Academic literature on the topic 'Incomplete Block Plans'

For asynchronous Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), this research suggests an ideal Balanced Incomplete Block Design (BIBD) extended design based neighbour finding technique. The algorithm takes use of the characteristics of BIBD extended designs to build a series of transmission plans that guarantee effective neighbour detection with little energy consumption and delay. Simulations are used to test the proposed algorithm, and the results show that it significantly outperforms previous approaches in terms of energy usage, latency, and scalability. The value of this study is in the innovative neighbour finding algorithm that it proposes, which overcomes the drawbacks of existing approaches and provides a scalable and energy-efficient solution for large-scale WSNs. The suggested technique may be used in a variety of settings, including environmental monitoring, industrial automation, and healthcare, where accurate and timely data gathering and processing depend on efficient neighbour detection. The suggested algorithm is implemented step by step in the technique section along with the relevant equations and tables. The simulation results for sample input data are shown in the results section along with pertinent tables and graphs. The results are outlined in the conclusion section, which also emphasises the importance of the suggested method. Overall, the suggested technique provides a viable option for rapid neighbour detection in WSNs, potentially having repercussions for a broad variety of applications.

Many AI researchers are today striving to build agent teams for complex, dynamic multi-agent domains, with intended applications in arenas such as education, training, entertainment, information integration, and collective robotics. Unfortunately, uncertainties in these complex, dynamic domains obstruct coherent teamwork. In particular, team members often encounter differing, incomplete, and possibly inconsistent views of their environment. Furthermore, team members can unexpectedly fail in fulfilling responsibilities or discover unexpected opportunities. Highly flexible coordination and communication is key in addressing such uncertainties. Simply fitting individual agents with precomputed coordination plans will not do, for their inflexibility can cause severe failures in teamwork, and their domain-specificity hinders reusability. Our central hypothesis is that the key to such flexibility and reusability is providing agents with general models of teamwork. Agents exploit such models to autonomously reason about coordination and communication, providing requisite flexibility. Furthermore, the models enable reuse across domains, both saving implementation effort and enforcing consistency. This article presents one general, implemented model of teamwork, called STEAM. The basic building block of teamwork in STEAM is joint intentions (Cohen & Levesque, 1991b); teamwork in STEAM is based on agents' building up a (partial) hierarchy of joint intentions (this hierarchy is seen to parallel Grosz & Kraus's partial SharedPlans, 1996). Furthermore, in STEAM, team members monitor the team's and individual members' performance, reorganizing the team as necessary. Finally, decision-theoretic communication selectivity in STEAM ensures reduction in communication overheads of teamwork, with appropriate sensitivity to the environmental conditions. This article describes STEAM's application in three different complex domains, and presents detailed empirical results.

Data from three ryegrass spaced plant variety trials conducted at Crossnacreevy, Co. Down in each of 1989, 1990 and 1991 were investigated for evidence of spatial dependence. Spatial dependence was most evident in variates measuring the overall dimensions of the plants, especially late season variates. However, the ‘date of ear emergence’ variate, which identifies most of the variety distinctnesses that the trials are intended to detect, was not spatially dependent. On average, 45% of the residual variation in the plot means of the spatially dependent variates was estimated to be of a spatial nature. Consequently, it is likely that the efficiency of analysis of these variates would be improved by using spatial analysis instead of non-spatial analysis or by using alpha (incomplete block) designs instead of complete block designs. The spatial information was used to determine the optimal incomplete block sizes and the likely increase in efficiency due to using alpha designs instead of complete block designs. The optimal incomplete block size for a trial with 10 plants per plot was compared with the optimal incomplete block size for the same trial with single plant plots at the same spacing and was found to be smaller. The gains in efficiency were larger in the trial with 10 plants per plot than in the trial with single plant plots.

Experimental designs that efficiently embed a fixed effects treatment structure within a random effects design structure typically require a mixed-model approach to data analyses. Although mixed model software tailored for the analysis of two-color microarray data is increasingly available, much of this software is generally not capable of correctly analyzing the elaborate incomplete block designs that are being increasingly proposed and used for factorial treatment structures. That is, optimized designs are generally unbalanced as it pertains to various treatment comparisons, with different specifications of experimental variability often required for different treatment factors. This paper uses a publicly available microarray dataset, as based upon an efficient experimental design, to demonstrate a proper mixed model analysis of a typical unbalanced factorial design characterized by incomplete blocks and hierarchical levels of variability.

Algorithmic approach principles relating to development and use of wireless sensor network (WSS) key spaces are formulated based on an analysis of the keys management peculiarities. The formulated principles, which meet certain requirements for the WSS key spaces, have been elaborated proceeding from the assumption that their structure corresponds to one of the varieties of combinatorial block diagrams: cyclic or acyclic projective plane, linear or quadratic transversal block diagrams. Owing to the WSS having a distributed configuration, it becomes possible to avoid the need to construct a combinatorial block diagram in full scope, and the required blocks are computed, whenever necessary, in scaling the network (in adding new nodes) or when determining, in a decentralized manner, the switching parameters of specific nodes. To do so, it is necessary to have algorithms for computing the blocks of the combinatorial block diagram (as the sets of key numbers allocated to a given node) and dual blocks (as the sets of the numbers of nodes to which keys are assigned with the numbers coinciding with the numbers of dual blocks), as well as algorithms for solving derived problems: computing of the key numbers common to two nodes and the number of the node that has a common key with one of two nodes and, possibly, another key with the other one. These problems are solved by using the numbering of elements, blocks and dual blocks in accordance with the proposed duality rule: sets of elements and dual blocks are in one-to-one correspondence by numbering; the dual block with a specified number contains the numbers of blocks containing elements with this number. Distributed (independent) calculation of blocks is carried out on the basis of algebraic identifiers computed by block numbers. In addition to the possible absence of a physical connection between the nodes, the inadmissibility of using separate (compromised) keys is taken into account, and the incomplete furnishing of the network nodes with keys, as well as the incompleteness of the system implementation as a whole. Algorithms for computing the switching parameters of two nodes in designing the WSS and an algorithm for computer modeling of the calculation of such parameters during the WSS operation subject to the specified constraints and in using any of the above types of combinatorial block diagrams are presented.

Randomized Block Design (RBD) is commonly employed to evaluate a set of germplasm accessions (test treatments) along with local checks. In such a trial, if the test treatments under evaluation are more in number and the availability of the seeds is limited, then an alternate experimental design has to be employed. As a remedy, Balanced Incomplete Block Design (BIBD), which estimates treatments contrasts with more precision and the treatments are not repeated in all the blocks, unlike RBD, may be used. Such a constructed layout, not only saves the precious seed material of the test treatments, but also directly reduces the cost of all the related inputs such as labour, water, fertilizers, pesticides etc. Foregoing thoughts were elucidated in the evaluation of 100 accessions of okra along with four check varieties (Arka Anamika, Arka Abhay, Parbhani Kranti and PB-7) evaluated using Augmented BIB Design with six blocks in the Division of Vegetable crops at I.I.H.R., Bangalore during Kharif 2005. Results showed that by adopting BIB experimental design, instead of regular complete block design 60.2% of the land area required for conducting germplasm evaluation in Okra had been reduced.

Dans cette thèse, nous considérons des plans d'expériences, où traitements sont administrés à patients au cours de périodes distinctes ordonnées dans le temps. La structure de corrélation pour un plan est dite du voisin le plus proche du ordre désignée par si d'une part la corrélation entre des observations effectuées sur des patients distincts est nulle et d'autre part deux observations réalisées sur le même patient ont une corrélation non nulle lorsque les périodes d'administration sont distantes au plus de m et une corrélation nulle au-delà. D'abord, nous généralisons les résultats d'optimalité existants pour les modèles et à tout modèle. Ensuite nous donnons une liste de plans en blocs équilibrés appropriés de ce type pour les phases I et II des essais cliniques

AbstractData in the for of counts regularly appear in studies in which the number of occurrences is investigated, such as the number of insects, birds, or weeds in agricultural or agroecological studies; the number of plants transformed or regenerated using modern breeding techniques; the number of individuals with a certain disease in a medical study; and the number of defective products in a quality improvement study, among others. These counts can be counted per unit of time, area, or volume. When using a generalized linear model (GLM) with a Poisson distribution, it is often found that there is excessive dispersion (extra variation) that is no longer captured by the Poisson model. In these cases, the data must be modeled with a negative binomial distribution that has the same mean as the Poisson distribution but with a variance greater than the mean. Most experiments have some form of structure due to the experimental design (completely randomized design (CRD), randomized complete block design (RCBD), incomplete block, or split-plot design) or the sampling design, which must be incorporated into the predictor to adequately model the data.

Block designs are used when designing experiments in which varieties of a commodity are compared. ‘Designs and geometry’ introduces various types of block design, and then relates them to finite projective planes and orthogonal latin squares. A block design consists of a set of v varieties arranged into b blocks. If each block contains the same number k of varieties, each variety appears in the same number r of blocks, then for every block design we have v × r = b × k. A balanced incomplete-block design is when all pairs of varieties in a design are compared the same number of times. A triple system is when each block has three varieties.

The combustion quality determination in power station boilers is of great importance to avoid air pollution. Complete combustion minimizes the exit of NOx, SOx, CO, and CO2 emissions, also ensuring the consistency in load generation in thermal power plants. This chapter proposes a novel hybrid algorithm, called black widow optimization algorithm with mayfly optimization algorithm (BWO-MA), for solving global optimization problems. In this chapter, an effort is made to develop BWO-MA with artificial neural networks (ANN)-based diagnostic model for onset detection of incomplete combustion. Comparison has been done with existing machine learning methods with the proposed BWO-MA-based ANN architecture to accommodate the greater performance. The comprehensive analysis showed that the proposed achieved splendid state-of-the-art performance.

One night in early October 1997, Felipe G., a nine-year-old child of Dominican immigrants to New York City living in East Harlem, woke up struggling for breath. Felipe had had asthma attacks before, and his parents knew, or thought they knew, what to do: they called for an ambulance, which rushed him to the emergency room of Harlem Hospital nearby. But this time he stopped breathing on the way to the hospital, and could not be revived there. His younger sister Ana also has asthma, but so far has never had to go to the emergency room. The tenement building in which Felipe’s family lives is three blocks from the Harlem River Drive, a highway on which thousands of cars travel each workday, emitting, in spite of their catalytic converters, large quantities of oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and incompletely combusted gasoline. Several blocks north is a parking garage for the diesel trucks of the New York City Department of Sanitation. The drivers of the trucks that use the lot often keep their motors idling, so that great quantities of diesel exhaust particles are emitted to the surrounding area. The Harlem district of New York City, inhabited mainly by African-Americans and Hispanics, is shielded to a large extent from the prevailing west winds by higher areas on the west side of Manhattan. Hence, air pollution produced within Harlem—for example, by cars, diesel trucks, and buses, and by an electric power generating plant located there—tends to remain longer than in other areas of the city. The New York City Department of Environmental Protection operated a network of air monitoring stations from the 1940s to the 1970s, during which time Harlem was consistently found to be the most polluted area in the city. It had then, and still has, one of the highest rates of hospitalization for asthma in the city. In most countries, asthma is more common among children of higher social class. In the United States this pattern is reversed: people living in the inner cities of the United States, mostly low-income minorities, have higher rates of asthma than other Americans.

Collaborative tasks often begin with partial task knowledge and incomplete plans from each partner. To complete these tasks, partners need to engage in situated communication with their partners and coordinate their partial plans towards a complete plan to achieve a joint task goal. While such collaboration seems effortless in a human-human team, it is highly challenging for human-AI collaboration. To address this limitation, this paper takes a step towards Collaborative Plan Acquisition, where humans and agents strive to learn and communicate with each other to acquire a complete plan for joint tasks. Specifically, we formulate a novel problem for agents to predict the missing task knowledge for themselves and for their partners based on rich perceptual and dialogue history. We extend a situated dialogue benchmark for symmetric collaborative tasks in a 3D blocks world and investigate computational strategies for plan acquisition. Our empirical results suggest that predicting the partner's missing knowledge is a more viable approach than predicting one's own. We show that explicit modeling of the partner's dialogue moves and mental states produces improved and more stable results than without. These results provide insight for future AI agents that can predict what knowledge their partner is missing and, therefore, can proactively communicate such information to help the partner acquire such missing knowledge toward a common understanding of joint tasks.

A construção civil vem se desenvolvendo junto à revolução tecnológica e assim necessitando de uma integração com as tecnologias digitais. Nesse contexto a metodologia Building Information Modeling (BIM) permite ter informações sobre todo o ciclo de vida da construção, desde a fase de concepção do projeto até a fase de manutenção, sendo este o ponto focal da pesquisa. O uso do BIM será obrigatório no gerenciamento e na manutenção do empreendimento após a sua construção, cujos projetos de arquitetura e engenharia e cujas obras tenham sido desenvolvidos ou executados com aplicação do BIM a partir de 1° de janeiro de 2028 de acordo com o decreto n° 10.306 (BRASIL, 2020). Para a aplicação da metodologia é necessário um plano de execução BIM a fim de planejar os processos de elaboração de um modelo BIM, de monitoramento da edificação e de gerenciamento de ativos. A partir de um plano de execução BIM bem definido é possível: criar modelos virtuais tridimensionais da edificação; propor uma base de dados padrão para receber informações relativas aos sistemas e elementos construtivos com documentação, especificações técnicas e histórico de manutenções; sistematizar informações relativas às manifestações patológicas com descrição de causas, processo de degradação, método de recuperação/reparo ou substituição. Neste aspecto, foi elaborado um plano de execução e testado parte deste em um estudo de caso do Bloco C da Faculdade de Tecnologia (FT) da Universidade de Brasília (UnB). O Bloco C abriga o Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, com salas de aula, centros acadêmicos, empresa júnior e projetos de extensão. Assim, este bloco tem sido um local de intensa atividade acadêmica, social e profissional. Este trabalho pretende apresentar um plano de execução BIM e parte da sua aplicação em uma edificação existente visando o melhor gerenciamento da mesma, como também, servir de conteúdo teórico-prático da metodologia BIM sobre aplicação nas fases de operação e manutenção da edificação. A metodologia utilizada foi baseada no BIM Project Execution Planning Guide de Messner et al. (2019). A partir das metas do plano, são definidos os potenciais usos BIM e ,de acordo com estes, são propostos fluxogramas de processo de trabalho, os quais incluem as etapas do processo, a interação entre equipes e os entregáveis. Desta forma, neste estudo de caso, foi necessário realizar o as-built do Bloco C complementando com as condições atuais e desenvolver um programa de manutenção. As ferramentas utilitárias da tecnologia BIM selecionados foram: modelagem de condições existentes, modelagem de registros, análise do sistema de construção, análise estrutural, análise de outras engenharias, gestão de ativos, gerenciamento de espaços/rastreamento e planejamento de manutenção; usos estes definidos por Messner et al. (2019). Para a execução destes processos são necessários softwares BIM, como o Revit Autodesk®, para modelagem, Robot Autodesk® para análise estrutural. No primeiro momento, procurou-se utilizar o QiBuilder AltoQi® para as instalações hidráulicas, no entanto, por este não possibilitar a inserção de informações individuais em cada elemento foi utilizado o Revit. As competências necessárias predominantes foram a gestão das informações e manipulação dos softwares visando a interoperabilidade e a obtenção dos resultados estipulados. Para realizar a modelagem tridimensional foi primeiramente solicitada a documentação existente na Prefeitura do Campus no Centro de Planejamento Oscar Niemeyer, órgão responsável pelo planejamento físico e ambiental, patrimônio histórico e projetos de arquitetura do Campus Darcy Ribeiro da UnB. Porém, houve demora para conseguir o acesso à documentação, que estava incompleta, além de estar desatualizada, fato que demonstra a dificuldade enfrentada pelos gestores das edificações, o que reforça a necessidade de levantamentos e análises in loco. Com parte da documentação em mãos foi realizado o levantamento de forma presencial, usando de registros fotográficos e trena manual e a laser para modelagem das condições atuais da edificação. Foram realizadas duas visitas ao Bloco C, a primeira, antes do início da modelagem e uma posterior para obter informações mais detalhadas para a elaboração do modelo BIM. Foi definida uma nomenclatura padrão para nomear arquivos e pastas, baseada nos manuais de práticas em BIM (BLUMENSCHEIN et al., 2019 & 2020); a plataforma de hospedagem utilizada foi o Dropbox. As modelagens das disciplinas de arquitetura, estrutura e instalações hidráulicas foram realizadas no software Revit Autodesk® na versão estudantil de 2021. Através do plano de execução BIM traçado obteve-se fluxogramas para coordenar os processos. Estes foram divididos em nível 1 e nível 2, sendo o nível 1 contendo um fluxograma do processo de planejamento de execução BIM com os usos BIM previstos e os entregáveis em cada uso. Dentro do nível 2, cada uso BIM foi explorado com os processos necessários para a execução – da modelagem de condições existentes e de registro, análise do sistema de construção, planejamento de manutenção, gestão de ativos e gerenciamento de espaços – evidenciando as informações de referência e como pode ser feito o intercâmbio de informações. Este plano foi aplicado no estudo de caso, resultando em um modelo de arquitetura, estrutura e instalações hidráulicas com a possibilidade de visualização da edificação em três dimensões permitindo uma identificação e compreensão mais rápida do edifício, além de possuir as informações associados aos elementos. Foram feitas análises de deslocamento do sistema estrutural submetido ao peso próprio. As instalações foram estimadas considerando a posição das peças de utilização e os diâmetros baseados nas normas atuais. O estado de conservação dos componentes foi baseado na metodologia “Grau de Deterioração da Estrutura” (GDE/UnB) (FONSECA, 2007), a qual faz uma análise dos níveis de deterioração na estrutura e informa propostas de intervenção. Verificou-se que as tabelas do Revit são uma boa forma de compilar as informações dos ativos de forma que estejam sempre vinculadas ao modelo BIM, o qual visa representar as condições atuais da edificação. Apresentação no YouTube: https://youtu.be/e0eBTM6Flko

An experimental study of the vibratory deformation of the human vocal folds was conducted. Experiments were performed using model vocal folds [1, 2], Fig. 1, made of silicone rubber implemented into an air supply system, Fig. 2. The material used to cast the model is an isotropic homogeneous material, [3] with a tangent modulus E=5 kPa at ε = 0, i.e. elastic properties similar to those of the human vocal fold cover [4]. The advantages of the use of model larynx systems over the use of excised larynges include easy accessibility to fundamental studies of the vocal fold vibration without invasive testing. Acoustic analysis of voice or electroglottography provide certain insight into voice production processes but optical techniques for the study of vocal fold vibrations have drawn considerable attention. Videoendoscopy, stroboscopy, high-speed photography, and kymography have shown to provide a visual impression of vocal fold dynamics but are limited in providing insight into the fundamental deformation processes of the vocal folds. Quantitative measures of deformation have been conducted through micro-suture techniques but are invasive and allows for measurements of only view image points. Laser triangulation is non-invasive but is limited to only one local measurement point. Here, digital image correlation technique with the software VIC 3D [5] is applied. For the experimental set-up see Fig. 2. The analysis consists of (1) stereo correlation to obtain in-plane displacements and (2) stereo triangulation step to obtain out-of-plane deformation. For the stereo correlation images of the object at two different stages of deformation are compared. A point in the image of the undeformed object is matched with the corresponding point in the deformed stage. “Subsets” of digital images are traced via their gray value distribution from the undeformed reference image to the deformed image. The uniqueness of the matching is enabled by the creation of a speckle pattern on the object’s surface. Here, a white pigment is mixed into the silicone rubber and subsequently black enamel paint is sprayed onto the superior surface of the vocal folds. The stereo triangulation requires two images of the object at each stage of deformation. These are obtained in a single CCD frame by placing a beam splitter in the optical axis between camera and object. These images provide a “left” and “right” view of the model larynx. Thus, the deformed shape of the vocal folds can be obtained. The method allows for noninvasive measurement of the full-field displacement fields. Images of the superior surface of the model larynx are obtained by the use of a high speed digital camera with a frame rate of 3000 frames per second allowing for more than 30 image frames for each vibration cycle. For the 3D digital image correlation analysis two images of the object are obtained for each time instance as a beam splitter is placed in the optical axis between the camera and the model larynx. Phonation frequencies and onset pressure are given in Fig. 3, showing that the model larynx behavior is close to actual physiological data. Figs 4(a) and (b) provide superior views of the model larynx at maximum glottal opening and at glottal closure, respectively. As one example of measured strain fields, Figs 5(a) and (b) depict the distributions of the transverse strain component, on the glottal surface in a contour plot on the deformed superior surface. The knowledge of the distribution of this strain component is relevant to the assessment of the impact of vocal fold collision on potential tissue damage. In the position of maximum opening the vocal folds are deformed by a combination of a bulging-type deformation and the opening movement. At this time instance, the transverse strains at the medial surface are found to be negative, an indication of Poisson’s deformation. During the closing stage, vocal folds collide and simultaneously a mode 3 vibration pattern emerges. Closure of the glottal opening is not complete and two incomplete closure areas are formed during the closure stage. These open areas are located at the anterior and posterior ends of the model larynx, see Fig. 4(b). The finding of this type of incomplete closure is agreement with both actual glottal measurements [6] and 3D finite element simulations of [7]. Transverse strains during that stage are now positive and considerably larger that during the opening stage. Finally, Fig. 6 depicts the time evolution of the out of plane displacements along the medial surface for the closing phase and Fig. 7 depicts the maximum values of the longitudinal strain (at the coronal section of the medial surface) in dependence of the flow rate. These examples of measurements indicate that the DIC method is promising for studies of vocal fold dynamics.

Condition being studied: ESPB as an emerging regional technique has been well established in many surgeries, including reduce opioid demands, decrease pain score and improver sleep quality, etc. But, apply ESPB in liver surgery is limiting and remains uncertain, it is time to conduct one meta-analysis to reveal the performance of ESPB in liver surgery. Eligibility criteria: All published full-article RCTs comparing the analgesic efficacy of ESPB with control in adult patients undergoing any liver surgeries were eligible for inclusion. There were no language restrictions, Moreover, we also excluded case reports, non-RCT studies, incomplete clinical trials, and any trials used multiple nerve blocks. We also excluded any conference abstracts which could not offer enough information about the study design, or by data request to the author.

Hybridization of Back cross is one method to get varieties that are resistant to downy mildew. The purpose of this study was to obtain information on inheritance characteristics of downy mildew resistance. This research was conducted at the experiment center of Agro-Technology Study Program of Agriculture Faculty, University of Trunojoyo Madura. Research of Assessment of resistance to Downy Mildew used a randomized block design with 18 treatments (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1P1 and BC1P2 in three sets of crosses, namely LGL x Mdr-3, T12 x Mdr-1 and E02 x Mdr-2) and three replications so there were 54 experimental units. Identification of polymorphic RAPD markers for endurance to downy mildew through Bulk Segregant Analysis (BSA) was done by amplifying the DNA in the resistant pool and susceptible pool. The random primers used were 120 primers from 6 operon groups, namely OPA, OPB, OPC, OPD, OPF and OPG. The results showed that the inheritance pattern of maize genetic resistance to downy mildew followed a segregation pattern of 3:1 with a degree of dominance between -1 and 0, and was controlled by incomplete partially negative dominant gene. OPC-07 was a marker that was linkage close to the resistance to downy mildew with a genetic distance of 1.9 cM.