Dissertations / Theses: 'Incomes'

1

Fanning, Jasper E. "A spatial hedonic analysis of veterinarian incomes /." Search for this dissertation online, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.

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Jenderny, Katharina [Verfasser]. "Top Incomes: the Case of Germany / Katharina Jenderny." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1070219010/34.

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Lukkarinen, O. P. (Olli-Pekka). "The impact of food prices on factor incomes." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2017. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201703091320.

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We use a dynamic specific-factors model in order to analyze how factor incomes, i.e. wages, interest rate and land rent, change when food prices rise. Special attention is given to the effects of food price shocks on wages. In the context of the theory, a food price shock affects factor incomes through labor and capital markets. The magnitude of the effect of a price shock is defined by labor shares of the productive sectors, saving allocation, elasticity of substitution in the agricultural sector and factor intensities. A rise in food prices is likely to have a significant positive effect on wages when the labor share and the elasticity of substitution in the agricultural sector are large and the savings are relatively more allocated towards the capital using sector. Furthermore, we test the effect of a food price shock on wage in the United States by employing simple Ordinal Least Square method. The results suggest that a one percent rise in the relative price of food lifts wages by 0.10–0.15 percent. However, the explanatory power of our models was low and therefore there is a possibility of omitted variable bias, despite the fact that the correlation between the independent variables and the residuals remained low.

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Edvinsson, Alex, and Ruben Zeiloth. "The Laffer Curve for Top Incomes in Sweden." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-75331.

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5

Dietsch, Peter Volkmar. "Between market and merit : how unequal should incomes be?" Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2004. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2306/.

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The distribution of the benefits from co-operation represents one of the central problems of distributive justice. At the core of my thesis stands an argument based on the division of labour in our society that calls for an equal division of these benefits. This line of reasoning avoids the shortcomings of the two traditional approaches pursued by those who are critical of income inequalities, namely egalitarians and their more sophisticated cousins, liberal egalitarians. Straightforward egalitarianism, I suggest, turns out to be a default position once other considerations, like choice or merit, are taken into account. My disagreement with the liberal egalitarian centres on the question whether the scope of justice should encompass natural and social contingencies like talent or family background. I argue that the impact of these endowment factors on income distribution, though undeniable, is small compared to the influence of the market system in distributing income. This position also puts me at odds with libertarians, who accept the normative authority of the market distribution. Enter the argument from division of labour. The specialisation it entails leads to a surge in individual productivity and a substantial surplus compared to the counterfactual situation of autarky. On the plausible assumption that the interdependence between the parties to the division of labour is mutual, there is a case for dividing the surplus equally. This argument, so my claim goes, severely limits the scope of the central libertarian tenet of self-ownership. In practice, surplus is produced and distributed at various levels of co-operation; my focus lies on the economy as a whole, the firms that operate in it, and the insights from imperfect competition about the connection between these two levels. I close with some considerations about the transformation of unjust distributive structures.

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6

Ragab, Amr. "Three essays on the incomes of the vast majority." Thesis, The New School, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3632551.

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This dissertation is mainly concerned with the distribution of between individuals in the economy.

The first chapter (Chapter 1) examines the various problems with Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDPpc) as a measure of economic welfare. The chapter proposes the Vast Majority Income (VMI) as a new measure of economic welfare that combines both national income and income distribution in a single, intuitive measure. The VMI measures the average income per capita of the vast majority of the population, defined as the first 80 percent of the population within the income distribution.

Chapter 2 proposes a model of the labor market that has a statistical equilibrium wage rather than a single point equilibrium wage as in the standard microeconomic model of wage equalization. Using heterogeneous agent-based modeling techniques, the chapter presents a labor market model where wages equalize around an exponential distribution of wages. Compared to previous models of statistical equilibrium in economics, this model does not require a fixed average wage levels.

Chapter 3 proposes a measure of inclusive growth that is based on the concept and methodology of the VMI discussed in Chapter 1. The growth rate of the VMI across time is proposed as a measure of the inclusivity of growth. We then compare and contrast the growth rate of the VMI to the growth rate of GDP per capita, economic growth. The Chapter shows how the last thirty years were mostly a period of non-inclusive growth in the majority of developing economies. Growth in developing nations was accompanied by a worsening of the equality of income distribution and as a result the growth in the incomes of the vast majority (the bottom 80% of income earners) was 1% less than the growth in GDP per capita for the population as a whole in developing countries.

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7

Kasprzyk, Kalina. "Inequality, redistribution and mobility of agricultural incomes in Scotland." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2014. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/5362a34d-91a5-4970-ac21-adf6dd91eeba.

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The purpose of this thesis is to analyse different aspects of the distribution of agricultural incomes in Scotland. More specifically, the thesis will first investigate the impact of agricultural income support on inequality through the analysis of its redistributive effect. Decomposition of the redistributive effect allows to determine if agricultural support has been progressive or regressive in absolute terms and whether discrimination between farms with equal pre-support incomes exists. Such assessment is performed both for actual data with the historic model of the Single Farm Payment (SFP) in place, as well as for counter-factual data generated by two hypothetical regional model distributions of the SFP; the latter is particularly informative in the context of the new Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform that will require all Member States to adopt area-based entitlements. In addition, the thesis will study the evolution of agricultural income distribution through the analysis of income mobility. The first focus of this dynamic analysis is to investigate the transition process underlying the evolution of agricultural income inequality over time. This is achieved by decomposing changes in inequality over time into the part which measures if income growth was progressive or regressive (vertical mobility) and the part which measures the resulting reshuffling of individuals within the income order (reranking mobility). The characterisation of the expected income growth process will indirectly examine the validity of Gibrat’s law in Scottish agriculture. Furthermore, the determinants of vertical mobility will be investigated in order to analyse the impact of structural change and transitory shocks. The second focus of the dynamic analysis is to investigate whether the inequality in Scottish agricultural incomes is a transitory or structural problem, and to what extent structural inequality is caused by differences in the economic size of farms.

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Dieden, Sten. "Income generation in the African and coloured population : three essays on the origins of household incomes in South Africa /." Göteborg : Department of Economics, School of Economics and Commercial Law, Göteborg University, 2005. http://www.handels.gu.se/epc/archive/00004062/01/Dieden_full.pdf.

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9

Lakner, Christoph. "The determinants of incomes and inequality : evidence from poor and rich countries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dbfaef0e-a195-46f3-ba12-db5d3a8bf035.

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This thesis consists of four separate chapters which address different aspects of inequality and income determination. The first three chapters are country-level studies which examine (1) how incomes are shaped by spatial price differences, (2) the factor income composition, and (3) enterprise size. The final chapter analyses how income inequality changed at the global level. The first chapter investigates the implications of regional price differences for earnings differentials and inequality in Germany. I combine a district-level price index with administrative earnings data from social security records. Prices have a strong equalising effect on district average wages in West Germany, but a weaker effect in East Germany and at the national level. The change in overall inequality as a result of regional price differences is small (although significant in many cases), because inequality is mostly explained by differences within rather than between districts. The second chapter is motivated by the rapid increase in top income shares in the United States since the 1980s. Using data derived from tax filings, I show that this pattern is very similar after controlling for changes in tax unit size. Over the same period as top income shares increased, the composition of these incomes changed dramatically, with the labour share rising. Using a non-parametric copula framework, I show that incomes from labour and capital have become more closely associated at the top. This association is asymmetric such that top wage earners are more likely to also receive high capital incomes, compared with top capital income recipients receiving high wages. In the third chapter, I investigate the positive cross-sectional relationship between enterprise size and earnings using panel data from Ghana. I find evidence for a significant firm size effect in matched firm-worker data and a labour force panel, even after controlling for individual fixed effects. The size effect in self-employment is stronger in the cross-section, but it is driven by individual time-invariant characteristics. The final chapter studies the global interpersonal income distribution using a newly constructed and improved database of national household surveys between 1988 and 2008. The chapter finds that the global Gini remains high and approximately unchanged at around 0.7. However, this hides a substantial change in the global distribution from a twin-peaked distribution in 1988 into a single-peaked one now. Furthermore, the regional composition of the global distribution changed, as China graduated from the bottom ranks. As a result of the growth in Asia, the poorest quantiles of the global distribution are now largely from Sub-Saharan Africa. By exploiting the panel dimension of the dataset, the analysis shows which decile-groups within countries have benefitted most over this 20-year period. In addition, the chapter presents a preliminary assessment of how estimates of global inequality are affected by the likely underreporting of top incomes in surveys.

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10

Verikios, George. "Understanding the world wool market : trade, productivity and grower incomes." University of Western Australia. School of Economics and Commerce, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0064.

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[Truncated abstract] The core objective of this thesis is summarised by its title: “Understanding the World Wool Market: Trade, Productivity and Grower Incomes”. Thus, we wish to aid understanding of the economic mechanisms by which the world wool market operates. In doing so, we analyse two issues trade and productivity and their effect on, inter alia, grower incomes. To achieve the objective, we develop a novel analytical framework, or model. The model combines two long and rich modelling traditions: the partial-equilibrium commodity-specific approach and the computable-general-equilibrium approach. The result is a model that represents the world wool market in detail, tracking the production of greasy wool through five off-farm production stages ending in the production of wool garments. Capturing the multistage nature of the wool production system is a key pillar in this part of the model . . . The estimated welfare gain for China is 0.1% of real income; this is a significant welfare gain. For three losing regions Italy, Germany and Japan the results are robust and we can be highly confident that these regions are the largest losers from the complete removal of 2005 wool tariffs. In both wool tariff liberalisation scenarios, regions whose exports are skewed towards wool textiles and garments gain the most as it is these wool products that have the highest initial tariff rates. The overall finding of this work is that a sophisticated analytical framework is necessary for analysing productivity and trade issues in the world wool market. Only a model of this kind can appropriately handle the degree of complexity of interactions between members (domestic and foreign) of the multistage wool production system. Further, including the nonwool economy in the analytical framework allows us to capture the indirect effects of changes in the world wool market and also the effects on the nonwool economy itself.

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BENNETT, Frank, and Justin WHITNEY. "Activism in the Wild: a preliminary study of NPO incomes." 名古屋大学大学院法学研究科, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/10648.

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Aussant, V. Jill. "The breastfeeding experience for women with low incomes, a phenomenological exploration." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60408.pdf.

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13

Foss, Pal. "Problems of centralized collective wage bargaining and incomes policies in Norway." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333994.

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Cuesta-Leiva, Jose A. "Social transfers, the household and the distribution of incomes in Chile." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365510.

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Куришко, О. О. "Problems of counteraction of legalization of incomes in the nonbank sector." Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/62214.

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Hall, Edwin Andrew. "The effect of professional associations on wages and employment in the UK." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312443.

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17

Eggerman, Christopher Ryan. "Projecting net incomes for Texas crop producers: an application of probabilistic forecasting." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4134.

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Agricultural policy changes directly affect the economic viability of Texas crop producers because government payments make up a significant portion of their net farm income (NFI). NFI projections benefit producers, agribusinesses and policy makers, but an economic model making these projections for Texas did not previously exist. The objective of this study was to develop a model to project annual NFI for producers of major crops in Texas. The Texas crop model was developed to achieve this objective, estimating state prices, yields and production costs as a function of their national counterparts. Five hundred iterations of national price and yield projections from the Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI), along with FAPRIÃ¢ÂÂs average production cost projections, were used as input to the Texas crop model. The stochastic FAPRI Baseline and residuals for Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) equations relating Texas variables to national variables were used to incorporate the risk left unexplained by OLS equations between Texas and U.S. variables. Deterministic and probabilistic NFI projections for Texas crops were compared under the January 2005 and January 2006 FAPRI Baseline projections. With production costs increasing considerably and prices rising moderately in the January 2006 Baseline, deterministic projections of 2006-2014 Texas NFI decreased by an average of 26 percent for corn, 3 percent for cotton, 15 percent for peanuts, and 12 percent for rice, and were negative for sorghum and wheat. Probability distributions of projected NFI fell for all program crops, especially sorghum and wheat. Higher hay price projections caused deterministic projections of NFI for hay to rise roughly 13 percent, and increased the probability distributions of projected hay NFI. Deterministic and probabilistic projections of total NFI decreased for each year, especially for 2006-2008 when fuel price projections were the highest. The Texas crop model can be used to simulate NFI for Texas crop producers under alternative FAPRI baselines. The model shows the impact of baseline changes on probability distributions of NFI for each crop and for Texas as a whole. It can also be useful as a policy analysis tool to compare impacts of alternative farm and macroeconomic policies on NFI.

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18

Burchardt, Tania. "Incomes, functionings and capabilities : the well-being of disabled people in Britain." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/133/.

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The central objective of this thesis is to explore whether the capability approach can be operationalised, using the well-being of disabled people in Britain as a case study. The capability approach proposes a shift away from measuring utility and income poverty towards identifying functionings (the states of being and activities which individuals achieve), and capabilities (the different combinations of functionings which individuals have the opportunity to achieve). To date there have been few empirical applications and many concerns about the usefulness of the approach remain. Disabled people are an interesting case study for the capability approach because of the challenge to conventional measures of well-being issued by the social model of disability: that we should move away from measuring individual deficits towards focusing on the barriers individuals with impairments experience in attempting to lead the lives they want to lead. The capability approach has the potential, in theory, to meet this challenge. In addition to providing in-depth analysis of the position of disabled people in society, the thesis makes three contributions, one theoretical and two methodological. The theoretical development is the distinction between capability as opportunity and capability as autonomy, that is, the distinction between an approach which treats preferences as exogenous and one which takes seriously the problem of conditioned expectations. The innovative methodologies are, firstly, the extension of techniques of equivalisation of income to take account of variations in needs due to disability, and, secondly, quantifying whether a particular functioning is within an individual's capability set. The thesis concludes that relatively straightforward adjustments to conventional poverty measures improve their validity. For fuller application of the capability approach, although there is a trade-off between conceptual soundness and complexity of data requirements, informative measures of opportunity and autonomy can be derived from existing survey data.

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19

Quandahl, Kendal. "Economic feasibility of alternative crops in Northeast Iowa to sustain family incomes." Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35318.

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Master of Agribusiness
Department of Agricultural Economics
Vincent R. Amanor-Boadu
The purpose of this thesis is to identify which alternative crops could be enhance the income of Quandahl Farms the most by moving the smallest acreage from the farm’s traditional corn and soybean enterprises into its production. The considered crops are grapes, raspberries, and black currants. The objectives of this study included assessing the technical feasibility of producing the selected crops in Northeast Iowa given the agronomic conditions in the region and the agronomic requirements of the crops. The other was the assessment of the economic feasibility of the selected crops and determining the minimum acres required for each to enhance the farm’s financial situation and still allow for corn and soybeans to be the main crops. The analyses were conducted using secondary data on the selected crops from published budgets and government and extension reports as well as the historical financials of Quandahl Farms. The analyses were conducted over a 10-year horizon to ensure a significant duration of cash flow and allow the establishment of the alternative crops. In that 10-year period, the net present value of Quandahl Farms income is $214 per acre per year. Additionally, the analyses were evaluated under four alternative scenarios of prices and yield for each of the crops in addition to the base scenario. The results shows that grapes and black currants were not economically feasible in Northeast Iowa even though they were agronomically feasible. On the contrary, raspberries were found to be both technically and economically feasible in Northeast Iowa. The net present value under that base scenario for raspberries was $23,267 at a discount rate of 4.5%. Based on the net present value of corn and soybean revenue of the same period, it is estimated that taking 22 acres from the current production and putting it into raspberries would increase average farm income by $60,000. The study shows there is an opportunity to allocate a relatively small proportion of current corn and soybean acreage to raspberries to significantly increase farm incomes. As a result, it is recommended to the principals of Quandahl Farms to consider making this small investment in raspberries to protect the farm from the frequent vicissitudes of farm incomes. The next step after their agreement is to develop the business plan to implement such an investment.

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Plowman, Tiffany Danielle. "India's vocational education and training programs is women's participation improving household incomes? /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2008. http://worldcat.org/oclc/441971613/viewonline.

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21

Dowrick, S. "Bargaining over surplus : Oligopolies, workers and the Â£Tdistribution of incomeÂ£T." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377111.

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22

King, Sylvana Rudith. "The role of urban market trade in local development processes and its implication for policy : a case study of Kumasi Central Market, Ghana." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300599.

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23

Papatheodorou, Christos. "Dimensions of income inequality in Greece." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1552/.

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This thesis investigated certain dimensions of inequality in Greece that have not or have only partially been explored so far, utilising the micro-data of a survey carried out in 1988 by the National Centre for Social Research. Reviewed were relevant studies conducted in the past, and evaluated were the available statistical data and information. Certain theoretical and methodological issues that one encounters when analysing and measuring inequality were also discussed. Initially, an analysis by income source was employed, which provided valuable information on the structure and profile of income inequality in Greece. The decomposition analysis by income components showed that entrepreneurial income is the most significant contributor to overall inequality in Greece, despite the fact that it represents a relatively small fraction of household income. Income taxes and social security contribution appeared to have a very weak distributional impact on overall inequality. This impact was explored further by employing regression analysis. It was found that the share of income tax and contributions is mainly related to wages and salaries. The most effective way to maximise their distributional impact is by eliminating tax evasion among the recipients of entrepreneurial income. The average household income was found to be greatly affected by certain population characteristics, and inequality appeared to vary substantially between population subgroups. The decomposition analysis showed that in all the population groups used, inequality between groups accounted for only a very small segment of the overall inequality. Finally, the hypothesis that, in Greece, the family background is a significant factor in determining the offspring's socio-economic status was tested. A loglinear analysis was used in order to uncover all the potentially complex relationship among the variables employed. These results suggested that people face unequal opportunities for education and unequal probabilities of falling below the poverty line due to their family background.

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24

Ioannou-Giannakis, Christos. "Collective bargaining, incomes policy and relative wage flexibility in Greek manufacturing, 1966-1988." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1990. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1196/.

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Based on the assumption that industrial relations influence labour market outcomes, the thesis examines first, the characteristics and the evolution of bargaining structures and procedures in the Greek system of industrial relations, second, the governmental policies aimed at wage and employment regulation, and third, the extent to which, in the context of developments in industrial relations as well as in the context of incomes policy, there was room for relative wage flexibility in the Greek manufacturing sector. The main conclusion of the thesis is that, despite the extensive and continuous regulation of wage determination procedures by successive governments, changes in industrial relations which occurred after 1975 and were marked by decentralised, fragmented and informal collective bargaining, were accompanied by flexibility in relative wages. The sources of this flexibility, which is largely noncompetitive, are related to industry-specific productivity gains as well as to industry-specific rates of strike activity. Moreover, the rise of decentralised, fragmented and informal collective bargaining influenced the effectiveness of the norm-based and the indexation incomes policies as far as variation in the inter-industry wage structure in the Greek manufacturing sector is concerned.

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Blackledge-Foughali, Gemma Elizabeth. "Health and incomes in Malawi and the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/3087.

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This thesis examines the relationship between health and income in Malawi and the KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa. The first empirical chapter considers the previously unused Second Integrated Household Survey (IHS2) to examine child mortality in Malawi. Household income and bed net use are included within the analysis presented in addition to the standard proximate determinants of population health. It is found that possessing at least some education and using bed nets significantly reduces child deaths. The second empirical chapter explores the effect of morbidity upon daily wage rates in Malawi using the IHS2. The results suggest that even relatively short periods of morbidity reduce the daily wage received by relatively large amounts. The final empirical chapter examines the impact of different types of “health shocks” upon household income in 1998 and 2004 using the KwaZulu-Natal Income Dynamics Study (KIDS) dataset. The results suggest that the effect of “health shocks” upon household income is negative in 1998 using a propensity score matching method. Direct income losses associated with shocks are also examined and indicate that for most households the effect of health shocks is generally small.

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Qian, Yue. "Mate Selection in America:Do Spouses’ Incomes Converge When the Wife Has More Education?" The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1460461118.

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27

Koya, Sharmistha N. "Terms of trade effects on PPP and incomes of primary-commodity exporting countries." Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10022007-145406/.

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Blank, Steve, and Harry Ayer. "How the 1986 Cotton and Dairy Programs Affect Alfalfa Hay Prices and Incomes." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200478.

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The 1986 Upland cotton program encourages alfalfa production, while the 1986 dairy program reduced the size of Arizona's dairy herd. The increased supply of and decreased demand for alfalfa depress alfalfa prices. Our estimates indicate cotton and dairy programs may reduce alfalfa prices and incomes by about 10 percent.

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Ekström, Erika. "Essays on inequality and education /." Uppsala : Dept. of Economics [Nationalekonomiska institutionen], Univ, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3809.

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30

Lahiff, Edward Patrick. "Agriculture and rural livelihoods in a South African 'homeland' : a case study from Venda." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1997. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29102/.

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This is a socio-economic study of agriculture and its contribution to livelihoods in Venda, one of the black 'homelands' created in South Africa under apartheid. It is based on a survey of households on the Tshiombo irrigation scheme, a project in central Venda with approximately six hundred plot-holders. The alms of the study are to understand the opportunities and constraints facing small farmers, and to suggest ways in which public action can promote rural livelihoods and overcome the legacy of racial oppression and under-development in South Africa. The study includes a review of micro-studies of agriculture and livelihoods from the ten former homelands. A range of unpublished materials and original field research are also used to provide an overview of society and economy in Venda at the end of apartheid and to highlight the problems faced by households attempting to secure a livelihood from the land. The Tshiombo case found that agriculture, on average, contributed approximately a quarter of household income (in cash and kind), with the balance coming mainly from wages and state pensions. Wide disparities were found between households, however, in terms of land-holding, agricultural output and overall household income. Relative poverty was associated with a lack of wage income and poorer households tended to be disproportionately dependent on agriculture. Both arable and livestock farming were dominated by older men, some of whom had a history of off-farm employment but others who had been full-time farmers since the 1960s. The study concludes that there is scope for further development of the agricultural economy at Tshiombo but this will require comprehensive reform of existing state services such as tractor ploughing and agricultural extension. More flexible partnerships between the state and non-state organisations, including private entrepreneurs, individual farmers and the struggling Tshiombo Co-operative in the provision of credit, marketing and transport services are also identified as areas suitable for development. Constraints of land, capital and household labour suggest that in most cases agriculture is likely to remain supplementary to income obtained from the non-farm economy, but can be a valuable source of food and an important safety-net in times of crisis.

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31

Hoy, Janet M. "Outcomes and Incomes: Implementing a Mental Health Recovery Measure in a Medical Model World." online version, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=case1207019285.

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32

DelVecchio, Micah. "The Use of Conditional Convergence Between Economies to Estimate Steady State Incomes Within Economies." Thesis, Colorado State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3635596.

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This dissertation introduces a panel data method to estimate country-specific steady state levels of output in an augmented Solow growth model. The use of panel data permits the estimation of a country-specific effect which can explain the surprising result that many developing economies are above their steady states. These empirical results also confirm that the augmented Solow model can explain the present cross-country income divergence of developed and developing economies. Another application finds evidence that the post-Soviet economies began their transition toward markets with initial conditions of overcapitalization. Finally, when the results are sufficient, there is also the possibility of describing an entire period of growth and gaining insights into future periods. This is shown with the OECD economies.

In Islam (1995), panel data is first used to estimate the parameters of the Solow growth model. The following year, Cho and Graham (1996) published a small paper which illustrates a simple way to compute steady state levels of per capita income by using the results of cross-sectional convergence tests. This dissertation simply combines these two methods with the result that the interpretations are more satisfying. In sum, we find that countries can begin a period of development above or below their steady states and that countries converging from above should be considered to be overcapitalized. This implies that development through investment can only succeed when there is convergence from below the steady state. Above the steady state, total factor productivity is too low to sustain the relatively high levels of capital.

The organization of the dissertation is linear with an introduction preceding the second chapter's literature review and the development of a theoretical and empirical model in the third chapter. The applications of the method then follow. Chapter 4 uses a worldwide sample to compare the result to other work and to show that this fundamental model of growth theory can explain the observed increasing levels of international inequality. Chapter 5 takes a look at the transition economies. In addition to finding evidence of overcapitalization, this dissertation finds a positive correlation between growth and the privatization of small business under transition. Additionally, there is a negative impact of price liberalization under the conditions of repressed inflation experienced by many Soviet-era planned economies. Chapter 6 uses a sample of OECD economies to obtain a significant deterministic, technological growth rate. This is possible because the countries are similar enough to make the assumption that they have the same growth rate more realistic. This enables an understanding of steady states after the initial period and leading into the most contemporaneous period of the sample.

Keywords: macroeconomic analyses of economic development; institutions and growth; measurement of economic growth; cross-country output convergence; models with panel data; government policy; socialist systems and transitional economies: political economy, property rights; socialist institutions and their transitions

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33

Murray, Gregor. "Trade unions and incomes policies : British unions and the social contract in the 1970s." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1985. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/39312/.

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This is an investigation of the trade union role in the Social Contract incomes policies in Britain during the 1970s. In the context of the general political economy of the period, the study looks at the development in the early 1970s of an accord between the Trades Union Congress (TUC) and the Labour Party known as the Social Contract, examines the trade union participation in the series of voluntary incomes policies that followed the election of the Labour Government in 1974, and charts the development or opposition to such participation oulminating in the collapse of the policy in the winter of 1978-1979 and the subsequent defeat of the Labour Government in the 1979 general election. More specifically, the study focuses on the experience of six individual unions within the context of TUC policy-making: the articulations between their approaches to incomes policy and their collective bargaining policies, the anatomy of their responses and policies towards the various phases of the Social Contract, the mobilization of consent and/or opposition to TUe and Government policy in each union, and the limits placed on relative union leadership discretion to participate in TUC policy-making by the political and industrial processes and organizational structure of each union. The research has involved a variety of sources and methods. First, there has been an attempt to draw on and link the diverse areas of the industrial relations literature which are concerned with the relationship between trade Unions and incomes policies. These include the separate literatures on incomes policy, on the link between trade unions and the Labour Party and Labour governments, on trade union government and the sociology of trade union organizations, and on the debate over 'corporatist' types of arrangements between trade unions and the state. Secondly, the research has involved the use of a wide range of primary and secondary trade union and political documentary sources on this period of history through the 1970s. Finally, the detailed case studies of the six sample unions have involved both primary documentary materials and extensive interviewing. Thus, the materials collected for the study constitute a unique source on different approaches to the 1970s pay policies, on their industrial impact and the political processes that they engendered within individual unions, and on the broader relations between British trade unions and the state during this period. The theoretical contribution of the study is primarily exploratory in nature. It identifies the constraints to which national union leaderships are· subject when they engage or attempt to engage in macro-economic and political exchanges with the state. Such constraints are explored in an examination of the upwards and downwards mediations that occur within trade unions as illustrated by the variations within and between trade unions in the mobilization of consent and opposition to the Social Contract incomes policies. This analysis informs debates about the limits and/or viability of other corporatist or 'Social Contract' types of arrangements. It also investigates the organizational implications of voluntary incomes policies and compares the internal political processes and industrial practices of British trade unions: at the level of the TUC as a whole, within individual affiliates and, in partiCUlar, in the articulations between TUC and individual union policy-making and bargaining behaviour.

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34

Selolwane, Onalenna Doo. "Labour allocation and household incomes strategies in Western Ngamiland, Botswana : implications for agricultural development." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316147.

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35

Hecht, Katharina Maria. "A sociological analysis of top incomes and wealth : a study of how individuals at the top of the income and wealth distributions perceive economic inequality." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3699/.

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While economic research has demonstrated that the richest 1 percent in terms of income (and to a lesser extent in terms of wealth) in the UK have increased their relative advantage since the 1980s, there is little empirical research on how these individuals perceive changes in economic inequality (Chin, 2014). Following in the tradition of research on ‘elite’ perceptions of inequality (Reis and Moore, 2005), my research investigates how economic inequality, measured by top income and wealth shares, is perceived by the top 1 percent of income earners in the UK. To understand these phenomena, I interviewed and surveyed 30 participants. Additionally, I analysed data from the Great British Class Survey (GBCS) to triangulate the findings. Participants’ perceptions of top income shares closely relate to their views on the production of top incomes. For instance, GBCS data show that respondents with the highest incomes tend to select meritocratic items as important for career success. Meanwhile, a majority of interviewees, termed ‘economic evaluators’, narrate top incomes as resulting from rational, economic evaluation processes (Lamont et al., 2014), based on the idea that ‘the market’ is the best instrument for the distribution of resources. Intersectional privilege can be reconciled with ideas of a neutral market, because economic evaluative processes are gendered, ‘raced’ and classed (Skeggs, 2004a). Due to vast absolute differences between those at the top, participants view inequality from the perspective of ‘relative (dis)advantage’; while recognizing their advantage compared to the general population they experience relative disadvantage (based on Runciman’s (1966) ‘relative deprivation’) compared to others higher up the distribution. As a result, participants overestimate top income and wealth shares. Due to beliefs in markets, participants’ heightened awareness of inequality does not translate into general concern for inequality, particularly among economic evaluators. My study highlights the importance of the evaluative processes narrated as constituting top incomes for top income earners’ perceptions of economic inequality.

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Yu, Shengjin. "The relationship between consumptions and incomes for China and India : An ARDL Bound Test Approach." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-15360.

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China and India have many in common, are geographically large developing countries with enormous populations, but with notably different economic systems. This paper focus on exploring the relationship between GDP and consumption behaviors in China and India over the period 1978-2006. We use GDP as a proxy to represent income and household final consumption as a proxy to represent consumption. The long run relations are estimated by ARDL (1, 1) model. We find that India’s consumption is in the line of theory. But the relationship between GDP and consumption in China is unique, in terms of a negative intercept, a negative time trend and a larger than one marginal propensity to consumption. This may due to two possible explanations. First, after almost 30 years high growth households in China are optimistic to their future incomes. They prefer to borrowing for smoothing their consumptions. Second, there might have winding income what are not in the statistics. Finally, we adopt a series of diagnostic tests to check if selected models are strong enough and analysis the results.

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Geddes, Graham R. "Ideology, federalism, and the welfare state the public debate concerning guaranteed annual incomes, 1968-1976." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5632.

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Morris, Heather M. "Health promotion as self-nurturance, the personal experience of senior women living on limited incomes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22746.pdf.

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39

Knudsen, Mette. "Essays on the distribution of incomes : effects of monetary, financial and international trade by policies /." Copenhagen, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/509220460.pdf.

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40

Pearson, Emily. "Seasonal Incomes and Food Insecurity in Rural Costa Rica: Food Consumption Patterns, Availability and Access." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24267.

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This study is based on ethnographic research that was conducted in the villages of Santa María de Rivas and San Gerardo de Rivas in the coffee farming region of Pérez Zeledón, Costa Rica. While these two villages are in close proximity to each other, the economy of San Gerardo is based more on tourism than the economy of Santa María, although both towns still engage in agricultural activities. Within each village, I conducted 15 preliminary interviews, followed by ten follow-up interviews with the main food preparers of the households. From in depth discussions, I found that food consumption patterns of people in both towns were being affected by seasonal variations in incomes due to the cyclical nature of employment in both tourism and agriculture. A number of households from these villages were experiencing periods of food worries throughout the year that were linked to the seasonality of tourism as well as agriculture, and in particular coffee production. Seasonal availability of particular food items also shaped consumption patterns; however, perceptions of food insecurity in this context appear to be primarily related to problems of access.

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41

Baltander, Richard. "Education, labour market and incomes for the deaf/hearing impaired and the blind/visually impaired /." Stockholm : The Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI), Stockholm University : Stockholm University Library [distributör], 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-26435.

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42

Meyer-Boehm, Gudrun, and n/a. "Economic and Labour Productivity Growth: A Regional Analysis of the States of Australia and the USA." Griffith University. School of Economics, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040817.145856.

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One of the main underlying sources of economic growth is productivity. An economy can grow by either accumulation of its inputs, namely labour and capital, or improvements in productivity. The latter implies that more can be produced with the same amount of inputs, generating a greater amount of income that can be distributed among the economy's population. With rising per capita incomes, an economy can provide higher living standards and well-being. This thesis analyses variations in economic and productivity trends among the states of Australia and the USA. It investigates whether disparities in GSP per capita, labour and multifactor productivity among the states have declined (converged) or widened (diverged), during this period. The analysis is undertaken at a national level as well as for specific industries to identify the sectoral sources of the various trends. Further, in an interstate analysis the performance of individual states is examined to identify those that may have had a major role in accounting for the observed trends. The analysis employs both cross - section and time - series techniques. Contrary to earlier studies, this thesis finds that lately the interstate dispersion of per capita incomes and productivity has stopped decreasing. In Australia, once the Mining sector (which is a special case) is excluded from the analysis, the levels of GSP per capita and labour productivity in the various states are found to have neither converged nor diverged. Convergence trends among the US states observed prior to the 1990s have not only slowed down but even reversed into divergence. Divergence in labour productivity started during the 1980s in the service industries and was followed by the Manufacturing sector (and here in particular by the Electronic and Electrical Equipment industry) during the 1990s. There appears to be a belt of states in the West (and a few states in the North-East) which started off relatively poorly but managed to catch-up with the richer states due to an above average growth performance in labour productivity and multi factor productivity. Some of these states did not only manage to catch-up with richer ones but continued to surge ahead, causing the observed increase in the interstate dispersion in recent years. Policy makers, especially those in the states that are falling behind need to develop policies that will lead to an increase in the rate of productivity growth. In order to achieve this they must foster industries, which are conducive to higher growth rates and adopt policies that would increase the productivity of the labour force. These policies will need to create an environment in which productivity enhancing innovation can be sustained. States need to engage in research and development activities to ensure the invention and the adoption of new technologies.

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43

Meyer-Boehm, Gudrun. "Economic and Labour Productivity Growth: A Regional Analysis of the States of Australia and the USA." Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365766.

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One of the main underlying sources of economic growth is productivity. An economy can grow by either accumulation of its inputs, namely labour and capital, or improvements in productivity. The latter implies that more can be produced with the same amount of inputs, generating a greater amount of income that can be distributed among the economy's population. With rising per capita incomes, an economy can provide higher living standards and well-being. This thesis analyses variations in economic and productivity trends among the states of Australia and the USA. It investigates whether disparities in GSP per capita, labour and multifactor productivity among the states have declined (converged) or widened (diverged), during this period. The analysis is undertaken at a national level as well as for specific industries to identify the sectoral sources of the various trends. Further, in an interstate analysis the performance of individual states is examined to identify those that may have had a major role in accounting for the observed trends. The analysis employs both cross - section and time - series techniques. Contrary to earlier studies, this thesis finds that lately the interstate dispersion of per capita incomes and productivity has stopped decreasing. In Australia, once the Mining sector (which is a special case) is excluded from the analysis, the levels of GSP per capita and labour productivity in the various states are found to have neither converged nor diverged. Convergence trends among the US states observed prior to the 1990s have not only slowed down but even reversed into divergence. Divergence in labour productivity started during the 1980s in the service industries and was followed by the Manufacturing sector (and here in particular by the Electronic and Electrical Equipment industry) during the 1990s. There appears to be a belt of states in the West (and a few states in the North-East) which started off relatively poorly but managed to catch-up with the richer states due to an above average growth performance in labour productivity and multi factor productivity. Some of these states did not only manage to catch-up with richer ones but continued to surge ahead, causing the observed increase in the interstate dispersion in recent years. Policy makers, especially those in the states that are falling behind need to develop policies that will lead to an increase in the rate of productivity growth. In order to achieve this they must foster industries, which are conducive to higher growth rates and adopt policies that would increase the productivity of the labour force. These policies will need to create an environment in which productivity enhancing innovation can be sustained. States need to engage in research and development activities to ensure the invention and the adoption of new technologies.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Economics
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44

Linton, Chandra. "Including high school students with disabilities in regular education environments the impact on post-school incomes /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/3636.

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45

Greßer, Christina [Verfasser], and David [Akademischer Betreuer] Stadelmann. "The influence of culture, development aid and temperature on regional incomes / Christina Greßer ; Betreuer: David Stadelmann." Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1235069176/34.

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46

Polák, Daniel. "Návrh na založenie firmy PeleBrick." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-223228.

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The aim of my diploma’s thesis is a proposal to establish a company PeleBrick. The company will concentrate on production of ecological products from wood biomass. In the first part are theoretical basis for the establishment of a trade, a business plan and explain what is the biomass. In the second, practical part, is already broken up the actual business plan with all the necessities.

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Nurmenniemi, S. (Sami). "Usefulness of book-to-market ratio and strength of future residual incomes to predict future stock returns." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2015. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201505211552.

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In the past academic research have displayed strong evidence that stocks with the relatively low valuation earn higher future returns than stocks with relatively high valuation. This kind of value anomaly seems to exist for example between firms with high and low book-to-market ratio. In addition there is a lot of evidence that future stock returns can be predicted by analyzing past financial information. Especially the value relevant fundamentals which are usually the main components of equity valuation models seems to consist useful information about the future stock prices. In this thesis it is investigated if the investment strategy based on book-to-market valuation ratio and the main fundamental components of residual income valuation model can generate abnormal future stock returns. Strategy focuses on high book-to-market firms which past financial information indicates strong future residual incomes for these firms. These pieces of information are recognized by analyzing the return on equity and expected return on equity which are the main components of residual income model. The results shows that investment strategy based on book-to-market ratio and strength of future residual incomes generates higher mean returns than equally weighted market portfolio in the U.S markets during the years 1970–2010. Furthermore the strategy outperforms high book-to-market portfolio by mean return margin of 11.5%-points. Strategy seems to be quit robust across time as well when it is outperforming equally weighted market and high book-to-market portfolios almost 80% of the time. The returns appears to be highest among firms with the smallest market value and lowest among the large-sized firms. However the benefits of using fundamental based screening are stronger among medium-sized firms which indicates that superior return performance of the investment strategy is not driven by small firm effect. It seems also that the superior returns are not at least fully compensation for extra risk. Actually the strategy prefers the stocks with the low earnings variability and leverage together with high liquidity which are argued to be appropriate proxies for risk. Also the explanation of Fama and French (1992) which argues that abnormal returns of high book-to-market firms are due high distress of these firms is not supported by results presented in this thesis. In fact the strategy prefers firms with low distress and still generates higher mean returns than high book-to-market firms on average. This indicates that there could be undervalued stocks in the market which are successfully identified by investment strategy based on valuation ratio and analyzing past financial information.

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Magee, Edward. "The net prices of attendance at public institutions of higher learning and their relationships to family incomes." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10164.

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Thesis (Ed. D.)--West Virginia University, 2009.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 369 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 316-318).

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Bigdeli, Maryam. "Access to medicines in low- and middle-incomes countries: a health systems approach :conceptual framework and practical applications." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209036.

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50

Wang, Weiye. "An analysis of farmers’ net incomes from underplanting development -case studies from Hunan and Guangxi provinces of China." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45736.

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Following the Collective Forest Tenure, the development of underplanted forest products (UFPs) is one of the forest-related policies intended to enhance the efficiency of forest land use, improve local farmers’ livelihoods, and at the same time protect forest resources. This study is aimed at understanding what might affect farmers’ incomes from UFPs, the difficulties and barriers farmers face in developing UFPs, and the influence of the UFP policy. To achieve this objective, one quantitative questionnaire study and two qualitative interview studies with local households and local forest authority directors were conducted in Jingzhou County, Hunan Province and in Sanjiang County, Guangxi Province in China. Education and market situation were important for UFP development. A lack of related knowledge and market information was the major barrier to cultivating UFPs. The influence of the policy to encourage UFPs was negligible. According to the participants, the main difference between households cultivating UFPs and those that were not was related to improved market access and information. Interviewees felt that cooperation and support from the government and from UFP processors would enhance their interests in the cultivation of UFPs.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Incomes'

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