Relevant bibliographies by topics / Incomes

Academic literature on the topic 'Incomes'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Incomes"

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Gangl, Markus. "Income Inequality, Permanent Incomes, and Income Dynamics." Work and Occupations 32, no. 2 (May 2005): 140–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0730888404274354.

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Saiful Nathan, Siti Badariah, and M. Mohd Rosli. "Distributional effects of non-farm incomes in a Malaysian rice bowl." International Journal of Social Economics 43, no. 2 (February 8, 2016): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-09-2013-0200.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the structure of household income and examine the effects of non-farm incomes on the income distribution of farm households in a relatively developed rural area of the Malaysian rice bowl. Design/methodology/approach – The non-farm incomes were disaggregated into different components to determine the contribution of each income source to total household income and overall inequality. The income distribution and decomposition was examined using the Gini decomposition method. Findings – It was found that almost 71 percent of the households in the sample had at least one source of non-farm income. On average, non-farm incomes contributed about 33 percent to total household income. Non-farm wage employment was the dominant source of non-farm income, accounting for almost 26 percent of overall household income. The farm incomes, especially the paddy incomes were found to be the inequality-decreasing income source. The study also confirmed the proposition that the non-farm incomes were the inequality-increasing income source as they contributed up to 35 percent of the overall income inequality. Originality/value – Previous studies have found that non-farm incomes have different effects on income inequality of rural communities, especially those in the rice granary areas situated in less developed states of Malaysia, where poverty is still a problem. This study is significant because it identifies the effect of certain incomes on the overall income inequality among farm households in the granary areas located in a relatively developed rural area. The studied areas are characterized by an intensive paddy production and a rapid development in business and industrial activities, and hence, providing non-farm employment opportunities to the rural farmers. Therefore, this study shows the income structure and how farm and non-farm incomes affect the overall income distribution of the paddy farmers.
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Rossignolo, Dario. "El Impuesto sobre la Renta Personal y los altos ingresos en América Latina." Revista Hacienda Pública Espñola 214, no. 4 (September 2015): 115–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7866/hpe-rpe.15.3.5.

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蔡宗佩, 蔡宗佩. "各類所得的推計標準，公平嗎？." 月旦會計實務研究 52, no. 52 (April 2022): 072–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/252260962022040052008.

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Chapargina, A. N. "STUDY OF POPULATION INCOMES IN THE MURMANSK REGION: TRENDS AND DETERMINANTS." Север и рынок: формирование экономического порядка 69, no. 3/2020 (November 27, 2020): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2220-802x.2.2020.69.011.

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Incomes are an indicator of the population living standard and a source for meeting various needs. The article is devoted to analysis of population incomes in one of the Arctic regions of Russia —the Murmansk region. For the region, the problem of increasing population incomes is especially acute due to harsh natural and climatic conditions and high living cost. The paper aims to analyze, systematize and evaluate the specifics of the formation, levels and dynamics, as well as differentiation of population incomes in the Murmanskregion in 2000–2019, to identify trends in incomes, as well as determinants influencing incomes formation in this Arctic region. The study was based on the methods of analysis and synthesis of statistical information, grouping, generalization and comparison. The analysis of relevant statistical data made it possible to reveal and compare trends in population incomes both in the Russian Federation and in the Murmansk region over the last two decades. For the country as a whole the main trends include slowing down growth rates of average per capita income, the persisting high level of income differentiation, decrease in share of income received from entrepreneurship and property. The main trends in changing population incomes in the Murmansk region are identified and compared with the Russian ones. It is found that main trends in this region in the studied period are a slowdown in the growth rate of per capita income of the population with lower rates of income growth compared to the national average, decreasein real incomes, a downward trend in the purchasing power of incomes, decrease in poverty and smoothing the degree of population stratification. Also the determinants influencing formation of population incomes in the Murmansk region as an Arctic region are identified. First of all these are the effect of regional coefficients and northern allowances and the specific structure of the population's needs. Measures aimed at increasing population incomes and directions for building up a state policy regulatingpopulation incomes in the Murmansk region as an Arctic region are formulated. The practical significance of the work is that the results of the study can be used by the regional authorities for developing and correcting the socio-economic policy.
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Sarkar, Somwrita, Peter Phibbs, Roderick Simpson, and Sachin Wasnik. "The scaling of income distribution in Australia: Possible relationships between urban allometry, city size, and economic inequality." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 45, no. 4 (November 15, 2016): 603–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265813516676488.

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Developing a scientific understanding of cities in a fast urbanizing world is essential for planning sustainable urban systems. Recently, it was shown that income and wealth creation follow increasing returns, scaling superlinearly with city size. We study scaling of per capita incomes for separate census defined income categories against population size for the whole of Australia. Across several urban area definitions, we find that lowest incomes grow just linearly or sublinearly (β = 0.94 to 1.00), whereas highest incomes grow superlinearly (β = 1.00 to 1.21), with total income just superlinear (β = 1.03 to 1.05). These findings show that as long as total or aggregate income scaling is considered, the earlier finding is supported: the bigger the city, the richer the city, although the scaling exponents for Australia are lower than those previously reported for other countries. But, we find an emergent scaling behavior with regard to variation in income distribution that sheds light on socio-economic inequality: the larger the population size and densities of a city, while lower incomes grow proportionately or less than proportionately, higher incomes grow more quickly, suggesting a disproportionate agglomeration of incomes in the highest income categories in big cities. Because there are many more people on lower incomes that scale sublinearly as compared to the highest that scale superlinearly, these findings suggest an empirical observation on inequality: the larger the population, the greater the income agglomeration in the highest income categories. The implications of these findings are qualitatively discussed for various income categories, with respect to living costs and access to opportunities and services that big cities provide.
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Střeleček, František, and Radek Zdeněk. "Incomes of rural and non-rural households in the Czech Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 4 (2011): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159040319.

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The paper compares incomes of Czech rural and non-rural households and identifies households persisting below the poverty threshold. The data were taken from the statistic research Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) of 2005 and 2008. Households were classified according to the municipality size (2000 inhabitants). Household incomes were assessed according to net annual income per consumption unit, living minimum and subjective minimum income. Positive skewness and high kurtosis is a typical feature of household incomes; a similarity with log-normal distribution can be presumed. The difference between rural and non-rural household incomes was significant (p < 0.05 in 2005; p < 0.001 in 2008). The development of incomes in both areas is assessed with the shift-share analysis regarding the national, industry mix and regional component.
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GARRETT, THOMAS A., and DAVID C. WHEELOCK. "Why Did Income Growth Vary Across States During the Great Depression?" Journal of Economic History 66, no. 2 (June 2006): 456–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050706000192.

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This note investigates the sources of variation in the growth of per capita personal incomes across U.S. states during the Great Depression. States entering the economic contraction with relatively low per capita incomes tended to suffer larger percentage declines in per capita income than did high income states. By contrast, low-income states tended to experience larger percentage gains during the recovery. Hence, state per capita incomes diverged during the contraction phase and converged during the recovery phase.
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Roope, Laurence S. J. "First estimates of inequality benchmark incomes for a range of countries." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): e0248178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248178.

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It is known that virtually all inequality measures imply the existence of a ‘benchmark income’, above which adding incremental income increases inequality, and below which it decreases inequality. Benchmark incomes can be interpreted as social reference levels that identify the richest individual for whom it would be just to subsidize their income. Despite the intuitive appeal of benchmark incomes, there have been hardly any empirical applications to date. This paper provides the first estimates of benchmark incomes for a range of contrasting countries and different inequality measures. All benchmark incomes lie far above official national poverty lines. The results suggest that economic growth together with falling inequality need not necessarily be poverty reducing.
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Michalos, Alex C. "Discrepancies between perceived income needs and actual incomes." Social Indicators Research 21, no. 3 (June 1989): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00303788.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Incomes"

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Fanning, Jasper E. "A spatial hedonic analysis of veterinarian incomes /." Search for this dissertation online, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.

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Jenderny, Katharina [Verfasser]. "Top Incomes: the Case of Germany / Katharina Jenderny." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1070219010/34.

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Lukkarinen, O. P. (Olli-Pekka). "The impact of food prices on factor incomes." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2017. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201703091320.

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We use a dynamic specific-factors model in order to analyze how factor incomes, i.e. wages, interest rate and land rent, change when food prices rise. Special attention is given to the effects of food price shocks on wages. In the context of the theory, a food price shock affects factor incomes through labor and capital markets. The magnitude of the effect of a price shock is defined by labor shares of the productive sectors, saving allocation, elasticity of substitution in the agricultural sector and factor intensities. A rise in food prices is likely to have a significant positive effect on wages when the labor share and the elasticity of substitution in the agricultural sector are large and the savings are relatively more allocated towards the capital using sector. Furthermore, we test the effect of a food price shock on wage in the United States by employing simple Ordinal Least Square method. The results suggest that a one percent rise in the relative price of food lifts wages by 0.10–0.15 percent. However, the explanatory power of our models was low and therefore there is a possibility of omitted variable bias, despite the fact that the correlation between the independent variables and the residuals remained low.
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Edvinsson, Alex, and Ruben Zeiloth. "The Laffer Curve for Top Incomes in Sweden." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-75331.

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Dietsch, Peter Volkmar. "Between market and merit : how unequal should incomes be?" Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2004. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2306/.

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The distribution of the benefits from co-operation represents one of the central problems of distributive justice. At the core of my thesis stands an argument based on the division of labour in our society that calls for an equal division of these benefits. This line of reasoning avoids the shortcomings of the two traditional approaches pursued by those who are critical of income inequalities, namely egalitarians and their more sophisticated cousins, liberal egalitarians. Straightforward egalitarianism, I suggest, turns out to be a default position once other considerations, like choice or merit, are taken into account. My disagreement with the liberal egalitarian centres on the question whether the scope of justice should encompass natural and social contingencies like talent or family background. I argue that the impact of these endowment factors on income distribution, though undeniable, is small compared to the influence of the market system in distributing income. This position also puts me at odds with libertarians, who accept the normative authority of the market distribution. Enter the argument from division of labour. The specialisation it entails leads to a surge in individual productivity and a substantial surplus compared to the counterfactual situation of autarky. On the plausible assumption that the interdependence between the parties to the division of labour is mutual, there is a case for dividing the surplus equally. This argument, so my claim goes, severely limits the scope of the central libertarian tenet of self-ownership. In practice, surplus is produced and distributed at various levels of co-operation; my focus lies on the economy as a whole, the firms that operate in it, and the insights from imperfect competition about the connection between these two levels. I close with some considerations about the transformation of unjust distributive structures.
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Ragab, Amr. "Three essays on the incomes of the vast majority." Thesis, The New School, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3632551.

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This dissertation is mainly concerned with the distribution of between individuals in the economy.

The first chapter (Chapter 1) examines the various problems with Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDPpc) as a measure of economic welfare. The chapter proposes the Vast Majority Income (VMI) as a new measure of economic welfare that combines both national income and income distribution in a single, intuitive measure. The VMI measures the average income per capita of the vast majority of the population, defined as the first 80 percent of the population within the income distribution.

Chapter 2 proposes a model of the labor market that has a statistical equilibrium wage rather than a single point equilibrium wage as in the standard microeconomic model of wage equalization. Using heterogeneous agent-based modeling techniques, the chapter presents a labor market model where wages equalize around an exponential distribution of wages. Compared to previous models of statistical equilibrium in economics, this model does not require a fixed average wage levels.

Chapter 3 proposes a measure of inclusive growth that is based on the concept and methodology of the VMI discussed in Chapter 1. The growth rate of the VMI across time is proposed as a measure of the inclusivity of growth. We then compare and contrast the growth rate of the VMI to the growth rate of GDP per capita, economic growth. The Chapter shows how the last thirty years were mostly a period of non-inclusive growth in the majority of developing economies. Growth in developing nations was accompanied by a worsening of the equality of income distribution and as a result the growth in the incomes of the vast majority (the bottom 80% of income earners) was 1% less than the growth in GDP per capita for the population as a whole in developing countries.

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Kasprzyk, Kalina. "Inequality, redistribution and mobility of agricultural incomes in Scotland." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2014. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/5362a34d-91a5-4970-ac21-adf6dd91eeba.

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The purpose of this thesis is to analyse different aspects of the distribution of agricultural incomes in Scotland. More specifically, the thesis will first investigate the impact of agricultural income support on inequality through the analysis of its redistributive effect. Decomposition of the redistributive effect allows to determine if agricultural support has been progressive or regressive in absolute terms and whether discrimination between farms with equal pre-support incomes exists. Such assessment is performed both for actual data with the historic model of the Single Farm Payment (SFP) in place, as well as for counter-factual data generated by two hypothetical regional model distributions of the SFP; the latter is particularly informative in the context of the new Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform that will require all Member States to adopt area-based entitlements. In addition, the thesis will study the evolution of agricultural income distribution through the analysis of income mobility. The first focus of this dynamic analysis is to investigate the transition process underlying the evolution of agricultural income inequality over time. This is achieved by decomposing changes in inequality over time into the part which measures if income growth was progressive or regressive (vertical mobility) and the part which measures the resulting reshuffling of individuals within the income order (reranking mobility). The characterisation of the expected income growth process will indirectly examine the validity of Gibrat’s law in Scottish agriculture. Furthermore, the determinants of vertical mobility will be investigated in order to analyse the impact of structural change and transitory shocks. The second focus of the dynamic analysis is to investigate whether the inequality in Scottish agricultural incomes is a transitory or structural problem, and to what extent structural inequality is caused by differences in the economic size of farms.
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Dieden, Sten. "Income generation in the African and coloured population : three essays on the origins of household incomes in South Africa /." Göteborg : Department of Economics, School of Economics and Commercial Law, Göteborg University, 2005. http://www.handels.gu.se/epc/archive/00004062/01/Dieden_full.pdf.

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Lakner, Christoph. "The determinants of incomes and inequality : evidence from poor and rich countries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dbfaef0e-a195-46f3-ba12-db5d3a8bf035.

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This thesis consists of four separate chapters which address different aspects of inequality and income determination. The first three chapters are country-level studies which examine (1) how incomes are shaped by spatial price differences, (2) the factor income composition, and (3) enterprise size. The final chapter analyses how income inequality changed at the global level. The first chapter investigates the implications of regional price differences for earnings differentials and inequality in Germany. I combine a district-level price index with administrative earnings data from social security records. Prices have a strong equalising effect on district average wages in West Germany, but a weaker effect in East Germany and at the national level. The change in overall inequality as a result of regional price differences is small (although significant in many cases), because inequality is mostly explained by differences within rather than between districts. The second chapter is motivated by the rapid increase in top income shares in the United States since the 1980s. Using data derived from tax filings, I show that this pattern is very similar after controlling for changes in tax unit size. Over the same period as top income shares increased, the composition of these incomes changed dramatically, with the labour share rising. Using a non-parametric copula framework, I show that incomes from labour and capital have become more closely associated at the top. This association is asymmetric such that top wage earners are more likely to also receive high capital incomes, compared with top capital income recipients receiving high wages. In the third chapter, I investigate the positive cross-sectional relationship between enterprise size and earnings using panel data from Ghana. I find evidence for a significant firm size effect in matched firm-worker data and a labour force panel, even after controlling for individual fixed effects. The size effect in self-employment is stronger in the cross-section, but it is driven by individual time-invariant characteristics. The final chapter studies the global interpersonal income distribution using a newly constructed and improved database of national household surveys between 1988 and 2008. The chapter finds that the global Gini remains high and approximately unchanged at around 0.7. However, this hides a substantial change in the global distribution from a twin-peaked distribution in 1988 into a single-peaked one now. Furthermore, the regional composition of the global distribution changed, as China graduated from the bottom ranks. As a result of the growth in Asia, the poorest quantiles of the global distribution are now largely from Sub-Saharan Africa. By exploiting the panel dimension of the dataset, the analysis shows which decile-groups within countries have benefitted most over this 20-year period. In addition, the chapter presents a preliminary assessment of how estimates of global inequality are affected by the likely underreporting of top incomes in surveys.
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Verikios, George. "Understanding the world wool market : trade, productivity and grower incomes." University of Western Australia. School of Economics and Commerce, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0064.

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[Truncated abstract] The core objective of this thesis is summarised by its title: “Understanding the World Wool Market: Trade, Productivity and Grower Incomes”. Thus, we wish to aid understanding of the economic mechanisms by which the world wool market operates. In doing so, we analyse two issues trade and productivity and their effect on, inter alia, grower incomes. To achieve the objective, we develop a novel analytical framework, or model. The model combines two long and rich modelling traditions: the partial-equilibrium commodity-specific approach and the computable-general-equilibrium approach. The result is a model that represents the world wool market in detail, tracking the production of greasy wool through five off-farm production stages ending in the production of wool garments. Capturing the multistage nature of the wool production system is a key pillar in this part of the model . . . The estimated welfare gain for China is 0.1% of real income; this is a significant welfare gain. For three losing regions Italy, Germany and Japan the results are robust and we can be highly confident that these regions are the largest losers from the complete removal of 2005 wool tariffs. In both wool tariff liberalisation scenarios, regions whose exports are skewed towards wool textiles and garments gain the most as it is these wool products that have the highest initial tariff rates. The overall finding of this work is that a sophisticated analytical framework is necessary for analysing productivity and trade issues in the world wool market. Only a model of this kind can appropriately handle the degree of complexity of interactions between members (domestic and foreign) of the multistage wool production system. Further, including the nonwool economy in the analytical framework allows us to capture the indirect effects of changes in the world wool market and also the effects on the nonwool economy itself.
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Books on the topic "Incomes"

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Todd, Ron. Incomes and incomes policy. Falmer, Brighton: Institute of Manpower Studies, for Unit for Comparative Research on Industrial Relations, 1986.

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Scott, John. Incomes. Wellington, N.Z: Statistics New Zealand, 1999.

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Sheerin, Jeffrey. Incomes. Wellington, N.Z: Dept. of Statistics, 1991.

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Urquidi, Victor L., ed. Incomes Policies. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20381-9.

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Incomes and policy. Sydney: G. Allen & Unwin, 1985.

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Hodge, Gerald J. F. Incomes, low incomes and welfare in the west, 1980-1990. Saskatoon: Western Institute for Public Policy, 1993.

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Development, International Bank for Reconstruction and. Nepal: Poverty and incomes. Washington, D.C., U.S.A: World Bank, 1991.

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Scotland. Scottish Executive. Rural Affairs Department. Farm incomes in Scotland. [Edinburgh]: [Scottish Executive, Rural Affairs Department], 2000.

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Canada, Statistics. Family incomes: Census families. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 1985.

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office, National audit. Measurement of farming incomes. [S.L.]: [S.N.], 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Incomes"

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Jenkins, Clive, and Barrie Sherman. "Incomes policies." In White-Collar Unionism, 112–23. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003349396-9.

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Pennant-Rea, Rupert. "Incomes Policies." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–4. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1190-1.

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Craig, Béatrice. "Generating Incomes." In Female Enterprise Behind the Discursive Veil in Nineteenth-Century Northern France, 183–206. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57413-8_8.

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Pennant-Rea, Rupert. "Incomes Policies." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 6182–85. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_1190.

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Pemberton, Hugh. "Incomes Policy." In Policy Learning and British Governance in the 1960s, 111–41. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230504752_5.

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Balfour, Campbell. "Incomes policies." In Industrial Relations in the Common Market, 75–88. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003107996-7.

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Cairncross, Alec, and Nita Watts. "Incomes Policy." In The Economic Section 1939–1961, 323–42. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003231929-19.

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Hartog, Joop, and Jozef M. M. Ritzen. "Theoretical Issues in Size Income Distribution Policy." In Incomes Policies, 3–21. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20381-9_1.

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Lloyd, P. J. "Recent Australian Experience with Consensual Incomes Policies." In Incomes Policies, 171–208. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20381-9_10.

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Bogomolov, Oleg. "Distribution According to Labour Input Under Socialism: Solved and Unsolved Problems." In Incomes Policies, 209–33. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20381-9_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Incomes"

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Varga, Erzsebet Terez. "COMPARISON OF SEPARATED FAMILIES’ STANDARD OF LIVING IN GERMANY Analyzing the Equalised Incomes in Simulated Families after Child Support and Child Benefit Paid." In 36th ECMS International Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2022-0084.

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In this paper, I describe the inequality in the standard of living in Germany after divorce and compare their risk of poverty. The one-parent families have the highest poverty risk everywhere in the world. In Germany, a directive is available for anybody to determine the child support geared to the non-custodial parent’s disposable income. Assuming that the non-custodial parent pays child support following this directive of düsseldorfer tables I found deep differences in the equalised incomes of the divorced households in simulated cases. Equalised incomes were determined by two types of the OECD scales to make comparable the different composed families’ incomes. Both methods result in fewer life standards for one-parent households in more than 83 % of the cases, however, the risk of poverty is not higher for the custodial parent’s household. This indicates some modification in the directive: the respect of the custodial parent’s income and/or correction of the amounts in the tables mainly on the higher income categories.
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Uygur, Ercan. "Savings and Incomes of Households and Inclusive Growth." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01446.

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This paper has three aims. The first is to explore the savings behavior of different income groups of households, with an emphasis on those with low incomes. This is achieved by going through the Household Budget Surveys (HBS) in some developing and developed countries. The HBSs reveal that the majority of poor sections of the societies do not save or have negative savings. The second aim of the paper is to explain the economic and social aspects of the savings behaviour of income groups, particularly those with low incomes. The paper explains that the “no saving/dissaving” behaviour of the low income groups and the resultant factors create economic and social problems. In this context, the paper also dwells on wealth distribution and issues of inclusive growth. The third aim of this paper is to examine policies implemented to encourage savings in general and savings of the low income groups in particular. To this end, policies pursued in some developing and developed countries are evaluated with reference to inclusive growth.
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YANG, H., and L. ZHANG. "RUIN THEORY WITH INTEREST INCOMES." In Proceedings of the Hong Kong International Workshop on Statistics in Finance. PUBLISHED BY IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS AND DISTRIBUTED BY WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING CO., 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9781848160156_0021.

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Kalinina, Irina V. "INCOME OF THE POPULATION AS AN INDICATOR OF SOCIAL POTENTIAL (BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE JEWISH AUTONOMOUS REGION)." In Treshnikov readings – 2022 Modern geographical global picture and technology of geographic education. Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33065/978-5-907216-88-4-2022-203-204.

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On the example of the Jewish Autonomous Region, the paper shows the importance of the indicator of monetary income of the population in determining the social potential. It was revealed that the population of the region with cash incomes below the subsistence minimum is almost twice as high as the all-Russian indicators, and tends to grow.
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KALINOWSKI, Sławomir, and Barbara KIEŁBASA. "RISK OF POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.044.

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This paper addresses the poverty risk issues in the context of sustainable development of rural areas. Empirical materials included in this paper are based on EU-SILC (European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions) partial studies, and provide a reference point for comparing the EU income distribution and social integration statistics. Poverty reduction and counteracting social exclusion are among the key Millennium Development Goals. According to studies, one in four inhabitants of EU rural areas is at risk of poverty or social exclusion. While the highest shares of at-risk population are recorded in Bulgaria (54.8%) and Romania (50.8%), the levels reported by Poland and Lithuania are also above the EU average (by 4.5 and 9.2 percentage points, respectively). At the other end of the spectrum, the risk rate in the Netherlands and Czech Republic is 12.8%. For the households, income is a factor underpinning their economic safety and, thus, their confidence. The amount of incomes affects the objective poverty levels measured with a parametric method. In the EU, persons earning no more than 60% of the national median income are assumed to be at risk of poverty. Therefore, the risk of poverty affects nearly every fifth inhabitant of EU rural areas. Poverty and social exclusion are multidimensional aspects which result in unmet needs in multiple areas: healthcare, education, housing, culture and leisure. While triggering some kind of feedback loop, insufficient incomes are both the cause and the effect of deprivation of needs. Also, they provide favorable conditions for an unsustainable development of rural areas.
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Navickė, Jekaterina, and Romas Lazutka. "Functional and personal income distribution in the baltics: comparison of national and households accounts." In Business and Management 2016. VGTU Technika, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2016.38.

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In this paper we aim to cover the gap in analysis of functional distribution of National income at the macroeconomic level and personal income distribution at the microlevel. We compare the information provided in the National Accounts and in the EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) for the three Baltic states and in a wider EU context to establish the links between the economic prosperity at the macro level and income distribution at individual level. Comparative design helps identify differences in income structure and inequality within similar socio-economic conditions. As demonstrated, similar levels of per capita disposable incomes in the National Accounts in the Baltics hide higher levels of income inequality than conventionally shown in the EU-SILC. This is to a large degree due to high level of under-reporting of property income and is most acute for Lithuania.
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Babaioff, Moshe, Noam Nisan, and Inbal Talgam-Cohen. "Fair Allocation through Competitive Equilibrium from Generic Incomes." In FAT* '19: Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3287560.3287582.

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Ordynskaia, Elena. "SELECTED ISSUES OF REAL RISING INCOMES IN RUSSIA." In 6th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2019v/1.1/s03.042.

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Pitelin, Anatoliy. "THE ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES OF JUST TAXATION OF PERSONAL INCOMES." In Theory and Practice of Institutional Reforms in Russia [Text]: Collection of Scientific Works. CEMI RAS, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33276/978-5-8211-0781-7-159-170.

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Terek, Milan. "ANALYSIS OF INCOMES STRUCTURE IN SLOVAK REPUBLIC IN THE YEAR 2016." In 2nd International Scientific Conference. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/itema.2018.344.

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Reports on the topic "Incomes"

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Crawford, Rowena, and James Banks. Managing retirement incomes. The IFS, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.ifs.2022.0522.

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Brewer, Mike, Luke Sibieta, and Liam Wren-Lewis. Racing away? Income inequality and the evolution of high incomes. Institute for Fiscal Studies, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/bn.ifs.2008.0076.

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Lindert, Peter, and Jeffrey Williamson. American Incomes 1774-1860. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18396.

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Atkinson, A. B. Colonial income taxpayers and top incomes in Central Africa: Historical evidence. Unknown, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii179.

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Feenberg, Daniel, and James Poterba. Income Inequality and the Incomes of Very High Income Taxpayers: Evidence from Tax Returns. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4229.

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Garlick, Julia, Murray Leibbrandt, and James Levinsohn. Individual Migration and Household Incomes. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22326.

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Lindert, Peter, and Jeffrey Williamson. American Colonial Incomes, 1650-1774. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19861.

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Kopczuk, Wojciech, and Eric Zwick. Business Incomes at the Top. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27752.

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Blau, Francine, and Lawrence Kahn. Immigration and the Distribution of Incomes. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18515.

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Milligan, Kevin, and Michael Smart. Taxation and Top Incomes in Canada. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20489.

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