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Journal articles on the topic 'Incomplete sentences'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Z. U., Usmanova. "Classification of Incomplete Sentences of the Russian Language." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 12 (December 31, 2021): 2140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39733.

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Annotation: In the Russian language, there are different principles for the classification of sentences, and one of them is according to the completeness and incompleteness of a given syntactic unit. What exactly this means is explained at the lessons of the Russian language. This topic is very important for understanding the principles of writing sentences and syntax in general. Keywords: sentences, syntactics, grammar, semantics, complete sentence, incomplete sentence, structural features, meaning.
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2

Son, Minjung, Seung-Ha Oh, Jeong-Sug Kyong, and Jee Eun Sung. "Effects of Working Memory Capacity and Noise Placement on Passive Sentence Processing in Elderly Adults: An Eye-Tracking Study." Communication Sciences & Disorders 27, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 158–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12963/csd.21796.

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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of working-memory (WM) capacity on age-related changes in abilities to comprehend incomplete passive sentences using eye tracking.Methods: A total of 45 individuals participated in the study. The incomplete sentences were made by replacing dative case makers or verbs with white noise. A composite measure of WM scores was used as an index of WM capacity.Results: The elderly group and the lower WM group showed worse performance in accuracy and response time under the both noise conditions. All groups showed worse performance under the verb noise conditions in accuracy and response time. In accuracy, a two-way interaction between the age groups and the WM groups was significant. There was a correlation between the noise locations and the age groups in response time. In target advantage ratio (TA), there was a correlation between the regions and the age groups under the both conditions. Moreover, the main effect of the region was significant under the verb noise.Conclusion: Ageing reduces the ability of sentence processing and the sentences without verbs were more difficult to process for all groups. Also, the WM capacity can affect sentence processing and the affect increases with ageing. TA results showed that elderly adults use an inefficient strategy when dealing with incomplete passive-sentences, affected by reduced cognitive function due to ageing. Also, TA results suggested that WM capacity plays different roles in online and offline sentence processing.
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Umida Burieva, Nilufar Sadullaeva,. "THE PECULIARITIES OF INCOMPLETE SENTENCES IN MODERN ENGLISH." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 2860–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.1178.

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The issue of incomplete sentences has been long attracted more scientists. There were no special works devoted to incomplete sentences. The main significant research of this matter were the thesis of A.N.Nazarov and the work of I.A.Popova. I.A.Popova, at the conclusion of her work, comes to the pessimistic conclusion that it is impossible to give a satisfactory definition of incomplete sentences based on a grammatical structure, as well as the impossibility of putting forward clear criteria for dividing sentences into complete and incomplete[1].This conclusion largely depended on the fact that the definition of incompleteness for a long time was based not on structural-grammatical, but on semantic features. So A.N.Nazarov believed that semantic incompleteness allows defining incomplete sentences and their criteria. Since these conclusions were made, the issue of incomplete sentences and many other problems related to it were investigated thoroughly. Nevertheless, many questions of the theory of incomplete sentences still remain unresolved, their structure and peculiarities, also the relationship between various linguistic factors have not been completely clarified.
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Engel, Dulcie M. "A minor issue?" Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 32, no. 1 (June 25, 2009): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.32.1.02eng.

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‘Minor sentences’ is one of the many terms used in the literature to refer to a phenomenon usually relegated to an obscure paragraph of the grammar book, or treated principally as a spoken discourse feature. These forms are also referred to as sentence fragments, incomplete sentences, verbless sentences, and nominal sentences, to name but a few of the terms found. Despite the marginal status attributed to the forms, more detailed study is warranted. Minor sentences occur frequently in the written language, and perform important communicative functions in a range of contexts. The term is used to refer to apparently complete phrases which do not conform to canonical sentence structure. Typically, they lack a subject noun phrase, or a finite verb, i.e. one of the two ‘essential’ elements of the sentence. In this paper, we begin with an overview of English and French grammar book and discourse analysis approaches. We then discuss previous studies of minor sentence contexts, French recipes and newspaper headlines, before turning to a corpus consisting of public signs and notices, headlines, advertising slogans, and crossword clues, in an effort to determine whether certain minor sentence types can be associated with particular (written) discourse functions.
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Nurminto, Toto, and Afnita Afnita. "KEEFEKTIFAN KALIMAT DALAM TEKS EKSPOSISI SISWA KELAS VIII SMP NEGERI 1 TANJUNG RAYA." Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia 8, no. 3 (February 19, 2020): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/108231-019883.

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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is threefold, namely (1) the effectiveness of the sentence in the exposition essay of VIII grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Tanjung Raya in terms of sentence structure, (2) choice of words, and (3) spelling use. The type of research used is qualitative research using descriptive methods. Data of research is the results of identification of sentence ineffectiveness used in essays of exposition and sourced from the object of research. The technique of validating the data used is the thick description technique. Data were analyzed using simple statistical descriptive techniques and qualitative analysis using formats. Of 264 sentences used as research data, there were 47 effective sentences and 199 sentences were not effective. This means that there is still a lack of understanding of VII grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Tanjung Raya about effective sentences in exposition essays. The ineffectiveness of these 46 sentences is because they do not meet one or more of the indicators used in this study. Second, 42 sentences are not effective in terms of sentence structure. this is because one element is incomplete. Third, 125 sentences are not effective in terms of the use of word choices. This is due to inappropriate choice of words. Fourth, 97 sentences are not effective in terms of spelling usage. 48 sentences on the inaccuracy of the use of capital letters, 5 sentences on the inaccuracy of the use of dots, and 44 sentences on the inaccuracy of using commas. Kata kunci: Keefektifan, Kalimat, Teks Eksposisi
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6

Dea, Ellisa Ivana, I. Wayan Pastika, and Ni Putu N. Widarsini. "Analisis Kalimat Dalam Siniar Spotify Merry Riana Periode Oktober-November 2019." Stilistika : Journal of Indonesian Language and Literature 1, no. 1 (October 17, 2021): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/stil.2021.v01.i01.p06.

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The topic of this article is "Sentence analysis in Merry Riana's Spotify broadcast for the period October-November 2019". As the background of this study is that, in the 41 broadcast episodes chosen, Merry uses modern Indonesian, making it easier for the researchers to review when this analysis is carried out. Second, research on Merry Riana's spotify siniar with sentense structure has never been done. Third, this study may be motivating and increasing researchers' insight. In this study, two research questions were raised, namely what types of sentences are contained in Merry Riana's spotify podcast and how is the structure of the sentence function filler in Merry Riana's spotify podcast. The purpose of this study is to find out the types of sentences contained in Merry Riana's spotify podcast and to find out how the structure of the filler function is. Qualitative and quantitative descriptive study which is presented in the form of data excerpts containing sentences and table of data percentage. In the data collection method, observation supported by listening technique followed by note-taking techniques were applied. The results of this research data analysis are presented in formal and informal methods. The results of this study obtained eight types of sentences, namely single sentences, compound sentences, declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences, exclamative sentences, complete sentences, and incomplete sentences. In this study, it is also found 23 variations of syntactic functions consisting of seven variations of single sentences and 16 variations of compound sentences.
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Jannah, Azka Nidaul, and Khaerunnisa Khaerunnisa. "Analisis Kesalahan Berbahasa (Tulis) Pemelajar BIPA Level 7 dalam Pembuatan Karya Ilmiah." MARDIBASA: Jurnal Pembelajaran Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 2, no. 2 (December 24, 2022): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21274/jpbsi.2022.2.2.134-142.

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This study aims to describe written language errors of level 7 BIPA students in writing scientific papers, including errors in (1) conjunctions, (2) capital letters, (3) puntuations, and (4) sentences structure. The data used in this study were three BIPA level 7 scientific papers. The method used was descriptive-qualitative. Data analysis was carried out by (1) note things that are aspects of language errors, (2) classify language errors into certain groups, and (3) describe those language errors. The result of the study show that in the scientific papers of BIPA level 7 students there are still many errors, including errors in using conjunctions at the beginning of sentences, inaccuracies in the use of capital letters which are often placed in the middle of sentences, inaccuracies in the use of comma and full stop punctuation, and sentence ineffectiveness triggered by structural interference sentences in foreign languages, redudant words, and incomplete sentence patterns.
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Eskandari, Mahnush. "Classi cation of incomplete Persian sentences with ellipsis." Bulletin of Chelyabinsk State University, no. 1 (2022): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47475/1994-2796-2022-10103.

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9

Saito, Natsuki, and Takahiro Kamai. "Speech synthesis system for naturally reading incomplete sentences." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 125, no. 6 (2009): 4108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3155495.

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10

Pandeangan, Marwan, Jangkontua Siburian, Livia Olga Indah Sari, and Novita Sari. "ANALISIS KESALAHAN BERBAHASA INDONESIA DI SEKOLAH DASAR." SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED 10, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/sejpgsd.v10i2.18801.

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This study aims to describe the mistakes in Indonesian language made by students in elementary schools in general. The focus of the study was conducted on language errors in writing skills in elementary school. This type of research is descriptive research. The data source in this research is searching relevant journals. The analysis technique used in analyzing language errors is qualitative data analysis techniques. The results showed that there were student errors in writing including: spelling mistakes (errors in writing basic words, mistakes in using capital letters, mistakes in writing prefixes, mistakes in writing prepositions, mistakes in abbreviated writing, and errors in punctuation), errors in word selection (use of words speech), and mistakes in sentence construction (incomplete sentences, ineffective sentences, and sentences containing interference). Thus, students 'mistakes in writing must be minimized as an effort to improve students' writing skills in elementary school.Keywords: Language errors, spelling, word selection, sentence organization
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11

Valente, Luisa. "Aliquid amplius audire desiderat: Desire in Abelard’s Theory of Incomplete and Non-Assertive Complete Sentences." Vivarium 53, no. 2-4 (September 16, 2015): 221–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685349-12341298.

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One of the peculiarities of Peter Abelard’s analysis of incomplete and non-assertive sentences is his use of the notion of desire: in both Dialectica and Glosses on Peri hermeneias the terms desiderium and desidero move to the foreground side by side with optatio, expectatio, suspensio and the related verbs. Desire plays a structural role in Abelard’s descriptions of the compositional way in which the linguistic message is received, changing step by step from incomplete to complete: the person who receives the incomplete message (e.g., ‘Socrates’ or ‘Socrates legens’) desires to get further information through other words since he knows that the purpose of such words or sequences of words (their causa inventionis) is to combine with other words in order to form a complete sentence. On the other hand, the expression of the speaker’s attention to his inner affections renders the same semantic content a different complete sentence (injunction, prayer, or desiderativa oratio).
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Kristina, Wilna, Albert Rufinus, and Masfa Maiza. "ERROR ANALYSIS OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES." JOEEL: Journal of English Education and Literature 1, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.38114/joeel.v1i1.35.

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Making mistakes when using conditional sentences is common for foreign language learners. Errors in this study are in accordance with the error classification surface strategy taxonomy, namely omission, addition, misform ation and misordering. The purposes of this study are to identify and to classify the types of error and to find the factors causing errors in the use of conditional sentences. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research method that is a case study with taxonomic analysis. Data collection techniques were carried out using test and interview. The research subject was third semester students of the English Language Education Study Program 2018/2019 of Pamane Talino College of Education in Landak Regency, West Kalimantan. The results show that 30.27% of students make omission errors, 21.11% addition errors, 34.86% misformation errors and 13.76% misordering errors. The factors that cause errors are found from the system's own target language (intralingual). The main error factors classified as intralingual errors in this study are: incomplete knowledge in verb forms, incomplete application of rules and false concept hypothesis.
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13

Роговнева, Ю. В. "FUNCTIONAL TYPOLOGY OF SYNTAXEM AND INCOMPLETE SENTENCES IN RUSSIAN." Russkii iazyk za rubezhom, no. 4(293) (August 30, 2022): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37632/pi.2022.293.4.009.

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Настоящая статья представляет собой продолжение анализа предикативных единиц в нефикциональных описательных текстах. В более ранних работах были проанализированы конструкции, в которых говорящий не эксплицирует субъект; было показано, что эти предложения не всегда можно считать односоставными (в соответствии с оппозицией односоставности и двусоставности). В этой статье мы обратимся к проблеме так называемых неполных предложений и попытаемся взглянуть на эту закрепившуюся в русском синтаксисе оппозицию с точки зрения теории коммуникативной грамматики, в результате ответим на вопрос о том, какие предложения действительно можно считать неполными. This article is a continuation of the analysis of predicative units in non-functional descriptive texts. In earlier works, constructions in which the speaker does not explicate the subject were analyzed, it was shown that these sentences cannot always be considered one-part (in accordance with the opposition of one-part and two-part). In this article we will address the problem of so-called incomplete sentences and try to look at this opposition fixed in Russian syntax from the point of view of the theory of communicative grammar.
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Rasulis, Richard, David Schuldberg, and Michael Murtagh. "Computer-administered testing with the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank." Computers in Human Behavior 12, no. 4 (December 1996): 497–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0747-5632(96)00021-0.

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15

Logan, Richard E., and Charles A. Waehler. "The Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank: Examining Potential Race Differences." Journal of Personality Assessment 76, no. 3 (June 2001): 448–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa7603_06.

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Vylka, Lidiya. "Functioning of Single-Composition and Incomplete Sentences in Epistolary Text." Current issues of social sciences and history of medicine, no. 1 (February 25, 2016): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2411-6181.1.2016.150.

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17

Lapygin, Vladimir D. "METHODOLOGICAL AND METHODICAL PROSPECTS FOR THE METHOD OF INCOMPLETE SENTENCES." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Philosophy. Social Studies. Art Studies, no. 4 (2016): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6401-2016-4-75-82.

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18

Мorozova, Yanina, and Inessa Kuzheleva. "The research of personal and professional development features of college graduates in the university: content and methods." E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 22026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021022026.

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The features of the personal and professional development of the future specialists are studied in the aspect of their specialization. These are revealed through the use of projective research methods - the essays "My professional plans" and "My usual day in … years", incomplete sentence method, and a questionnaire to assess the level of socio-psychological adaptation. To study the college graduates’ adaptation peculiarities to educational process in the university, the questionnaire was used, designed to determine the level of educational and professional adaptation in psychophysiological, professional and socio-psychological aspects. The article describes the use of the "Incomplete sentences" method, its modification depending on the indicators of the respondents group. The results of testing students are presented in detail. Other research methods are also described.
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Zhunusova, M. K., and A. Zh Sayazhanova. "The syntactic structure of the initial and final sentences." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. Philology series 99, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2020ph3/65-72.

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The article analyzes the key role of syntactic features in the composition of the text. It was determined that the first and last sentences of the text are syntactically diverse. Sentence words, simple, introductory, and complex sentences perform communicative, expressive, and stylistic functions in the text. The semantic and compressed structures, modality, expressiveness, and stylistic skills that are based on various structures of these sentences were studied to reveal the clarity and comprehensibility of the idea of sentences. It is emphasized that with the help of syntactic laws, by means of one-or two-part sentences that convey the idea of the text, the features of the character are briefly and concisely revealed. The features of the formation of various initial sentences are defined. The syntactic structure of initial and final sentences is different: simple, ambiguous, complete, incomplete, positive, negative. All types of single-part components are nominal, vocative, and non-articulate sentences. However, such sentences are not complex, they are mostly simple short sentences. Semantic and syntactic characteristics of initial and final sentences are described in their idiomatic, narrative, interrogative, and complex forms. It was determined by the semantic properties of rhetorical questions in the initial proposals. It should be noted that the nominal structure of the initial sentences of the text is used not only for ease of description but also for emotionality as if it is related to certain aspects of the plot or the general content of the story and affects the reader's feelings. It is believed that the authors in the initial sentences not only indicate the time or place of the event, but also describe human behavior in relation to the environment and nature, and thus allow the reader to predict the end of the story. It was ascertained that the initial and final sentences, depending on the historical period, can be used in both positive and negative meanings.
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Ganieva, R. R. "Syntactic Relations Reflected by Word Order in "The Catcher in the Rye" by J. D. Salinger and "Fates and Furies" by L. Groff." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 21, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 1078–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2019-21-4-1078-1085.

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The research features syntactic structure in the twentieth century "The Catcher in the Rye" by J. D. Salinger and the twenty first century "Fates and Furies" by L. Groff. The research objective was to study the nature of syntactic relations expressed by word order in speech of narrators and characters. The paper outlines the rules of word order in the English sentence and reviews related studies in the field of syntax. The author analyzed the syntactic structure of sentences in the speech of narrators and characters in the two novels. The analysis was based on the descriptive method and techniques of observation, interpretation, comparison, and generalization. There were numerous examples of omission of auxiliary verbs in interrogative sentences in characters' speech, as well as interrogative sentences with affirmative structure. In "The Catcher in the Rye", affirmative sentences obecame interrogative with the help of interjections eh and ah. Both novels contained sentences where adverbial modifiers, objects, or attributes preceded the main parts – in the narrators' speech. A lot of one-member and contextually incomplete sentences were used to describe events and personages in both novels. In "The Catcher in the Rye", the narrator's speech revealed few cases of violations of word order rules, mostly in sentences with direct word order. The characters' speech appeared to contain much more cases of word order violations, since the novel features colloquial speech of twentieth century American teenagers. The speech of adult personages was characterized by correct word order. In "Fates and Furies", the narrator's speech demonstrated a significant number of elliptical sentences where auxiliary verb to be was omitted in simple verbal predicate with the verb in Present Continuous, as well as in compound nominal predicate and in passive voice. A comparative study of syntactic structure contributed to a deeper understanding of the nature of syntactic relations reflected by word order in the English sentence, grammatical structure of the English language, and popular types of sentences. In addition, the study showed the way native speakers express their ideas and thoughts by linguistic means and violate linguistic norms. The results can be used in various grammar courses and compiling textbooks.
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Pabat, V. V. "Peculiarities of Functioning of Incomplete Interrogative Sentences in Modern Media Discourse." Literature and Culture of Polissya 101, no. 16f (January 20, 2021): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31654/2520-6966-2021-16f-101-118-124.

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22

Sansavini, Alessandra, Mariagrazia Zuccarini, Dino Gibertoni, Arianna Bello, Maria Cristina Caselli, Luigi Corvaglia, and Annalisa Guarini. "Language Profiles and Their Relation to Cognitive and Motor Skills at 30 Months of Age: An Online Investigation of Low-Risk Preterm and Full-Term Children." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 2715–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00636.

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Purpose Wide interindividual variability characterizes language development in the general and at-risk populations of up to 3 years of age. We adopted a complex approach that considers multiple aspects of lexical and grammatical skills to identify language profiles in low-risk preterm and full-term children. We also investigated biological and environmental predictors and relations between language profiles and cognitive and motor skills. Method We enrolled 200 thirty-month-old Italian-speaking children—consisting of 100 low-risk preterm and 100 comparable full-term children. Parents filled out the Italian version of the MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventories Infant and Toddler Short Forms (word comprehension, word production, and incomplete and complete sentence production), Parent Report of Children's Abilities–Revised (cognitive score), and Early Motor Questionnaire (fine motor, gross motor, perception–action, and total motor scores) questionnaires. Results A latent profile analysis identified four profiles: poor (21%), with lowest receptive and expressive vocabulary and absent or limited word combination and phonological accuracy; weak (22.5%), with average receptive but limited expressive vocabulary, incomplete sentences, and absent or limited phonological accuracy; average (25%), with average receptive and expressive vocabulary, use of incomplete and complete sentences, and partial phonological accuracy; and advanced (31.5%), with highest expressive vocabulary, complete sentence production, and phonological accuracy. Lower cognitive and motor scores characterized the poor profile, and lower cognitive and perception–action scores characterized the weak profile. Having a nonworking mother and a father with lower education increased the probability of a child's assignment to the poor profile, whereas being small for gestational age at birth increased it for the weak profile. Conclusions These findings suggest a need for a person-centered and cross-domain approach to identifying children with language weaknesses and implementing timely interventions. An online procedure for data collection and data-driven analyses based on multiple lexical and grammatical skills appear to be promising methodological innovations. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14818179
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Harris, Anjelica. "“We Can’t Just Throw Our Children Away”." Texas A&M Law Review 7, no. 3 (May 2020): 613–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v7.i3.4.

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In the words of Supreme Court Justice Elena Kagan, children are different. The issue of how to sentence juvenile offenders has long been controversial. Although psychology acknowledges the connection between incomplete juvenile brain development and increased criminality, the justice system lags behind in how it handles juvenile offenders. A prime example is the case of Bobby Bostic, who at the age of sixteen was charged with eighteen offenses and sentenced to 241 years in prison. This sentence, known as a term-of-years or virtual life sentence, essentially guarantees that no matter what Bobby does or who he proves himself to be as an adult, he will die in prison. Since Bobby’s sentencing in 1997, the Supreme Court has held that sentencing juveniles to death violates the Eighth Amendment and has banned life without parole for juvenile offenders. Despite landmark Supreme Court decisions, a gap in the law continues to exist when it comes to juvenile non-homicide of- fenders who are certified and tried as adults. Thousands of juvenile offenders are now trapped in the legal gap that exists in the distinction, or lack thereof, between life without parole and lengthy term-of-years sentences. This Comment will explore the gap in the law, the various ways the States have chosen to handle this issue, and will propose a possible solution for Texas.
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Анастасія Віталіївна Онатій. "THE STATUS OF HALF-SYMMETRIC PRONOUNS CORRELATED SENTENCES." MESSENGER of Kyiv National Linguistic University. Series Philology 20, no. 2 (September 5, 2022): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32589/2311-0821.2.2017.120837.

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Introduction. Based on the structural symmetry criterion the paper focuses on thestatus of compound constructions which have half-symmetric pronouns in correlated clauses.In contemporary Ukrainian linguistics there are two dominant perspectives on the problem:1) the semantics of compound constructions, which influences the structure of half-symmetricpronouns correlated clauses; 2) type of connection between the correlate and the relate. Eventhis traditional approach does not have a single interpretation, in particular there are differencesin terminology and the formation of a clear criterion for defining certain subtypes. Purpose.The paper aims to clarify the understanding the concept of half-symmetrical pronouns correlatedsentences, singled out on semantic criterion. Results. The results of this paper specify the useof linguistic terms and clarify the theory of pronoun-compound sentencesstructural organization.In addition to the generally accepted principle of semantic identity, there is a sentence withcomplete and incomplete semantic opposition between the pronominal word and the relate word.In this paper the term “half-symmetric sentences” introduces. These structures has the transitionalstatus between symmetric and asymmetric sentences, because they demonstrates the correlationof general semantic (locality, temporality). The correlative block units have different typeof meaning in this sentences. Conclusion. According to this paper, it is appropriate to delimitthe broad and the narrow interpretations of the concept of “syntactic asymmetry”. It is necessaryto classify all pronoun-compound sentences into three groups: symmetric, asymmetric and halfsymmetric structures. Each of these types requires a separate complex study
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Spirrison, Charles L., Isabelle M. Schneider, Jennifer A. Hartwell, Rebecca W. Carmack, and Robyn A. D'Reaux. "Early Memories and Maladjustment." Psychological Reports 81, no. 1 (August 1997): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.81.1.227.

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Earliest memories were elicited from 60 undergraduates, who also completed the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank, Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, Warder Physical Symptoms Inventory, and Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Early memories were scored for the three factors identified by Caruso and Spirrison (Emotional Poise, Activity, and Dependability). These scores were not significantly associated with indices of maladjustment or the social desirability measure. Age at reported earliest memory was significantly related to maladjustment, with persons reporting first memories prior to 4 years of age having significantly higher scores on maladjustment, as measured by the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank, than individuals with first memories occurring later. Individuals whose first memories occurred after the age of 5 years reported significantly more somatic concerns than persons with early memories of average onset, i.e., 4 to 5 years of age.
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SETIADI, SAMSI, and ZAINAL RAFLI. "ARABIC WRITING LEARNING MODEL BASED ON GENRE PROCESS APPROACH IN HIGHER EDUCATION." Al-Ma'rifah 14, no. 02 (April 11, 2018): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/almakrifah.14.02.06.

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This study aims to obtain a model of teaching materials of Arabic writing (kitabah Arabiyah) based on the genre process approach at the State University of Jakarta. The method used is the development research to obtain the model of Arabic writing materials based on the genre process approach. The results showed that students still had difficulties at a fairly high level, such as finding key ideas, developing paragraphs, applying appropriate Arabic rules, finding and selecting the vocabularies that fit the context of the sentence. Students make some mistakes when writing Arabic script, including incorrect writing of letters, selection of verb (fi’il) and noun (isim), mistakes of intended meaning, incomplete sentences, and incomplete paragraphs. The need of students to the learning of Arabic writing shown by the scores of students' needs on the study is 3.90 which means that Arabic writing teaching is needed. The development of Arabic-based teaching material model based on the genre approach is needed as an alternative to problem solving.
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Setiadi, Samsi, and Zainal Rafli. "MODEL MATERI AJAR KITABAH ARABIYAH BERBASIS PENDEKATAN PROSES GENRE DI PERGURUAN TINGGI." Al-Ma'rifah 15, no. 01 (April 20, 2018): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/almakrifah.15.01.10.

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This study aims to obtain a model of teaching materials of Arabic writing (kitabah Arabiyah) based on the genre process approach at the State University of Jakarta. The method used is the development research to obtain the model of Arabic writing materials based on the genre process approach. The results showed that students still had difficulties at a fairly high level, such as finding key ideas, developing paragraphs, applying appropriate Arabic rules, finding and selecting the vocabularies that fit the context of the sentence. Students make some mistakes when writing Arabic script, including incorrect writing of letters, selection of verb (fi’il) and noun (isim), mistakes of intended meaning, incomplete sentences, and incomplete paragraphs. The need of students to the learning of Arabic writing shown by the scores of students' needs on the study is 3.90 which means that Arabic writing teaching is needed. The development of Arabic-based teaching material model based on the genre approach is needed as an alternative to problem solving.
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Lah, Michael I. "New Validity, Normative, and Scoring Data for the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank." Journal of Personality Assessment 53, no. 3 (September 1989): 607–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5303_17.

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Marsheuskaya, V. V. "Syntactic functioning of verbal phraseological units with atypical structure." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Humanitarian Series 66, no. 4 (November 9, 2021): 443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/2524-2369-2021-66-4-443-449.

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The question concerning the syntax role of verbal phraseological units with an atypical structure is considered to be one of the complex issues of the syntax of a simple sentence (in their structure, such units do not have a verb component which may reflect such categories as type, tense, person, number). The aim of the research is to analyze the main patterns of the syntax functioning of verbal phraseological units with atypical structure in one- and two-parts sentences of the Belarusian language. The methodological base consists of the works of leading local and foreign linguists in phraseology and syntax. The material for the study is based on the factual material of the reputable phraseological dictionary of Mr. Lepeshev. The main methods are description, comparison, analytical research method, use of elements of quantitative calculations. The article considers the use issues of verbal phraseological units with an atypical structure in two-part sentences with a subject reflecting a person, a concrete or abstract subject. Mostly verb phraseological units are used in full sentences, but they can also be used in incomplete contextual ones. The author substantiates the use patterns of verbal phraseological units with an atypical structure which are used as a simple complexified verbal predicate in a two-parts sentence. The article also names and indicates factors influencing the functioning of verbal phraseological units in the role of linkers or copular parts. Being close in meaning to an infinitive, such units in combination with predicatives play the role of the main member of one-part impersonal sentences. The atypical functions of such units are the functions of definition, complement and adverbial of purpose. The article conclusions can be applied in lectures and practical classes in linguistics and cultural studies, as well as in the preparation of phraseological dictionaries.
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Krudu, Aleksandr. "Analysis of progressivity, normality and responsibility principles in the progressive system of serving criminal sentences in the form of imprisonment." International penitentiary journal 3, no. 1 (July 16, 2021): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33463/2712-7737.2021.03(1-3).1.040-045.

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Ensuring the proper functioning of the progressive system of serving a criminal sentence in the form of deprivation of liberty is an urgent problem for the Republic of Moldova. The international recommendations in this area, as well as the practice of other states that apply the progressive system, in order to identify the most optimal solutions for its implementation are analyzed in the article. Special literature is studied, in which important studies is conducted on the role of sentences execution principles in achieving their goals. Recommendations for changing the existing regulatory framework are formulated. According to the results of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that although most of the principles reflected in the Penal Code of the Republic of Moldova are characteristic of a progressive system of serving sentences, their list is incomplete. International practice recognizes the important role of the principles of normality, responsibility and progressivity in a progressive system of serving a sentence of imprisonment. Therefore, in order to intensify the national correctional process and achieve more effective results in the execution of criminal penalties, it is necessary to expand the list of principles enshrined in the Penal Code of the Republic of Moldova and to create correctional mechanisms that correspond to their proper application.
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Крюкова, Л. Б., and А. Н. Губайдуллина. "One-member sentences and their communicative potential in professional discourse." Russkii iazyk za rubezhom, no. 4(287) (September 10, 2021): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37632/pi.2021.287.4.005.

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В статье рассматривается структурно-семантическая организация отдельных типов односоставных предложений в профессиональной коммуникации. Анализ функциональной нагрузки и коммуникативного потенциала исследуемых конструкций проводится с дискурсивных позиций. В качестве предмета лингвистического анализа выбраны строевые команды, представляющие собой односоставные и неполные грамматические структуры, реализация которых напрямую обусловлена стандартизованностью и субординативностью военной речи, однозначностью интерпретации и отсутствием вариативности. В фокусе внимания – инфинитивные и определенно-личные синтаксические единицы, ориентированные на вертикальную модель коммуникации. Отмечается четко выраженная жанровая обусловленность процессов интеръективации и вербализации. Демонстрируется, что императивный характер военного дискурса определяет семантику и коммуникативную направленность односоставных и неполных словесных конструкций. The article deals with the structural and semantic organization of certain types of one-member sentences in professional communication. The functional load and the communicative potential of the sentences are analyzed from a discursive standpoint. The object of linguistic analysis are drill commands, which are one-member and incomplete grammatical structures. The standardization and subordinality of military speech, unambiguous interpretation and lack of variability directly affect drill command verbalization forms. The focus is on infinitive and definite personal syntactic units oriented towards the vertical communication model. The interjectivation and verbalization processes are clearly caused by the genre. The article shows that the imperative nature of military discourse determines the semantics and communicative orientation of one-member and incomplete verbal constructions.
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Podvorchan, A. Z. "The syntax of a simple sentence in the poetry of Yevhen Malanyuk." Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, no. 3 (341) (2021): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2021-3(341)-37-42.

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The article considers the peculiarities of the syntax in the simple sentence on the basis of small forms poetry which was written by Yevhen Malanyuk. It is analyzed and established that the stylistic resources of a simple sentence include special cases of using homogeneity, varieties of simple sentence models, various complicating components. Incomplete sentences are the most expressive syntactic constructions in Yevhen Malanyuk's poetic texts. It was found out, that the poet often uses the inversion, so in the sentence he changes the parts of the sentence in order to elicit different emotions (e.g. positive or negative feelings) of the reader, to focus his attention on a particular parts of the sentence. Also the author uses productive sentence models, but it is established that simple sentences with complex components are dominated in this way. The study clarifies the features of syntactic and stylistic organization of the language of poetic works, such as the specifics of subject and predicate coordination, cases of pictorial use of homogeneous parts of the sentence, the expressive possibilities of a simple sentence in poetic texts. The result of this work highlighted the features of syntactic and stylistic organization of the poetic text of the author. Thus, the study make it possible to recognize the contribution of the author in the development of syntactic system resources of Ukrainian artistic speech. Also, it helps to determine the patterns and trends in the development of literary language. The research of the syntactic linguistic aspect of Yevhen Malanyuk highlights the individual uniqueness of the poet. The perspective of the study is to research the syntax of a complex sentence in the works of Ye. Malaniuk. Besides to understand the features of the language of the poet's language as a unique phenomenon in the history of the Ukrainian literary language.
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O'Dowd, William. "Locus of Control and Level of Conflict as Correlates of Immortality Orientation." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 15, no. 1 (August 1985): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/e8xx-a7j4-y4cu-gqbf.

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Rank and other theorists have suggested that achieving a sense of personal immortality is an important psychological motive. An Immortality Interview was designed to assess individuals' orientation toward immortality. It was administered to twenty-four male university professors from different age groups. Also administered were the Templer Death Anxiety Scale, the Rotter I-E Scale, and the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank. Respondents from all age groups report a low level of conscious concern with immortality issues. However, participants who have accepted some form of immortality show lower conflict on the Incomplete Sentences Blank and a more internal locus of control. There were no significant differences in death anxiety between acceptors and nonacceptors. Overall the findings suggest that orientation toward immortality may be an important personality dimension, correlating with several aspects of personal adjustment despite the absence of more overt indices of concern (e.g., conscious death anxiety).
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34

Hopp, Holger. "Second Language Sentence Processing." Annual Review of Linguistics 8, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-030821-054113.

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Second language (L2) sentence processing research studies how adult L2 learners understand sentences in real time. I review how L2 sentence processing differs from monolingual first-language (L1) processing and outline major findings and approaches. Three interacting factors appear to mandate L1–L2 differences: ( a) capacity restrictions in the ability to integrate information in an L2; ( b) L1–L2 differences in the weighting of cues, the timing of their application, and the efficiency of their retrieval; and ( c) variation in the utility functions of predictive processing. Against this backdrop, I outline a novel paradigm of interlanguage processing, which examines bilingual features of L2 processing, such as bilingual language systems, nonselective access to all grammars, and processing to learn an L2. Interlanguage processing goes beyond the traditional framing of L2 sentence processing as an incomplete form of monolingual processing and reconnects the field with current approaches to grammar acquisition and the bilingual mental lexicon.
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35

HASANOVA, Kenul Nariman. "ECONOMY PRINCIPLE IN INCOMPLETE AND ELLIPTICAL SENTENCES OF PROSE TEXTS OF AZERBAIJANI WRITERS." Humanities science current issues 1, no. 52 (2022): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24919/2308-4863/52-1-22.

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36

Torstrick, Alex, Wilson McDermut, Arlene Gokberk, Thomas Bivona, and Kate E. Walton. "Associations Between the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank and Measures of Personality and Psychopathology." Journal of Personality Assessment 97, no. 5 (March 24, 2015): 494–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2015.1015679.

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37

Mahliga, Ersita Noor, Sumadi, and Novi Eka Susilowati. "Kesalahan Sintaksis pada Teks Tanggapan Kelas IX B SMPN 12 Malang." JoLLA: Journal of Language, Literature, and Arts 1, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 683–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um064v1i52021p683-695.

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Abstract: This research aims to describe the syntactic errors in the response text of class IX B SMPN 12 Malang. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model with three sub activities, namely (1) data reduction, (2) data presentation, and (3) conclusion drawing. The results of the data analysis on the syntactic errors found in the response text of class IX B SMPN 12 Malang took the form of (1) errors at the phrasal level and (2) sentences. Errors at the phrasal level include (1) incorrect use of prepositions, (2) excessive use of elements, (3) inappropriate use of elements, (4) improper wording, and (5) double pluralization. Syntactic errors at the sentence level include (1) ambiguous sentences, (2) illogical sentences, (3) inappropriate use of conjunctions, (4) excessive use of conjunctions, (5) omission of conjunctions, (6) zero-subject sentences, (7) unpredicated sentences, (8) use of prepositions in transitive verbs, (9) use of unnecessary interrogative words, and (10) incomplete sentences. Keywords: language errors, syntax errors, response text Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan kesalahan sintaksis dalam teks tanggapan kelas IX B SMPN 12 Malang. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis deskriptif. Analisis data menggunakan model Miles dan Huberman dengan tiga alur kegiatan, yaitu (1) reduksi data, (2) penyajian data, dan (3) penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian kesalahan sintaksis pada teks tanggapan kelas IX B SMPN 12 Malang meliputi (1) kesalahan pada tataran frasa, dan (2) kalimat. Kesalahan pada tataran frasa meliputi (1) kesalahan penggunaan preposisi, (2) penggunaan unsur yang berlebihan, (3) penggunaan unsur yang tidak tepat, (4) susunan kata yang tidak tepat, dan (5) penjamakan ganda. Kesalahan sintaksis pada tataran kalimat meliputi (1) kalimat rancu, (2) kalimat tidak logis, (3) penggunaan konjungsi yang tidak tepat, (4) penggunaan konjungsi yang berlebihan, (5) penghilangan konjungsi, (6) kalimat tidak bersubjek, (7) kalimat tidak berpredikat, (8) penggunaan preposisi pada verba transitif, (9) penggunaan kata tanya tidak perlu, dan (10) kalimat tidak lengkap. Kata kunci: kesalahan berbahasa, kesalahan sintaksis, teks tangga
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Kalugina, T., and E. Umerova. "SPEECH FUNCTIONS OF ADVERBS IN THE MEDIA DISCOURSE." National Association of Scientists 2, no. 67 (June 15, 2021): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/nas.2413-5291.2021.2.67.438.

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The article is devoted to the description of the functioning of adverbs in the journalistic style. The main speech technique of using adverbs, according to the author, is the accentuation of the expressed meanings, which is achieved by various means: language play, parceling, antithesis, incomplete sentences.
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39

Mayton, Daniel M., and Mary C. Delamater. "Indirect Assessment of Concern about Nuclear War." Psychological Reports 59, no. 2 (October 1986): 709–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1986.59.2.709.

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Of 127 lower division college students who expressed concern about their future indirectly using incomplete sentences 18% mentioned nuclear war directly. Statistically significant differences were noted between this study and a similar study completed in the early 1960s. Concern about nuclear war among American college students has increased over the past 20 years.
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40

ЛОПАТА В.О. "FORMAL-GRAMMATICAL TYPOLOGY OF TWO-SYLLABLE SENTENCES WITH SUBJECT VERBS SOUNDING INCOMPLETE PERSONAL PARADIGM." MESSENGER of Kyiv National Linguistic University. Series Philology 20, no. 1 (September 12, 2022): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32589/2311-0821.1.2017.120708.

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The article studies the verb of sounding as one of the verb subgroup into incompletepersonal paradigm; extralinguistic and intralinguistic reasons of active use ofsuch verbs as predicatesare defined. The characteristic of two, three and compound types of two-membersentences’formalgrammatical structure is given, features and morphological presentation of subordinate partsof sentence are described.
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41

Weis, Robert, Erin E. Toolis, and Brittany C. Cerankosky. "Construct Validity of the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank With Clinic-Referred and Nonreferred Adolescents." Journal of Personality Assessment 90, no. 6 (October 16, 2008): 564–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223890802388491.

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42

McCloskey, Lawrence C. "Construct and Incremental Validity of the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank in Adult Psychiatric Outpatients." Psychological Reports 114, no. 2 (April 2014): 363–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/03.09.pr0.114k22w7.

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The expression of positive vs negative attitudes in response to the 40 stems of the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank (RISB) can be scored and summed to an Overall Adjustment Score (OAS). By extending the validation of the OAS to adult psychiatric outpatients, this study demonstrates for the first time the incremental validity of a personality test over a simple self-rating. The RISB and six tests of adjustment were administered to 41 recent admissions to psychotherapy in two rural clinics. The tests of adjustment were selected to cover the two domains of symptoms vs function and the three methods of interview schedule vs objective inventory vs therapist ratings. Their scores were combined into an adjustment composite. The OAS related strongly to the composite in univariate regression, and moderately in hierarchical regression after covarying demographics, intelligence, social desirability, and self-ratings of adjustment. Construct validity was good, and incremental validity at least fair.
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43

Ames, Pat C., and Ronald E. Riggio. "Use of the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank With Adolescent Populations: Implications for Determining Maladjustment." Journal of Personality Assessment 64, no. 1 (February 1995): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6401_11.

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44

Ukka, Syamsir Bin, Andi Miftahul Maulidil Mursyid, and Erfin Wijayanti. "ERROR ANALYSIS OF ACADEMIC WRITING PAPERS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDENTS AT IAIN FATTAHUL MULUK PAPUA." JLE: Journal of Literate of English Education Study Program 2, no. 2 (December 29, 2021): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.47435/jle.v2i2.729.

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This research aims to identify the factors of writing errors and efforts to identify the resolution of errors in writing academic papers for English Education students at IAIN Fattahul Muluk Papua. The theory used to examine the research problem is standard and correct language, grammar theory, and error analysis as the leading theory. The research method is descriptive-qualitative. The results showed that the writing error factor was in morphological errors, lexicon errors, syntactic errors, and systematics of writing. First, morphological errors include punctuation errors, spelling errors, and vocabulary errors. Second, lexicon errors include grammatical errors and conciseness errors. Third, syntactic errors include unclear sentences, sentences that have ambiguous intentions and incomplete sentences. Fourth, systematic errors in writing include the thickness of letters, coherence, the distance between sub-chapters and incompleteness of sentences. Efforts to resolve writing errors, so that its do not happen again by realizing an English version of the academic paper writing module in simple language equipped with systematic explanations, formats, and substance of academic papers.
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45

Rohman, Moh. "THE EFFORTS TO INCREASE TEXT RECOUNT WRITING BY USING FLOW SENTENCE TECHNIQUES SEMESTER III OF ABA BALIKPAPAN." Journey (Journal of English Language and Pedagogy) 3, no. 2 (October 27, 2020): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33503/journey.v3i2.885.

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The background of this research is based on the fact that the learning outcomes of the written recount text are still not as expected. Therefore there needs to be an effort from the lecturer to improve the learning outcomes. This research generally aims to improve students' recount text writing skills. Specifically, this research aims for 1) Obtaining information about whether or not the flow sentence technique can improve recount text writing skills, 2) Obtain information about the ability of sentence techniques flow increases student participation in learning to write recount texts. Procedure This Classroom Action Research includes stages: (1) action planning (2) implementation actions, (3) observation and interpretation, and (4) analysis and reflection. This research was designed in two cycles using flow sentence techniques. The research instrument uses test and observation techniques. Data analysis techniques use Descriptive analysis, i.e. student learning outcomes were analyzed by describing inter-test scores cycle with performance indicators. Observation results were analyzed descriptively based on results observation and reflection. The results of this Classroom Action Research are: initial conditions 15 students or 46% are incomplete, 17 students or 54% complete. In cycle I 8 students or 25% are incomplete, 24 students or 75% complete. In Cycle II 4 students or 12.5% ​​did not complete, 28 students or 87.5% complete. The results of the study concluded that the use of the technique flowing sentences can improve students' recount text writing skills third-semester academic year 2019/2020 of ABA Balikpapan. Flowing sentence techniques can also increase student participation in learning to write recount texts. A classical completeness level of 87.5% in the second cycle shows that the learning improvement effort has been successful. The sentence technique is effective used to improve recount text writing skills.
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46

Kaltenböck, Gunther. "Funny you should say that." Constructions and Frames 13, no. 1 (August 2, 2021): 126–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.00049.kal.

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Abstract This paper investigates the formal and functional properties of so-called semi-insubordination (SIS), i.e. complex sentences with an ‘incomplete’ matrix clause (e.g. Funny that you should say that), on the basis of corpus data. It is shown that SIS differs in its function from the structurally related constructions it-extraposition and exclamatives, exhibiting its own functional profile: viz. expressing a subjectivizing speaker evaluation which is non-exclamative, deictically anchored, and relates to a non-presupposed proposition. Given these functional idiosyncrasies it is argued that SIS is best analysed as a construction in its own right (in terms of Construction Grammar) rather than simply an incomplete elliptical structure.
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47

Hosseini, A., and T. K. Kahnamouei. "The cognitive discourse analysis of evidentiality category in Russian exclamatory sentences." Linguistics & Polyglot Studies 7, no. 5 (January 3, 2022): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2021-5-29-36-45.

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The aims of the article are to examine the meanings of indirect evidentiality: inference, goal, desire and to search the manifestation of direct evidentiality in Russian exclamatory sentences. We attempt to prove that this category of evidentiality can be found in exclamatory sentences to express the speaker’s emotional attitude to the described situation, and, also, by using the cognitive discourse analysis, we are going to search the ways of realization of the speaker’s and his interlocutor’s intentions in any statement. In our study we analyzed the exclamatory sentences containing certain lexical or grammatical language tools used to express the meanings of direct and indirect evidentiality. The relevance of this work is determined by the necessity of studying the reliable and unreliable sources of information expressed in Russian exclamatory sentences. By means of cognitive discourse analysis, we revealed that the availability of some of introductory words, particles, exclamatory pronouns and etc. according to the context, can contextually point to the personal experience of the speaker or to the unreliable and incomplete information he gets. In these situations the subject of the speech act in relation to what he sees or hears, renders feelings of wonder, happiness and sadness.
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48

Friedrich, Claudia K., and Sonja A. Kotz. "Event-related Potential Evidence of Form and Meaning Coding during Online Speech Recognition." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 4 (April 2007): 594–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.4.594.

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It is still a matter of debate whether initial analysis of speech is independent of contextual influences or whether meaning can modulate word activation directly. Utilizing event-related brain potentials (ERPs), we tested the neural correlates of speech recognition by presenting sentences that ended with incomplete words, such as To light up the dark she needed her can-. Immediately following the incomplete words, subjects saw visual words that (i) matched form and meaning, such as candle; (ii) matched meaning but not form, such as lantern; (iii) matched form but not meaning, such as candy; or (iv) mismatched form and meaning, such as number. We report ERP evidence for two distinct cohorts of lexical tokens: (a) a left-lateralized effect, the P250, differentiates form-matching words (i, iii) and form-mismatching words (ii, iv); (b) a right-lateralized effect, the P220, differentiates words that match in form and/or meaning (i, ii, iii) from mismatching words (iv). Lastly, fully matching words (i) reduce the amplitude of the N400. These results accommodate bottom-up and top-down accounts of human speech recognition. They suggest that neural representations of form and meaning are activated independently early on and are integrated at a later stage during sentence comprehension.
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Jean-Baptiste, Rachel, Harriet B. Klein, Danielle Brates, and Nelson Moses. "What’s happening? And other questions obligating complete sentences as responses." Child Language Teaching and Therapy 34, no. 2 (October 30, 2017): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265659017735960.

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This study was designed to examine the strength of question types to obligate complete responses from children, and the effect of age and play context. Participants were typically developing children (mean ages 2;8, 3;4 and 4;7), who engaged in play with three speech-language pathologists in play contexts. Questions posed to the children were coded by semantic content (Epistemic, Procedural Action, External State, and Causal). Children’s responses were coded for syntactic complexity (complete or incomplete sentences). The effect of question type on response was analysed. All questions yielded high proportions of complete responses, which increased with age. There were no statistically significant differences between question type and completeness of response except for a significant difference found for External State when multi-verb responses were analysed. The results support the use of these question types in play settings with children to promote expression of complete sentences.
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50

Wijnen, Frank. "The development of sentence planning." Journal of Child Language 17, no. 3 (October 1990): 651–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500090001093x.

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ABSTRACTThis is an exploratory case study of the relation between speech output disturbances (dysfluencies) and the development of language production processes. The data consist of transcribed weekly speech samples of a Dutch boy between 2;4 and 2;11. The period of observation captures the early phase of the transition from ‘pre-grammatical’ to grammatical language. The frequency of occurrence of dysfluencies (i.e. repetitions, revisions and incomplete phrases) shows a significant increase and a subsequent decline. Whereas in the first half of the observation period the dysfluencies are distributed relatively randomly over sentences, in the second half they tend to concentrate in function words and sentence-initial words. The decline of dysfluency rate is shown to be related to an abundant use of a few ‘syntactic frames’. It is argued that these results reflect the emergence of a component in the speech production apparatus which is specifically dedicated to serial-order planning.
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