Relevant bibliographies by topics / Income Source Effect

Academic literature on the topic 'Income Source Effect'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Income Source Effect"

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Chen, Chiang-Ming, and Yen-Chien Chen. "Income source effect on retiree’s tourism behavior." Annals of Tourism Research 68 (January 2018): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.10.002.

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Saiful Nathan, Siti Badariah, and M. Mohd Rosli. "Distributional effects of non-farm incomes in a Malaysian rice bowl." International Journal of Social Economics 43, no. 2 (February 8, 2016): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-09-2013-0200.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the structure of household income and examine the effects of non-farm incomes on the income distribution of farm households in a relatively developed rural area of the Malaysian rice bowl. Design/methodology/approach – The non-farm incomes were disaggregated into different components to determine the contribution of each income source to total household income and overall inequality. The income distribution and decomposition was examined using the Gini decomposition method. Findings – It was found that almost 71 percent of the households in the sample had at least one source of non-farm income. On average, non-farm incomes contributed about 33 percent to total household income. Non-farm wage employment was the dominant source of non-farm income, accounting for almost 26 percent of overall household income. The farm incomes, especially the paddy incomes were found to be the inequality-decreasing income source. The study also confirmed the proposition that the non-farm incomes were the inequality-increasing income source as they contributed up to 35 percent of the overall income inequality. Originality/value – Previous studies have found that non-farm incomes have different effects on income inequality of rural communities, especially those in the rice granary areas situated in less developed states of Malaysia, where poverty is still a problem. This study is significant because it identifies the effect of certain incomes on the overall income inequality among farm households in the granary areas located in a relatively developed rural area. The studied areas are characterized by an intensive paddy production and a rapid development in business and industrial activities, and hence, providing non-farm employment opportunities to the rural farmers. Therefore, this study shows the income structure and how farm and non-farm incomes affect the overall income distribution of the paddy farmers.
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Salam, Shakila. "Rural Livelihood Diversification in Bangladesh: Effect on Household Poverty and Inequality." Agricultural Science 2, no. 1 (April 26, 2020): p133. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n1p133.

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The pervasiveness of poverty continues to be a daunting challenge for Bangladesh. This study attempts to examine the effect of different livelihood diversification on rural household poverty and income inequality. A panel dataset, which is used in this study, was collected in the three different years (1988, 2000 and 2008) from 62 villages across 57 districts of Bangladesh. Besides, 153 households from three districts of Bangladesh were also randomly selected as primary data. Multidimensional poverty index (MPI) was used to measure poverty whereas Gini coefficients and decomposition of Gini coefficients were used to measure inequality and to identify marginal effects of certain livelihood income source on total inequality. The results reveal that diversifying livelihood through income source changes has an impact on the poverty level and inequality among rural households. Following these changes, the overall poverty situation has been improving and income distribution has been worsening over the years. Households drastically reduce their poverty by diversifying their livelihood from only agriculture to part-time farming. Among different non-farm income sources, only self-employment has a positive contribution in decreasing income inequality since 2000. Incomes from migration and wage-employment widen income inequality in rural Bangladesh. Therefore, policy options should strive to expand rural industry and scope of self-employment in the rural areas along with agricultural sector development.
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Buser, Thomas. "The Effect of Income on Religiousness." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 7, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 178–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20140162.

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How does income affect religiousness? Using self-collected survey data, we estimate the effects of income on religious behavior. As a source of exogenous income variation we use a change in the eligibility criteria for a government cash transfer in Ecuador and apply a regression discontinuity strategy to estimate causal effects. We find significant effects of income on religiousness. Families that earn more go to church more often. Families that earn more are also more likely to be members of an Evangelical community rather than of the mainstream Catholic Church. (JEL D14, H23, J12, J31, O15, Z12)
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Xu, Pu, Shanwei Li, Xiaona Yang, and Yufeng Li. "Research on the Relationship between Urban Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution and Rural Residents’ Income Growth." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (August 10, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4133245.

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Researching the relationship between urban agricultural nonpoint source pollution (UANSP) and increases in rural residents’ income levels has significant practical implications for effectively controlling UANSP and improving the quality of life of urban residents, and it is conducive to achieving a win-win situation between economic and environmental benefits. This study chooses agricultural statistical data from Shanghai from 1998 to 2019, implements the EKC and the VAR model to dynamically analyze internal interaction between them, and thoroughly examines impact effect and explanatory contribution degree of each variable. The results show the following: (1) There was an inverted “N” curve between plastic film application intensity and rural residents’ per capita disposable income; there was a linear decreasing relationship between the intensity of fertilizer and pesticide application and rural residents’ per capita disposable income. (2) Nonpoint source pollution emissions will decrease as rural residents’ income levels rise. Reduction of nonpoint source pollution can promote the short-term improvement of rural residents’ income levels, but it has a negative effect on the long-term improvement of rural residents’ income levels. (3) Fertilizer and pesticide application intensity had a low driving effect on rural residents’ income growth, whereas plastic film application intensity had a strong driving effect. Therefore, the ANSP of Shanghai should be treated from both long-term and short-term perspectives on the basis of decreasing stage. In the long term, the government should increase farmers’ sense of ownership in agricultural nonpoint source pollution control, prioritize the development of ecological circular agriculture, and gradually improve nonpoint source remote sensing monitoring and service management capabilities. In the short term, the government should reduce farmers’ nonpoint source pollution through subsidies and technical assistance. To keep costs down, the government established an administrative reward and punishment system to control ANSP at the source.
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Xu, Yun, Xiaoping Qiu, Xueting Yang, and Guojie Chen. "Factor Decomposition of the Changes in the Rural Regional Income Inequality in Southwestern Mountainous Area of China." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 5, 2018): 3171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093171.

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This study aimed to determine factors of rural income inequality changes in Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan, China, to help formulate measures to reduce regional inequality and alleviate poverty in the southwestern mountainous area of China, which experiences frequent natural disasters and poor living conditions. Changes in rural income inequality are examined, which are then decomposed into different component factors based on the Gini index. Income inequality is comprised of four types of income source: wages, household operations, properties, and transfers. This analysis focuses on the period of 2003 to 2011—a special transitional stage during which the Wenchuan earthquake intervened. The results indicate that income from household operations plays a dominant role in income inequality. Its contribution to the overall inequality fluctuates from 36.40 to 50.39% and had a positive effect on reducing inequality after the earthquake. Wage income contributed the second-most to income inequality and had positive and negative effects on reducing inequality before and after the earthquake, respectively. Transfer and property incomes are important forces in income inequality that have different influencing mechanisms. Transfer income positively helps reduce income inequality. Exclusive favors or preferences should be granted to such areas.
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Graca-Gelert, Patrycja. "Household income inequality in Poland between 2005 and 2019: A decomposition of the Gini coefficient by income sources." Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy 69, no. 1 (2022): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/nsawg.2022.1.2.

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The aim of this paper is the empirical analysis of the Gini coefficient decomposition by income sources in Poland between 2005 and 2013. The decomposition was used to assess the contribution of income components to the overall income inequality in Poland. The empirical analysis was based on non-identifiable, individual household budget survey data collected by the Central Statistical Office of Poland. The method of decomposition by income components applied in this study was the approach of Lerman and Yitzhaki (1985). The study revealed that employment income contributed to the greatest extent to overall income inequality in Poland during the analysis period. At the same time, this income source showed a significant increase in explaining inequality, reaching almost 64% in 2019. Apart from employment, among all of the income sources analysed, only the contribution of social security benefits to income disparities changed significantly, dropping from almost 19% in 2005 to 7% in 2019. Income from self-employment explained about 15% of inequality in Poland throughout the analysed period. The contribution of the rest of income sources to income inequality was also relatively stable, though less significant. The only income category that contributed negatively to inequality was the other social benefits component. The largest impact of a marginal change in income components on overall inequality was due to income from employment (positive effect) and social security benefits (negative effect). A negative impact of a marginal change in specific income sources on inequality was observed in the case of social security benefits, other social benefits, and other income.
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Shin, Serah. "The Effect of Income Source on Unmet Healthcare Needs among the Elderly Households." Consumer Policy and Education Review 15, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 129–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15790/cope.2019.15.1.129.

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Sun, Rui. "Analyzing the Impact of Household Income Sources on Consumer Behavior in China – Based on Mental Accounting." Scientific and Social Research 4, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/ssr.v4i3.3611.

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With the continuous development of the economy and society in China and the improvement of people’s living standards, the consumption behavior and consumption structure of families in China have undergone significant changes. As an important source and basis of consumption, income has an influence on consumption behavior. Based on the mental accounting theory in behavioral economics, this paper uses the data from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) to examine the differential impact of different sources of income on the consumption demand of households in China from the micro level. In terms of theory, based on the basic assumption and fact of elasticity of consumer demand, the model directly assumes that there is mental accounting effect in household consumption behavior; that is, the marginal propensity to consume from different sources of income has a significant difference. By establishing a regression model to analyze the influence of different sources of income on consumption, the mental accounting effect of consumption among households in China is verified. According to the theoretical hypothesis and empirical tests, this paper provides policy suggestions for the government. The government should increase people’s disposable income. Increasing the proportion of transfer income and property income can diversify people’s sources of income and promote consumption as well as economic growth. Finally, the social security system should be improved to promote the consumption level of low-income families.
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Bueker, Catherine Simpson. "Political Incorporation among Immigrants from Ten Areas of Origin: The Persistence of Source Country Effects." International Migration Review 39, no. 1 (March 2005): 103–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2005.tb00257.x.

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Using four years of data from the Current Population Survey, this study examines the effect of country of origin on two types of political incorporation among immigrants – citizenship and voting – in the contemporary United States. Results show that country of origin is a statistically significant predictor of citizenship acquisition for nine of ten immigrant groups and for voter turnout for five of ten groups, net of income, education, length of residence in the United States, and other demographic characteristics. The findings also suggest that country of origin matters as much for how it interacts with other key characteristics, such as education and income, as for the independent influence it exerts on these two political processes. For immigrants from most countries under examination, lower levels of education and income discourage citizenship acquisition. An exception is found among Britons, for whom lower levels of income encourages naturalizing. In the voting process, higher levels of education encourage voter turnout for most immigrant groups. Though country of origin has a greater effect on naturalizing than on voting, it significantly impacts both types of political incorporation. The differing effects of country of origin and other demographic factors on naturalizing and voting, respectively, suggest the two processes are distinct from one another.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Income Source Effect"

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Lee, Jae Ho. "Source of income effect on individual risk- and time-preferences : experimental approach." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=225793.

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Does the way people earn money affect their economic decisions? The main contribution of this thesis is to provide new evidence that the way people earn money affects their decision-making. Standard economic theory generally assumes that money is fungible – that is, each unit of money is a perfect substitute for another. Fungibility thus predicts that source of income should have no influence on individual decision-making. On the other hand, Prospect theory determines the value of same prospect as gain or loss relative to the reference point. Prospect theory predicts a significant source of income on individual decision-making if source of income shifts the reference point. This thesis has focused on investigating whether source of income affects (a) individual risk-preference, which governs individual decision-making under risk; and (b) individual time-preference, which governs individual intertemporal decision-making. From a series of real-effort laboratory experiments, I find that subjects are more risk-averse and more patient concerning hard-earned money than with easily earned money consistent with Prospect theory and loss aversion.
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Ngcobo, Lindiwe. "Perceptions of rural households about the role and effect of biogas production on rural household income in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4694.

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Rural development efforts to reduce poverty and enhance food security and generally improve livelihoods in developing countries continue to be constrained by high energy cost. For that reason, renewable energy has been identified as a possible panacea to fill this gap. Renewable energy is cheaper, more accessible and environmentally sustainable and promotes inclusivity. Biogas is a renewable energy that is readily available and easy to use by poor rural households. The use of biogas digesters among households in rural areas of developing countries is a well-known technology. The potential for biogas in these areas has been demonstrated and a strong economic case has been made. However, its adoption and use have been lower than expectations possibly as result of non-economic considerations, including social issues about which rural people hold different perceptions. Perceptions of rural households are important because they influence the behaviour to a large extent. Since limited access to affordable energy in rural areas has encouraged government and private organisations to initiate biogas projects to overcome the challenge, it is important to ascertain the factors that affect attitudes towards the technology. The present study sought to explore perceptions of rural households about biogas production towards rural household income in the Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality. Specifically, this research investigated the state of biogas project being implemented by the University of Fort Hare’s Institute of Technology (FHIT), the perceptions of respondents towards biogas production and determine the contribution of biogas consumption to rural income. The study also aimed to identify the factors affecting the adoption of biogas production in the study area. The study was carried out in Melani village in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and employed survey data obtained from 48 households who were enumerated to identify their perceptions on biogas production, with special emphasis on the role and effect contributed to rural income of Melani village. The study employed a cross-sectional research design and purposive sampling technique was used in data collection. Data were collected and captured in Excel and then analysed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) Version 24 Descriptive statistics was used to examine socio-economic characteristics of households and state of biogas production in the area, Bivariate correlation analysis was used to determine the relationships among the key elements of perceptions of household towards biogas adoption, binary logistic model was used to estimate factors influencing adoption of biogas technology by households. The results show that women were dominant for both adopters and non-adopters of biogas. The majority of households were young with mean age of 40 years while for non-adopters were 65 years old on average. The results showed high levels of literacy amongst household adopters. Majority of the households for both adopters and non-adopters of biogas technology were married and unemployed and household size ranged from one to five persons, with social grants being dominant source of income. The bivariate correlation analysis suggests a positive effect of green pepper production and livestock ownership on biogas technology adoption. Age and level of education were negatively correlated with adoption of biogas. The cross tabulation analysis suggests that water scarcity, lack of knowledge about biogas technology, cattle ownership, lack of maintenance and repairing, flooded biogas digesters during rainy season are negatively associated with the uptake of biogas technology. The empirical results from binary logistic model suggest that land size was the key determinant of adoption behaviour towards biogas technology while age of the household head, source of income and level of education may have a negative influence on adoption of biogas technology. Based on the findings highlighted above, the study recommends strategies to encourage households to adopt biogas technology.
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Maksut, Hadžibrahimović. "Turizam kao faktor privrednog razvoja Crnogorskog primorja." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2002. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=73204&source=NDLTD&language=en.

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Polazeći od predmeta i sadržaja turizma (kombinacije odnosa obezbeđenja produkta, usluga i pogodnosti turizma, olakšano je uočiti višeznačnost delovanja turizma na privredni razvoj Crnogorskog primorja. Za Primorje je od osobitog značaja pratiti ekonomske efekte turizma, koji se sastoji u sledećem: -neposrednom razvoju delatnosti iz kompleksa turističke privrede, - realizaciji značajnog deviznog priliva putem razvoja inostranog turizma - podsticanju razvoja manje razvijenih područja - posebne pogodnost treba videti u činjenici da se iz godine u godinu zakonomerno uvećava turistička tražnja - prihvatanje koncepta ubrzane industrijalizacije kao metoda razvoja. Kroz odvijanje procesa vlasničke, organizaciono-upravljačke i finansijske transformacije, hotelsko-turistička privreda nadalje će ostvarivati povoljniji  kvalitet u ekonomiji.
In the wide area of the montenegrain coast, there are objects foreseen for recreation, nauticsm, commune activities and others, about which there will be said in the chapter. It was very difficult to get to any information about some of those objects, so that they will be analysed on a more general level, like the dwelling houses, temporary objects, sports grounds, as well as social and private institutions.
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Chang, Shin-Shin, and 張心馨. "The Effects of Loyalty Program Requirement, Monetary Cost and Source of Income on Consumer Preference Toward Loyalty Program Rewards." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11186901905070220034.

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碩士
東吳大學
企業管理學系
92
This research is aimed at exploring the influence of loyalty program requirement, monetary payment, and source of income on consumers’ preference toward loyalty program rewards. Study 1 is a 2x2 between subject experimental design with college students as the unit of analysis, and the rewards for choice are hedonic and utilitarian products. Study 2 is also a 2x2 between subject experimental design, but the respondents are changed to working class. The rewarded gifts are either luxury or necessity. The conclusions are as follows: 1. Higher loyalty program threshold will have a significant positive effect on preference for hedonic over utilitarian rewards. 2. Higher loyalty program threshold will have a significant positive effect on preference for luxury over necessity rewards. 3. The free gifts as rewards to customers (as compared to require customers to pay extra money) will have a significant positive effect on preference for hedonic over utilitarian rewards. 4. The free gifts as rewards to customers (as compared to require customers to pay extra money) will have a significant positive effect on preference for luxury over necessity rewards. 5. The portion of living expenses supported by others does not significantly moderate the loyalty program threshold — choice of hedonic/utilitarian rewards relationship. 6. The tendency to feel guilt does not play a moderating role on the loyalty program requirement — choice of luxury/necessity rewards relationship.
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Books on the topic "Income Source Effect"

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China. Fisheries off the United States coasts: Agreement between the United States of America and the People's Republic of China, signed at Washington July 23, 1985 and amending agreement, effected by exchange of notes, dated at Washington July 24 and August 6, 1987. Washington, D.C: Dept. of State, 1995.

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China. Fisheries off the United States coasts: Agreement between the United States of America and the People's Republic of China, amending and extending the agreement of July 23, 1985, as amended, effected by exhange of notes, signed at Washington March 14 and 22, 1990. Washington, D.C: Dept. of State, 1993.

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China. Fisheries off the United States coasts: Agreement between the United States of America and the People's Republic of China, amending and extending the agreement of July 23, 1985, as amended and extended, effected by exhange of notes, signed at Washington May 12 and July 6, 1992. Washington, D.C: Dept. of State, 1994.

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Mexico. Boundary waters: Agreement between the United States of America and Mexico, effected by exchange of notes dated at Mexico June 24 and November 10, 1987. Washington, D.C: Dept. of State, 1993.

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Mexico. Narcotic drugs, additional cooperative arrangements to curb illegal traffic: Agreement between the United States of America and Mexico, effected by exchange of letters signed at Mexico November 5, 1984. Washington, D.C: Dept. of State, 1991.

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Mexico. Tax convention with Mexico: Message from the President of the United States transmitting the convention between the government of the United States of America and the government of the United Mexican States for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income, together with a related protocol, signed at Washington on September 18, 1992. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1993.

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Mexico. Narcotic drugs, additional cooperative arrangements to curb illegal traffic: Agreement between the United States of America and Mexico, amending the agreement of September 25 and October 10, 1984, effected by exchange of letters signed at Mexico April 2, 1985. Washington, D.C: Dept. of State, 1993.

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Mexico. Telecommunications, frequency modulating broadcasting: Agreement between the United States of America and Mexico amending the agreement of November 9, 1972, as amended, effected by exchange of notes signed at Washington September 7, 1984, February 28, March 21 and May 14, 1985. Washington, D.C: Dept. of State, 1993.

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Mexico. Narcotic drugs, additional cooperative arrangements to curb illegal traffic: Agreement between the United States of America and Mexico, amending the agreement of March 29, 1983, as amended, effected by exchange of letters signed at Mexico September 27 and 30, 1986. Washington, D.C: Dept. of State, 1996.

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Mexico. Narcotic drugs, additional cooperative arrangements to curb illegal traffic: Agreements between the United States of America and Mexico, amending the agreement of March 29, 1983, as amended, effected by exchange of letters signed at Mexico March 16 and April 14, 1987. Washington, D.C: Dept. of State, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Income Source Effect"

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Lambrecht, Thijs, and Wouter Ryckbosch. "Economic inequality in the rural Southern Low Countries during the Fifteenth century: sources, data and reflection." In Disuguaglianza economica nelle società preindustriali: cause ed effetti / Economic inequality in pre-industrial societies: causes and effect, 205–29. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-053-5.16.

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This chapter seeks to explore local and regional variation in levels of inequality in different types of rural localities and regions within the late medieval County of Flanders. Our research indicates that fiscal sources for the County of Flanders can produce reliable data on the distribution of income during the late medieval period. The analysis of these data shows that important local and regional differences can be observed in the distribution of rural income. To a large extent, these local variations can be explained by differences in access to local economic resources. Our results, however, also indicate that substantial regional differences in access to rural resources can produce similar income distributions.
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Morelló Baget, Jordi, Pere Orti Gost, Albert Reixach Sala, and Pere Verdés Pijuan. "A study of economic inequality in the light of fiscal sources: the case of Catalonia (14th-18th centuries)." In Disuguaglianza economica nelle società preindustriali: cause ed effetti / Economic inequality in pre-industrial societies: causes and effect, 145–67. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-053-5.13.

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This essay aims to present the first results of an ongoing research project devoted to study the evolution of the economic inequality in Catalonia based on different documentary sources and parameters. Here we focus on the strengths and limits of the rich fiscal sources preserved between the 14th and 18th century allowing us an analysis of inequality. This study is limited to the period before 1716 because we do not consider totally reliable connecting data from taxes before this moment, essentially focused on immovable wealth, with those from the Cadastre, which was levied on a wide range of incomes.
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Ayinde, Taiwo B., Benjamin Ahmed, and Charles F. Nicholson. "Farm-Level Impacts of Greenhouse Gas Reductions for the Predominant Production Systems in Northern Nigeria." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 875–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_4.

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AbstractThis chapter summarizes the sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from different economic sectors in Nigeria and emphasizes those arising from agriculture and forestry. The impacts of climate change on agricultural systems in Nigeria are likely to be large, motivating the need for additional knowledge to assess current practices and formulate appropriate modifications for both mitigation and adaptation. Some current farming practices are believed to be adaptive, but further study would provide better assessments. We also analyzed the trade-offs between household income and GHG emissions at two contrasting sites in northern Nigeria. A farm optimization model maximizing the value of crop, livestock, and tree production activities in a single representative year assessed the potential impacts for GHG reductions of 10% and 25% and the maximum allowable reductions of 26% and 30% on farm activities and income. Emissions reductions of 10% reduced annual household incomes by less than 5% but required substantive changes, especially in livestock owned. Maximum possible GHG emissions reductions (while still meeting minimum household consumption needs) would require marked changes in production pattern and would lower household incomes by 22–44%. We did not assess effects over longer periods, where the role of livestock as a key asset may imply additional negative impacts. Productivity-enhancing technologies that would simultaneously reduce GHG emissions and increase incomes are needed for smallholder farms to play a larger role in climate change mitigation without the burden of reduced incomes and greater risk. This suggests the need for programmatic and policy actions both by national agricultural research systems and the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR).
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Abdel-Ghany, Mohamed, and Stephen J. Thoma. "Distribution of Household Income in America: Effects of Source of Income, Inflation, and Cost of Living Differentials." In Advances in Quality of Life Research 2001, 281–97. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9970-2_15.

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Allen, Lindsay H., and Daphna K. Dror. "Effects of Animal Source Foods, with Emphasis on Milk, in the Diet of Children in Low-Income Countries." In Milk and Milk Products in Human Nutrition, 113–30. Basel: KARGER, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000325579.

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Awazi, Nyong Princely, Martin Ngankam Tchamba, Lucie Felicite Temgoua, and Marie-Louise Tientcheu-Avana. "Farmers’ Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change in Africa: Small-Scale Farmers in Cameroon." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 87–115. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_9.

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AbstractSmall-scale farmers’ limited adaptive capacity confronted with the adversities of climate change is a major call for concern considering that small-scale farms feed over half of the world’s population. In this light, small-scale farmers’ adaptive choices and adaptive capacity to climate change were assessed. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources using a mixed research approach. Findings revealed that extreme weather events have been recurrent and small-scale farmers perceived access to land, household income, and the planting of trees/shrubs on farms (agroforestry) as the main factors influencing their capacity to adapt to climate change. Agroforestry and monoculture practices were the main adaptive choices of small-scale farmers confronted with climate change. T-test and chi-square test statistics revealed a strong non-cause-effect relationship (p < 0.001) between small-scale farmers’ capacity to adapt to climate change and different socio-economic, institutional, and environmental variables. Parameter estimates of the binomial logistic regression model indicated the existence of a strong direct cause-effect relationship (p < 0.05) between small-scale farmers’ capacity to adapt to climate change and access to credit, household income, number of farms, access to information, and access to land, indicating that these variables enhance small-scale farmers’ capacity to adapt to climate change. It is recommended that policy makers examine the adaptive choices and determinants of farmers’ adaptive capacity unearthed in this chapter when formulating policies geared towards enhancing small-scale farmers’ capacity to adapt to climate change.
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Lopez Lalinde, Lina, and Carrie Maierhofer. "Creating a Culture of Shared Responsibility for Climate Action in Guatemala Through Education." In Education and Climate Change, 85–112. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57927-2_3.

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AbstractGuatemala is a country particularly susceptible to the effects of climate change. Residents of the country are increasingly experiencing frequent natural hazards, witnessing rising temperatures, and grappling with maintaining sources of income and nutrition. For these and other reasons, it is crucial that Guatemalans have access to effective climate change education in order to be equipped with the skills and knowledge necessary to appropriately adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate change in their communities. With Atitlán Multicultural Academy, a K-12 school located in Guatemala’s Western Highlands, as our pilot school, we have created the blueprint for a region-specific guidebook focused on incorporating the spirit of climate action into the areas of leadership, curriculum, community partnerships, and professional development within the school. It is our hope that this guidebook can continually be adjusted and made relevant for schools around the globe as they work to create a culture of shared responsibility for climate action.
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El-Ali, Leena. "Nuptials: Women Do Have the Right to Choose Their Own Spouse, and How the Qur’anic Nuptial Agreement Advocates for the Bride." In Sustainable Development Goals Series, 139–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83582-8_13.

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AbstractHaving established that women have a right to their own property, the Qur’an also abolishes the earlier custom of men inheriting the wives of their deceased relatives as spouses, thereby taking over the deceased husband’s property, and of forcing them to or preventing them from marrying as they may choose in order to retain control of the same. This combination of Qur’anic actions established women as the subjects as opposed to objects of inheritance. And there would now be a bridal gift from the groom, too, before a marriage can be effected, providing women with yet another source of income and independence. Yet the insistence by some that men are women’s “guardians” has sapped many women of the ability to choose their own spouse, while taking the bridal gift too seriously is labelled “greedy” or potentially off-putting to a would-be groom and his family.
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Chandra-Mouli, Venkatraman, and Sheila Vipul Patel. "Mapping the Knowledge and Understanding of Menarche, Menstrual Hygiene and Menstrual Health Among Adolescent Girls in Low- and Middle-Income Countries." In The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies, 609–36. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_46.

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Abstract This review aims to answer the following questions: (1) how knowledgeable are adolescent girls in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) about menstruation and how prepared are they for reaching menarche, (2) who are their sources of information regarding menstruation, (3) how well do the adults around them respond to their information needs, (4) what negative health and social effects do adolescents experience as a result of menstruation, and (5) how do adolescents respond when they experience these negative effects and what practices do they develop as a result? Using a structured search strategy, articles that investigate young girls’ preparedness for menarche, knowledge of menstruation, and practices surrounding menstrual hygiene in LMIC were identified. A total of 81 studies published in peer-reviewed journals between the years 2000 and 2015 that describe the experiences of adolescent girls from 25 different countries were included. Adolescent girls in LMIC are often uninformed and unprepared for menarche. Information is primarily obtained from mothers and other female family members who are not necessarily well equipped to fill gaps in girls’ knowledge. Exclusion and shame lead to misconceptions and unhygienic practices during menstruation. Rather than seek medical consultation, girls tend to miss school, self-medicate, and refrain from social interaction. Also problematic is that relatives and teachers are often not prepared to respond to the needs of girls. LMIC must recognize that lack of preparation, knowledge, and poor practices surrounding menstruation are key impediments not only to girls’ education, but also to self-confidence and personal development. In addition to investment in private latrines with clean water for girls in both schools and communities, countries must consider how to improve the provision of knowledge and understanding and how to better respond to the needs of adolescent girls.
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Mackay, Heather, Samuel Onyango Omondi, Magnus Jirström, and Beatrix Alsanius. "Analysing Diet Composition and Food Insecurity by Socio-Economic Status in Secondary African Cities." In Transforming Urban Food Systems in Secondary Cities in Africa, 191–230. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93072-1_10.

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AbstractThis chapter takes as its starting point theorizing around nutrition and food system transitions thought to be increasingly occurring in urban Africa, and how this may be linked to a growing non-communicable disease burden. We focus specifically on the secondary city context by analysing household survey data gathered from six cities across Ghana, Kenya and Uganda during 2013–2015. We asked how diet composition and diversity, food sources and food security varied by socio-economic status, using expenditure and demographic data to create a proxy for household well-being. In this way, we investigate one of the claimed keystones affecting urban food systems and dietary health in sub-Saharan Africa—that of obesogenic urban food environments. Our findings indicate that the socio-economic status of a household was the most important factor influencing household dietary diversity and food security status, i.e. better-off households were more likely to feel food secure and eat from a greater variety of food groups. In addition, the number of income sources was additionally associated with higher dietary diversity. We also found that a household’s involvement in agriculture had only a small positive effect on food security in one city and was associated with a reduction in dietary diversity scores. Our findings emphasize the importance of supporting aggregated national and international statistics on agricultural production and trade with detailed local analyses that focus on actual household food access and consumption. We also see reasons to be cautious about making causal claims regarding consumption change and obesogenic urban environments as the major contributor to a rising obesity and non-communicable disease burden in Africa.
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Conference papers on the topic "Income Source Effect"

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Turdalieva, Ainura, and Raziya Abdiyeva. "The Impact of Access to Irrigation on Rural Household Income in Kyrgyzstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c14.02666.

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Agriculture is the main source of income of households in rural area. Therefore, access to irrigation significantly impact the level of income of households. Consequently, the quality of irrigation infrastructure has essential effect on the level of household welfare and their economic performance. Improving water use efficiency and infrastructure will positively affect households’ income in rural areas. In this study we analyzed the impact of access to irrigation to household income in rural area by using of Life in Kyrgyzstan Survey data for the year of 2016. The effect of access to irrigation on income of households in Kyrgyzstan analyzed according to size of land, type of irrigation, amount of water used and cost of irrigation, gender, and age of household head by using ordinary least square regression model. Results showed that access to an irrigation canal and using the tillage method significantly increase household income.
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Žárska, Elena. "Hospodárenie s majetkom – Priestor pre vyrovnávanie regionálnych rozdielov?" In XXV. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0068-2022-25.

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The financial management of self-governing regions is often examined, but less so their property management. The aim of the paper is to analyze the situation in individual self-governing regions of the Slovak Republic in the time series of 15 years (2005 - 2019) and to identify differences in the method of financing and also in the efficiency of property management. To achieve the goal, two hypotheses were set: H1: The increase in property strength is achieved by increasing the region's debt and H2: The income effect from the region's assets increases with the reproductive power of the assets. The method property creditworthiness was used for the analysis. The results confirmed H1, stating that the source of asset growth is also debt growth (Žilina, Trnava, Prešov region), but several local authorities also significantly use other sources (Nitra, Košice, Trenčín). H2 was only partially confirmed – the regions increased the value of the property, but the income from it was not decisive. This indicates that they have built the infrastructure to provide entrusted services to citizens. The analysis also pointed to the phenomenon that the total value of assets per capita shows significant regional differences over the whole period.
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Bawadi, Hiba, and Zumin Shi. "Protein Intake among Patients with Diabetes is Linked to Poor Glycemic Control." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0149.

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Background: Nutrition therapy is considered a key component of diabetes management. Highprotein diets are recently gaining more popularity. Knowledge regarding the potential glycemic effect of protein in people with type 2 diabetes has been a particular interest. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study based on NHANES data collected on participants aged 40 years and older who attended the surveys cohorts of 2011–2012 and 2013–2014. Data on 1058 participants were included in the analysis. Glycemic control was measured as HbA1c level and patients were categorized into quartiles of daily protein intake. Analysis adjusted for age, gender, race and energy intake muscle strength (quartile), sedentary activity, income to poverty ratio, education, smoking, alcohol drinking and BMI. Logistic regression models were produced to investigate the impact of high protein intakes on odds of poor glycemic control (HbA1c ≥ 7). Results: After controlling for muscle strength (quartile), sedentary activity, income to poverty ratio, education, smoking, alcohol drinking and BMI; patients in Quartile 4 for protein intake had 260% increased risk for poor glycemic control as compared to those in quartile 1. These results are limited because the analysis did not consider the source of protein (animal vs plant). Further studies are needed.
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Ganiev, Junus, Damira Baigonushova, and Meerim Uichubek Kyzy. "The Impact of Sanctions on the Eurasian Economic Union Members." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02047.

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The customs union created in 2010 between Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus has moved to a further integration phase after five years. Two new members, Kyrgyzstan and Armenia, participated in this integration. But due to the political events in Ukraine and the joining of the Crimea to Russia, the US and the West have adopted economic sanctions against Russia from 2014. Moreover, oil and natural gas prices, a significant source of national income for Russia and some other countries, fell sharply during the same period. These events have adversely affected both the Russian economy and other countries’ economies. It is also mentioned by most researchers that it negatively affects the integration process. Therefore, in this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of sanctions on members of the Eurasian Economic Union with the help of structural break tests. Macro variables such as GDP, foreign trade, FDI, inflation, international reserves of EEU members have been used to achieve the goal. Unit root tests with structural break have shown that economic sanctions have a significant effect on some variables.
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Gül Yavuz, Gonca, Bülent Miran, and Tijen Özüdoğru. "Cereals Producers’ Agricultural Aims and Their Tendencies to Sustain Agricultural Production in Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01341.

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The change in income level and urbanization bring a different dimension to the demand to agricultural products from the food habits to supply food, increase the attention to the cereals production and enhance the agricultural effect of cereals which are the main food source of people and are used as feed and in industry. Cereals have the biggest share in agricultural production in terms of both production volume and sowing area in Turkey which produces a lot of agricultural products thanks to the climate and soil characteristics. In this study, in Turkey which is globally an important actor in cereals production and trade, the aims of producers in agricultural production and the factors in the process of making decision toward sustaining production are studied by the best-worst analysis method. Also, the relationship between the sustainability of the agriculture and cereals production, and the individual characteristics and farm structures of producers are examined by bivariate probit analysis method. In this context, study is conducted by 961 producers with face-to-face surveys in 14 provinces. According to the results, while “to increase living standards” is the most important agricultural aim, “good crop price” is the most important factor for sustainability of the agriculture. Moreover, education, agricultural experiences, household size, cereals area and total farm land are determined as the effective factors on sustainability.
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Cruz, Francis Cedric, Kamran Mahmudov, Andreas Marouchos, and Amy Bilton. "A Feasibility Study on the Benefits of Feedback Aerator Control in Precision Aquaculture Applications for the Developing World." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98087.

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Abstract Aquaculture is a growing source of food and income for many in the developing world. In developing countries, where more than 18 million people engage in aquaculture, yields have been low due to lacking infrastructure. Aeration has been shown to improve dissolved oxygen (DO) and increase yields, but its use has been low in many developing world environments due to high operating costs. Even when used, they are operated in an ad-hoc manner, resulting in higher than required costs. A potentially more effective implementation is the use of feedback control to maintain adequate DO and increase energy savings. To demonstrate the potential, a feasibility study was conducted comparing the energy consumption of a diffused aeration system, with and without the use of a feedback control system. The effect of the diffused aeration system was simulated for a 100 m3 pond in Bangladesh for extensive and intensive fish farming. The interaction between the aerators and the pond was simulated on ANSYS FLUENT and was used with a DO model to predict the oxygen dynamics of the pond. Results indicated that the addition of a feedback control system could result in 78.66%, and 52.48% in energy cost savings compared to continuous operation for extensive and intensive fish farming respectively. Further work in smart instrumentation has the potential to decrease the energy requirements of aeration technologies and improve production for farmers in the developing world.
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Hoffenson, Steven, and Marcin Wisniowski. "An Electricity Grid As an Agent-Based Market System: Exploring the Effects of Policy on Sustainability." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-86031.

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Electricity generation is a major source of air pollution, contributing to nearly one-third of the total greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. As with most goods, production must keep up with the projected consumer demand, and the industry is subject to government regulations at the federal, state, and local levels. This study models the New Jersey electric grid as a market system, using agent-based modeling to represent individual consumers and power companies making utility-maximizing decisions. Each consumer agent is prescribed a unique value function that includes factors such as income, energy intensity, and environmental sensitivity, and they are able to make decisions about how much energy they use and whether they opt into a renewable energy program. Power producers are modeled to keep up with demand and minimize their cost per unit of electricity produced, and they include options to prefer either on-demand or renewable energy sources. Using this model, different scenarios are examined with respect to producer strategy and government policy. The results provide a proof-of-concept for the modeling approach, and they reveal interesting trends about how the markets are expected to react under different scenarios.
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Arifin, Nurul Laili, Hanifah Widiastuti, and Ari Wibowo. "Study on effect of source to film distance (SFD) on the radiographic images." In 2018 International Conference on Applied Engineering (ICAE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/incae.2018.8579376.

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Aytun, Cengiz, Cemil Serhat Akın, and Neşe Algan. "The Nexus between Environmental Degradation, Income and Energy Consumption in Emerging Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01679.

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Today, especially in developing countries, environmental pollution threatens human life. Environmental quality is one of the most important sources of human welfare. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the relationship between environmental degradation, income and energy consumption. The aim of this study is to investigate the nature of relationships among the carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth and energy consumption for emerging economies. For this purpose, Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis have been tested for 10 emerging economies for the years from 1980 to 2010. Data were brought together from the World Bank development indicators database. In order to test of Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis IPS panel unit root, Pedroni panel cointegration and FMOLS estimation methods are used. Results indicate that energy consumption has a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Results indicate that energy consumption has a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. The findings also show that per capita GDP follows an inverted U-shape pattern associated with the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. This situation validates the policies which assert that environmental pollution decreases with income growth.
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Karaköy, Çağatay, Selahattin Sarı, Ziya Çağlar Yurttançıkmaz, and Erol Cengiz. "The Effect of Public Expenditures on International Trade: Central Asian." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02054.

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As an inevitable consequence of globalization in the new world order, economies have become dependent on each other. Country economies are in a position to support international trade in order to finance their problems in the domestic market. In this context, it is known that central Asian countries are trying to increase their production by importing. In addition, central Asian countries have been striving to increase international trade through public spending during the transition period. The studies in the literature have been carried out by considering public expenditures and growth relations. The subject is important in the context of Keynesians' view. The desire of transforming income by natural sources into public investments makes the economies worth to investigate. In this study, central Asian countries Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan as well as Azerbaijan will participate and the effects of public consumption expenditures on export and import will be analyzed through Granger Causality Tests and the results will be evaluated within the scope of the literature.
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Reports on the topic "Income Source Effect"

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Steinmann, Peter. Do interventions for controlling the emigration of health professionals from low and middle income countries work? SUPPORT, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/1703112.

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Health professionals trained in low and middle income countries (LMICs) constitute a substantial proportion of the healthcare workforce in certain high income countries (HICs). The migration of health professionals from LMICs to these HICs contributes to a shortage of health professionals in LMICs. The resources used to train health professionals in source LMIC countries therefore, in effect, subsidise the HICs that benefit from this migration.
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VanderGheynst, Jean, Michael Raviv, Jim Stapleton, and Dror Minz. Effect of Combined Solarization and in Solum Compost Decomposition on Soil Health. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594388.bard.

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In soil solarization, moist soil is covered with a transparent plastic film, resulting in passive solar heating which inactivates soil-borne pathogen/weed propagules. Although solarization is an effective alternative to soil fumigation and chemical pesticide application, it is not widely used due to its long duration, which coincides with the growing season of some crops, thereby causing a loss of income. The basis of this project was that solarization of amended soil would be utilized more widely if growers could adopt the practice without losing production. In this research we examined three factors expected to contribute to greater utilization of solarization: 1) investigation of techniques that increase soil temperature, thereby reducing the time required for solarization; 2) development and validation of predictive soil heating models to enable informed decisions regarding soil and solarization management that accommodate the crop production cycle, and 3) elucidation of the contributions of microbial activity and microbial community structure to soil heating during solarization. Laboratory studies and a field trial were performed to determine heat generation in soil amended with compost during solarization. Respiration was measured in amended soil samples prior to and following solarization as a function of soil depth. Additionally, phytotoxicity was estimated through measurement of germination and early growth of lettuce seedlings in greenhouse assays, and samples were subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing to characterize microbial communities. Amendment of soil with 10% (g/g) compost containing 16.9 mg CO2/g dry weight organic carbon resulted in soil temperatures that were 2oC to 4oC higher than soil alone. Approximately 85% of total organic carbon within the amended soil was exhausted during 22 days of solarization. There was no significant difference in residual respiration with soil depth down to 17.4 cm. Although freshly amended soil proved highly inhibitory to lettuce seed germination and seedling growth, phytotoxicity was not detected in solarized amended soil after 22 days of field solarization. The sequencing data obtained from field samples revealed similar microbial species richness and evenness in both solarized amended and non-amended soil. However, amendment led to enrichment of a community different from that of non-amended soil after solarization. Moreover, community structure varied by soil depth in solarized soil. Coupled with temperature data from soil during solarization, community data highlighted how thermal gradients in soil influence community structure and indicated microorganisms that may contribute to increased soil heating during solarization. Reliable predictive tools are necessary to characterize the solarization process and to minimize the opportunity cost incurred by farmers due to growing season abbreviation, however, current models do not accurately predict temperatures for soils with internal heat generation associated with the microbial breakdown of the soil amendment. To address the need for a more robust model, a first-order source term was developed to model the internal heat source during amended soil solarization. This source term was then incorporated into an existing “soil only” model and validated against data collected from amended soil field trials. The expanded model outperformed both the existing stable-soil model and a constant source term model, predicting daily peak temperatures to within 0.1°C during the critical first week of solarization. Overall the results suggest that amendment of soil with compost prior to solarization may be of value in agricultural soil disinfestations operations, however additional work is needed to determine the effects of soil type and organic matter source on efficacy. Furthermore, models can be developed to predict soil temperature during solarization, however, additional work is needed to couple heat transfer models with pathogen and weed inactivation models to better estimate solarization duration necessary for disinfestation.
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López-Piñeros, Martha Rosalba, Norberto Rodríguez-Niño, and Miguel Sarmiento. Política monetaria y flujos de portafolio en una economía de mercado emergente. Banco de la República de Colombia, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1200.

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Portfolio flows are an important source of funding for both private and public agents in emerging market economies. In this paper, we study the influence of changes in domestic and US monetary policy rates on portfolio inflows in an emerging market economy and discriminate among fixed income instruments (government securities and other corporate bonds) and variable income instruments (shares). We employ monthly data on portfolio inflows of non-residents in Colombia during the period 2011-2020 and identify the monetary policy shocks using a SVAR model with long-run restrictions. We find a positive and statistically significant response of portfolio inflows in government securities and corporate bonds to changes in both domestic and US monetary policy rates. Portfolio inflows in the stock market react more to changes in the inflation rate and do not react to changes in monetary policy rates. Our findings are consistent with the predictions of the interest rate channel and reestablish the predominant role of inflation rate in driving portfolio inflows. The results suggest that domestic and US monetary policy actions have an important effect on the behavior of portfolio inflows in emerging economies.
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Avellán, Leopoldo, Arturo Galindo, Giulia Lotti, and Juan Pablo Rodríguez Bonilla. Open configuration options Bridging the Gap: Mobilization of Multilateral Development Banks in Infrastructure. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004006.

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We explore how Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) can help to fill a large infrastructure financing gap in developing countries by indirectly mobilizing resources from other entities. The analysis focuses on more than 6,500 transactions in 2005-2020 to developing and emerging markets from the Infrastructure Journal database. Using granular data, we analyze the dynamics of flows from different actors to infrastructure at the country-subsector level, and control for a wide range of fixed effects. MDB lending significantly increases the inflows from other sources. Cross-border and domestic resources are mobilized from both the public and the private sectors. Effects exhibit country heterogeneity. Mobilization occurs in countries of all income levels, though it is stronger in low and lower-middle income countries. In countries that use capital controls frequently mobilization effects are undermined. When the global financial crisis of 2008 hit, no difference in mobilization effects was found, unlike the COVID-19 pandemic when mobilization effects were weakened. The findings survive a long battery of robustness checks, and no evidence of anticipation effects is found.
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Thomas, Angela. An Inquiry into the Efficiency of Carbon Pricing Policy: A study of Sweden, United Kingdom, and Japan. Web of Open Science, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37686/nsrl.v1i2.75.

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This study uses an exploratory research methodology to analyse the efficiency of carbon pricing policies in driving sustainable development by effectively reducing carbon emissions, encouraging research and development of alternative energy sources and innovations. The study also attempts to assess the impact of carbon pricing as a driver for inclusive growth. This is through the analysis of relevant indicators to evaluate the distributive policies used by the governments to mitigate the disproportionate effect of lower income households is analysed
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Fitzgerald, Constance. The health policy gap: income, health insurance and source of care effects on utilization of and access to dental, physician and hospital services by Oregon households. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.830.

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Goya, Daniel. Marshallian and Jacobian Externalities in Creative Industries. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003992.

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Marshallian externalities are the benefits obtained by a sector due to geographical agglomeration, and Jacobian effects are spillovers related to the novel combinations that can occur in cities with diversified economic activities. This paper argues that most of the quantitative literature on creative industries is asking whether they are a source of Marshallian or Jacobian effects, inasmuch as a stronger creative sector is a direction of diversification that is likely to have positive spillovers to the rest of the economy. Exploring both questions under a common framework, the results are consistent with the existence of Marshallian but not of Jacobian effects, which calls to caution when making policy suggestions regarding the sector. The degree of specialization in creative sectors is associated with higher sales and a higher number of rms in those sectors, albeit at a decreasing rate. A similar relationship is found for specialization in creative occupations and the incomes of those workers. Though there is no evidence of spillovers from creative industries in general to the rest of the economy, analyses at a more disaggregated level could produce different results and useful insights for policy.
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Quak, Evert-jan. The Link Between Demography and Labour Markets in sub-Saharan Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.011.

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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how demography affects labour markets (e.g. entrants, including youth and women) and labour market outcomes (e.g. capital-per-worker, life-cycle labour supply, human capital investments) in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. One of the key findings is that the fast-growing population in sub-Saharan Africa is likely to affect the ability to get productive jobs and in turn economic growth. This normally happens when workers move from traditional (low productivity agriculture and household businesses) sectors into higher productivity sectors in manufacturing and services. In theory the literature shows that lower dependency ratios (share of the non-working age population) should increase output per capita if labour force participation rates among the working age population remain unchanged. If output per worker stays constant, then a decline in dependency ratio would lead to a rise in income per capita. Macro simulation models for sub-Saharan Africa estimate that capital per worker will remain low due to consistently low savings for at least the next decades, even in the low fertility scenario. Sub-Saharan African countries seem too poor for a quick rise in savings. As such, it is unlikely that a lower dependency ratio will initiate a dramatic increase in labour productivity. The literature notes the gender implications on labour markets. Most women combine unpaid care for children with informal and low productive work in agriculture or family enterprises. Large family sizes reduce their productive labour years significantly, estimated at a reduction of 1.9 years of productive participation per woman for each child, that complicates their move into more productive work (if available). If the transition from high fertility to low fertility is permanent and can be established in a relatively short-term period, there are long-run effects on female labour participation, and the gains in income per capita will be permanent. As such from the literature it is clear that the effect of higher female wages on female labour participation works to a large extent through reductions in fertility.
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Khan, Mahreen. Public Financial Management and Transitioning out of Aid. Institute of Development Studies, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.145.

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This rapid review found an absence of literature focused specifically on measuring the impact of PFM and governance systems in countries that have transitioned from aid, by moving up the income ladder. However, there are a few academic publications and a limited number of studies by multilateral, such as the World Bank, that examine the role of PFM and governance systems in countries that are transitioning or have moved away from aid. However, the importance of public financial management (PFM) and governance systems in development is well established and seen as a pre-requisite for economic growth. To effectively transition from aid, most low-income countries (LICs) need to upgrade their PFM and governance systems to meet the different scale, resources, accountability mechanisms, and capacity-building requirements of a middle-income country (MIC). The absence of the above empirical evidence may be due to the complexity of measuring the impact of PFM reforms as the results are non-linear, difficult to isolate from other policies to establish causality, and manifest in a longer time frame. However, through comparative country studies, the consequences of deficient PFM and governance have been well documented. So impaired budgetary planning, implementation, and reporting, limited fiscal transparency, weak accountability mechanisms, resource leakage, and inefficient service delivery are well recognised as detrimental to economic growth and development. The literature on transitioning countries focuses predominantly on the impact of aid withdrawal on the social sector, where comparative qualitative data is easier to obtain and the effects are usually more immediate, visible, and may even extend to global health outcomes, such as in AIDS prevention programmes. Thus, tracking the progress of donor-assisted social sector programmes is relatively easier than for PFM and governance reforms. The literature is more abundant on the overall lessons of transitions from aid both for country governments and donors. The key lessons underscore the importance of PFM and governance systems and mechanisms to a successful transition up the income ladder: Planning for transition should be strategic, detailed and specifically geared to mitigate against risks, explicitly assessing the best mix of finance options to mitigate the impact of aid reduction/withdrawal on national budgets. The plan must be led by a working group or ministry and have timelines and milestones; Where PFM and governance is weak transition preparation should include strengthening PFM especially economic and fiscal legislation, administration, and implementation; Stakeholders such as donor partners (DPs) and NGOs should participate in the planning process with clear, open, and ongoing communication channels; Political and economic assessments in the planning and mid-term phases as well as long-term monitoring and evaluation should be instituted; Build financial, technical, and management capacity throughout the plan implementation This helpdesk report draws on academic, policy, and grey sources from the previous seven years rather than the usual K4D five-year window, to account for the two-year disruption of COVID-19. As cross-country studies on PFM and governance are scarce, a few older studies are also referenced to ensure a comprehensive response to the query. The report focuses on low-income countries transitioning from aid due to a change in status to lower-middle-income countries.
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Macdonald, Keir. The Impact of Business Environment Reforms on Poverty, Gender and Inclusion. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.006.

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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how business environment reforms in middle-income countries impacts on poverty, gender and inclusion. Although, there is limited evidence on the direct impact of business environment reforms on poverty, gender, and inclusion, this review illustrates that there is evidence of indirect effects of such reforms. Business environment reform (BER) targets inadequate business regulations and institutions, in order to remove constraints to business investment and expansion, enabling growth and job creation, as well as new opportunities for international business to contribute to and benefit from this growth. However, there is a lack of detailed knowledge of the impact of BER on gender and inclusion (G&I) outcomes, in terms of the potential to remove institutional barriers which exclude formerly marginalised groups from business opportunities, in ways that promote equal access to resources, opportunities, benefits, and services. The literature shows how the business environment affects women in business, and how women’s experiences of a given business environment can be different from those of men. This is the result of disparities in how they are treated under the law, but also based on structural and sociocultural factors which influence how men and women behave in a given business environment and the barriers they face.
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