthers the corporate branding literature incorporating sustainability.
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MacRitchie, Jennifer, Steffen A. Herff, Andrea Procopio, and Peter E. Keller. "Negotiating between individual and joint goals in ensemble musical performance." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 7 (January 1, 2018): 1535–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1339098.
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Successful joint action requires negotiation, especially in the event of goal incongruence. This article addresses goal incongruence in joint musical performance by manipulating the congruence of score instructions (congruent/incongruent) regarding tempo (speed) and dynamics (sound intensity) given to piano duos. The aim is to investigate how co-performers negotiate incongruent instructions for tempo and dynamics by balancing the prioritisation of individual goals versus the joint outcome and how this negotiation is modulated by musical expertise and personality (locus of control). In total, 14 pairs of pianists, who were not informed of the congruence manipulation, were placed back-to-back and were directed to achieve a successful performance over four repeated performances without verbal communication. Interpersonal coordination generally improved from the first to final performance in the congruent and incongruent conditions for both the tempo and dynamics tasks. Furthermore, in incongruent conditions, results suggest that performers prioritise the joint performance in the tempo task, but prioritise their own performance in the dynamics task. Although individual performance appears to be modulated by musical expertise, the balance of individual/joint performance across the duo is not influenced by musical part (melody vs accompaniment), expressive instruction, musical expertise or locus of control.
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Park, Jin Suk, and Mooweon Rhee. "Reputation Incongruence and the Preference of Stakeholder: Case of MBA Rankings." Behavioral Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs11010010.
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In this paper, we examine the effect of an organization’s multi-dimensional reputation on the external stakeholders’ preference for an organization in the notions of reputation incongruence. We propose that an organization’s incongruent reputation, or large variations among the reputations of each dimension, can be an unfavorable signal to its stakeholders based on theoretical ideas that claim reputation incongruence induces the ambiguity and risk of an organization perceived by stakeholders. We also investigate the moderating effect of reputation incongruence by positing that this incongruence may nullify the influences of reputation dimensions on the preferences of stakeholders. These propositions about reputation incongruence are empirically examined in the context of MBA programs of the global business schools which have three dimensions of reputation—career development, globalization, and research performance.
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Morioka, Shu, Michihiro Osumi, Mari Okamoto, and Atsushi Matsuo. "Effects of Facial Expression and Language on Trustworthiness and Brain Activities." International Journal of Brain Science 2015 (June 7, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/719213.
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Social communication uses verbal and nonverbal language. We examined the degree of trust and brain activity when verbal and facial expressions are incongruent. Fourteen healthy volunteers viewed photographs of 8 people with pleasant (smile) or unpleasant expressions (disgust) alone or combined with a verbal [positive/negative] expression. As an index for degree of trust, subjects were asked to offer a donation when told that the person in the photograph was troubled financially. Positive emotions and degree of trust were evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Event-related potentials (ERPs) were obtained at 170–240 ms after viewing the photographs. Brain activity during incongruent conditions was localized using standardized Low Resolution Brain Electromagnetic Tomography (sLORETA). VAS scores for positive × smile condition were significantly higher than those for the other conditions (p<0.05). The donation offered was significantly lower for incongruence between verbal and facial expressions, particularly for negative × smile condition. EEG showed more activity in the parietal lobe with incongruent than with congruent conditions. Incongruence [negative × smile] elicited the least positive emotion, degree of trust, and amount of offer. Our results indicate that incongruent sensory information increased activity in the parietal lobe, which may be a basis of mentalizing.
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Jørgensen, Henrik. "Incongruent pronominal case in the Swedish dialect of Västra Nyland (Finland)." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 35, no. 3 (December 2012): 251–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586513000073.
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This paper reports on field work conducted during 1994 in Västra Nyland (Finland) in order to obtain independent and current documentation of the incongruent case forms in the dialect, as reported by Lundström (1939). The data collected substantiated the existence of incongruent case forms in the dialect, but the actual use of such forms could not be traced any longer. Due to this, several details in the actual use of certain incongruency types could not be clarified. The loss of case incongruency in this dialect area raises the question of how a vernacular can change such a grammatical feature. According to Emonds (1986), such losses cannot be remedied, but this is exactly the case here. The changing status of a modern Scandinavian dialect seems to be the only way to explain this change.
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Nijs, Jo. "Altered Perception of Distorted Visual Feedback Occurs Soon After Whiplash Injury: An Experimental Study of Central Nervous System Processing." Pain Physician 5;15, no. 5;9 (September 14, 2012): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2012/15/405.
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Background: Sensory and motor system dysfunctions have been documented in a proportion of patients with acute whiplash associated disorders (WAD). Sensorimotor incongruence may occur and hence, may explain pain and other sensations in the acute stage after the trauma. Objectives: The present study aimed at 1) evaluating whether a visually mediated incongruence between sensory feedback and motor output increases symptoms and triggers additional sensations in patients with acute WAD, 2) investigating whether the pattern of sensations in response to sensorimotor incongruence differs among patients suffering from acute and chronic WAD, and healthy controls. Study Design: Experimental study. Setting: Patients with acute WAD were recruited within one month after whiplash injury via the emergency department of a local Red Cross medical care unit, the Antwerp University Hospital, and through primary care practices. Patients with chronic WAD were recruited through an advertisement on the World Wide Web and from the medical database of a local Red Cross medical care unit. Healthy controls were recruited from among the university college staff, family members, and acquaintances of the researchers. Methods: Thirty patients with acute WAD, 35 patients with chronic WAD, and 31 healthy persons were subjected to a coordination test. They performed congruent and incongruent arm movements while viewing a whiteboard or mirror. Results. Twenty-eight patients with acute WAD reported sensations such as pain, tightness, feeling of peculiarity, and tiredness at some stage of the test protocol. No significant differences in frequencies and intensities of sensations were found between the various test stages (P > .05). Significantly more sensations were reported during the incongruent mirror stage compared to the incongruent control stage (P < .05). The pattern in intensity of sensations across the congruent and incongruent stages was significantly different between the WAD groups and the control group. Limitations: The course and prognostic value of susceptibility to sensorimotor incongruence after an acute whiplash trauma are not yet clear from these results. A prospective longitudinal study with an expanded study population is needed to investigate if those with a lowered threshold to visually mediated sensorimotor incongruence in the acute stage are at risk to develop persistent pain and disability. Conclusion: Patients with acute WAD present an exacerbation of symptoms and additional sensations in response to visually mediated changes during action. These results indicate an altered perception of distorted visual feedback and suggest altered central sensorimotor nervous system processing in patients with acute WAD. Key words: Sensorimotor incongruence, visually mediated changes, whiplash, sensations, acute pain, chronic pain, altered central sensorimotor processing, central nervous system.
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Stuckenberg, Maria V., Erich Schröger, and Andreas Widmann. "Modulation of early auditory processing by visual information: Prediction or bimodal integration?" Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 83, no. 4 (January 27, 2021): 1538–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-021-02240-1.
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AbstractWhat happens if a visual cue misleads auditory expectations? Previous studies revealed an early visuo–auditory incongruency effect, so-called incongruency response (IR) of the auditory event-related brain potential (ERP), occurring 100 ms after onset of the sound being incongruent to the preceding visual cue. So far, this effect has been ascribed to reflect the mismatch between auditory sensory expectation activated by visual predictive information and the actual sensory input. Thus, an IR should be confined to an asynchronous presentation of visual cue and sound. Alternatively, one could argue that frequently presented congruent visual-cue–sound combinations are integrated into a bimodal representation whereby violation of the visual–auditory relationship results in a bimodal feature mismatch (the IR should be obtained with asynchronous and with synchronous presentation). In an asynchronous condition, an either high-pitched or low-pitched sound was preceded by a visual note symbol presented above or below a fixation cross (90% congruent; 10% incongruent), while in a synchronous condition, both were presented simultaneously. High-pitched and low-pitched sounds were presented with different probabilities (83% vs. 17%) to form a strong association between bimodal stimuli. In both conditions, tones with pitch incongruent with the location of the note symbols elicited incongruency effects in the N2 and P3 ERPs; however, the IR was only elicited in the asynchronous condition. This finding supports the sensorial prediction error hypothesis stating that the amplitude of the auditory ERP 100 ms after sound onset is enhanced in response to unexpected compared with expected but otherwise identical sounds.
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Okolo, Bertram A. "Incongruency in Discourse: A Violation of the "Cooperative Principle"?" Meta 41, no. 3 (September 30, 2002): 378–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/003762ar.
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Abstract Incongruency, when regarded as a verbal behavioral act that functions to create contradictory meanings in discourse, seems to violate aspects of the Gricean "Cooperative Principle" that are supposed to guide our every-day conversational encounters. With the aid of actual examples, this paper looks at incongruent conversational exchanges and discusses the factors governing their toleration in conversational interaction, the cross-cultural aspects of incongruent behavioral acts, their translational implications, and suggests that strict observances of the "Cooperative Principle" are restricted to particular types of discourses.
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Ambrosini, Maria Vittoria, and Paolo Della Putta. "Problemi di apprendimento di tre perifrasi fra spagnolo e italiano. Osservazioni acquisizionali e proposte pedagogiche." Cuadernos de Filología Italiana 28 (July 15, 2021): 11–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/cfit.73193.
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Il contributo prende in considerazione alcuni problemi acquisizionali particolarmente ostici e persistenti nel processo di apprendimento dell’italiano da parte di discenti ispanofoni. Sono noti, in letteratura, i fenomeni di transfer additivo e persistente di strutture perifrastiche spagnole non presenti in italiano. È il caso di andare e venire + gerundio, strutture “gemelle” di ir e venir + gerundio: contemplate e frequenti, in spagnolo, in contesti diafasici anche bassi e trascurati, tali perifrasi, in italiano standard e neo standard, hanno perso molto “spazio” d’uso, e sono oggi relegate a varietà diafasiche molto alte della lingua. Per estar + gerundio e stare + gerundio – la terza coppia di perifrasi considerate in questo studio –, notiamo invece, in italiano, severe restrizioni aspettuali: estar + gerundio esprime sia l’aspetto progressivo che quello continuativo, mentre stare + gerundio si è specializzata solo nell’aspetto progressivo. Ne conseguono fenomeni di transfer spagnoloàitaliano tipici, ben rintracciabili in realizzazioni come *sono stato lavorando tutta la notte. L’interpretazione psicolinguistica di tali problemi acquisizionali è basata sulla difficoltà di individuazione delle prove che possano permettere la ristrutturazione dell’interlingua: in questi tre casi sono prove negative indirette, ovvero la non apparenza delle strutture in determinati contesti o incongruenza con determinati valori aspettuali. Per lenire i problemi di transfer additivo delle tre perifrasi, in questo lavoro, dopo aver approfondito gli aspetti psicolinguistici di cui sopra, considereremo se e come le grammatiche pedagogiche di italiano per stranieri – in particolar modo ispanofoni – trattano queste discrepanze fra le due lingue. Proporremo infine alcuni accorgimenti pedagogici che possono essere utili per aiutare i discenti ispanofoni ad analizzare correttamente l’input italiano, così da lenire l’interferenza negativa fra le due lingue.
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Krapić, Nada, and Sanja Barić. "Efectos de congruencia de valores personales y organizacionales sobre la lealtad a la organización." Psihologijske teme 27, no. 2 (2018): 291–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/pt.27.2.8.
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The aim of this study was to examine the effects of congruence between personal and organizational values focused on tasks and people on organizational commitment. The study was carried out on a convenience sample of 217 participants from several middle- and large-scale organisations who completed the Organisational commitment questionnaire and the Personal and organisational values scale. The data were analysed using polynomial regression analysis. The results obtained show that affective commitment was higher when personal and organizational values focused on tasks were in congruence on higher levels. Normative commitment was higher when personal and organizational values focused on tasks were incongruent in a way that organizational values were higher than personal. Additionally, greater incongruence between personal and organizational values focused on tasks was associated with a sharper increase of normative commitment. Overall commitment was higher when personal and organizational values focused on tasks were in congruence on higher levels, when these values were incongruent in a way that organizational values were higher than personal, and when this incongruence was more pronounced. Regarding the effects of congruence between personal and organizational values focused on people the results obtained show that normative and affective commitment were higher when these values were incongruent in a way that organizational values were higher than personal.
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Gillis, Randall L., Elizabeth S. Nilsen, and Nicole S. Gevaux. "Children accept information from incongruent speakers when the context explains the communicative incongruence." Cognitive Development 52 (October 2019): 100813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2019.100813.
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Willemsen, Steven, and Miklós Kiss. "Unsettling Melodies: a Cognitive Approach to Incongruent Film Music." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Film and Media Studies 7, no. 1 (November 1, 2013): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausfm-2014-0022.
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Abstract Incongruent film music is a soundtrack, either diegetic or nondiegetic, which expresses qualities that stand in contrast to the emotions evoked by the events seen. The present article aims at covering two interconnected areas; the first is comprised of a critical recapitulation of available theoretical accounts of incongruent film music, whilst the second part of the paper offers an alternative, embodied-cognitive explanation of the audio-visual conflict which arises from this particular type of incongruence. Rather than regarding it as a phenomenon that works through disrupting conventions, we stress a perceptual-cognitive reason behind incongruence’s emotional strangeness.
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Hörberg, Thomas, Maria Larsson, Ingrid Ekström, Camilla Sandöy, Peter Lundén, and Jonas K. Olofsson. "Olfactory Influences on Visual Categorization: Behavioral and ERP Evidence." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 7 (March 30, 2020): 4220–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa050.
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Abstract Visual stimuli often dominate nonvisual stimuli during multisensory perception. Evidence suggests higher cognitive processes prioritize visual over nonvisual stimuli during divided attention. Visual stimuli should thus be disproportionally distracting when processing incongruent cross-sensory stimulus pairs. We tested this assumption by comparing visual processing with olfaction, a “primitive” sensory channel that detects potentially hazardous chemicals by alerting attention. Behavioral and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were assessed in a bimodal object categorization task with congruent or incongruent odor–picture pairings and a delayed auditory target that indicated whether olfactory or visual cues should be categorized. For congruent pairings, accuracy was higher for visual compared to olfactory decisions. However, for incongruent pairings, reaction times (RTs) were faster for olfactory decisions. Behavioral results suggested that incongruent odors interfered more with visual decisions, thereby providing evidence for an “olfactory dominance” effect. Categorization of incongruent pairings engendered a late “slow wave” ERP effect. Importantly, this effect had a later amplitude peak and longer latency during visual decisions, likely reflecting additional categorization effort for visual stimuli in the presence of incongruent odors. In sum, contrary to what might be inferred from theories of “visual dominance,” incongruent odors may in fact uniquely attract mental processing resources during perceptual incongruence.
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Кілочицький, П. Я. "Описання нового виду мікроспоридій - Unicaryоn incongruensi sp.nov. з остракоди Heterocypris incongruens (Ramdekar) в Україні." Вісник Київського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка. Біологія, Вип. 34 (2001): 30–32.
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Parackal, Mathew, Damien Mather, and Rory Redman. "Schema Incongruity: A Framework for Distributing Service Forms of FMCG Brands via a Digital Channel." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 17, no. 3 (August 9, 2022): 1124–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer17030057.
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This paper reports an extension of schema incongruity theory to a service form of fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) distributed via a digital platform. According to this theory, an FMCG brand’s service form would be incongruent compared to its traditional form available via supermarkets. Based on the relevancy and expectancy dimensions, the level of incongruence for such a service was classed as moderately incongruent. The study used qualitative research to investigate whether the moderate incongruence appealed to modern-day customers. The findings revealed that a subscription to receive a regular supply of the FMCG test brand appealed to the respondents. The moderate incongruity employed in this study was of an optimal stimulation level, enabling respondents to see the added values offered. The values recognised included convenience, family bonding, health and variety. The study observed schema incongruity theory operating for the service form of the FMCG brand. As the study used a qualitative methodology, the findings are specific to the brand and context tested. However, the high interest observed suggests schema incongruity theory could serve as a framework for using a digital distribution system to market service forms of FMCG brands.
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Aarts, Esther, and Ardi Roelofs. "Attentional Control in Anterior Cingulate Cortex Based on Probabilistic Cueing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 3 (March 2011): 716–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21435.
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In Stroop-like tasks, conflict effects in behavioral measures and ACC activity are smaller on trials following an incongruent trial than following a congruent one. Researchers have found no agreement on whether these sequential effects in ACC can be driven by experienced incongruency only or also by expectations about target types. In the present fMRI experiment, we specifically manipulated the expectancies by using symbolic cues predicting with 75% or 50% certainty the incongruent or congruent targets in a Stroop-like task. Both behavioral and dorsal ACC data replicated previous sequential effects, with conflict effects being smallest for targets following the cues that predicted with 75% certainty the incongruent targets. However, these effects were not driven by experienced conflict but by symbolic cues. These results demonstrate differential attentional control activity in ACC after probabilistic cueing, providing evidence for control adjustments driven by changes in expectation.
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Haas, Ingrid J., Melissa N. Baker, and Frank J. Gonzalez. "Political uncertainty moderates neural evaluation of incongruent policy positions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1822 (February 22, 2021): 20200138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0138.
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Uncertainty has been shown to impact political evaluation, yet the exact mechanisms by which uncertainty affects the minds of citizens remain unclear. This experiment examines the neural underpinnings of uncertainty in political evaluation using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). During fMRI, participants completed an experimental task where they evaluated policy positions attributed to hypothetical political candidates. Policy positions were either congruent or incongruent with candidates' political party affiliation and presented with varying levels of certainty. Neural activity was modelled as a function of uncertainty and incongruence. Analyses suggest that neural activity in brain regions previously implicated in affective and evaluative processing (anterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex) differed as a function of the interaction between uncertainty and incongruence, such that activation in these areas was greatest when information was both certain and incongruent, and uncertainty influenced processing differently as a function of the valence of the attached information. These findings suggest that individuals are attuned to uncertainty in the stated issue positions of politicians, and that the neural processing of this uncertainty is dependent on congruence of these positions with expectations based on political party identification. Implications for the study of emotion and politics and political cognition are discussed. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The political brain: neurocognitive and computational mechanisms’.
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Zillekens, Imme Christina, Lena Maria Schliephake, Marie-Luise Brandi, and Leonhard Schilbach. "A look at actions: direct gaze modulates functional connectivity of the right TPJ with an action control network." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 14, no. 9 (September 2019): 977–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsz071.
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ABSTRACT Social signals such as eye contact and motor actions are essential elements of social interactions. However, our knowledge about the interplay of gaze signals and the control of actions remains limited. In a group of 30 healthy participants, we investigated the effect of gaze (direct gaze vs averted) on behavioral and neural measures of action control as assessed by a spatial congruency task (spatially congruent vs incongruent button presses in response to gaze shifts). Behavioral results demonstrate that inter-individual differences in condition-specific incongruency costs were associated with autistic traits. While there was no interaction effect of gaze and action control on brain activation, in a context of incongruent responses to direct gaze shifts, a psychophysiological interaction analysis showed increased functional coupling between the right temporoparietal junction, a key region in gaze processing, and the inferior frontal gyri, which have been related to both social cognition and motor inhibition. Conversely, incongruency costs to averted gaze were reflected in increased connectivity with action control areas implicated in top-down attentional processes. Our findings indicate that direct gaze perception inter-individually modulates motor actions and enforces the functional integration of gaze-related social cognition and action control processes, thereby connecting functional elements of social interactions.
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Duca, S., G. L. Lobello, L. Melossi, S. Angeli, and A. Bacci. "Correlazioni RM-clinico-elettroencefalografiche nei postumi di coma postraumatico." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 8, no. 3 (June 1995): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140099500800309.
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In una popolazione di 34 pazienti con trauma cranico chiuso e periodo di coma di durata variabile tra 1 e 236 giorni, sono state compiute valutazioni comparative tra il quadro neurologico, EEGrafico e RM. Si riscontra una stretta relazione tra la gravità del quadro clinico, neurofisiologico e RM con la durata del coma; in particolare si rileva una corrispondenza tra le lesioni del tronco e l'idrocefalo con la gravità della sintomatologia neurologica. Si osserva un'incongruenza nella relazione dei «reperti normali», che rappresentano il 32% nella valutazione clinica neurologica e il 44% degli esami EEG, ma che non sono presenti nell'indagine RM. Si ipotizza che tale incongruenza dipenda dalla tuttora incerta relazione tra struttura anatomica e funzione neurologica, e può essere spiegata sia considerando i danni della sfera neuropsicologica e cognitiva che l'effetto di copertura esercitato dalla terapia anticomiziale sul quadro elettrofisiologico. Nerve injuries following head trauma constitute a dynamic process in which primary lesions are accompanied by secondary changes which many continue to evolve for years. This study aimed to establish a correlation between lesions detected by MR and the clinical and electrophysiological findings (duration of coma, neurological damage and EEG) for the purposes of prognostic and forensic assessment. The series comprises 34 patients in coma for periods ranging from 1 to 236 days following closed head injury who did not undergo neurosurgery. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to coma duration. A comparative assessment of neurological, EEG and MR findings was made in all cases. Clinical assessment was confined to motor injury as it was easiest to quantify as tetraparesis and tetraplegia, hemiparesis and hemiplegia. EEG assessment was based on focal or diffuse electrical changes, while MR findings included isolated and associated mono and bilateral focal lesions to the cortex and white matter, lesions to the brainstel and corpus callosum as a sign of primary brain injury and diffuse cortical atrophy and hydrocephalus as secondary damage.
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Guerrero, Rafael F., and Matthew W. Hahn. "Quantifying the risk of hemiplasy in phylogenetic inference." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 50 (November 27, 2018): 12787–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1811268115.
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Convergent evolution—the appearance of the same character state in apparently unrelated organisms—is often inferred when a trait is incongruent with the species tree. However, trait incongruence can also arise from changes that occur on discordant gene trees, a process referred to as hemiplasy. Hemiplasy is rarely taken into account in studies of convergent evolution, despite the fact that phylogenomic studies have revealed rampant discordance. Here, we study the relative probabilities of homoplasy (including convergence and reversal) and hemiplasy for an incongruent trait. We derive expressions for the probabilities of the two events, showing that they depend on many of the same parameters. We find that hemiplasy is as likely—or more likely—than homoplasy for a wide range of conditions, even when levels of discordance are low. We also present a method to calculate the ratio of these two probabilities (the “hemiplasy risk factor”) along the branches of a phylogeny of arbitrary length. Such calculations can be applied to any tree to identify when and where incongruent traits may be due to hemiplasy.
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Erisen, Cengiz, David P. Redlawsk, and Elif Erisen. "Complex Thinking as a Result of Incongruent Information Exposure." American Politics Research 46, no. 2 (August 30, 2017): 217–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673x17725864.
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In this article, we explore whether incongruent information influences what people recall to mind about a presidential candidate’s policy statements. We investigate whether the volume of people’s political thoughts, their ability to produce arguments, the affective valence of these thoughts, and their integrative complexity are influenced by the congruency between new political information and prior political convictions. We conducted an experiment via MTurk manipulating the congruency of information with respect to ideology. Our results show that incongruency significantly alters how people think about politics. Incongruent information increases integrative complexity of the opposing thoughts, becomes more voluminous, and includes more rationales. Moreover, these defensive thoughts are significantly more negative and less positive about the incongruent information. Parallel to what studies on motivated reasoning demonstrated, we also find that politically knowledgeable people in particular seem to strengthen their thoughts’ cognitive structure while defending their priors against information counter to their political views. We further discuss the general effects of these results and the importance of challenges to existing beliefs in generating complex thought systems.
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Wilson, Nikki-Anne, Rebekah M. Ahmed, Olivier Piguet, and Muireann Irish. "Putting the Pieces Together: Mental Construction of Semantically Congruent and Incongruent Scenes in Dementia." Brain Sciences 12, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12010020.
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Scene construction refers to the process by which humans generate richly detailed and spatially cohesive scenes in the mind’s eye. The cognitive processes that underwrite this capacity remain unclear, particularly when the envisaged scene calls for the integration of various types of contextual information. Here, we explored social and non-social forms of scene construction in Alzheimer’s disease (AD; n = 11) and the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD; n = 15) relative to healthy older control participants (n = 16) using a novel adaptation of the scene construction task. Participants mentally constructed detailed scenes in response to scene–object cues that varied in terms of their sociality (social; non-social) and congruence (congruent; incongruent). A significant group × sociality × congruence interaction was found whereby performance on the incongruent social scene condition was significantly disrupted in both patient groups relative to controls. Moreover, bvFTD patients produced significantly less contextual detail in social relative to non-social incongruent scenes. Construction of social and non-social incongruent scenes in the patient groups combined was significantly associated with independent measures of semantic processing and visuospatial memory. Our findings demonstrate the influence of schema-incongruency on scene construction performance and reinforce the importance of episodic–semantic interactions during novel event construction.
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Eiroa-Orosa, Francisco José, Alicia Georghiades, Amanda Rodriguez-Urrutia, and Anna Accarino. "Incongruent Views of Functioning between Patients and Gastroenterologists: A Mixed Methods Study." Healthcare 11, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11010062.
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Gastrointestinal patients, especially those diagnosed with functional digestive disorders (FGIDs), usually present a complex clinical picture that poses a challenge for their management in primary care. The main objective of the current research was to examine the relationship of the congruence of the perception of severity and quality of life between gastroenterologists and their patients with psychological distress and the helping attitude experienced by the latter attended in primary care centres. Additionally, we wanted to explore patients’ and practitioners’ perceptions. We performed a cross-sectional study with a total of 2261 patients (1562 analysed) that attended three primary care centres. Patients completed questionnaires that measured physical functioning, distress, and perception of helping attitude. Gastroenterologists registered the functional status of each participating patient. Patients were then invited to take part in the qualitative part of the study if they were considered to have incongruent views on their functioning with their gastroenterologist. In total, 52 patients took part in one of eight focus groups. Additionally, four individual interviews were carried out with three gastroenterologists and one consultation-liaison psychiatrist specialised in FGIDs. Both incongruence and functional diagnosis correlated with distress. However, incongruent views between patients and gastroenterologists explained more variance. Statistically significant differences in patients’ helping attitude perception were detected between diagnostic but no incongruence groups. In the second stage of the study, a total of five themes were identified from the patient focus groups and the gastroenterologist interviews: illness-emotional and personal problems, disease-health system interaction, health system, intervention, and patients. The current research allowed us to confirm that incongruence in the perception of severity and quality of life between gastroenterologists and patients is related to psychological distress and that this occurs in a multifactorial context where the characteristics of the disorder interact with those of the health system.
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Biderman, Natalie, and Liad Mudrik. "Evidence for Implicit—But Not Unconscious—Processing of Object-Scene Relations." Psychological Science 29, no. 2 (December 28, 2017): 266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617735745.
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Is consciousness necessary for integration? Findings of seemingly high-level object-scene integration in the absence of awareness have challenged major theories in the field and attracted considerable scientific interest. Lately, one of these findings has been questioned because of a failure to replicate, yet the other finding was still uncontested. Here, we show that this latter finding—slowed-down performance on a visible target following a masked prime scene that includes an incongruent object—is also not reproducible. Using Bayesian statistics, we found evidence against unconscious integration of objects and scenes. Put differently, at the moment, there is no compelling evidence for object-scene congruency processing in the absence of awareness. Intriguingly, however, our results do suggest that consciously experienced yet briefly presented incongruent scenes take longer to process, even when subjects do not explicitly detect their incongruency.
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Ković, Vanja, Jelena Sučević, and Suzy J. Styles. "To call a cloud ‘cirrus’: sound symbolism in names for categories or items." PeerJ 5 (June 29, 2017): e3466. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3466.
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The aim of the present paper is to experimentally test whether sound symbolism has selective effects on labels with different ranges-of-reference within a simple noun-hierarchy. In two experiments, adult participants learned the make up of two categories of unfamiliar objects (‘alien life forms’), and were passively exposed to either category-labels or item-labels, in a learning-by-guessing categorization task. Following category training, participants were tested on their visual discrimination of object pairs. For different groups of participants, the labels were either congruent or incongruent with the objects. In Experiment 1, when trained on items with individual labels, participants were worse (made more errors) at detecting visual object mismatches when trained labels were incongruent. In Experiment 2, when participants were trained on items in labelled categories, participants were faster at detecting a match if the trained labels were congruent, and faster at detecting a mismatch if the trained labels were incongruent. This pattern of results suggests that sound symbolism in category labels facilitates later similarity judgments when congruent, and discrimination when incongruent, whereas for item labels incongruence generates error in judgements of visual object differences. These findings reveal that sound symbolic congruence has a different outcome at different levels of labelling within a noun hierarchy. These effects emerged in the absence of the label itself, indicating subtle but pervasive effects on visual object processing.
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Ordoñez Morales, Oscar, and Diana Marín Parra. "Comprensión humorística y comprensión causal: Tendiendo puentes a través del funcionamiento cognitivo." Revista Guillermo de Ockham 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/22563202.63.
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<p>Este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio piloto sobre la relación entre comprensión humorística y comprensión causal en la primera infancia. A veinte niños entre los tres y los cinco años, les fueron presentados ocho chistes gráficos con incongruencias posibles e imposibles. Los resultados mostraron que al escoger entre tres opciones: incongruente, congruente y neutra para componer la imagen que les pareciera más graciosa, la mayoría de los niños eligió la alternativa incongruente. El análisis de la producción verbal mostró que la incongruencia disparó más funcionamientos cognitivos de alto orden que las otras dos opciones. Adicionalmente, los niños ofrecieron razones para explicar las incongruencias posibles y tendieron a rechazar las violaciones imposibles, ofreciendo en ocasiones, alternativas para “ajustar” la situación a la regularidad física. Los resultados sugieren que el chiste gráfico constituye un recurso metodológico apropiado para explorar los funcionamientos cognitivos de los niños pequeños y las relaciones entre su comprensión humorística y su comprensión causal.</p>
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Lyons, Karen S., and Christopher S. Lee. "The Association of Dyadic Symptom Appraisal With Physical and Mental Health Over Time in Care Dyads Living With Lung Cancer." Journal of Family Nursing 26, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1074840719889967.
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The study examined the association between changes in dyadic symptom appraisal with changes in physical and mental health of 109 family care dyads living with lung cancer over 12 months. Multilevel modeling was used to analyze both aggregate and time-varying associations of dyadic symptom appraisal with dyadic health. Patients had significantly worse physical health compared with their care partner; care partners had significantly worse mental health compared with patients. In general, greater incongruent symptom appraisals were significantly associated with worse physical health for both patients and care partners. Importantly, increases in magnitude of incongruence regarding the patient’s pain interference were significantly associated with declines in patient physical health over time. Direction of the incongruence was associated with mental health. Findings highlight the need for both a longitudinal and dyadic perspective of symptom appraisal to move toward theoretically driven interventions that will optimize the health of both patients and their care partners.
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Ali, Nilufa, David W. Green, Ferath Kherif, Joseph T. Devlin, and Cathy J. Price. "The Role of the Left Head of Caudate in Suppressing Irrelevant Words." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 10 (October 2010): 2369–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21352.
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Suppressing irrelevant words is essential to successful speech production and is expected to involve general control mechanisms that reduce interference from task-unrelated processing. To investigate the neural mechanisms that suppress visual word interference, we used fMRI and a Stroop task, using a block design with an event-related analysis. Participants indicated with a finger press whether a visual stimulus was colored pink or blue. The stimulus was either the written word “BLUE,” the written word “PINK,” or a string of four Xs, with word interference introduced when the meaning of the word and its color were “incongruent” (e.g., BLUE in pink hue) relative to congruent (e.g., BLUE in blue) or neutral (e.g., XXXX in pink). The participants also made color decisions in the presence of spatial interference rather than word interference (i.e., the Simon task). By blocking incongruent, congruent, and neutral trials, we identified activation related to the mechanisms that suppress interference as that which was greater at the end relative to the start of incongruency. This highlighted the role of the left head of caudate in the control of word interference but not spatial interference. The response in the left head of caudate contrasted to bilateral inferior frontal activation that was greater at the start than at the end of incongruency, and to the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus which responded to a change in the motor response. Our study therefore provides novel insights into the role of the left head of caudate in the mechanisms that suppress word interference.
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Basterreche, N., M. Zumárraga, W. Dávila, R. Dávila, J. Guimón, A. Arrue, and E. Gordo. "Biological support to distinguish between congruent and incongruent symptoms in psychotic bipolar i patients." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71902-2.
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IntroductionMany authors support the idea that Mood Incongruent Psychosis is a subtype of affective illness, although no clear definition or etiopathogenic basis of the congruent or incongruent subtype has been found.AimsIn this study we intend to evaluate clinical and biological differences between Psychotic Bipolar I patients who have mood congruent or mood incongruent psychotic symptoms.MethodsThe study has been carried out in 80 Psychotic Bipolar I Patients before, and after, four weeks of treatment with Olanzapine plus Lithium. We studied the correlation between the plasma concentration, before treatment, of the dopamine metabolite 3,4 Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and the clinical response to treatment.ResultsThe most remarkable result found was that Clinical Improvement after 28 days of treatment correlated positively with the initial concentration of DOPAC, but ONLY in the subgroup of patients with congruent psychotic symptoms.ConclusionsFrom our results it seems that the Congruence and Incongruence of psychosis in bipolar I patients can provide a basis to objectively divide these patients. Both groups can be distinguished based on the relationship established between their concentration of DOPAC before treatment and their clinical response to the pharmacological treatment.Supported byUniversidad del País Vasco Grant N° EHU 09/21 and Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria and Feder Founds Grant N° 09/01760.
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Pinhas, Michal, Sarah E. Donohue, Marty G. Woldorff, and Elizabeth M. Brannon. "Electrophysiological Evidence for the Involvement of the Approximate Number System in Preschoolers' Processing of Spoken Number Words." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 9 (September 2014): 1891–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00631.
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Little is known about the neural underpinnings of number word comprehension in young children. Here we investigated the neural processing of these words during the crucial developmental window in which children learn their meanings and asked whether such processing relies on the Approximate Number System. ERPs were recorded as 3- to 5-year-old children heard the words one, two, three, or six while looking at pictures of 1, 2, 3, or 6 objects. The auditory number word was incongruent with the number of visual objects on half the trials and congruent on the other half. Children's number word comprehension predicted their ERP incongruency effects. Specifically, children with the least number word knowledge did not show any ERP incongruency effects, whereas those with intermediate and high number word knowledge showed an enhanced, negative polarity incongruency response (Ninc) over centroparietal sites from 200 to 500 msec after the number word onset. This negativity was followed by an enhanced, positive polarity incongruency effect (Pinc) that emerged bilaterally over parietal sites at about 700 msec. Moreover, children with the most number word knowledge showed ratio dependence in the Pinc (larger for greater compared with smaller numerical mismatches), a hallmark of the Approximate Number System. Importantly, a similar modulation of the Pinc from 700 to 800 msec was found in children with intermediate number word knowledge. These results provide the first neural correlates of spoken number word comprehension in preschoolers and are consistent with the view that children map number words onto approximate number representations before they fully master the verbal count list.
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Kölln, Ann-Kristin, and Jonathan Polk. "Emancipated party members." Party Politics 23, no. 1 (July 9, 2016): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068816655566.
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Party members across European democracies exercise increasing influence on parties’ policy platforms or personnel choices. This article investigates ideological (in)congruence on the left–right spectrum between members and their parties by drawing on a party membership survey of more than 10,000 individuals across seven political parties in Sweden. The results show that around two-thirds of members are not perfectly congruent with their party. In a two-step analysis, the article argues that emancipated members, with higher political interest and with a more independent self-conception, are more comfortable being ideologically incongruent with their party. We also provide evidence that ideological incongruence matters for members’ exit, voice and loyalty behaviour. It is associated with a more negative evaluation of the party leader (voice) and with a higher probability to either vote for another party (loyalty) or even to leave the current one (exit). The findings indicate that ideological incongruence within parties is not a trivial matter, but is rather substantial in size with potentially important consequences for party competition.
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Bajcar, Elżbieta A., Karolina Wiercioch-Kuzianik, Wacław M. Adamczyk, and Przemysław Bąbel. "To Experience or to Be Informed? Classical Conditioning Induces Nocebo Hyperalgesia even when Placebo Analgesia Is Verbally Suggested—Results of a Preliminary Study." Pain Medicine 21, no. 3 (June 5, 2019): 548–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnz123.
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Abstract Objective To investigate whether direct experience (i.e., classical conditioning) or verbal suggestion is more important in inducing nocebo hyperalgesia, five groups (total sample size, N = 99) were studied: conditioning, congruent conditioning, incongruent conditioning, verbal suggestion, and control. Methods Participants in groups with conditioning experienced more intensive pain stimuli after presentation of a white circle. In the congruent conditioning group, suggestion that the circle would precede more intensive pain stimuli was additionally provided, whereas in the incongruent conditioning group, the opposite suggestion was used. Control and verbal suggestion groups received pain stimuli of one intensity; however, the latter received suggestion that a circle would precede pain stimuli of higher intensity. Results The nocebo effect was observed in all conditioning groups, regardless of the verbal suggestions used. Moreover, the experience of hyperalgesia was able to nullify the effect of the verbal suggestion of analgesia. Incongruence between verbal suggestion and pain experience produced expectancies that affected nocebo hyperalgesia. Conclusions The results of this preliminary study suggest that direct experience seems to be more important than verbal suggestion in inducing nocebo hyperalgesia.
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Rukgaber, Matthew S. "The Asymmetry of Space: Kant’s Theory of Absolute Space in 1768." Kantian Review 21, no. 3 (October 25, 2016): 415–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1369415416000261.
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AbstractI propose that we interpret Kant’s argument from incongruent counterparts in the 1768 article ‘Concerning the Ultimate Ground of the Differentiation of Directions in Space’ in light of a theory of dynamic absolute space that he accepted throughout the 1750s and 1760s. This force-based or material conception of space was not an unusual interpretation of the Newtonian notion of absolute space. Nevertheless, commentators have continually argued that Kant’s argument is an utter failure that shifts from the metaphysics of space to its epistemology, because he has no way to connect ‘directionality’ and ‘handedness’ to absolute space. This supposed failure is based on an understanding of absolute space in purely mathematical terms and as an absolute void that lacks any qualitative or dynamic features. If we recognize that Kant held that space had an intrinsic directional asymmetry then his argument successfully connects incongruent counterparts to absolute space. The presence of this notion in Kant’s pre-Critical thought is rarely noted, and its necessity in understanding his incongruence argument is novel.
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Roy, Prof B. M. "RP-179: Formulation of Solutions of Standard Bi-Quadratic Congruence Modulo a POSITIVE INTEGER MULTIPLE to nth Power of Four." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 31, 2021): 2598–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36926.
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In this paper, the author has formulated the solutions of the standard bi-quadratic congruence of an even composite modulus modulo a positive integer multiple to nth power of four. First time a formula is established for the solutions. No literature is available for the current congruence. The author analysed the formulation of solutions in two different cases. In the first case of analysis, the congruence has the formulation which gives exactly eight incongruence solutions while in the second case of the analysis, the congruence has a different formulation of solutions and gives thirty-two incongruent solutions. A very simple and easy formulation to find all the solutions is presented here. Formulation is the merit of the paper.
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Cizek, Paul. "Legislating the Lips." Dead Sea Discoveries 26, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 76–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685179-12341466.
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AbstractThe Temple Scroll (11QTa 53:11–54:5) and Damascus Document (CD 16:6–12) each appropriate legislation concerning vows and oaths from Deut 23:22–24 and Num 30:3–17. Lawrence H. Schiffman, who has offered the only at-length comparison of these appropriations, characterizes these halakhot as incongruent and links this conclusion with his position that the Temple Scroll is Sadducean and the Damascus Document comes from a later Sadducean splinter group. However, my analysis leads to a different conclusion. I demonstrate that the authors of the Temple Scroll and Damascus Document evidence distinct aims in their appropriations of shared base texts, but not necessarily incongruence nor intentional divergence.
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Vermeulen, Nicolas, Julie Toussaint, and Olivier Luminet. "The influence of Alexithymia and music on the Incidental Memory for Emotion Words." European Journal of Personality 24, no. 6 (October 2010): 551–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.758.
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Alexithymia is a multifaceted personality construct which encompasses difficulties in identifying and expressing feelings along with an externally oriented cognitive style. We investigated whether congruent vs. incongruent emotional musical priming (happy and angry music) during encoding would moderate the effects of alexithymia on recognition rates. We found that high alexithymia scorers recognized fewer joy and anger words than low scorers. Angry music decreased recognition rates in high alexithymia scorers compared to low alexithymia scorers. The congruency and incongruency effects between music and words depended on alexithymia level. The anger deficit in high alexithymia scorers and the possible support provided by happiness cues are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Dardis, Frank E. "Attenuating the Negative Effects of Perceived Incongruence in Sponsorship: How Message Repetition Can Enhance Evaluations of an “Incongruent” Sponsor." Journal of Promotion Management 15, no. 1-2 (June 16, 2009): 36–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10496490902837759.
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Bullinger, Reyniers, Vuylsteke, Laga, and Nöstlinger. "Congruence between Hypothetical Willingness to Use Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) and Eligibility: An Online Survey among Belgian Men Having Sex with Men." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22 (November 11, 2019): 4411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224411.
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Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk for acquiring HIV in Belgium. This study explores MSMs’ hypothetical willingness to use pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), assesses it against formal PrEP eligibility criteria, and identifies factors associated with incongruence between eligibility and willingness. We used data from an online survey of n = 1444 self-reported HIV-negative MSM. Participants were recruited through social media of MSM organizations and dating apps. Univariate analysis described PrEP willingness and eligibility; bivariate analyses examined how specific co-variates (socio-demographic, knowledge-related, and attitudinal and behavioral factors) were associated with eligibility and willingness. About 44% were eligible for PrEP and about 70% were willing to use it. Those who were eligible were significantly more likely be willing to take PrEP (p < 0.001). Two incongruent groups emerged: 16% of eligible participants were unwilling and 58% of ineligible participants were willing to use PrEP. Factors associated with this incongruence were sexual risk behavior, HIV risk perception, partner status, PrEP knowledge, and attitudinal factors. Because the two groups differ in terms of profiles, it is important to tailor HIV prevention and sexual health promotion to their needs. Among those at risk but not willing to take PrEP, misconceptions about PrEP, and adequate risk perception should be addressed.
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De Mas, G., and B. Hellrigl. "Considerations on uncertainties and inconsistencies in the dendrometric terminology." Forest@ - Rivista di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia Forestale 11, no. 3 (June 19, 2014): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/efor1208-011.
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Wang, Yaxuan, Zhen Cao, Huw A. Ogilvie, and Luay Nakhleh. "Phylogenomic assessment of the role of hybridization and introgression in trait evolution." PLOS Genetics 17, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): e1009701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009701.
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Trait evolution among a set of species—a central theme in evolutionary biology—has long been understood and analyzed with respect to a species tree. However, the field of phylogenomics, which has been propelled by advances in sequencing technologies, has ushered in the era of species/gene tree incongruence and, consequently, a more nuanced understanding of trait evolution. For a trait whose states are incongruent with the branching patterns in the species tree, the same state could have arisen independently in different species (homoplasy) or followed the branching patterns of gene trees, incongruent with the species tree (hemiplasy). Another evolutionary process whose extent and significance are better revealed by phylogenomic studies is gene flow between different species. In this work, we present a phylogenomic method for assessing the role of hybridization and introgression in the evolution of polymorphic or monomorphic binary traits. We apply the method to simulated evolutionary scenarios to demonstrate the interplay between the parameters of the evolutionary history and the role of introgression in a binary trait’s evolution (which we call xenoplasy). Very importantly, we demonstrate, including on a biological data set, that inferring a species tree and using it for trait evolution analysis in the presence of gene flow could lead to misleading hypotheses about trait evolution.
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Tan, Yingying, and Peter Hagoort. "Catecholaminergic Modulation of Semantic Processing in Sentence Comprehension." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 12 (August 8, 2020): 6426–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa204.
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Abstract Catecholamine (CA) function has been widely implicated in cognitive functions that are tied to the prefrontal cortex and striatal areas. The present study investigated the effects of methylphenidate, which is a CA agonist, on the electroencephalogram (EEG) response related to semantic processing using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover, within-subject design. Forty-eight healthy participants read semantically congruent or incongruent sentences after receiving 20-mg methylphenidate or a placebo while their brain activity was monitored with EEG. To probe whether the catecholaminergic modulation is task-dependent, in one condition participants had to focus on comprehending the sentences, while in the other condition, they only had to attend to the font size of the sentence. The results demonstrate that methylphenidate has a task-dependent effect on semantic processing. Compared to placebo, when semantic processing was task-irrelevant, methylphenidate enhanced the detection of semantic incongruence as indexed by a larger N400 amplitude in the incongruent sentences; when semantic processing was task-relevant, methylphenidate induced a larger N400 amplitude in the semantically congruent condition, which was followed by a larger late positive complex effect. These results suggest that CA-related neurotransmitters influence language processing, possibly through the projections between the prefrontal cortex and the striatum, which contain many CA receptors.
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MILLER, BENJAMIN. "Between the revisionist and the frontier state: regional variations in state war-propensity." Review of International Studies 35, S1 (February 2009): 85–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210509008444.
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AbstractThis article explains variations in state war-propensity. I introduce a new typology of state war-proneness based on four major types of states: revisionist, failed, frontier, and status quo. The major novel contribution of this essay is the argument that the combined effect of variations in the extent of success in state-building (strong or weak states) and nation-building (nationally congruent or incongruent) shapes the level and the type of state violence by producing different categories of states with regard to their war-propensity. Strong states but nationally incongruent generate revisionist states, which initiate aggressive wars. The combination of state strength and national congruence leads to a status quo state. Weakness and incongruence bring about civil wars and foreign intervention in ‘failed’ states. Weakness but congruence produce the ‘frontier state’ with boundary and territorial wars, but also with a reasonable likelihood of evolution of status quo orientation over time. I focus here on key examples of these types of states, especially from two regions: Iraq and Lebanon in a highly war-prone region – the post-World War II Middle East; and Argentina and Brazil in a more peaceful one, at least in the 20th century – South America, although these states experienced quite a number of wars in the 19th century.
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Laushkina, Anastasia, Ivan Smirnov, Anatoly Medvedev, Andrey Laptev, and Mikhail Sinko. "Detecting incongruity in the expression of emotions in short videos based on a multimodal approach." Cybernetics and Physics, Volume 11, 2022, Number 4 (December 30, 2022): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35470/2226-4116-2022-11-4-210-216.
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Every day people face uncertainty, which is already an integral part of their lives. Uncertainty creates risks for various kinds of companies, in particular, the financial sector may incur losses due to various kinds of human errors. People turn to the opinion of experts who have special knowledge to eliminate this uncertainty. It is established that the expert shows insolvency if he uses incongruent manipulation techniques. In this article we propose a method that allows solving the problem of congruence estimation. The hypothesis that a person with a prepared speech and a person with a spontaneous speech will have a different level of congruence is also put forward and tested in this work. The similarity of emotional states of verbal and nonverbal channels is evaluated in our solution for determining congruence. Convolutional neural networks (CNN) were used to assess a person’s emotional state from video and audio, speeth-to-text to extract the text of the speaker’s speech, and a pre-trained BERT model for subsequent analysis of emotional color. Tests have shown that with the help of this development it is possible not only to distinguish the incongruence of a person, but also to point out the unnatural nature of his origin (to distinguish a simply incongruent person from a deepfake).
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Padhi, Mousumi, and Snigdha Pattnaik. "The Role of Cognitive Appraisal in Work-Family Experiences of Indian IT Employees." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 39, no. 2 (April 2014): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920140204.
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Demographic changes have had a catalytic effect on the number of people participating in multiple roles and juggling them as they go through various life functions. Two of the major domains where these roles are based are work and family. This study draws on Person-environment fit theory to understand to what extent congruence between an individual and her⁄his environment affects her⁄his experience of work-family interface. Through this, the study seeks to capture the cognitive appraisal process by which work and family experiences can exacerbate work-family conflict (WFC) and enhance work-family enrichment (WFE). This study is an attempt to respond to calls by researchers to look at the process of cognitive appraisal and congruence which have largely been ignored in work-family literature. These processes could help understand why given the same situation and environmental contexts, individuals might differ in their work-family experiences. Congruence, measured at two levels — congruence and incongruence — has been taken as the independent variable in the study. The different measures of work-family conflict and work-family enrichment have been taken as the dependent variables. Responses in the study were drawn from software professionals working in IT organizations. It was found that the incongruent individuals reported significantly higher levels of work-family conflict on all the dimensions of conflict as compared to the congruent individuals. In contrast, when it came to work-family enrichment, congruent individuals reported significantly higher levels of enrichment on all the dimensions as compared to incongruent individuals. By capturing the role of cognitive appraisal on work-family interface, the study contributes theoretically and empirically to the extant literature on work and family. As organizations across sectors are taking steps to promote work-life harmony, the finding that congruence leads to greater work-family enrichment and incongruence leads to greater work-family conflict has important practical implications for the formulation of work-family policies.
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Shen, Xing-Xing, Jacob L. Steenwyk, and Antonis Rokas. "Dissecting Incongruence between Concatenation- and Quartet-Based Approaches in Phylogenomic Data." Systematic Biology 70, no. 5 (February 22, 2021): 997–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syab011.
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Abstract Topological conflict or incongruence is widespread in phylogenomic data. Concatenation- and coalescent-based approaches often result in incongruent topologies, but the causes of this conflict can be difficult to characterize. We examined incongruence stemming from conflict the between likelihood-based signal (quantified by the difference in gene-wise log-likelihood score or $\Delta $GLS) and quartet-based topological signal (quantified by the difference in gene-wise quartet score or $\Delta $GQS) for every gene in three phylogenomic studies in animals, fungi, and plants, which were chosen because their concatenation-based IQ-TREE (T1) and quartet-based ASTRAL (T2) phylogenies are known to produce eight conflicting internal branches (bipartitions). By comparing the types of phylogenetic signal for all genes in these three data matrices, we found that 30–36% of genes in each data matrix are inconsistent, that is, each of these genes has a higher log-likelihood score for T1 versus T2 (i.e., $\Delta $GLS $>$0) whereas its T1 topology has lower quartet score than its T2 topology (i.e., $\Delta $GQS $<$0) or vice versa. Comparison of inconsistent and consistent genes using a variety of metrics (e.g., evolutionary rate, gene tree topology, distribution of branch lengths, hidden paralogy, and gene tree discordance) showed that inconsistent genes are more likely to recover neither T1 nor T2 and have higher levels of gene tree discordance than consistent genes. Simulation analyses demonstrate that the removal of inconsistent genes from data sets with low levels of incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and low and medium levels of gene tree estimation error (GTEE) reduced incongruence and increased accuracy. In contrast, removal of inconsistent genes from data sets with medium and high ILS levels and high GTEE levels eliminated or extensively reduced incongruence, but the resulting congruent species phylogenies were not always topologically identical to the true species trees.[Conflict; gene tree; phylogenetic signal; phylogenetics; phylogenomics; Tree of Life.]