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1
Lee, Sungho 1950. "Cross-Country Analysis of Income Inequality." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501122/.
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The purpose of this paper is to examine the cross-country relationship between income inequality and selected socioeconomic variables reflecting the level of economic development. The first chapter introduces some theoretical approaches to income distribution and poses problems regarding income inequalities across countries. The second chapter surveys cross-country studies of income inequalities conducted by previous researchers. The third chapter covers statistical methodology. Chapter four analyzes statistical results of multiple regression. The final chapter is intended for summary, conclusion, and recommendations.
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Tin, Yiu-kei, and 田耀基. "A study of birth weight and income inequality in Hong Kong using multilevel modeling." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31971234.
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Schoff, Staci Leigh. "Economic Inequality's Correlation with Political Inequality and Inequality of Opportunity and the Implications for Social Justice Theory." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/980.
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In 2004 the American Political Science Association ("APSA") published research exploring whether the rising income inequality in the United States had an effect on political equality. Although the APSA found tremendous evidence of a correlation between income and political power, the APSA nonetheless concluded that the issue could not be conclusively determined without further analysis.
The intent of this thesis is to argue the position that economic inequality is heavily implicated in both political equality and equality of opportunity, and to propose a political theory that directly addresses - rather than evades - this issue. A conclusion drawn in this paper is that it is necessary in liberal capitalist environments to place constraints on individual economic liberty for the sake of maintaining some degree of economic equality. I show in this paper that this conclusion is consistent with both the liberal tradition and American political culture.
This paper accepts - rather than circumvents - the fundamental principle that income inequality is inevitable in a capitalist democracy as is the ability of money to purchase positions, power and assorted privileges. Therefore, it should be the goal of social justice theory to ensure the gap between the richest and poorest be allowed to be great enough to respect individual choice and responsibility, but not great enough to dampen the opportunities available to those born into the bottom of the economic scale or to permit those born into the top of the economic ladder to exert oppressive power over the rest.
In the final chapter I propose four methods of narrowing economic inequality. These include a minimum standard, minimum wage and income tax reform, a tax and cap on wealth and an absolute inheritance cap. These four methods of limiting economic inequality are directed at narrowing, if not eliminating political inequality and inequality of opportunity.
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Gwaindepi, Abel. "The developmental state, social policy and social compacts: a comparative policy analysis of the South African case." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013278.
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The history of economic thought is ‘flooded’ with neo-classical accounts despite the fact that neoclassical economics did not occupy history alone. This has caused the discourses on ‘lost alternatives’ to be relegated as the deterministic ‘straight line’ neo-classical historical discourses are elevated. Globally hegemonic neo-classical discourse aided this phenomenon as it served to subordinate any counterhegemonic local discursive processes towards alternatives. This study is premised on the theme of non-neoclassical ‘lost alternatives’ using the post-apartheid South Africa as a case study. Emerging from the apartheid regime, the impetus towards non-neoclassical redistributive policies was strong in South Africa but this did not gain traction as the ANC’s ‘growth through redistribution’ was replaced by globally hegemonic discourse which favoured ‘redistribution through growth’. This thesis postulates the idea of two waves of ‘internal’ discursive formations; capturing the transition to democracy up to 1996 as the first wave and the period from 2005 to about 2009 as the second wave. The developmental state paradigm (DSP) emerged as the central heterodox paradigm with ideas such as industrial policy, welfare, and social dialogue/compacts being main elements. The DSP was expressly chosen in the early 1990s, the first period of strong internal discursive formation, but faded as neo-classical policies, epitomised through GEAR, dominated the policy space. The DSP discourse gained vitality in the second wave of internal discursive formation (2005-2009) and it was associated with the subsequent Zuma’s administration. The study illustrates that the DSP has failed to be fully developed into a practical framework but remained only at rhetorical level with the phrase ‘developmental state’ inserted into government policy documents and documents of ANC as a ruling party. The thesis further illustrates that the DSP fared well ideologically because of its inclination to the ideology of ‘developmentalism’ tended to trump any socialist inclined policies such as a generous welfare regime. The thesis rebuts the notion of the DSP in South Africa which has only been amorphously developed with the phrase ‘developmental state’ becoming a mere buzzword. The thesis argues that the DSP in the 21st century is much more complex and the growing ‘tertiarisation’ of the economy makes the Social Democratic Paradigm SDP’s capability centric approach much more relevant for South Africa. The study goes further to argue that a (SDP) is much more suitable alternative for addressing South African colonial/apartheid legacies and consolidation of democracy.
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Kofi, Ampofo-Twumasi. "Distribution of income among South African population groups." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52240.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The primary objective of this study was to verify the extent to which income distribution among the population groups in South Africa has changed since the 199! population census. These were the findings: It was established in this study that, at October 1996 the income share of Whites had dropped from 71.2 percent (1970) to 51.9 percent. The White population constitute 12.6 percent of South Africa population in 1996 but they received more than 50 percent of personal income in the country. At October 1996 the per capita income of Whites was 8.8 times that of Africans, 4.5 times that of Coloureds and 2.3 times that of Indians. The study found that income disparities between the population groups have narrowed, but there are a lot left to be done to remove income inequalities in the country. The study found that the income which accrued to each population group was not uniformly distributed within the group. In all population groups, the poorest 40%, and the next 41-70% household income classes suffered losses in household income shares between 1991 and 1996. In all population groups it was the richest 10% households who received the lion's share of income which accrued to the group, between 1991 and 1996. The study further found a shift in African employees from elementary occupations to artisan and machine operators. Between 1995 and 1999 the proportion of Coloureds in elementary jobs declined in favour of artisans, machine operators, managers and professionals. Indians and Whites had the smallest proportion of their workforce engaged in elementary occupations Only 5.4 percent of Africans aged 20 and above were found to possess degrees, diplomas and certificates in 1999, compared to 6.5 percent Coloureds, 14.3 percent Indians, 31.5 percent Whites. As high as 15.5 percent of Africans had not received any formal education at October 1999 compared to 7.9 percent Coloureds, 3.5 percent Indians and 0.3 percent Whites. Unemployment in all population groups has increased since the 1996 South African population census.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die primêre doelwit van hierdie studie was om die verandering in die omvang van die inkomsteverdeling tussen die bevolkingsgroepe sedert die 1991 bevolkingsopname te bevestig. Daar is bevind dat die inkomste aandeel van Blankes vanaf 71.2 persent in 1970 na 51.9 persent in 1996 afgeneem het. Die Blanke bevolking het 12.6 persent van die Suid-Afrikaanse bevolking in 1996 uitgemaak, maar hulle ontvang meer as 50 persent van persoonlike inkomste in die land. In Oktober 1996 was die per capita inkomste van Blankes 8.8 keer meer as dié van Swart Suid-Afrikaners en 6.8 keer meer as dié van Kleurlinge. Die studie het gevind dat inkomsteverskille tussen die bevolkingsgroepe verminder het, maar dat daar nog groot inkomste ongelykhede is. Die studie het verder bevind dat die verdeling van inkomste binne elke bevolkingsgroep ongelyk verdeel is. Tussen 1991 en 1996 het in alle bevolkingsgroepe, die armste 40%, en die volgende 41-70% huishoudelike inkomsteklasse 'n daling in hul aandeel van huishoudelike inkomste ondervind. In alle bevolkingsgroepe was dit die rykste 10% huishoudings wat die grootste aandeel aan inkomste ontvang het tussen 1991 en 1996. Die studie het ook gevind dat daar 'n verskuiwing van swart Suid-Afrikaanse werknemers van elementêre beroepe na ambagsmanne en masjienoperateurs plaasgevind het. Tussen 1995 en 1999 het die verhouding van anderskleuriges in elementêre beroepe afgeneem ten gunste van ambagsmanne, masjienoperateurs, bestuurders en professionele beroepe. Asiate en Blankes het die kleinste verhouding van hulle werksmag in elementêre beroepe gehad. In 1999 was slegs 5.4 persent van swart Suid-Afrikaners, ouderdom 20 en ouer, in besit van grade, diplomas en sertifikate, in vergelyking met 6.5 persent Kleurlinge, 14.3 persent Asiate en 31.5 persent Blankes. Tot en met Oktober 1999 het 15.5 persent van swart Suid-Afrikaners geen formele opleiding ontvang in vergelyking met 7.9% Kleurlinge, 3.5% Asiate en 0.3% Blankes. Werkloosheid het sedert 1996 in alle bevolkingsgroepe toegeneem sedert die 1996 Suid-Afrikaanse bevolkingsopname.
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Stowell, Nicholas Paul. "Democratization, Political Performance, and Income Distribution in Argentina and Brazil." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3157.
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This research examines the effects of democratization and political performance on the functional distribution of income in Argentina and Brazil from the end of their authoritarian periods to the present. The existing literature tends to focus on the impacts of democratization and political performance on the economic growth of the country as a whole or on changes to per capita income. This analysis focuses on the equality of economic development in less developed countries because growth is not necessarily distributed equally and poverty and inequality are both endemic to many less developed countries and also negatively impact development as a whole as well as the consolidation of democracy. To examine the effects of democratization and political performance on the shape of economic development, this thesis utilizes the Polity IV index as a measure of democracy, Relative Political Extraction as a proxy for political performance, and labor's share of national income as a measure of income inequality.
Theoretically, a more democratic regime should enact policies that allow for a more equitable distribution of income because democratization increases popular representation and makes the provision of public goods preferable to the provision of private goods. Similarly, a regime with higher political capacity should be better equipped to enact whatever policies and development strategies it chooses, thereby reducing income inequality if the regime deems equitable development a priority.
The main finding of this research is that political performance has had a significant impact on the shape of economic development in Argentina and Brazil, whereas the effect of democratization on the shape of development is less clear. A stronger, more effectively performing government will be better able to deliver equitable development regardless of its level of democracy than will a poorly performing government of any type.
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Fry, Vanessa. "Social policy and income distribution : some evidence using micro data." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334072.
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張騰達 and Tant-tat Hyman Cheung. "Cross-country income differences, corruption, and misallocation of talents." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39633986.
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López-Aguilera, Estela. "Understanding the evolution of poverty and income distribution in Mexico, 1992-2008." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/6936/.
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This thesis documents and investigates the evolution of poverty and inequality in Mexico between 1992 and 2008. It applies best practice techniques and in doing so, aims to reconcile the differences that emerge between studies that use the same data. It also investigates and identifies some of the underlying processes and factors driving high levels of poverty and inequality; mapping these on to periods of crisis, reform and recovery and also to changes in the underlying population characteristics (e.g. education). The thesis adopts a microeconomic approach that uses household survey micro-data, available for every other year since 1992 and representative at a national and rural/urban level. This research aims to answer the following questions: 1) How sensitive are poverty and inequality measures in Mexico to the use of different methodologies. 2) How have poverty and income inequality evolved between 1992 and 2008, specifically, is it possible to arrive at robust results regarding the changes observed in poverty and income inequality in the period of study? And 3) what are the underlying processes behind the levels and trends in income inequality? Using sensitivity analysis we show that in the Mexican case, poverty and inequality measures are highly sensitive to some methodological choices (e.g. economies of scale) but less sensitive to others such as the choice of poverty line. We obtain robust results regarding the evolution of poverty and income distribution in Mexico between 1992-2008, which show that periods of crisis have had a very negative impact on the majority of the population. Finally, our results suggest that education is the most important factor driving the levels and changes of inequality in Mexico, accounting for 20 percent of the total inequality observed. Moreover, it seems that changes in the returns, rather than the distribution of education, appear to be behind these changes.
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Meiring, Natalie. "Factors impacting Tablet PC usage in low-income communities." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/4642.
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The purpose of this research was to identify factors that impact on tablet PC usage in low-income communities. In order to determine and identify these factors a main research question and sub-research questions were formulated. The primary research question of this study was "What factors impact on tablet PC usage in low-income communities?" This main research question was answered by creating three sub-research questions followed by triangulating the results from these questions. The first sub-research question was aimed at determining whether prior exposure to touch screen technology impacts the user experience. In order to reach this objective an extensive literature review was conducted on the tablet PC landscape in South Africa. This literature review, coupled with the case study helped answer this first research question. The second sub-research question was concerned with determining whether existing user experience guidelines are relevant to South African users. A thorough literature review was conducted on user experience guidelines and related studies. This literature review, together with the results from the case study helped answer this second research question. The third sub-research question involved identifying specific factors which help improve the user experience of tablet PC users in a specific context. This research question was addressed in the case study. Each sub-research question provided results which were analysed in order to answer the main research question. The factors which impact on tablet PC usage were thus identified and recommendations were proposed.
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Aspin, Liam. "Inequality and growth : income distribution and the accumulation of human capital." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323212.
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Notarangelo, Joseph. "The California dream denied: Narrative strategy and the California labor dilemma." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2007.
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This thesis explores the relationship between differing interpretation of the California Dream and the narrative strategies through while [sic] they are expressed in three California labor novels during three different decades of California literature.
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Cheung, Chun-wing, and 張俊榮. "Investment in human capital and the distribution of earnings." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31976906.
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Martin, Christopher L. "Distribution and procedural justice : effects on satisfaction and commitment." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29169.
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Morgan, Mila Marc. "Essays on Income Distribution : Methodological, Historical and Institutional Perspectives with Applications to the case of Brazil (1926-2016)." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH194.
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Cette thèse consiste en trois essais sur la répartition des revenus, du point de vue de la production statistique (méthodes) et du développement économique (histoire et institutions). Le premier chapitre traite le problème croissant des enquêtes auprès des ménages de bien représenter les revenus les plus élevés. Il propose une nouvelle méthode pour réconcilier les données d'enquêtes avec des informations provenant de sources plus fiables, telles que des données fiscales. La méthode produit un base micro de données qui préserve la cohérence des autres variables socio-démographiques aux niveaux individuel et global, afin de permettre la poursuite des recherches dans un cadre distributif plus représentatif. La procédure est illustrée par des applications empiriques dans cinq pays, couvrant des contextes développés et moins développés pendant de nombreuses années. Les deuxième et troisième chapitres utilisent tous deux la méthode décrite dans le premier chapitre pour mesurer et analyser les inégalités de revenus pour différentes périodes et motifs au Brésil - une économie illustrative du développement tardif, où les enquêtes auprès des ménages sont une source de plus en plus problématique à partir de laquelle obtenir des informations crédibles sur la croissance relative des revenus de différentes parties de la population. Le deuxième chapitre combine des données non encore réconciliées afin de mettre au jour de nouvelles preuves et une nouvelle compréhension de l’inégalité des revenus au Brésil, en mettant l’accent sur la période très controversée des années 2000. Il constate que les inégalités au bas de l'échelle 90% de la répartition ont diminué, mais que la concentration au sommet persiste à des niveaux très élevés. Cette dichotomie était due à la forte croissance moyenne des revenus dans les deux extrêmes de la distribution, principalement entre 2002 et 2013, alors que le milieu de la distribution était serré. La réduction des inégalités parmi une grande partie de la population était due à la réduction des inégalités des revenus du travail, mais insuffisante pour empêcher la concentration croissante du revenu national parmi les élites économiques. Le chapitre contextualise les résultats afin de comprendre ce qui peut être le moteur de la dynamique, du rôle progressif de la politique sociale au rôle régressif du système fiscal et de la politique monétaire. Le troisième chapitre étend l'analyse de l'inégalité brésilienne sur une période historique plus longue afin de déterminer d'où elle vient. L’objectif général est de jeter un nouvel éclairage sur la dynamique de la distribution à long terme et son lien avec la croissance économique dans un pays en développement tardif. Basé sur la construction d'un ensemble de données riches sur les inégalités couvrant l'ensemble de la population depuis 1976 et un groupe de revenu supérieur depuis 1926, et sur sa combinaison avec d'autres informations sur les inégalités et statistiques macro, le chapitre montre les niveaux et la persistance sans précédent de la concentration du revenu au Brésil, malgré des fortes changements économiques et politiques. Le chapitre explique l'absence d'un force égalitaire soutenu dans le pays par une théorie endogène des changements institutionnelles, qui découle de changements structurels et économiques, mais que les élites s'approprient finalement pour éviter la redistribution de facteurs "fondamentaux" (terre, capital, revenu, éducation), que les mutations économiques et les acteurs sociaux associé semblent exiger. Il identifie le coup militaire de 1964 et ses conséquences comme un moment crucial dans l’histoire de l’inégalité au Brésil, dont les idées et les politiques ont en grande partie suspendu la croissance inclusive, réservé des étranglements distributifs aux futurs gouvernements, et dont l’héritage se fait encore sentir aujourd'huiThis PhD thesis consists of three essays on income distribution, from the point of view of statistical production (methods) and economic development (history and institutions). The first chapter deals with the growing problem of household surveys to accurately portray the top tail if the income distribution. It proposes a new method to reconcile survey data with information from more trusted sources, such as tax data. The method produces a micro-dataset that preserves the consistency of other socio-demographic variables at both the individual and aggregate levels, to allow future research to be carried out under a more representative distributive framework. The procedure is illustrated by empirical applications to five countries, covering both developed and less-developed contexts over numerous years. The second and third chapters both make use of the method described in the first chapter to measure and analyse income inequality for different time periods and motives in Brazil -- a perennial late-developing economy, where household surveys are an increasingly problematic source from which to obtain credible information on the relative income growth of different parts of the population. The second chapter combines data from previously un-reconciled sources to uncover new evidence and a new understanding of income inequality in Brazil, focusing on the much debated period of the 2000s. It finds that inequality within the Bottom 90% of the distribution declined, but concentration at the top persisted at very high levels. This dichotomy was given by the strong average income growth in both tails of the distribution mainly between 2002 and 2013, while the middle of the distribution was squeezed. The fall in inequality among a large part of the population was due to the fall in labour earnings inequality, which was nonetheless insufficient to prevent the growing concentration of national income among economic elites. The chapter contextualises the findings to understand what may be driving the dynamics, from the progressive role of social policy, to the regressive role of the tax system and monetary policy. The third chapter extends the Brazilian inequality analysis over a longer historical time-frame to examine where it has come from. The overall objective is to shed new light on long-run distributional dynamics and their connection with economic growth in a late-developing country. Based on the construction of a rich inequality dataset covering the whole population since 1976 and a top income group since 1926, and its combination with other distributional information and macro statistics, the chapter shows the unprecedented levels and persistence of income concentration in Brazil, despite tumultuous economic and political change. It explains the absence of any sustained egalitarian levelling in the country through an endogenous theory of institutional shifts, which originate from structural-economic changes, but get ultimately appropriated by elites to avoid the redistribution of fundamental factors (land, capital, income, education) that the economic changes and related social actors seem to demand. It identifies the military coup of 1964 and its aftermath as a crucial moment in the history of Brazilian inequality, whose ideas and policies largely suspended inclusive growth, consigned distributional bottlenecks to future governments, and whose legacy can still be perceived today
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Tan, Philip Whatt-Chye. "Economic development and social growth in Singapore a case study, 1968-1986 /." access full-text online access from Digital dissertation consortium, 1988. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?ML50390.
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Cloutier, Martin. "Households' expenditure patterns and income distribution in the Canadian agriculture and food industries : an input-output analysis." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69544.
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The objective of the research was to demonstrate the need, feasibility and relevance of disaggregating by income group the endogenized household sector in the Canadian Input-Output (I-O) model. Personal expenditures and revenue sources were endogenized into Agriculture Canada's I-O open model. Two models were developed, Model 1 and Model 2. Model 1 was a closed model that assumed homogeneity among households. Model 2 relaxed the homogeneity assumption.The superiority of Model 2 was empirically demonstrated by comparing the economic indicators generated by the models. The indicators of interest were industrial output, GDP at factor cost and the number of paid jobs. A sensitivity analysis investigated the impact of changes in wages and salaries and final demand on the models. Larger differences were found between the models when wages and salaries were stimulated. As hypothesized, Model 1 underestimated the contribution of the lowest wages and salaries group by 19.9 percent and overestimated the impact of the higher wages and salaries group by 19 percent. A $1 million increase in the final demand for agricultural, agri-food and petrochemical products was also simulated. The largest impacts on industrial output occurred when agricultural production was shocked ( $3.8 million). This was followed by agri-food products ($3.2 million) and petrochemical products ( $2.7 million). While differences in the models' estimates were minimal when changes in final demand were simulated, Model 2 generated additional information on the distribution of income.
In conclusion, the results generated by the I-O model with the disaggregated household sector, Model 2, were consistent with budget data and economic theory.
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Kranzinger, Stefan. "The Decomposition of Income Inequality in the EU-28." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6351/1/akutalisiert_WP_Decomposition.pdf.
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Seifertová, Zuzana. "The inequality in Chile: economic, political and social impacts." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-197008.
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Chile is one the most developed countries in Latin America with stable market-oriented economy and sustainable economic growth, becoming the first South American country to join the OECD. Nevertheless, it is also the country with the highest inequality of income in the OECD and one of the most unequal countries in the world. The biggest challenge for the next decade seems to be the reduction of inequalities and poverty. To achieve these goals, Chile needs to implement better policy in the area of production, innovations, finances, but also health and education. The thesis examines the development of inequality in Chile, its current situation and the impacts of inequality on the society, focusing on the problematic areas such as education and health. Additionally, it presents possible solutions and recommendations for Chile to reduce the high level of inequalities, including the external help. The main resources used for the analysis are the information published by the World Bank, OECD or European Commission and complemented with statistics and reports of Chilean government.
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Sejanamane, Nkhahle Daniel. "Challenges in distribution of old age pensions in Lesotho." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20477.
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The research set out to explore the nature of challenges in distribution of old age pensions in Lesotho. Poor institutional capacity failed the implementing agency, the Department of Pensions; to set up competent administrative structures to run run the pensions effectively and efficiently. A number of challenges have been identified, some of which were: inadequate supervision of the paying officers, fraud by workers and community agents, missing funds, insufficient resources, inadequate administrative capacity, overworked employees, faulty targeting, soft and discriminatory approach to non-compliance with rules and multiple use of identity documents by recipients. On the other hand, a number of opportunities have been identified to counteract the challenges. The main recommendation of the study was the engagement of mobile phone-based money transfer facilities to transfer the old age pensions from the government to the recipients. The Department of Pensions should make use of baseline database like information from civil registration agency like the Ministry of Home Affairs to confirm the validity of the pension recipients. Other recommendations included moving the division of old age pensions from the Pensions Department to the Ministry of Social Development which is the controlling body for other forms of social grants in Lesotho. The Ministry of Social Development is regarded as well equipped with qualified staff and facilities to deal with vulnerable people like the elderly.
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Latty, Kieran. "Income distribution, growth and social-welfare: towards an economic solution to the growth-equality trade-off problem." Thesis, Department of Political Economy, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8260.
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This thesis assesses the social-welfare implications of modifications to the post transfer distribution of income, in the context of welfare maximising policy design. Both the inequality-distributional efficiency and inequality-growth relationship are assessed. An Atkinson social welfare function is employed in a novel fashion to model the inequality distributional efficiency relationship, including direct effects that result from the concavity of the personal utility function, and external losses operating via positional income effects. This analysis produces estimates of the social welfare losses from inequality across a data set of 137 countries, where the unweighted average of total losses is found to be equivalent to be 47% of GNI. The equality-growth relationship is analysed from the standpoint of both endogenous growth theory and post-Keynesian theories of demand and investment. The relationships between the functional and personal distribution of income and key macroeconomic variables including the rate of savings, and physical and human capital accumulation are assessed. Crucially, these relationships are found to be highly modifiable by economic policy and structural reform, and in theory, no growth–equality trade off need exist. On the contrary, equality may be growth promoting at moderate to high inequality levels. Combined with the large static welfare losses from inequality uncovered in this analysis, the welfare optimum level of inequality is likely to be close to the level associated with distributional efficiency maximisation. This is likely to be a very low level of inequality in comparison to existing levels in most countries and regions, and large welfare losses result from levels of inequality significantly above this level. Honours Thesis: Submitted as partial requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (Honours), Political Economy, University of Sydney, 2011. 2 This work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university, and to the best of my knowledge and belief, this thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due references is made in the text of the thesis.
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Guyon, Nina. "Essais sur l'éducation, les intéractions sociales et la ségrégation." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0160.
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Cette thèse vise à traiter une question centrale : à quel point mon environnement m'influence-t-il ? Dans un premier temps, je me concentre sur les questions : « À quel point serions-nous différents si nos parents étaient plus impliqués dans notre scolarité ? » et « Est-il réellement possible d'augmenter cette implication ? ». Le chapitre 1 propose une revue des littératures économique, psychologique et sociologique, et le chapitre 2 présente les résultats d'une expérience à grande échelle montrant les bénéfices potentiels de l'implication parentale sur la réussite scolaire des enfants. Le chapitre 3 évalue ensuite l'impact de plusieurs outils de communication sur la participation des parents à des réunions proposées par l'école. La troisième question à laquelle je m'intéresse est : « Quel est l'impact d'une démocratisation des filières d'élite ? ». En analysant la discontinuité dans la distribution des résultats scolaires entre cohortes et entre zones géographiques due à une réforme en Irlande du Nord, le chapitre 4 montre que l'effet net de cette réforme a été une augmentation très significative aux résultats aux examens nationaux à la fin de la scolarité obligatoire ainsi qu'à la fin du lycée. Si la manière dont les enfants sont alloués entre écoles compte, alors celle dont les familles sont allouées entre quartiers compte également. La dernière question à laquelle cette thèse s'intéresse est : « Quel est le niveau de la ségrégation des revenus en France et comment évolue-t-il ? ». Le chapitre 5 étudie le niveau de ségrégation des revenus dans les années 2000 à différents niveaux géographiques et décrit les choix de voisinage sous-jacents des ménages qui déménagentThis thesis aims at answering one question : how much is my circle influencing me ? Firsly, I focus on the questions "How much would we be different if our parents were more involved in school?" and "Is it actually possible to increase parental involvement ?". Chapter 1 reviews in details the economic, psychological and sociological literatures on parental involvement in school, while the policy evaluation presented in chapter 2 provides large scale experimental evidence on the potential benefits on parental involvement for children's success. Chapter 3 then evaluates the impact of several communication tools on parental participation to school meetings. The third question on wich I will focus is : "What is the impact of tracking student by ability accross schools ?". Analyzing the discontinuity in the distribution of educational outcomes across cohorts and local areas due to a reform in Northern-Ireland, chapter 4 shows that the net effect on the 'detracking' reform was a very significant increase in national examination results at the end of compulsory schooling as well as at the end of 'high school'. Finally, if the way children are allocated across schools matters, then the way families are allocated across neighborhoods also does as children often attend the nearest school from their home. The final question that I try to answer is thus : "How strong is income segregation in France and how does it evolve ?". Chapter 5 studies income segregation in the 2000's at the several geographical levels and describes the underlying neighborhood choices of moving households
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Kirwan, Kerry Louise. "Social-psychological aspects of domestic renewable energy : a study of low-income tenants responses to solar photovoltaics." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4259.
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If the UK is to achieve the aim of moving to a low-carbon society, it is necessary to understand the factors involved in public acceptance of new energy technologies. To date however, there is little research exploring responses to renewable energy technologies in low-income households and disadvantaged communities, especially where those technologies are 'imposed' by outside agencies. This research attempts to address this gap by investigating perceptions of and attitudes towards solar photovoltaic (PV) panels in a 'New Deal for Communities' area in Leicester (UK). Forty-two semi-structured interviews were conducted with tenants of the solar homes prior to installation of PV panels. A theoretical framework reflecting issues of technology diffusion, place-related social identity and social networks was used as a template in coding participants' accounts. A follow-up questionnaire survey (n=13) was used to explore some of the issues arising from the interviews. Findings suggest that participants' perceptions of PV prior to installation reflect constructs from Rogers' (2003) attribute-perception model, but that this model did not capture all factors that influenced perceptions of PV. Tenants recognised personal and community benefits from PV. However, some concern was expressed about the outcomes of installation and some participants reported a lack of interest and little awareness of the technology. In addition, there were concerns that the scheme may damage community relations by inspiring envy in those whose houses were not included. Taken as a whole, these findings stress the importance of investigating tenants' perceptions prior to implementation of the project. The second study found that if tenants do not save money from PV then they will have a negative attitude towards it. From these findings, conclusions are drawn about the potential for successfully implementing similar schemes in areas undergoing urban regeneration and suggest some ways in which this process can be facilitated.
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Prest, Janalyn. "O' the tangled webs we weave, when first we practice to conceive : navigating the online commodification, distribution, and consumption of donor sperm." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31133.
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Much of the public debate surrounding new technologies and techniques in assisted reproductive technology (ART) is caught up in the speculative nature of imagined futures of 'science-fictive' proportions. This thesis, by contrast, examines a 'naturalized' ART donor insemination, discussing the manner in which couples (and occasionally single women) construct distributive and kinship networks as they move through the processes of fertility treatment and the selection of donor sperm.This thesis follows a marketing trail for sperm from scientific journal, to the web, to conference floor. In doing so it examines and contrasts the information that is offered by companies distributing donor sperm and drawn upon by those making selective choices. It argues that the process of donor gamete selection---as mediated by Internet technologies---is characterized by a juxtapositioning of two trends: 'eugenic' promise, and expansion kinship networks based on 'like kinds'. This paper strives to explore these desires, beliefs and motivations at play in the commodification, distribution and consumption observed in the online marketing and sale of gametes.
This thesis contributes to the body of anthropological theorizing on gifting and commodification, and kinship, by arguing that donor sperm---in the context of current exchange practices---challenges a dichotomous categorization of gift/commodity, and is best understood as a hybrid item of exchange. Following Appadurai, the commodity candidacy of donor sperm, and the context of its commodification is explored, noting the manner in which kinship networks are extended and negotiated in the process.
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Lomax, Kevin Clay. "COMPARATIVE PENSION POLICY OUTCOMES IN SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC NATIONS: THE CASE OF FINLAND." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2002. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukygero2002d00038/KCLDISS.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2002.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 142 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 128-139).
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Jesmin, Syeda Sarah. "Income Inequality and Racial/Ethnic Infant Mortality in the United States." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9770/.
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The objective of this study was to examine if intra-racial income inequality contributes to higher infant mortality rates (IMRs) for African-Americans. The conceptual framework for this study is derived from Richard Wilkinson's psychosocial environment interpretation of the income inequality and health link. The hypotheses examined were that race/ethnicity-specific IMRs are influenced by intra-race/ethnicity income inequality, and that these effects of income inequality on health are mediated by level of social mistrust and/or risk profile of the mother. Using state-level data from several sources, the 2000 National Center for Health Statistics Linked Birth Infant Death database, 2000 U.S. Census, and 2000 General Social Survey, a number of regression equations were estimated. Results indicated that the level of intra-racial/ethnic income inequality is a significant predictor of non-Hispanic Black IMRs, but not the IMRs of non-Hispanic Whites or Hispanics. Additionally, among Blacks, the effect of their intra-racial income inequality on their IMRs was found to be mediated by the risk profile of the mother, namely, the increased likelihood of smoking and/or drinking and/or less prenatal care by Black women during pregnancy. Implications of the findings are discussed.
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Short, Patricia Margaret. "Association, reciprocity, sharing and dependency : conditions of access and forms of inequality beyond the market state /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18178.pdf.
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Covre, Ariane de Almeida Corrêa 1989. "A evolução da renda disponível no Brasil : 2003-2009." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286501.
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Orientador: Claudio Salvadori DedeccaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: O Brasil é um país profundamente marcado pela desigualdade de renda, mas durante a última década passou por um período de crescimento econômico acompanhado de uma melhora na estrutura social e de redução da desigualdade. Este trabalho pretende analisar a queda da desigualdade de renda disponível no Brasil no período de crescimento econômico compreendido entre os anos de 2003 e 2009. Pretende-se estudar a evolução da desigualdade de renda após a subtração dos impostos, tendo em vista a importância dessa informação como um aspecto importante de uma abordagem multidimensional da desigualdade, para compreender a atuação do Estado nesse processo de diminuição da desigualdade
Abstract: Brazil is a country deeply marked by income inequality, but over the last decade has experienced a period of economic growth accompanied by an improvement in the social structure and inequality reduction. This paper discusses the fall in inequality of disposable income in Brazil in the period of economic growth between the years 2003 and 2009. We intend to study the evolution of income inequality after subtracting taxes, considering the importance of this information as an important part of a multidimensional approach to inequality aspect to understand the role of the state in this process of reduction of inequality
Mestrado
Economia Social e do Trabalho
Mestra em Desenvolvimento Econômico
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Casey, David Matthew. "Summer activities and social competence of adolescents from low-income families individual, family, and neighborhood factors /." Thesis, Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3036163.
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Wong, Kin-yoke. "Income distribution on the district level and individual self-reported health in Hong Kong : a multi-level analysis /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25100956.
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Bowes, Tanya-Ann. "Discourses around abortion in a low-income community in the Western Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002448.
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Since the introduction of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act in 1996, research concerning abortion has primarily focused on public health issues or on the personal experience of women. The cultural and social context within which women experience a termination of pregnancy and in which services are offered has received less attention. The purpose of this study was to analyse public discourses around abortion in a low-income community in the Western Cape. Focus groups were used to gather data from three women’s and three men’s groups. The findings suggest that the agenda of pro-life discourses in this community is not always to defend the life of the fetus. Rather these discourses serve to protect, preserve and maintain the power of the traditional nuclear family, headed by the husband, over women’s reproduction and sexuality. Religious and moral arguments serve to disguise the gender issues at stake. However, instances also occurred where TOP was supported if the husband participated in the decision-making process. Therefore, his presence normalised abortion. Thus, the prevailing public discourses around abortion in this community either support or negate abortion in order to further the agenda of patriarchy.
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Khan, Jahangir. "The impact of social security compensation inequality on earnings distribution due to sickness and disability /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-459-7/.
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Mash, Richard. "The consequences of international trade price volatility for national income and welfare : theory and evidence." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:24f115c7-bb18-4018-afbb-bc9322dde275.
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The thesis considers the effect of world trade or commodity price volatility on small open economies. It extends the existing literature by including non-tradeable goods and many volatile prices in the model together with consideration of the welfare effects of participation in international risk or capital markets. In addition the thesis systematically addresses the implications of price volatility for resource allocation and presents empirical estimates of the costs and benefits of volatility for a large sample of countries. The most important theme in the analysis is the extent of output flexibility in the face of variable prices. It is shown that price volatility gives rise to high returns to flexibility which suggests that commodity exporting countries should regard price volatility as an opportunity to benefit by being flexible as well as a source of welfare costs. The empirical estimates show that many developing countries have had an inflexible response to changes in world prices over the period 1958-90. Flexibility may improve with the abolition of producer price stabilisation in many countries in the 1980s, a policy reform that is predicted to yield large benefits. These will increase if attempts are also made to improve the functioning of domestic risk and capital markets together with enhanced access to their international equivalents.
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Beal, Amanda L. Krieckhaus Jonathan Tabor. "The political foundations of welfare development regime type, domestic pressures, and social spending in Latin America /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/7015.
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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 26, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Dr. Jonathan Krieckhaus. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Lam, Kam-wah, and 林錦華. "The impacts of the privatization of public housing on low-income groups in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31968272.
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王建育 and Kin-yoke Wong. "Income distribution on the district level and individual self-reportedhealth in Hong Kong: a multi-levelanalysis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31970825.
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Silveira, Fernando Gaiger 1964. "Tributação, previdencia e assistencia sociais : impactos distributivos." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285804.
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Orientador: Rodolfo HoffmannTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar os impactos distributivos da tributação direta e indireta e da previdência e assistência sociais. Para tanto, foram utilizados os dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Famílias (POF) de 2002-2003, buscando-se, com base nos registros administrativos, avaliar o grau de aderência dos dados da pesquisa e, principalmente, discriminar os benefícios previdenciários segundo o regime, isto é, se provenientes do Regime Geral da Previdência Social (RGPS) ¿ ou como comumente se diz do INSS ¿ ou dos Regimes Próprios de Previdência Social (RPPSs) ¿ relacionados ao funcionalismo público. Empregou-se na avaliação dos impactos distributivos dos diferentes tipos de transferências monetárias (ou benefícios) e dos impostos sobre a renda e o consumo das famílias dos indicadores usuais de concentração da renda, verificando-se as mudanças nesses indicadores ao se passar da renda anterior à concessão dos benefícios ou à incidência dos tributos para a renda resultante de tais intervenções públicas. A mudança nos índices de concentração resulta de dois componentes: o primeiro, relativo ao grau de progressividade ou regressividade do benefício ou tributo, e o segundo, concernente aos rearranjos que tais intervenções provocam no ordenamento das famílias pela renda. Discutiu-se qual a renda que se deve ter por parâmetro de avaliação: se a anterior ou se a posterior a intervenção, defendendo-se a metodologia com base na renda ex post, pois o que interessa é o efeito de se conceder ou se tributar R$ 1 adicional e não o efeito do primeiro real transferido ou recolhido. Isso porque as propostas de alteração das políticas só fazem sentido sob a realidade existente. As principais conclusões das estimativas dos impactos distributivos da tributação, previdência e assistência sociais foram: a) não houve alteração significativa na concentração da renda pessoal resultado do conjunto de políticas consideradas ¿ aposentadorias e pensões, programas de transferência de renda, auxílios, seguro-desemprego, bolsa de estudo, impostos sobre a renda, contribuições previdenciárias, impostos sobre imóveis e veículos e impostos ou contribuições sobre o consumo ¿; b) baixo impacto distributivo dos benefícios previdenciários e assistenciais, do seguro-desemprego e das outras transferências monetárias, comparativamente ao que se observa nos países desenvolvidos; c) essa baixa eficácia distributiva se deve, primordialmente, a elevada regressividade das aposentadoria e pensões dos RPPSs, que anulam os impactos distributivos das aposentadorias do RGPS, dos programas de transferência de renda e dos auxílios aos trabalhadores; d) os tributos diretos e o IR, em particular, apresentam índices de progressividade satisfatórios em comparação com os países centrais, tendo, todavia, pouca efetividade distributiva dada sua pequena participação na renda pessoal; e) a regressividade do IPTU e a neutralidade do IPVA, o que demonstra a rigidez, no Brasil, em se tributar de modo mais efetivo o patrimônio ¿ e porque não, riqueza; e f) a tributação indireta é claramente regressiva, fato amplamente reconhecido, não discrepando, ademais, da experiência internacional, mas tendo seu efeito amplificado pela importância que os impostos sobre o consumo apresentam no conjunto da carga tributária nacional. Assim, deve-se centrar os esforços distributivos em ampliar a participação dos benefícios de caráter progressivo (bolsas, aposentadorias do RGPS e auxílios) no conjunto das transferências governamentais, aumentar o peso da tributação direta na arrecadação e corrigir o perfil de incidência dos tributos sobre o patrimônio
Abstract: This study aims to assess the distributional impact of direct and indirect taxation and welfare and social assistance. To achieve its purpose it uses data from Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2002-2003 of IBGE, looking up, based on administrative records, assess the degree of adherence of the search data and, mainly, to discriminate against those benefits under the scheme, that is, from the regime of General Welfare (RGPS) - or as is commonly said the INSS - or the schemes of Own Welfare (RPPSs) - related to the civil service. We applied in the evaluation of distributional impacts of different types of money transfer (or benefits) and taxes on income and household consumption indicators of the usual concentration of income, there are changes in these indicators of income to be passed before the granting of benefits or the impact of taxes for income resulting from such measures. The change in the indices of concentration results from two components: the first on the degree of progressivity and regressivity of the benefit or tribute, and the second, concerning the rearrangements that such interventions cause for ranking households by income. Discussed which is the rent that it should be an assessment parameter: whether before or after the, using the methodology based on income ex post, because what matters is the effect of lending or taxing one $ additional and not the effect of the first real transferred or collected. That's because the proposed amendment of policies only make sense under the existing reality. The main conclusions of the estimates of the distributional impact of taxation, social elfare and assistance were: a) there was no significant change in the concentration of personal income result of all the policies considered - retirements and pensions, programs to transfer income, aid, unemployment insurance - , scholarship, taxes on income, contributions, taxes on buildings and vehicles and taxes or contributions on consumption - b) low impact of distributive and welfare benefits, unemployment insurance, and other monetary transfers, compared to that found in developed countries, c) the low efficiency distribution is due, primarily, the high regressivity of retirement and pensions of RPPSs, which offset the impacts of retirements of distributive RGPS, programmes to transfer income and aid workers; d) the direct taxes and IR, in particular, have rates of progressive satisfactory in comparison with the core countries, however, taking little effectiveness distributive given its small stake in personal income and) the regressivity of IPTU (tax on urban property) and neutrality of IPVA (tax on vehicles), shows that the rigidity, Brazil, to tax more effectively the wealth - and why not, wealth; f) the indirect taxation is clearly regressive, a fact widely acknowledged, not discrepando Moreover, the international experience, but having its effect amplified by the role that taxes on consumption present throughout the national tax burden. Thus, it should focus efforts on expanding the distributive share of the benefits of progressive character (grants, aid and retirements of RGPS) in overall government transfers, increasing the weight of direct taxation in the collection and correct the profile of incidence of taxes on the patrimony
Doutorado
Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente
Doutor em Economia Aplicada
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Remy, Maria Alice Pestana de Aguiar. "Mobilidade brasileira a partir de estratos de renda : (1981 a 2004)." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286294.
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Orientador: Waldir Jose de QuadrosDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: Esta dissertação analisa a evolução da mobilidade da sociedade brasileira entre cinco estratos de renda, com base na alocação de todos os membros da família na faixa de renda de sua maior remuneração individual, durante o período 1981-2004. O pressuposto teórico consiste na crença de que a posição social das famílias está diretamente relacionada à inserção na sociedade de seu integrante de melhor remuneração. Os dados utilizados são os das Pesquisas Nacionais por Amostra de Domicílios (PNADs) a partir de 1981, coletados anualmente pelo IBGE, salvo para os anos em que inexistiu a pesquisa. Os principais resultados apontam para uma redução dos espaços sociais ou para o encolhimento da proporção de pessoas nos três estratos superiores de renda e ampliação dos dois estratos da base da pirâmide, numa trajetória descendente de famílias, ainda com baixo nível de rendimento individual. As famílias com crianças tiveram os piores desempenhos e a comparação entre as trajetórias de pessoas até a pré-adolescência registraram o pior desempenho durante o período 2000-2004. Por outro lado, também é possível constatar que o movimento de melhoria de renda ocorrido logo após aos dois maiores planos econômicos (Cruzado e Real) perderam o vigor ao longo do tempo
Abstract: This dissertation analyzes the evolution of Brazilian society mobility among five income brackets. It is based on the allocation of all family members with their highest individual earnings within their income bracket during the period of 1981 through 2004. The theoretical assumption builds its foundation on the fact that the family social status is directly related to the induction in society of the highest paying family member. The data is used from Pesquisas Nacionais por Amostra a Domicilio (PNADs) from 1981 on, collected annually by IBGE, except for the years in which the research was not performed. The main results point out to a reduction of social strata or proportionate shrinking of individuals on the top three income brackets and expansion of the bottom two of the pyramid, following a downward trajectory of families still with low individual earnings. Families with children had the worst performance and the comparison amongst individuals up to pre-adolescence amassed to the worst performance during the period of 2000-2004. On the other hand, it is possible to demonstrate that the upswing income improvement that took place immediately after the two economic plans (Cruzado and Real) lost momentum over time
Mestrado
Economia Social e do Trabalho
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
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Kwan, Chui-lan Rachel, and 關翠蘭. "Planning for the elderly: a spatial distribution perspective." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31259418.
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Mcgauvran, Ronald Joel. "The Middle Matters: Political Responses to Income Inequality in an American State." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1157531/.
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Kwong, Hay-yin Freda, and 鄺希姘. "Housing for the middle income group: sandwichclass housing loan scheme (1993)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31967772.
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Biehl, Lundberg Andrés. "Social policy and income inequality in the Southern Cone during the 20th century : a comparative perspective." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ce998341-6b28-41a7-9453-94a22174e47a.
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This dissertation compares the effects of progressive social reform on income inequality in the Southern Cone of South America, Scandinavia, and Australasia. These regions faced comparable economic challenges at the start of the 20th century, but experienced different trends of income inequality after they introduced progressive policies in this period. Australasia and Scandinavia converged on a downward trend while the Southern Cone remained comparatively more unequal. The dissertation concentrates on three areas that significantly predict inequality in contemporary research: labour markets, education, and taxation and spending policies. Existing explanations usually focus on supply-side aspects of policy reform: wage regulation, and increased taxation and spending on education and social insurance, are thought to bring inequality down in the long-run. These reforms are seen as the outcome of the relative power of working class groups over elites. Despite institutional variation, the three regions enacted progressive policies to address distributional conflict and protect their economies from global risks. I study the demand-side of policy reform; policies faced considerable collective action problems to promote compliance and cooperation in order to work in the long-time and include populations at large. The fact that most people were motivated to comply meant that labour markets generated formality and standard wages, education increased human capital, and spending became stable as the tax base increased in Scandinavia and the Antipodes. The opposite happened in the Southern Cone as social actors tried to link selectively with the state while state officials neglected the material constraints that limited access to welfare and education. Each chapter spells out the conditions through which policy addressed collective action problems to motivate cooperation with wage agreements, sending children to school, and compliance with taxation and spending policies. Behind comparable aggregate numbers in these areas, the underlying social processes differed as Australasians and Scandinavians fostered cooperation between state and social actors, while the Southern Cone did not.
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Jirakiattikul, Sopin. "Poverty and social protection : the case of Thailand." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON10008.
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La Thaïlande connaît depuis le début des années 1960 une croissance remarquable accompagnée d'un développement économique qui se traduit par une réduction sensible de la pauvreté. En parallèle, la distribution des revenus est devenue moins inégalitaire, tout particulièrement au cours des dernières décennies. Depuis la crise financière asiatique de 1997, la protection sociale en Thaïlande s'est développée dans un cadre institutionnel en vue de réduire la pauvreté et la vulnérabilité de la population. La politique institutionnelle initiée intitulée « couverture santé universelle » s'accompagne de larges effets sur la qualité de vie de la population thaïlandaise. L'objet de cette thèse est de déterminer dans quelle mesure les politiques de bien-être social en particulier celle portant sur la généralisation de la protection sociale ont transformé la distribution des revenus dans un contexte de forte croissance économique. La problématique soulève trois questions (1) Le développement économique a-t-il conduit à accroître les inégalités ? (2) Quelles sont les retombées de la croissance économique sur les pauvres ? (3) Comment la protection sociale contribue t-elle à faire diminuer la pauvreté ? Dans cette thèse, le cadre conceptuel a été construit à partir des théories de l'inégalité et de l'exclusion sociale afin d'analyser la pauvreté, la distribution des revenus et d'évaluer la protection sociale de la santé. Nous avons mobilisé des informations issues d'enquêtes socio-économiques, de bases de données internationales et d'enquêtes directes sur le terrain pour étudier les inégalités et les conséquences de la pauvreté sur plusieurs catégories de pauvres. Les politiques publiques à destination des déshérités sont également considérées dans cette étude. Cette thèse nous permet de montrer que le modèle de croissance économique n'est plus aussi fortement orienté en faveur de la réduction de la pauvreté qu'au cours des périodes passées. Les mécanismes mis en oeuvre, tels que l'augmentation du bien-être social sont menacés, de sorte que les menaces liées à la crise économique actuelle sont de nature à affecter tout particulièrement les déshérités. Depuis 15 ans, la protection sociale est assurée à travers une politique de recouvrement des soins de santé soucieuse de réduire les dépenses de santé. L'inaccessibilité des soins demeure le problème majeur pour les plus vulnérables. En effet, la distribution des ressources publiques allouées aux pauvres est centralisée et est l'objet de dérives clientélistesIn the last four decades, Thailand's economic development has been accompanied with great reductions in absolute poverty but not relative poverty. After the Asian financial crisis in 1997, social protection in Thailand emerged as a policy framework employed to tackle poverty and vulnerability. In particular the policy entitled Universal health coverage for all was initiated and had broad effects on the quality of life of Thai people. The goal of this thesis is to understand how social and welfare policies have shaped income distribution in a context of rapid economic growth. To carry out this scope, we concentrate on three questions: (1) Does economic development in the early stages lead to increase inequalities? (2) How does economic growth affect poverty? And (3) Can social protection alleviate the poverty? This thesis is grounded in the concepts of the theories of inequality and social exclusion. It connects the multidimensional aspects of both poverty concepts and measures with the different conceptual bases of social protection. Using series drawn from socio-economic surveys, international databases, field studies, and the assessment of social protection in health, the inequality and social impacts which affect various groups of the poor are explored. State policies targeting the poor are also included in the study. The results show that the pattern of economic growth is not "pro-poor" anymore, as it has been in some periods in the past. Mechanisms of poverty reduction, such as social welfare policies, are threatened, thus the looming economic crisis could be particularly hard on the poor. Social health protection in the last fifteen years has relied on the universal healthcare coverage policy, which is aimed at relieving the pressure of health expenditures. However, the inaccessibility of health services remains a problem for vulnerable populations. Indeed, the allocation of public resources targeting the poor stays is centralized and subject to influence from special interests
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Mello, Leonardo Carvalho de. "Desenvolvimento financeiro e econômico-social nos municípios brasileiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12138/tde-18092014-141200/.
Full textAbstract:
Há um intenso debate sobre o papel do crédito sobre o ciclo recente de expansão da economia brasileira. Esse trabalho pretende se inserir nesse debate ao testar resultados consagrados pela literatura empírica sobre as relações entre desenvolvimento financeiro e desenvolvimento econômico e social. Além disso, discute-se a questão de má alocação de recursos no que diz respeito ao crédito concedido com base em recursos direcionados (em geral, por bancos públicos e subsidiado) em relação ao crédito alocado por recursos livres. Os resultados sugerem maior eficiência alocativa do crédito livre em relação ao crédito direcionado. Por outro lado, também indicam um instrumento de políticas públicas que tem contribuído para a redução da desigualdade e da pobreza. Ainda assim, é importante a ressalva da inexistência de uma estimativa precisa de quanto a sociedade está alocando para essas políticas nem se esses recursos poderiam obter resultados mais eficientes se alocados em outros tipos de políticas. Esses resultados são sensíveis ao tamanho dos municípios medido pelo nível do PIB per capita, o que também sugere que uma dinâmica diferente do mercado de crédito e sua contribuição para o desenvolvimento.There are a lot of discussions about the role of credit on the recent growth cycle of the Brazilian economy. This paper intends to be part of this debate by testing empirical results in the literature that relates financial development and social and economic development outcomes. In addition, it discusses the issue of misallocation of resources specially comparing the earmarked credit concession (usually lent by public banks and with government subsidies) to free market credit. The results indicate greater allocative efficiency of free credit in relation to earmarked credit. On the other hand, they suggest that the earmarked credit is an instrument of public policy that has contributed to reduce poverty and inequality. Even though, it is important to caveat the lack of an accurate estimate of how much the society is allocating to this policy and what type of results would be achieved allocating this resources to other policies with the same goals. These results are sensitive to the municipalities\' size measured by GDP per capita level. It suggests a different dynamic to the credit market and its contribution to development.
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Onaran, Özlem, and Valerie Bösch. "The effect of globalization on the distribution of taxes and social expenditures in Europe: Do welfare state regimes matter?" WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2010. http://epub.wu.ac.at/2795/1/workingpaper40_oezlem_boesch_online.pdf.
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This paper estimates the effect of globalization on the implicit tax rates (ITR) on capital income, labor income and consumption, and the share of social protection expenditures in total public expenditures in Western and Eastern Europe. It tests the coexistence of efficiency and compensation effects of globalization on the expenditure as well as the revenue sides of government budgets. In Western Europe, globalization leads to an increase in social
expenditures; however these expenditures are to an increasing extent financed by taxes on labor income. There is no effect of the ITR on capital income, whereas the ITR on consumption decreases. There are important differences
between the welfare states. In the conservative regimes, social expenditures increase due to globalization, but they are financed to an increasing extent by taxes on labor. In the social democratic regimes, not only social expenditures,
but also the ITRs on capital income and consumption decrease as a result of globalization, whereas the ITR on labor income increases. In the liberal regimes, the ITR on labor income is rising, while social expenditures and the
ITR on consumption is declining. In the southern regimes, the ITRs on both capital income and consumption are decreasing. In the CEE NMS, on average, there seems to be no statistically significant effect of globalization on social expenditures nor on the ITR on capital and labor income. Globalization affects only the ITR on consumption, leading to a decline. However, different welfare regimes react differently: there is a negative effect of globalization on social spending in the Baltic countries, and a negative effect on the ITR on capital income in the post-communist European regimes. (author's abstract)Series: Discussion Papers SFB International Tax Coordination
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Halam, Khanyiswa. "Exploring the role of education, income and standard of living in determining food security amongst Mhlontlo Local Municipality citizens in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4802.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to explore the relationship that exists between education, income, standard of living and food security amongst Mhlontlo local municipality citizens. For this purpose, data was collected from citizens of the Mhlontlo municipality in the Eastern Cape. A sample of 101municipality citizens was drawn from the population. Results of the study indicated that the study variables are significantly negatively correlated with one another. The findings of this study are helpful in providing support to policy makers and social security agencies to have a better understanding of food security and indicate one important avenue to reduce food insecurity in Mhlontlo municipality and the Eastern Cape at large.
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Zylberberg, Raphael Simas. "Transferência de renda, estrutura produtiva e desigualdade: uma análise inter-regional para o Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12140/tde-14012009-155225/.
Full textAbstract:
Nos últimos anos, especialmente após 2002, a utilização de programas de transferência de renda como forma de combate à pobreza se intensificou no Brasil, o que pode ser percebido pela implementação de diversos Programas de Transferência Condicionada de Renda, com grande destaque para o programa o Bolsa Família, criado em 2004. Este movimento foi acompanhado por uma forte queda na desigualdade de renda no Brasil, de tal forma que o índice de Gini medido pelo Ipea tenha atingido o seu menor patamar histórico. Neste contexto, é importante que se analise a capacidade de políticas de transferências compensatórias de renda afetarem a estrutura distributiva da economia brasileira. Ou seja, se programas nos moldes do Bolsa Família, os quais não alteram a estrutura econômica, afetam a distribuição da renda. Para cumprir este objetivo, foi utilizado um modelo baseado em uma Matriz de Contabilidade Social inter-regional construída neste trabalho, de forma a considerar as relações inter-setoriais, inter-regionais e entre os setores institucionais, combinando informações de uma matriz insumo-produto inter-regional com informações das Contas Econômicas Integradas e de pesquisas domiciliares POF e PNAD do IBGE. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho mostram que transferências de renda, nos moldes do programa Bolsa Família, podem resultar em impactos positivos sobre a distribuição da renda, em suas formas pessoal e regional. As reduções apresentadas pelo índice de Gini, neste trabalho, variam de 0,70% e 0,99%, dependendo da regra de fechamento considerada, sendo que esta redução foi mais intensa nas regiões mais pobres, no norte e nordeste do país, que apresentaram reduções no índice de Gini regional, pelo menos, 22% superiores à redução do Gini Nacional. Parte da redução observada na desigualdade nacional foi resultado da melhora na distribuição inter-regional da renda, apresentando quedas que variarem entre 3,02% e 3,65% na desigualdade inter-regional da renda medida pelo índice T-Theil, dependendo da regra de fechamento considerada. Mas, apesar disto, analisando separadamente os impactos diretos dos impactos indiretos e induzidos sobre a renda das famílias, percebe-se que os efeitos do segundo grupo provocam um aumento na concentração da renda. Isso ocorre porque a forma de introdução das famílias na estrutura econômica provoca um aumento da desigualdade de renda, isso porque o consumo das famílias beneficiárias e das famílias de forma geral apresenta um viés concentrador. Embora esta tendência concentradora seja mais do que compensada pelas transferências iniciais, ela indica que o funcionamento do sistema econômico brasileiro promove a concentração da renda, e que a melhora da distribuição de renda provocada pelas transferências é resultado de mecanismos artificiais, não sustentáveis de forma independente. Portanto, programas de transferência de renda devem ser tomados como ações emergenciais, sendo que medidas que visem alterar a distribuição de renda no Brasil de forma sustentável devem buscar alterações na estrutura distributiva nacional.In the last few years, especially after 2002, the use of Cash Transfers Programmes to deal with poverty got deepen in Brazil. That is evidencied by the implementation of a several Conditional Cash Transfers Programmes, more significantly, the Bolsa Família Programme, created in 2004. This movement was followed by an intense fall of the income inequality in Brazil, that pushed the Gini index, estimated by Ipea, to its lower level. With this background, its important to analise the capacity of compensatory cash transfers policies to affect the distributive framework of the brasilian economy. That is, if programmes Bolsa Família-like, with no effect in the economic estructure, can change the income distribution. To reach this objective, it was applied a SAM-based model, with a interregional Social Accounting Matrix created in this study, as a mean to include inter-sectorial, inter-regional and inter-institutions relations. This matrix combine the informations from a interregional Input-Output table with data from Contas Econômicas Integradas (Integrated Economic Accounts) and household surveys (POF and PNAD), from IBGE. The results obtained in this study show that cash transfers, with the pattern of Bolsa Família programme, can result in positive impacts on the income distribution, in both, personal and regional views. The reduction presented by the Gini index, in this research, varied from 0,70% to 0,99%, depending on the closure rule in consideration, and the reduction was more intense in the poorest regions, brazilian north and northeast, that presented reductions, at least, 22% higher than the national Gini fall. Part of the reduction observed in the national income inequality is consequence of an improvement in the interregional distribution of income, with reductions of the T-Theil index that varied from 3,02% to 3,65%, depending on the closure rule in consideration. However, when analysing separately the direct impacts from the indirect and induced impacts, one can realise that the second order effects (indirect and induced effects) lead to a increase in income inequality. This happens because the way that the household sector interact with the economic framework increases the income concentration, this is shown by the concentrative bias of the consumption pattern of the beneficiaries household and of the household as a hole. In spite of the fact that this concentation tendency is more than compensated by the initial transfers, it indicates that the functioning of the brazilian economic system promotes the income concentration, and that the improve in income distribution caused by the cash transfers results from artificial mechanisms, non- sustainable in a independent way. Therefore, cash transfer programmes should be taken as temporary actions, and that policies that target in sustainable income ditribution modifications in Brazil, must search for structural changes in the national distributional framework.
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Poon, Martha A. "Of molecules & networks : tracing the connection between the distribution of samples, the production of genetic maps and the valuation of DNA in human genetics research." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29404.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis takes the DNA molecule and its circulation between scientific researchers as an object of analysis. The study's objective was to investigate the techno-social mechanisms through which certain individual's genetic materials are imputed with research value. Two cases, representing two contrasting kinds of circulation practices, are presented. In the first, DNA samples from families diagnosed with hereditary disorders, which allow researchers a shot at the all-or-nothing game of finding genes, are a protected resource. In the second, the DNA reference panel of the CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), made up of samples from large multi-generation families, is a widely distributed public resource. The CEPH panel was originally intended for use in genome mapping, but more recently has acted as a technology that aids in the innovation of new techniques and theories. It is argued that the difference in utility (limited or flexible) between these two types of DNA (privately or publicly held) is not found in any inherent property of the samples themselves but rather derives from the extent of the molecule's network of circulation.
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Ozcan, Berkay. "The effects of marital transitions and spousal characteristic on economic outcomes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7251.
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My dissertation aims to improve our understanding of why and how couple dynamics and marital transitions affect four critical economic outcomes: household savings, labour supply, transition to self-employment and income distribution. In all of my papers, behavior of the couple is at the center. First chapter analayzes the likelihood of starting a business and examines at the influence of marriage, its duration and the characteristics of the spouse on the probability to make a transition to entrepreneurship. In the second chapter, I take advantage of Irish Divorce Law introduced in 1996 as quasi-natural experiment for the rise in the risk of divorce and explain its effects on household savings behavior. The third chapterturns its attention to labour supply behaviour of the men on women experiencing a risk in the marital stability. Similarly, the last paper is also concerned about entry and exits from marriage, but it considers these phenomena together with the rise in female employment. Consequently, this chapter sheds light to the mechanisms through which changes in family types and labor supply decisions of women are actually leading to higher or lower inequality. Generally, my dissertation covers both substantive and methodological issues on several fields from inequality research to family demographics and entrepreneurship.Esta tesis tiene el objetivo de ampliar y perfeccionar nuestra comprensión de por qué y cómo la dinámica de pareja afecta cuatro críticos resultados económicos que están directamente realacionados con la desigualdad y la estratificación. Estos resultados son, respectivamente; ser autónomo, la oferta de trabajo, el ahorro de los hogares y la distribución del ingreso. A lo largo de la tesis, con la dinámica de pareja, concibo dos conceptos: en primer lugar implica formar parte de una pareja (es decir, tener una esposa/o con ciertas características) versus ser soltero/a y transiciones entre estos dos estados. Y la segunda se refiere a los cambios en el comportamiento de los esposos debido a un cambio de contexto, como un aumento en el riesgo de disolución de la pareja. Por consiguiente, analiza las implicaciones de estos dos conceptos en cada una de estas variables económicas. La tesis se utiliza una serie de grandes conjuntos de datos longitudinales de diferentes países (p.e. PSID, GSOEP, PHCE, Living in Ireland Survey) y estratégias econométricas. Estas características incluyen el análisis de supervivencia, las estimaciones de diff-en-diff, simulaciones y descomposiciones.
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Guidry, Sherry L. "Individual and structural explanations of inequality : the Black view." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/834138.
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Historically, blacks have viewed their lower socioeconomic status, relative to whites, as a result of structural limitations of society. People, white and black, have accepted that blacks have had more difficulty in making economic advancement due to societal barriers such as discrimination. As structural barriers have come down and it has become easier for blacks to move into the economic mainstream, it may be that those blacks who are moving upward no longer see structural limitations as the reason for economic inequality.Recent research distinguishes between two types of explanations for the gap. Theindividual explanation asserts that blacks' lower socioeconomic status is due to a lack of will power or effort on the part of blacks. In contrast, the structural explanation states that institutional barriers such as discrimination are to blame for the black-white socioeconomic gap. This study laid a solid foundation for an analysis of explanations for the black-white socioeconomic gap. However, it failed to investigate the relative proportion of blacks who adopt these explanations.It is the purpose of this paper to determine whether the individual and structural explanations for economic inequality is the same for blacks and whites.The most recent data from the General Social Survey is used to investigate this possibility. The sample and sub-sample sizes are 1517 and 1024, respectfully.Department of Sociology