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1
Millar, J. I. "Lone parents, poverty and income support." Thesis, University of York, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381294.
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Mays, Jennifer. "Australia's disabling income support system : tracing the history of the Australian disability income support system 1908 to 2007 : disablism, citizenship and the basic income proposal." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/59604/1/Jennifer_Mays_Thesis.pdf.
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The present study examined the historical basis of the Australian disability income support system from 1908 to 2007. Although designed as a safety net for people with a disability, the disability income support system within Australia has been highly targeted. The original eligibility criteria of "permanently incapacitated for work", medical criteria and later "partially capacitated for work" potentially contained ideological inferences that permeated across the time period. This represents an important area for study given the potential consequence for disability income support to marginalise people with a disability.
Social policy and disability policy theorists, including Saunders (2007, Social Policy Research Centre [SPRC]) and Gibilisco (2003) have provided valuable insight into some of the effects of disability policy and poverty. Yet while these theorists argued for some form of income support they did not propose a specific form of income security for further exploration. Few studies have undertaken a comprehensive review of the history of disability income support within the Australian context. This thesis sought to redress these gaps by examining disability income support policy within Australia. The research design consisted of an in-depth critical historical-comparative policy analysis methodology. The use of critical historical-comparative policy analysis allowed the researcher to trace the construction of disability within the Australian disability income support policy across four major historical epochs. A framework was developed specifically to guide analysis of the data. The critical discourse analysis method helped to understand the underlying ideological dimensions that led to the predominance of one particular approach over another. Given this, the research purpose of the study centred on:
i. Tracing the history of the Australian disability income support system.
ii. Examining the historical patterns and ideological assumptions over time.
iii. Exploring the historical patterns and ideological assumptions underpinning an alternative model (Basic Income) and the extent to which each model promotes the social citizenship of people with a disability.
The research commitment to a social-relational ontology and the quest for social change centred on the idea that "there has to be a better way" in the provision of disability income support. This theme of searching for an alternative reality in disability income support policy resonated throughout the thesis. This thesis found that the Australian disability income support system is disabling in nature and generates categories of disability on the basis of ableness. From the study, ableness became a condition for citizenship. This study acknowledged that, in reality, income support provision reflects only one aspect of the disabling nature of society which requires redressing. Although there are inherent tensions in any redistributive strategy, the Basic Income model potentially provides an alternative to the Australian disability income support system, given its grounding in social citizenship. The thesis findings have implications for academics, policy-makers and practitioners in terms of developing better ways to understand disability constructs in disability income support policy. The thesis also makes a contribution in terms of promoting income support policies based on the rights of all people, not just a few.
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Roth, Brianna Marie, and Brianna Marie Roth. "Best practice recommendations to support breastfeeding among low-income women." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626735.
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This paper explores the most current research on the identified gap in breastfeeding initiation and duration rates among low-income mothers when compared with the general population. Women that fall into the “low-income” bracket and who participate in the WIC program are nearly 12% less likely to initiate breastfeeding than the general population, and less likely to continue for a year (Hedberg, 2013). The articles examined discuss the barriers and supportive measures that contribute to or hinder breastfeeding success among low-income prenatal and postpartum mothers. The articles focus on providers knowledge and attitudes toward breastfeeding in relation to the promotion of breastfeeding among low-income women, interventions to extend the duration of breastfeeding once initiated, strategies to encourage best-practice uptake among nursing staff, ways to motivate low-income women to breastfeeding over formula feed, and the benefits of Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Food and Nutrition Service involvement. These articles further discuss the impact women’s confidence regarding breastfeeding has on its success, as well as low-income mother’s experience and perceptions of both professional and peer breastfeeding support. Beyond the review of current literature, this paper will identify best-practice recommendations, a proposed implementation plan, and a proposed evaluation of the implementation process.
4
Hosseini, Seyyed Safdar. "The aggregate impacts of individual-based income support programs for farmers." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1995. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ32806.pdf.
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Hobbiss, Ann. "Managing dietary information whilst on income support : implications for government policy." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307559.
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Wright, Debra Lee. "Predictors of Social Support and Well-Being for Low Income Women." W&M ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625772.
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Pratt, Alan. "The Labour Party and family income support policy, 1940-1979 : an examination of the party's interpretation of the relationship between family income support and the labour market." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5023.
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The first two chapters examine the party's policy towards the wage-stop and the poverty trap. Until 1963 the party ignored the wage-stop but from then until 1975 a section of the party campaigned against the regulation expressing moral revulsion and concern about its administration but only rarely opposition to the principle. A Labour government removed the stop when its operation affected only a tiny minority of families. The party was quickly involved in the development of the poverty trap debate being particularly drawn to its disincentive characteristics, but Labour governments, like their Conservative counterparts, soon came to regard the idea as a mere statistical abstraction. After confirming the party's historical ambivalence about Family Allowances the thesis demonstrated that whenever it advocated allowances it did so because it believed the programme would alleviate family poverty rather than augment work incentives. However Labour governments consistently upheld the principle of substitutability, thus conferring de facto support on that less-eligibility dimension of Family Allowances which Macnicol has established informed the coalition government's decision to legislate for the programme in 1945. Despite the party's opposition to Family Income Supplement it became an important element in the Labour government's anti-poverty strategy after the Child Benefits debate in 1976. F.I.S. was criticised because of its contribution to the poverty trap and its potential for assisting in the pauperisation of the low paid, while Child Benefit was supported because it appeared to be a more equitable technique of delivering support to families with dependent children although some in the party were sensitive to the scheme's potential link with improved work incentives. In general, the Labour Party is seen to have failed to develop any coherent and sustained alternative to the ideas and programmes of its political opponents in this critical area of social policy.
8
Ramey, Victoria R. "The Relation Between Social Support And Self-Sufficiency Among Low-Income Families." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1272899165.
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Prenovost, Mary Angela. "How low-income individuals plan for and cope with government support loss." Thesis, Boston College, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/740.
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Thesis advisor: Gilda MorelliAlthough trying to survive on a low income is challenging for all individuals, the experience of losing government supports can propel households into a crisis situation which may cause them to act or react in distinctive ways. This study used a survey of 78 low-income women followed by in-depth interviews with 18 of these women to explore how two groups of women--those close to losing government supports (i.e., within three months) and those further from losing government supports (i.e., experienced at least one year ago)--plan for and cope with financially vulnerable periods in their lives and how they fare as a result. There are two parts to this research. First, information on government support use, social support, proactive coping, and overall well-being were gathered using survey techniques. Linear regression and mediation analyses were conducted to further explore the association between these constructs. Proactive coping was found to be a significant predictor of well-being (R2=.305, β=.552, p<.01), but social support did not mediate this relation. Findings from the survey also demonstrated the women in the near loss group scored higher on proactive coping and well-being measures, and the far from loss group scored higher on measures of social support. Second, a sub-sample of the survey participants were chosen for an in-depth interview based on when they lost (or were anticipating to lose) government supports. This sub-sample was invited to discuss their resource loss experience, how they planned for and coped with this loss, and what role other factors such as social support, consideration of future consequences, choice deferral, and perceived transaction costs played in this process and what it meant for their well-being. The conversations with the women revealed that the group near a loss situation deferred decisions less frequently and had shorter planning horizons focusing more on the immediate (and less on the future) consequences of their decisions. While the far from loss group discussed, with less urgency, their plans as being distant and spoke of their more extensive social support networks. Both groups discussed similar sentiments of shame, degradation, and inconvenience associated with their experiences at the welfare office, and although the cost of this transaction outweighed the benefit for the women in the far from loss group, the near loss participants chose to endure it to receive the assistance. This research demonstrated that individuals who face government support loss because of an increase in income and who proactively plan make better strides towards becoming economically self-sufficient and investing in the health and well-being of their families now and in the future. This, in turn, may continue to encourage and promote the ability to act in proactive ways and may lead to greater overall well-being
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2009
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Psychology
10
Dunn, Emily Anne. "More than Feeding: Lived Experiences of Low-Income Women Receiving Lactation Support." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4472.
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Increasing breastfeeding duration, especially among low-income women, has become a national public health priority. These mothers and their babies have less equitable access to support, resources, and the health benefits of breastfeeding. This thesis examines breastfeeding from a biocultural perspective with a focus on political economy, embodiment, and human rights. This research explores the lived experiences of new mothers who receive services from a community non-profit lactation support program which is aimed at providing in-home postpartum breastfeeding support to low-income/at-risk mothers. Evaluation of program services and analysis of women's narratives will provide insight into improvement of lactation services for all women.
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Crenian, Robert A. "A microeconometric analysis of the take-up of income support in Britain." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/4fb0ffc0-cc0a-453e-8bf0-16f1a3af5b90.
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This thesis deals with the take-up of social security benefits in Britain. It is well documented that not everyone who is entitled to benefits actually claims them. Nontake- up of benefits has been found to be a problem especially for benefits which are means-tested. So, throughout this thesis, we concentrate on Income Support, the main means-tested benefit in Britain. The latest official estimates on the extent of non-takeup (for 1993/94) suggest that up to 1.4 million persons are not receiving close to £1.7 billion of IS in spite of being entitled to it. The main question this thesis addresses IS what are the factors which determine whether an individual will or will not take-up their benefit entitlement? We consider the problem from an economic perspective by constructing suitable models set in both static and dynamic environments. These models provide some interesting insights about the nature of non-take-up. In tum, they also form the basis to a series of econometric models. Previous empirical evidence has shown that the entitlement level itself is one of the key determinants of whether or not an individual will take-up. In addition, it has long been recognized that - due to the complex nature of the benefit system - determining individual entitlements is, in many cases, error-prone with resulting benefit entitlements that are subject to measurement error. Hence, unlike any other studies thus far, we account for the presence of measurement error in the benefit entitlement when modelling the likelihood of take-up. Finally, we shed new light on the dynamics of take-up by using the information contained in our panel data set. In particular, we consider the effect claiming in the past has on the current decision to take-up and how future changes, expected or known with certainty, influence the decision to take-up or not
12
Schaffnit, S. B. "Intergenerational support and women's fertility in high-income countries : an evolutionary analysis." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2015. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/2212645/.
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There is now considerable evidence that humans are cooperative breeders – that is, women need allomaternal support to successfully reproduce. Families play a key role in providing this support to women. Evidence from low-income contexts linking allomaternal support to beneficial child outcomes is particularly strong, but associations between support and successful reproduction are more varied in high-income settings and when fertility is the outcome. Two possible reasons for this are (1) allocare is measured in many forms and at many time points with potentially different meanings for reproductive women, and (2) highincome populations are very heterogeneous, including large socioeconomic inequalities, which may modify associations between support and fertility. This publication-based dissertation has three main objectives: (1) to contribute to cooperative breeding literature in high-income, low-fertility settings; (2) to deepen our understanding of how family support plays into reproductive decision making by testing associations between many types of support and women’s fertility; and (3) to explore contextual factors, particularly socioeconomic position, with may moderate associations between family support and women’s fertility. These objectives are investigated in four research chapters (two published and two written for submission) using secondary data from low-fertility, high-income countries. This research firstly confirms that families provide key allomaternal support for women in high-income countries, while also highlighting other sources of support. However, the results demonstrate that all support is not equal. Types, timing, and sources of support vary in terms of their influence on reproductive outcomes (e.g.in the United Kingdom, material or practical support often associates with lower fertility while non-material support associates with higher fertility). Secondly, this research demonstrates that socioeconomic environments modify many components of the reproductive decision making process, not the least of which is how families interact with and support each other and, in turn, how family support associates with fertility outcomes.
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Simmons-Hall, Ebonnie Leavern. "Age, Gender, Income, and Social Support as Predictors of Single Parent Resiliency." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6119.
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Nearly 50% of children younger than 18 years will be raised by a single parent at some point prior to adulthood. Of developed countries, the United States currently has the highest percentage of single parents. Although much research has examined factors that contribute toward the negative outcomes of single parents, few studies have focused on factors that contribute toward positive outcomes for single parents. Using the strength-based construct of resiliency as a theoretical framework, this study examined whether gender, age, income, and perceived familial social support individually or in linear combination could predict resiliency in single parents. This study involved 138 single parents and a correlational, nonexperimental design was used. The Resiliency Scale-25, a 25 item self-report measure of five resilience principles; purpose, perseverance, self-reliance, equanimity, and existential aloneness, was used to measure resilience. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) a 12-item self-report measure of perceived social support from family, friends, and a significant other, was used to measure perceived social support. Results from a multiple linear step-wise regression showed none of the predictor variables were significantly related to the outcome variable of resiliency. A lack of diversity in the sample, an internet-only recruitment design, instrumentation issues, and failure to include additional predictive factors may have contributed to the lack of statistically significant findings. However, the results of this study highlighted the need for additional research on factors that promote resiliency in single parents, which could then be incorporated into improved services for this growing demographic.
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Leukefeld, Sarabeth. "HUMAN CAPITAL, MENTAL HEALTH, SUBSTANCE USE AND SOCIAL SUPPORT AMONG LOW-INCOME WOMEN." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/csw_etds/3.
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Low-income women, including women who receive welfare, are some of the most misunderstood citizens in the U.S. Low-income women often live in extreme situations that are complicated by poverty and multiple issues related to human capital, social support, mental health, and substance use. These factors make low-income women unique in that they contribute not only to the women’s current situations, but to their potential for future self-sufficiency. The majority of previous studies have described these factors as barriers to self-sufficiency. This study explored these factors differently by examining the extent to which human capital is associated with mental health problems and substance use problems and whether those associations are moderated by social support among low-income women. By exploring human capital among low-income women, this study closes a gap in the literature. Previous literature has examined human capital as an outcome of life choices and circumstances. This study is unique in that human capital is conceptualized as a combination of strengths that are employed in unique ways and that help determine whether life outcomes among low-income women will be related. This study examined secondary data collected from 11,495 low-income women who participated in the University of Kentucky’s Targeted Assessment Program (TAP) between July 2005 and July 2011 and is informed by theoretical literature on human capital, social support, and relationships, as well as empirical literature on study factors related to problems experienced by low-income women (i.e., mental health problems, substance use problems, and social support). Study hypotheses were developed to examine the relationships between human capital and mental health and substance use among low-income women and whether social support moderates those relationships. Results indicate that while some human capital factors are indicative of fewer mental health and substance use problems, perceived social support was a significant indicator of each of the mental health and substance use factors. Perceived social support was not found to moderate relationships between predictor and outcome variables.
15
Renwick, Alan William. "Income inequality and the distribution of the costs and benefits of agricultural support." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/405.
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Agricultural production in the UK, as in most industrialised countries, has benefited from support for a considerable period of time. The method of support has changed from the operation of deficiency payments in the period leading up to the UK's accession to the European Community (EC), to the adoption of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) since 1973. A policy that supports one sector of the economy must involve costs to other sectors. In the case of agricultural support, it is usually the taxpayers or consumers (or both) who bear the costs. A considerable amount of work has been undertaken to measure the level of support received by farmers and the costs borne by the rest of society. However, this work has stopped short of a systematic analysis of the distribution of the benefits (costs) between farmers (households) at different income levels and the effect that this has on the level of income inequality within society. Analysis of the dairy sector highlights that support is cOncentrated on the higher income farms, although the level of inequality associated with the distribution of this support has not been altered by the UK's adoption of the CAP or by the subsequent introduction of milk quotas. A policy alternative, which restricts the quantity of production available for support, is analysed and is shown to reduce income inequality within the dairy sector. As for costs, the adoption of the CAP led to a dramatic equalisation in their distribution, thus increasing the burden of the lower income households. However, more recently the distribution of costs has remained fairly stable. More importantly, it is shown that agricultural policy increases income inequality for the UK as a whole.
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Wu, Sumei, and 吳蘇美. "Hong Kong intergenerational upward financial support." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206687.
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Hong Kong is facing an ageing population and increased life expectancy. However, Hong Kong does not have a universal pension system and the income security of older people is therefore increasingly discussed. The main income sources of older people are earnings from employment and from savings and investments, as well as government welfare, and financial support from their families. However, income from employment, savings and investments are limited. Also, social policy in Hong Kong follows the residual model that it is the duty of a family to provide support to their family members, and government financial support plays a minor role. In other words, since the structure of the population is changing and limited support from other income sources, it is important to take a closer look at upward financial support.
The major objective of this study is to examine which model of motivation best explains upward financial transfer in the Hong Kong context. Three theories of motivation of intergenerational support are selected to explore which model(s) could be suitable for use in Hong Kong. These are the Power and Bargaining Model, the Mutual Aid Model and the Altruism Model.
Cross-sectional data was collected from surveys of 200 older people in elderly centers. Respondents were asked whether they received financial support from their children or not. The primary aim was to discover the dominant motivation for upward financial support. The dominant model was found to be the Altruism Model. The Altruism Model is based on parents’ economic needs. In other words, this study reveals that supporting parents’ needs is a crucial motivation for intergenerational financial support in HK. Meanwhile, the findings also reveal that having more children, living together with children, having a closer relationship with children, and children with higher education are significantly associated with upward financial support. These findings have valuable implications. The findings enrich our theoretical understanding of the motivation of upward financial support in Hong Kong. Also, the findings contribute some suggestions for elderly social policy making.published_or_final_version
Social Work and Social Administration
Master
Master of Philosophy
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Eardley, Anthony C. "A culture of survival : the construction and maintenance of household living standards in low-income self-employment." Thesis, University of York, 1997. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10901/.
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Alexander, Michelle M. "The Experiences of People with Psychiatric Disabilities in Disability Income and Employment Support Programs." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/AlexanderMM2007.pdf.
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Li, Wai-ling, and 李慧玲. "An inquiry into female-headed families in Hong Kong: implications for income support policies." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31248433.
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Maluleke, Hloniphani. "5G wireless network support using umanned aerial vehicles for rural and low-Income areas." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7908.
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>Magister Scientiae - MScThe fifth-generation mobile network (5G) is a new global wireless standard that enables state-of-the-art mobile networks with enhanced cellular broadband services that support a diversity of devices. Even with the current worldwide advanced state of broadband connectivity, most rural and low-income settings lack minimum Internet connectivity because there are no economic incentives from telecommunication providers to deploy wireless communication systems in these areas. Using a team of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to extend or solely supply the 5G coverage is a great opportunity for these zones to benefit from the advantages promised by this new communication technology. However, the deployment and applications of innovative technology in rural locations need extensive research.
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Rittenhouse, Charles Edgar. "An analysis of taxpayer attitudes toward a local income tax to support public schools." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2008. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/1698.
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Educational AdministrationEd.D.
While states have traditionally relied almost solely upon local property taxes for the main support of public education, other revenue sources have included sales, bank shares and occupational taxes at the local level. With the passing of the Local Tax Enabling Act in 1965 at the state level, most Pennsylvania school districts were empowered to collect non-real estate taxes (General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1965). On November 11, 1986, an earned income tax resolution was approved and adopted by the Township of Upper Dublin with an effective date of January 1, 1987. On June 1, 1993 the School District of Upper Dublin and the School Board of Directors followed suit and approved and adopted an earned income tax resolution. Currently, all School District of Upper Dublin residents pay a one-percent earned income tax (Lukoff, 1986). The earned income tax revenues are shared equally between the township and school district. The major aim of this study was to assess real estate property taxpayer attitudes in the School District and Township of Upper Dublin towards the earned income tax. More specifically, did taxpayers believe that the earned income tax held steady, or reduced, real estate property taxes? The study employed one primary data collection strategy: a questionnaire mailed to a random sample of real estate property taxpayers in the School District of Upper Dublin. This methodology allowed the researcher to gain a more thorough understanding of the issue and to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. The study revealed that taxpayers in the school district and township did not generally believe the earned income tax had reduced and/or held steady real estate property taxes. When the tax was instituted two decades ago, reducing real estate property taxes was one purpose, as was finding an additional source of revenue for the school district and township. Additionally, taxpayers in the study viewed the earned income tax as a "good" or "fair" tax and certainly recognized the purpose of the tax to fund education and township services via another source of revenue. Accordingly, school district and township officials must recognize that taxpayer's feelings translate into implications for public policy. These implications include recognizing the mistrust and misinformation associated with the tax and developing a better informed public. Officials must recognize that taxpayers seem to believe that the earned income tax is a "good" and/or "fair" tax, but are required to pay it like any other tax.
Temple University--Theses
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Leelarasamee, Yosaporn. "A decision support system for income-producing real estate development feasibility analysis and alternative assessment." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2402.
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The purpose of this study is to design, develop, and evaluate a prototype scenarioassisted
decision support system (DSS) for use in venture and alternative assessment
during the predevelopment stage of income-producing real estate development. This
research examines theoretical underpinnings and associated advancements related to
income-producing real estate development and decision support systems. Particular
emphasis was placed on synthesis of relating disciplines?? models and advancements that
support design and development of the decision support system. The result of the
system design and development are embodied in a prototype scenario-assisted decision
support system for income-producing real estate development (DSSVenture). The design
and development of the program are documented in this dissertation.
Following the design and development stage, the validation of DSSVenture??s data
and logic models was conducted based on two case studies from well-known real estate
development publications. The system was then tested on a group of graduate students
who enrolled in an advanced real estate development course at Texas A&M University
to examine whether its facilitation objective had been achieved. Since this research
hypothesized that the decision support system would facilitate developers?? decision
making during predevelopment stage of income-producing real estate development,
three operational variables were tested, namely number of alternatives examined, time to
reach decisions, and coefficient of projected net present value variations.
The testing results indicate that DSSVenture system significantly enhances
comprehensiveness of the decision context by increasing the number of alternatives for
developers. Since the use of the system significantly reduces developers?? time to reach
decisions, the efficiency of decision making is improved. Finally, the results of the
study confirm that the use of DSSVenture system substantially diminishes variation of
profit projection among decision makers. Therefore, the facilitation objective is
achieved.
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Riley, John P. "Using subsidized put options to replace the federal price and income support programs for corn." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10222009-125148/.
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Islam, Jokena Charisse Smith. "Marital relationship status, social support, and psycholgocial [sic] well-being among rural, low-income mothers." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/1548.
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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Family Studies. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Kevins, Anthony. "Filling the gaps: the extension of income support and healthcare in France, Italy, and beyond." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=123142.
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Examining the evolution of welfare states over the past four decades, this dissertation explores the factors that have impacted coverage levels and benefit standardisation, with a particular emphasis on the role of left-wing parties and unions in reforming access to healthcare and income support for the unemployed in France and Italy. This comparison derives its force from contrasting policy outcomes across both countries and policy domains. In dealing with the growing swaths of individuals incapable of accessing benefits as the labour market became increasingly segmented, the Italian case was marked by dramatic universalising reform in healthcare but a persistent lack of universally available social assistance, while in France residualising transformations within the pre-existing framework prevailed in both sectors. Using a combination of archival research, in-depth elite interviews, and secondary source research, this thesis argues that the aforementioned variation in welfare state reform is less about partisanship than it is about institutional arrangements. While left-wing parties have been the main drivers of reform, they do not consistently problematise gaps in coverage, since the extension of generous benefits to all typically entails fiscal and/or political trade-offs. Within this context, certain characteristic features of Southern European states (such as the centrality of the family and clientelism) condition the political importance of coverage gaps, both for parties and the public. Public opinion then impacts the likelihood of reform, while the organisational incentives of parties structure the type of reform pursued. In order to assess the generalisability of conclusions drawn from the qualitative paired comparisons, the findings are then tested across OECD countries using statistical analysis. The analysis provides an opportunity to consider the proper definition of the dependent variables, and the corresponding modeling strategy, in comparative policy analysis. The thesis argues that duration analysis offers a particularly useful way of modelling policy change. Overall, results provide support for the conclusions drawn from the comparison of France and Italy: coverage levels and benefit standardisation in OECD welfare states are functions of complex interactions between social welfare institutions, public preferences, and political parties and unions.Examinant l'évolution des États providences au cours des quatre dernières décennies, cette thèse explore les facteurs qui ont influencé les niveaux de couverture sociale et la standardisation des prestations en France et en Italie. La thèse met particulièrement l'accent sur l'influence des partis politiques et des syndicats sur l'extension d'accès à l'allocation chômage minimum et aux soins de santé. La force de cette comparaison provient du contraste des politiques tant entre les domaines politiques qu'entre les deux pays. Faisant face à un nombre croissant d'individus n'ayant pas accès à des prestations à cause d'un marché du travail de plus en plus segmenté, le cas italien a été marqué par une réforme remarquable d'universalisation du système de santé, avec toutefois un manque persistant d'assistance sociale universelle; tandis qu'en France, une « résidualisation » des systèmes existants dans les deux domaines a prévalu. Combinant une recherche archivistique avec des entretiens approfondis auprès des élites ainsi qu'en épluchant de nombreuses sources secondaires, cette thèse affirme que la variation des réformes susmentionnées est davantage fonction des arrangements institutionnels que fonction d'idéologie partisane. Bien que les partis de gauche aient été les principaux moteurs des réformes, ils n'ont pas toujours su problématiser les lacunes des couvertures sociales, puisque l'extension de prestations universelles implique normalement des compromis fiscaux ou politiques. Dans ce contexte, certaines particularités caractéristiques des États de l'Europe du Sud (comme la centralité de la famille et le clientélisme) ont conditionné l'importance politique des lacunes dans la couverture sociale, autant pour les partis politiques que pour le public. Ensuite, l'opinion publique a également influé sur la probabilité des réformes pendant que les motivations organisationnelles des partis ont joué sur le genre de réformes recherchées.Pour évaluer si les conclusions de la comparaison qualitative par paires peuvent être généralisées, les résultats ont ensuite été testés sur les pays de l'OCDE utilisant une analyse statistique. Cette analyse a fourni l'occasion d'examiner la définition appropriée des variables dépendantes, ainsi que la modélisation correspondante, dans l'analyse comparative des politiques. La thèse soutient que l'analyse de durée offre une façon particulièrement utile de modéliser les changements politiques. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats de l'analyse statistique concordent avec les conclusions tirées de la comparaison des cas français et italien : les niveaux de couverture sociale et la standardisation des prestations dans les États providences de l'OCDE sont fonctions d'une interaction complexe entre les institutions de protection sociale, les préférences publiques ainsi qu'entre les partis politiques et syndicats.
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Mcallister, Ashley Joanne Helen. "Australian and Ontarian approaches to disability income support design and mental illness: A comparative study." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13791.
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Mental illness is becoming the leading cause of disability in high-income countries, and the features of mental illness – early average age of onset, episodic nature and lack of diagnostic tests – pose challenges when designing eligibility criteria for disability income support (DIS) programs. Yet there is limited evidence about the process of designing these programs. The aim of this thesis is to contribute knowledge on how DIS policy is designed, especially in regard to mental illness. This thesis is a comparative case study between Australia and Ontario (Canada) applying constructivist grounded theory. 45 semi-structured interviews were conducted with five types of informants involved in the design or assessment of DIS – advocates, legal representatives, physicians, policy insiders and researchers. Analysis followed the steps of grounded theory including transcript coding, detailed memo-writing and diagraming. Findings revealed that the informants were concerned about the process of making sure only suitable people are given disability income support. A conceptual model was developed to explain this process involving two stages: i) establishing the gate and ii) gatekeeping, and explores the challenges associated with each stage. Findings show that most of the challenges are related to the gatekeeping stage due to the difficultly of interpreting DIS eligibility criteria. This thesis specifically explores three of these challenges: physicians making judgements about eligibility; expecting applicants to ‘perform’; and the notion of an ‘ideal type’ of disability. There was little variation in this process between Australia and Ontario. The thesis demonstrates the need for specific focus on mental illness in this process.
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Radzevičiūtė, Rūta. "Socialiai remtina šeima vaiko požiūrio į mokymąsi veiksnys." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050608_114817-18351.
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The article discusses the concept of families, who get income support, and child’s, growing in such a family, learning motivation. People are considered to be in poverty if they lack sufficient material, cultural and social resources to ensure the minimum standard of living that has been formed in their country. Family microclimate makes very large influence on the growing up children. Cordiality in relationship among family members, psychological and pedagogical harmony creates favorable conditions for personality development. The disorder and dissonance in family microclimate becomes especially serious reason in development of negative personality of the child. The negative development manifests itself in the character peculiarities, behavior and learning motivation. The analysis of family status enables us to make a statement that the family is one of the factors, which influences child’s learning motivation. The poor families usually are distinguished in conflicts mostly arising because of shortage of money. The object of the article: children’s, who are not attending school, rarely attending school and having low learning motivation, and living in family, who gets public assistance, attitude towards learning. The problem: influence of the family, who gets income support, to child’s learning motivation The article objective: discusses the concept of families, who get public assistance, and child’s, growing in such a family, learning motivation.
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Bautista, Celia Badillo. "Evaluating the direct and indirect effects of a conditional income support program : the case of Progresa." Thesis, University of Essex, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495816.
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This thesis contributes in five different areas to t the evaluation of poverty alleviation programs, as well as to the migration literature, thirst, it examines tne existence of direct and indirect effects of a poverty program on migration related outcomes in rural communities in Mexico. It uses experimental and non-experimental data and four different sub-samples from the same data source to estimate the effects. Second, it presents evidence of anticipation effects of the program that invalidate the use of the experimental control group as a proper counterfactual to estimate the effects of the program. Third, it finds a decrease in international migration and finds evidence of heterogenous effects of the program that vary with a poverty index. Fourth, it presents evidence of crowding out effects on international remittances due to an exogenous transfer. Fifth, it finds a decrease in child labour among treated households and limited evidence or an increase among untreated households.
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Button, Kirsty Allen. "Household economies of low-income, African female-headed households in Khayelitsha: intergenerational support, negotiation and conflict." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22841.
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Low-income, African female-headed households represent a large segment of households in South Africa. Despite this, little is known about how financial and non-financial resources are provided, controlled and used within these households. Less is known about how these dynamics shape intergenerational relationships and positions of power within female-headed households. This thesis aims to contribute to a better understanding of these issues by examining how the household economies of fourteen low-income, African female-headed households in Khayelitsha operated on a day-to-day basis. It also sought to understand how two generations of household members experienced these practices. Through the collection and analysis of qualitative data, this thesis shows that the households were sites of support as household members relied on each other for various forms of support. However, many of the female household heads bore the greatest responsibility for the physical and financial maintenance of their households. Furthermore, the findings build upon existing understandings of low-income, multi-generational households as also being sites of negotiation and contestation. The unequal burden of care experienced by the older women and the patterns of support provided by other household members was often the outcome of intergenerational negotiation. The participants' experiences of these dynamics shed light on the shifting positions of power within their households. The older women struggled to maintain their authority and negotiate for financial and practical assistance from their younger household members. As a result, the provision of support and perceptions about their interpersonal relationships were framed by experiences of intergenerational conflict and feelings of ambivalence. The findings highlight experiences of multi-generational family life and inequality in a context where feelings of obligation, broader socio-economic conditions and the nature of state support may constrain how the participants were able to provide support and handle instances of intergenerational conflict.
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Malatjie, Kabelo. "Exploring low income working mother's perceptions of community support for exclusive breastfeeding after returning to work." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32794.
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This qualitative study sought to explore low income working mother's perceptions of community support for exclusive breastfeeding after returning to work. The results from 12 indepth semi-structured interviews conducted with low income mothers, working full-time in a clothing factory located in the Cape Flats area, were analysed using thematic analysis. Three key themes emerged. The mothers generally expressed that they received informational support for breastfeeding from various members of their community, however there was a lack of emotional, instrumental, and appraisal support for these working mothers to continue to exclusively breastfeed after returning to work. Furthermore, the mothers come from communities in which there is a shared responsibility for raising babies. They are often given instructions and advice on how to feed their babies by different people and this advice often contradicts the World Health Organization's breastfeeding recommendations. Lastly, the mothers expressed that breastfeeding is an act that is usually reserved for stay at home mothers. Working mothers' breastfeeding intentions are generally not supported within their communities and working mothers are often encouraged to give their babies formula and other feeds as early as possible. It is important for organisations employing low-income mothers to understand the community context when designing workplace policies and interventions aimed at promoting exclusive breastfeeding. This will allow organizations to address their employees breastfeeding challenges in a culturally sensitive ways.
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Gossler, Sandra Mann. "The Effect of Income Level on the Relationship Between the Personal Support Matrix and Sustained Breastfeeding." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1813.
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Ravenscroft, Victoria. "A survey on the living conditions including housing, neighbourhood and social support of the Christchurch Refugee Community." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Health Sciences, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2182.
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Refugees come from diverse backgrounds and the issues they face depend on their particular circumstances. Some of the issues refugees face include cultural shock, language difficulties, lack of established networks and often discrimination. Christchurch has a growing refugee community with their own social needs. The survey detailed in this dissertation was undertaken in response to the Canterbury Refugee Council identifying the lack of comprehensive data available for refugee resettlement outcomes in Christchurch. The aim was to gain a better understanding of the living conditions experienced by the refugee community in Christchurch. The participants were from the four main refugee groups resettled over the past decade, namely people coming from Afghanistan, Kurdistan area, Ethiopian, Somalia and Eritrea. This survey was undertaken at a time when international literature concludes that refugees are one of the most vulnerable groups in society and emphasises the vital role that housing alongside other factors have on positive resettlement outcomes. A quantitative approach was adopted to gather information rather than test hypotheses; it was designed to investigate housing, neighbourhood and sources of income. It also included what, if any, social support is available from the wider community, and explored some of the main current problems faced by the refugee families. The survey concludes that despite good intentions and some successes, there are still many obstacles for refugees resettling into their new environment. Refugees continue to experience chronic unemployment and struggle to access suitable housing for their families. The issues raised in this survey highlight the importance of acknowledging and responding to refugee diversity.
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Taylor, Fiona May Social Sciences & International Studies Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "The "safety net" and human capital formation in Australia." Awarded By:University of New South Wales. Social Sciences & International Studies, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43269.
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This study explores the validity of key assumptions and arguments about the nature, extent, depth, causes, and consequences of poverty that underpinned the statements and policy of the Howard Government during its decade in office. One important assumption appeared to be that an inability to afford the essentials of life plays a relatively unimportant, even negligible role in generating the low levels of human capital and school achievement exhibited by many ??poor?? parents and their children. Drawing on extensive secondary evidence from disciplines as diverse as economics, sociology, neurobiology, epidemiology and developmental psychology, the study demonstrates that these assumptions and arguments do not stand up to close empirical scrutiny. The adequacy of income support payments as a ??safety net?? from poverty, and the validity of various poverty ??lines?? are examined against the costs of obtaining the ??essentials?? that Australians believe no citizen should have to go without. This analysis reveals that the depth and prevalence of poverty in Australia is considerably more serious than has been admitted by the Howard Government and in many academic analyses. Next, the study demonstrates that the rise in so-called ??welfare dependence?? is a product of economic, rather than cultural developments; that income support ??customer?? data contradicts the claim that poverty is mostly a transitory phenomenon; and that ??work first welfare to work policies?? are not a solution to poverty, even during an economic boom. The second half of the thesis explores evidence from a variety of disciplines that suggests that the financial stress and material hardship associated with poverty have direct, indirect and cumulative impacts which commonly include compromised brain function and development and a reduced capacity for physiological and behavioural self-regulation. These consequences undermine physical and mental health, inter-personal relationships, parenting and health behaviours, learning capacities, and the development and maintenance of cognitive and non-cognitive abilities that are valued in the labour market. Contrary to the policy conclusions that flow from mis-characterisation of these consequences as symptoms of the intrinsic deficits of the poor, the multi-disciplinary evidence suggests that the real economic costs of allowing poverty to continue are likely to be higher than the costs of preventing it.
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Blaxland, Megan. "Everyday negotiations for care and autonomy in the world of welfare-to-work: The policy experience of Australian mothers, 2003-2006." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4134.
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A significant new direction in Australian income support policy was introduced in 2002. Known as Australians Working Together, this development changed the basis of social security entitlement for parents. Throughout most of the twentieth century, low-income sole mothers, and later sole fathers and parents in couple families, could claim income support throughout most of their children’s school years. The primary grounds for their entitlement were low income and parenting responsibilities. Australians Working Together introduced compulsory employment-oriented activities to Parenting Payment entitlement for parents whose youngest child had turned 13. This thesis investigates mothers’ experience of this new welfare system. Using Dorothy Smith’s ‘everyday life’ approach to research, it draws upon qualitative and quantitative methods to analyse Australians Working Together. The research is grounded in a longitudinal interview survey of Australian mothers of teenage children who were subject to these changes. The analysis moves from their experience outwards through the four levels of analysis in Williams and Popay’s welfare research framework. The thesis examines mothers’ day-to-day worlds, the opportunities and constraints they navigate, the policies and institutions which shape their opportunities, the political framing of those policies, and wider social and economic transformations. In their negotiation of the social security system, mothers are striving for recognition of autonomy and care. They want their capacity to determine for themselves how to live their lives to be acknowledged. They would like the social contributions they make through employment, education and voluntary work to be recognised. They struggle for their unpaid work caring for their families to be valued. They wish that they had sufficient material resources to care well for their families. The thesis develops a theoretical framework to examine these struggles drawing on the work of Honneth, Fraser, Lister, Sennett, Fisher and Tronto, Daly and Lewis. This multi-level, everyday life analysis reveals the possibility of reframing the social security system around mutual respect.
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Blaxland, Megan. "Everyday negotiations for care and autonomy in the world of welfare-to-work: The policy experience of Australian mothers, 2003-2006." University of Sydney, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4134.
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Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)A significant new direction in Australian income support policy was introduced in 2002. Known as Australians Working Together, this development changed the basis of social security entitlement for parents. Throughout most of the twentieth century, low-income sole mothers, and later sole fathers and parents in couple families, could claim income support throughout most of their children’s school years. The primary grounds for their entitlement were low income and parenting responsibilities. Australians Working Together introduced compulsory employment-oriented activities to Parenting Payment entitlement for parents whose youngest child had turned 13. This thesis investigates mothers’ experience of this new welfare system. Using Dorothy Smith’s ‘everyday life’ approach to research, it draws upon qualitative and quantitative methods to analyse Australians Working Together. The research is grounded in a longitudinal interview survey of Australian mothers of teenage children who were subject to these changes. The analysis moves from their experience outwards through the four levels of analysis in Williams and Popay’s welfare research framework. The thesis examines mothers’ day-to-day worlds, the opportunities and constraints they navigate, the policies and institutions which shape their opportunities, the political framing of those policies, and wider social and economic transformations. In their negotiation of the social security system, mothers are striving for recognition of autonomy and care. They want their capacity to determine for themselves how to live their lives to be acknowledged. They would like the social contributions they make through employment, education and voluntary work to be recognised. They struggle for their unpaid work caring for their families to be valued. They wish that they had sufficient material resources to care well for their families. The thesis develops a theoretical framework to examine these struggles drawing on the work of Honneth, Fraser, Lister, Sennett, Fisher and Tronto, Daly and Lewis. This multi-level, everyday life analysis reveals the possibility of reframing the social security system around mutual respect.
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Ottem, Robert Brembo. "How is Economic Inequality and the Support for Income Redistribution Linked? : A Multilevel Analysis of OECD countries." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for sosiologi og statsvitenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-22839.
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This thesis presents an investigation of what shapes the support for redistribution in OECD countries, in a rational choice perspective. Employing an understanding of the effect of economic inequality, first provided by Meltzer and Richard (1981) in "A Rational Theory of the Size of Government", it is expected that there is a positive effect of rising economic inequality on the support for income redistribution. The notion of economic inequality as a predictor for the support of redistribution is somewhat reaffirmed in this thesis, as is rational choice as a relevant predictor in the formation of public opinion on an economic issue such as this. Other possible predictors based on the national setting and context receives less support. Pre- and post-transfer economic inequality-measures are tested as alternative predictors for the support of redistribution, but only the pre-transfer version of it demonstrates a significant effect.
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Underwood, Evelyn Burnett. "Survey of educational support for low-income, at-risk middle school students in Champaign-Urbana public schools /." View online, 1993. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211998883194.pdf.
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Malatino, Kristin Wieneke. "The Impact of a Systemic Approach to Student Support on Middle-Childhood Development for Low-Income, Urban Children." Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2424.
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Thesis advisor: Mary E. WalshDevelopmental-contextual theory asserts that the contexts in which children develop have the potential to foster or inhibit healthy development (Lerner, 1984; 1995). Given the potential for developmental contexts to promote positive development for at-risk children, systemic student support interventions have been developed to change school contexts into more supportive environments for healthy child development (e.g., BCCOSS, 2010; Communities in Schools, 2010; Dryfoos, 2003). The current study examined the effects of one such student support program, City Connects (formerly Boston Connects). Previous evaluation research has found that City Connects positively impacts multiple factors of child development (BCCCFCP, 2009; BCCOSS, 2010). This study expanded upon the evaluation research to investigate the relationship between the City Connects intervention and specific domains of social development: friendship, bullying, peer victimization, relationship with teacher, and school belonging. Positive social development has been found to foster resilience and promote positive child development in other domains. Thus, this study also examined these domains of social development as the mechanisms through which City Connects is related to student report card grades in math, reading, behavior, and work habits. Within the current study sample of 3rd through 5th grade students in 2007, significant direct relationships between City Connects and domains of social development were not found. Since City Connects did not significantly predict improvements in social development, the mediating hypothesis was not supported. However, follow-up analyses revealed indirect relationships between City Connects and domains of social development, which were mediated by report card grades in reading and work habits. Reading grades significantly mediated the relationships between City Connects and school belonging, peer victimization, and bullying behavior. Work habit grades approached significance as a mediator of the relationships between City Connects and school belonging, relationship with teacher, bullying behavior and peer victimization. The current study underscores the complexity of developmental pathways, and the need for complex, multifaceted student support interventions to help support positive child development for low-income, urban children
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology
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Basom, Zina. "LOW-INCOME OLDER ADULTS PREPAREDNESS FOR LONG-TERM CARE: IN-HOME SUPPORTIVE SERVICES." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/678.
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As older adults live longer, demand for supportive care will increase. Older adults will need a form of long-term care to manage their health and quality of life. As older adults age, they’re susceptible to having one or more chronic conditions. In taking measures to manage the chronic conditions of many older adults, in-home supportive services is a supportive program that provides non-medical personal and instrumental services to help older adults with their activities of daily living. An in-home supportive service allows an older adult to receive assistance and remain comfortably living in his or her home. However, an older adult of low-income status may not receive this information on supportive services.
Therefore, this study was designed to assess the level of awareness low-income older adults have on in-home supportive services. This research design was quantitative focusing on measuring the level of awareness among low-income older adults. A survey instrument was created and given to older adults at a senior center of the County of San Bernardino. IBM SPSS Manual on Windows Software was used to input and analyze data. The findings of the study found a low level of awareness of the program called In-Home Supportive Services (IHSS) and participants understanding of in-home supportive services was unclear. This study provides recommendations for social workers to address the barriers of low-income older adults acquiring information on in-home supportive services.
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Cras, Patrik, and Christer Rosén. "Can income security enhance growth in developing countries? : A study of the effects on economic growth of income support programs for the unemployed and elderly in developing countries." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7013.
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This paper addresses the question if income security can enhance economic growth in developing countries? It takes its starting point in the income security problems of a developing country and summarizes evidence from published empirical research on formal income security mechanisms. We conclude that the findings on incomes security efficiency effects are ambiguous. A limited econometric study based on data from Chile is carried out with a regression showing that social securities total effect on economic growth is negative but more econometric research on total effect on growth are needed to give a definite answer.
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Stoehr, Alissa Kristine. "Welfare policies and covert behaviors understanding the effects on low-income families needing child support in central Iowa /." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1468136.
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Goncharsky-Hibbs, Amber Lynne. "Using Positive Reinforcement as an Intervention to Increase Breastfeeding for New Mothers in a Low-income Population." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2016. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/369959.
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Special EducationM.S.Ed.
According to professionals breastfeeding is the preferred method of providing nutrition for newborns worldwide. Breastfeeding rates among low-income mothers are very low due to the lack of support and early introduction of formula. The present study examined the effects of providing these mothers with reinforcement to encourage breastfeeding. The mothers tracked their feedings using a simple breastfeeding mobile application in order to receive reinforcement. The mothers were also offered breastfeeding support if they were having any difficulties. Keywords: breastfeeding, reinforcement, mobile application, support
Temple University--Theses
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Shoemaker, Lauren. "The Effect of Attending A Maternity Group on Low-Income Mothers' Perceptions of Social Support and Overall Well-Being." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1315.
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Building on research about low-income mothers’ perceptions of social support and well-being levels, this research will vary the types of support mothers receive to determine the most effective way to increase mothers’ well-being. The proposed study will be a quasi-experimental, longitudinal study that focuses on maternity groups as a space that provides mothers with essential parenting information in addition to emotional support. Mothers will be randomly assigned to either a control condition with daily access to free parenting supplies or a treatment condition where they will have access to the parenting supplies and be invited to join a maternity group. The participants will complete a pre-test survey and then an identical post-test survey six months later. The surveys will assess their perceived levels of social support and well-being. It is expected that mothers in the treatment condition will report higher levels of perceived social support and well-being as a result of attending the weekly maternity group. The results will stress the importance of developing policies that amend the absence of accessible support programs for low-income mothers. These programs should be dedicated to providing free supplies for mothers while helping them establish supportive social networks that increase psychological well-being.
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Mabweazara, Smart Zivanai. "Physical activity behaviours of persons with HIV and AIDS in low-income populations: The design of a context-sensitive randomised control trial." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6593.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDThe Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are serious health issues that continue to affect many nations. Specifically, the sub-Saharan African region has the highest prevalence of HIV and AIDS worldwide. Africans living in informal settlements or townships have the highest prevalence of HIV in South Africa. Persons of low socioeconomic status (SES) in general become socialised into unhealthy behaviours and risk factors at early ages, and experience poor health outcomes. Physical activity (PA) is one cost-effective, non-pharmacological approach that has been reported as conjunctive therapy for HIV to effectively address these impairments. Aim: The aim of the study was to develop a contextualized intervention that promotes PA among persons living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) of low SES. Methods: A mixed methods approach was used. Studies included (1) a systematic review which assessed (a) specific and useful intervention techniques that were previously used in successful PA interventions (b) relevant behaviour change theories used to develop the intervention content, (2) a narrative review which examined the available literature on PA, social support and SES with a view to inform the design of effective PA interventions for PLWHA of low SES, (3) a cross sectional study which aimed at determining if age, body weight, height, gender, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), educational attainment, employment status, CD4+ cell count, and body mass index (BMI) could predict overall PA among PLWHA of low SES in Cross roads Township in the Western Cape Province, South Africa (4) a cross-sectional study which (a) examined the PA profile of PLWHA of low SES based on PA domains and intensity and (b) determined whether employment status and level of education can predict PA among PLWHA of low SES in Cross roads Township in the Western Cape Province, South Africa (5) a mixed methods study which investigated the benefits and barriers of PA for HIV-positive women of low SES using the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale and focus group discussions, (6) a study which sought to develop a contextualised intervention for promoting PA among PLWHA of low SES and (7) a crossover study conducted at a community centre caring for HIV positive Black African Xhosa-speaking women of low SES in Nyanga Township in the Western Cape Province in South Africa. Results: The systematic literature review showed that the following techniques, namely, ‘provide feedback on performance’, ‘goal setting (behaviour)’, and ‘plan social support/social change’ were the most frequently used behavioural change techniques in interventions focusing on promoting PA for the management of chronic diseases amongst individuals of low SES. The review also showed that the Transtheoretical model of behaviour change and the Social Cognitive theory were the common theoretical frameworks of most study interventions.
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Sawer, Hilary Catherine, and sawer hilary@edumail vic gov au. "'One Fundamental Value': Work for the Dole participants' views about mutual obligation." RMIT University. Social Science and Planning, 2005. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20060926.093507.
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This thesis contributes to the literature on the Howard Government's mutual obligation policy by investigating the perspectives of those who are subject to it: specifically, those required to undertake Work for the Dole. To date, research on participants' perspectives has been limited to a few predominantly quantitative studies, most of which have been commissioned or conducted by government departments. This study provides a more qualitative and independent perspective on participants' experiences and their views about their rights and obligations as unemployed people. It considers the extent to which these experiences and views are consistent with or conflict with the rationales for mutual obligation. The study included a survey of 87 participants in nine Melbourne and Geelong-based Work for the Dole projects conducted in 1999, eight focus groups conducted with 59 of these participants, and 37 in-depth interviews conducted with a new sample of Work for the Dole participants in 2002. Unemployed participants in the study had a strongly positive orientation towards work and many had substantial experience of employment. They viewed work as necessary to fulfil human capacities and needs, and often believed that they should work for their own well-being, as much as to contribute to society. Far from expressing any distinctive values of a 'dependency culture', participants appeared to share many of the work values of the wider community. However, many also had substantial experience of unemployment and faced significant barriers to gaining ongoing work. This thesis provides evidence that Work for the Dole provides short-term benefits for many such unemployed people: most study participants enjoyed taking part in the program and felt that they gained benefits from participating. They clearly endorsed some kind of work placement and skill development programs for the unemployed. Given the Howard Government's abolition of a range of previous programs of this type, Work for the Dole is now the only such program available for many participants and was often preferred to doing no program at all. However, more than four in ten survey participants did not enjoy doing the program overall, and a fifth actively disliked taking part. Further, the program's impact on employment prospects appeared to be either negligible or negative-which was not surprising given the scheme's focus on the unemployed discharging their 'obligations to the community' and 2 overcoming a 'psychology of dependency', rather than on job outcomes for participants. However, this thesis argues that there is very limited value in a program which provides benefits at the time of participation but does not help in achieving the main aim of the unemployed: gaining work. The study analyses the Howard Government's three central rationales for the mutual obligation policy: that it ensures that participants fulfil the requirements of the 'social contract' by requiring them to 'contribute to the community' (the contractualist claim), that it deters the unemployed from being 'too selective' about jobs (the 'job snob' claim), and that it benefits participants by developing their capacity for autonomy and self-reliance (the new paternalist claim). These three rationales are assessed in the light of participants' responses. With regard to the contractualist claim, the study finds that most participants shared the widespread community belief that only 'genuine' jobseekers deserve unemployment payments, but many did not share the community's support for the requirement to work for payments. While a third of survey participants supported this requirement, almost half opposed it. Most believed the government was not fulfilling its obligations to the unemployed to provide appropriate employment and training opportunities which were relevant to the jobs they were seeking. Many viewed the mutual obligation 'contract' as a one-way set of directives imposed on them and believed that the breaching regime which enforced these directives was unreasonably punitive and unfairly administered. With regard to the 'job snob' claim, study participants largely rejected an expectation that they should be required to accept any job, and most had substantial concerns about the specific form of the job search regime. They did not agree that 'any job is better than no job' and objected to the pressure under mutual obligation arrangements to apply for jobs which they considered inappropriate. They were not willing to be forced into jobs in which they feared they would be unhappy and which they were likely to soon leave; rather, they wanted assistance to help them to find sustainable work. Finally, with regard to the 'new paternalist' claim, many participants believed that compelling recipients to undertake certain activities or to apply for unsuitable jobs unreasonably restricted their freedom of choice, undermining rather than increasing their autonomy. As argued by Yeatman (2000b), recipients may benefit from a program, or from a case manager who assists 3 them to develop their capacities, but compulsion to undertake activities that are not related to individual needs and goals is likely to undermine capacity-building. The evidence of poor employment outcomes from Work for the Dole adds further weight to this view. The provision of a greater range of program types in place of Work for the Dole-including those which combine work with accredited training and those providing subsidised placement in mainstream jobs-would address many concerns held by participants in this study. However, compulsion to participate in a labour market program would remain problematic in a society which generates far fewer jobs than are needed for full employment. The thesis concludes that the mutual obligation principle privileges the obligations of the unemployed over their rights to autonomy and to work. Its associated requirements have further added to the already considerable constraints faced by unemployed people who are attempting to identify and meet their own work-related goals. Ironically, a policy which is portrayed by the Government as promoting active participation in society, in reality requires many payment recipients to passively obey government directives-instead of actively participating in shaping their own future.
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Bergeron, Dyonne Michelle. "The Relationship of Perceived Intellectual and Social Attainment to Academic Success of First-Generation, First-Year College Students Participating in a First Generation Access Program." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4637.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to advance understanding of perceived intellectual and social attainment gains of first-generation, first-year college students participating in First Generation Access Programs at the University of South Florida (USF), a large, public research university in Florida. Understanding the self-reported intellectual and personal/social gains of these students in higher education can lead to higher retention rates, creative strategies that promote academic success, affective cognitive and personal development activities and services that meet the needs of this rapidly growing at-risk student population with their persistence and transition to college.
Researchers have sought to examine variables that may help to increase the persistence rates of students by understanding the impact of students enrolled in First Generation Access Programs on first-generation students' academic success, as measured by grade point average. Several studies have indicated that first-generation, first-year college students have pre-collegiate characteristics that impede their intellectual and personal/social growth. In addition, research studies show that First Generation Access Programs are successful in assisting at-risk student populations successful in their transition to and persistence in college. However, there is scarcity of literature that examines the estimates of intellectual and personal/social gains of first-generation, first-year students enrolled in First Generation Access Programs. As such, this study explored the extent to which self-reported intellectual and personal/social gains predict the academic success, as measured by grade point average, for first-generation, first-year college students enrolled in First Generation Access Programs.
Theoretical frameworks from higher education were used to provide an understanding of perceived intellectual and personal/social attainment and academic success of first-generation, first-year, students enrolled in First Generation Access Programs for the context of this study. According to Kuh (1995), college impact models from Astin and Tinto and Pusser were studied, as they have been used to assist higher education professionals in understanding "outcomes produced by interactions between students and their institutions' environments..." (p. 126 - 127). In the context of both college impact models, Astin's Inputs-Environment-Outcomes Model (1991) and Tinto and Pusser's Model of Institutional Action for Student Success (2006), results of this study indicated that First Generation Access Programs increase the intellectual and personal/social attainment of first-generation, first-year students.
Several statistical analyses were conducted to examine relationships between variables (self-reported intellectual and personal/social gains, gender, and academic success) including multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), simple regression tests, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation. Results of this study were based on the responses of 184 participants. Results indicated that the participants self-reported significant intellectual and personal/social gains. However, findings indicated that there is no statistically significant relationship between self-reported gains and academic success as measured by grade point average, but there is a statistically significant relationship based on gender.
One implication for higher education administrators and student affairs professionals is the need to investigate alternative measures for academic success of first-generation, first-year students enrolled in First Generation Access Programs. Grade point average does not seem to accurately measure academic success on perceived intellectual and personal/social gains of this at-risk population. Second, institutions should seek to understand the factors and specific strategies of First Generation Access Programs that increase the cognitive and social growth and development of first-generation, first-year college students so that it may be successfully implemented for first-generation, first-year college students who do not participate in FGAP.
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Castro, Mayela. "Quality of Life in Female Breast Cancer Survivor in Panama." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4651.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract
Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common female cancer worldwide and it is also the principal cause of death from cancer among women globally. Breast cancer has the highest prevalence among Panamanian women and its incidence is also growing every year. Women living with and beyond breast cancer have special needs that have to be considered by society and the health care systems. After diagnosis, the quality of life (QOL) of women is highly affected, due to the emergence of physical, psychological and social effects which lead to changes in attitudes and expectations towards life.
Purpose: To evaluate the QOL, among Panamanian women who suffer from breast cancer, factors that could influence QOL and the main life areas where these women are more affected when they receive this diagnosis.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study was developed to measure the QOL of Panamanian breast cancer survivors in four domains (physical, social, psychological and environmental). A total of 240 survivor women completed 80% of the self-assessment QOL-BREF survey at the National Cancer Institute of Panama during March, 2013. Non-parametric statistical tests were used to define QOL based on the survey results, including sociodemographic and medical characteristics. A logistic regression model was performed to evaluate variables than can influence the quality of life among this population.
Results: Higher socioeconomic indicators as well as having greater levels of spiritual belief, younger age and less than 5 years of cancer diagnosis appear to produce positive and statistically significant differences in QOL among breast cancer survivors.
Conclusions: Breast cancer survivors in Panama have a good quality of life perception and are satisfied with their health. Support principally from family and friends plays a very important role in all aspects of QOL. Elderly women have different physical needs that could explain the lowest score reported in this study.
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Ramaipadi, Mangatane Angelina. "Implementation of welfare support and free basic services at Mapuve village in Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/660.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2011The government poverty alleviation programme in the form of social welfare support grants and free basic services have been going on over the past decade. This prompted the research into the study which is aimed at the investigation of the implementation of the government social welfare support and free basic services in the Mapuve village, in Greater Giyani, Limpopo Province. The study was designed as a case study within a qualitative framework. The simple random method, which is a probability type of statistical sampling approach, was used in the selection of respondents. Closed and open-ended questions were used to solicit information from the participants in the study. The study discovered that the implementation of government social welfare grant and free basic services in disadvantaged communities represented the realisation of their socio-economic rights as enshrined in the South African constitution. Mapuve village is one of the villages with a huge backlog of service delivery in Greater Giyani Municipality. The municipality „s inability to provide every applicant with an RDP house is the major contributing factor to the different views and perceptions that people held towards the allocation of RDP houses. The assessment of the key level of services in the dwelling of respondents painted a deplorable situation in the village. None of the respondents had free basic services; that is, water, sanitation and refuse removal in their dwellings and in the communities. Electricity as one of the free basic services is found in one portion of the village. The perceptions of community members towards the government social welfare grant and free basic service at Mapuve Village point to frustration, anger and dissatisfaction towards the services of the government although to some extent, the social welfare support has contributed to poverty alleviation. In view of the absence of free basic services in the village the respondents complained that the social grants are inadequate in meeting their needs because they also use the grant buy paraffin/electricity and water which are supported to be free basic services. Therefore they called on the government to increase grants to people in areas where free basic services are inadequate.
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Damba, Ntombethemba. "The challenges of the child support grant as a poverty alleviation strategy." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/6193.
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South Africa is a democratic country since 1994 and transformation brought policies that aimed to address the inequalities and poverty situation countrywide. During apartheid era the existence of social assistance was more focused on minority group. Hence the eroded social inequality cannot be ignored as poverty takes its toll in our communities. It was the previously termed state maintenance grant that was phased out with the introduction of Child support grant (CSG). The purpose of CSG was to reduce child poverty; however a long list of challenges regarding the aims and objectives of the CSG surfaced. This study was about the challenges of child support grant as poverty alleviation strategy in waNobuhle community in Uitenhage. The purpose of the study was also to investigate the value CSG adds in the beneficiaries’ lives in terms of poverty alleviation and what is mostly hindering the CSG from alleviating poverty. The research design for the study could be classified as mixed designs which include qualitative and quantitative approach, taking a form of action research. A sample of 30 participants was drawn from SASSA beneficiaries. The sampling method for the study was purposive, which is a non-probability sampling. Semi structured questionnaires and semi structured interviews were utilized to collect data and the data collected was analysed thematically and descriptive statistics analysis was undertaken as well. Questionnaires to collect data from the thirty (30) CSG beneficiaries’ from KwaNobuhle community and semi structured interviews was undertaken. The most important findings that emerged from the study were that participants appeared to have a clear understanding of the fact that CSG represented a government strategy to support children, fight poverty and uplift the standard of living for the poor. However, majority of the participants were not satisfied with CSG as poverty alleviation strategy, participant’s wants government to increase the amount of CSG and to create employment opportunities. The CSG was pointed as inadequate due to the fact that all family members of the beneficiaries are dependent on the CSG. The conclusion drawn was that CSG paid to KwaNobuhle beneficiaries seemed to be achieving their aims even though the CSG is announced to be inadequate, employment is a necessity and the gap between departments serving the community. The findings of the study are discussed as suggestions to SASSA and the Department of Social development.
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Mbekenga, Columba K. "Striving to Promote Family Health after Childbirth : Studies in Low-Income Suburbs of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kvinnors och barns hälsa, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-150924.
Full textAbstract:
Deeper understanding of family health and support after childbirth from the perspective of first-time parents and their informal support network is needed. Postpartum experiences and health concerns of first-time mothers and fathers and, discourses on sexuality and informal support after childbirth were explored in low-income, suburban areas in Ilala, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Individual qualitative interviews with first-time mothers (n=10) and fathers (n=10), and 14 focus group discussions with first-time parents (n=40) and informal support persons (n=42) provided the data, which were analyzed through qualitative content and discourse analysis. First-time parents’ areas of concern were newborn care and hygiene, infant feeding, handling crying infant, maternal nutrition and hygiene, uncertain body changes for the mother and, sexuality. The mothers were burdened with caring responsibilities and fathers felt neglected and excluded from the care of the mother and infant after childbirth, both by the families and the health care system. Sexuality after childbirth created tension between new parents due to the understanding that abstinence would protect child health during the breastfeeding period, which could be several years. Women’s adherence to sexual abstinence was more emphasized compared to men’s. Men’s engagement with other sex partners and the risk of contraction HIV was a threat to family health. First-time parents drew on support from both informal and formal sources. Informal support networks played a major role in providing information, materials, guidance and supervision while conveying stereotypic gender norms. Contradictions in the messages to parents within and between the support systems created uncertainties that might have negative implications for family health. Poor parents and those who did not adherence to the social norms were less likely to get informal support than others were. There is a need for information and practical guidance on basic aspects of care for the mother and infant, male involvement, and the importance of social support to first-time parents, as new parents face physical, social and relational challenges after childbirth. The link between the health care system and informal networks need to be strengthened to enable them to complement each other in promoting family health after child health.