Relevant bibliographies by topics / Income distribution – Social aspects

Academic literature on the topic 'Income distribution – Social aspects'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Income distribution – Social aspects"

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Quiroga, S., and C. Suárez. "Climate change and drought effects on rural income distribution in the Mediterranean: a case study for Spain." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 7 (July 23, 2015): 4353–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-4353-2015.

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Abstract. This paper examines the effects of climate change and drought on agricultural outputs in Spanish rural areas. By now the effects of drought as a response to climate change or policy restrictions have been analyzed through response functions considering direct effects on crop productivity and incomes. These changes also affect incomes distribution in the region and therefore modify the social structure. Here we consider this complementary indirect effect on social distribution of incomes which is essential in the long term. We estimate crop production functions for a range of Mediterranean crops in Spain and we use a decomposition of inequalities measure to estimate the impact of climate change and drought on yield disparities. This social aspect is important for climate change policies since it can be determinant for the public acceptance of certain adaptation measures in a context of drought. We provide the empirical estimations for the marginal effects of the two considered impacts: farms' income average and social income distribution. In our estimates we consider crop productivity response to both bio-physical and socio-economic aspects to analyze long term implications on both competitiveness and social disparities. We find disparities in the adaptation priorities depending on the crop and the region analyzed.
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Quiroga, Sonia, and Cristina Suárez. "Climate change and drought effects on rural income distribution in the Mediterranean: a case study for Spain." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 6 (June 15, 2016): 1369–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1369-2016.

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Abstract. This paper examines the effects of climate change and drought on agricultural incomes in Spanish rural areas. Present research has focused on the effects of these extreme climatological events through response functions, considering effects on crop productivity and average incomes. Among the impacts of droughts, we focused on potential effects on income distribution. The study of the effects on abnormally dry periods is therefore needed in order to perform an analysis of diverse social aspects in the long term. We estimate crop production functions for a range of Mediterranean crops in Spain and we use a measure of the decomposition of inequality to estimate the impact of climate change and drought on yield disparities. Certain adaptation measures may require a better understanding of risks by the public to achieve general acceptance. We provide empirical estimations for the marginal effects of the two impacts considered: farms' average income and income distribution. Our estimates consider crop production response to both biophysical and socio-economic aspects to analyse long-term implications on competitiveness and disparities. As for the results, we find disparities in the adaptation priorities depending on the crop and the region analysed.
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Atkinson, Anthony B. "The Changing Distribution of Income: Evidence and Explanations." German Economic Review 1, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0475.00002.

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Abstract This article is concerned with the economics of the distribution of income, emphasizing aspects which have been missing from the recent literature. It begins with factor shares and the rise in real interest rates. These are important in their own right and in relation to the determination of wage differentials. The paper questions the conventional wisdom which locates rising inequality and unemployment solely in a shift in demand away from unskilled workers. This explanation is too partial in its approach, is hard to reconcile with the empirical evidence, and ignores labour market institutions and the role of social norms. In seeking to explain the experience of different countries, we need to look not just at wages but also at the capital market, and should not be limited to a simple competitive supply-and-demand story.
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UHRYN, Volodymyr. "FISCAL AND SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF PERSONAL INCOME TAXATION." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 1(66) (2021): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2021.01.163.

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Introduction. Direct taxes are an important financial regulator of socio-economic processes, they are one of the most important sources of budgeting and an essential tool of state regulation. The personal income tax is the main tax through which social policy is implemented in the developed countries of the world. The advantages of this tax include its social justice and fiscal efficiency, as it is able to make the level of taxation directly dependent on the amount of income of taxpayers. In addition, progressive tax rates and benefits can reduce the tax burden on the poor and increase it on high-income earners. The purpose of the article is to considerate the theoretical and practical aspects of administration of the personal income tax in the conditions of reforming of fiscal policy of Ukraine, systematization of directions of improvement of collecting of the personal income tax to local and state budgets. Methods. Methods of dialectical analysis and synthesis, deduction, induction logical generalization, comparison and formalization are used in the article. Results. The article is devoted to the study of the essence and role of personal income tax administration. Peculiarities of citizens’ income formation as an object of taxation are considered. Monitoring and analysis of indicators of personal income tax to local and state budgets was carried out. The growth rates of nominal revenues of personal income tax and military duty, real and nominal wages are studied. It was found that the main factors reducing the level of fiscal efficiency of personal income tax in Ukraine are the shadowing of incomes and the outflow of labor, including skilled personnel. Ukraine’s tax policy for the last five years is fiscally oriented and does not take into account the social aspect of personal income taxation. As a result of the research, the directions of increasing the efficiency of personal income taxation in Ukraine based on foreign experience are systematized. Prospects. The current model of personal income tax does not sufficiently perform a socioeconomic function, does not provide a socially equitable distribution of income between different segments of the population. In recent years, the fiscal significance of the personal income tax has remained, but the system of personal income taxation requires the application of progressive rates. Therefore, promising areas of future research should be the development and improvement of the mechanism of personal income taxation in the context of ensuring their socio-economic interests.
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Garunova, S. M. "HISTORICAL AND ETHNOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF STUDYING DAGESTAN CARPET WEAVING." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 13, no. 4 (December 15, 2017): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch134125-132.

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The author of the article analyzes the state of the indigent (poor) population of the Republic of Dagestan. The problem is very urgent in the modern period of crisis in our society due to the fact that poverty is the reason for intensification of social contradictions in it, degradation of the population, and complication of the demographic situation. The author of the article presents statistical data on average per capita income of the population of the Dagestan Republic in 2002 - 2013. Since the interval distribution of incomes does not allow to characterize accurately the number of the indigent part of the population, the distribution of income according to the minimum subsistence level is considered. A significant poverty reduction in the Republic of Dagestan during the period under consideration is shown. Besides, the article presents the median per capita income, which is used in western countries and in some republics of the former Soviet Union to estimate the level of poverty. Depending on 40%, 50%, 60% of the median, like in these countries, the relative number of the indigent population in the Republic of Dagestan and in other regions of the North Caucasian Federal District is determined, which makes it possible to determine the level of extreme poverty in the Republic of Dagestan in 2013. The author shows the ratio of the average wage of 10% of employees with the highest wage to 10% of employees with the lowest wage in the institutions of the subjects of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasian Federal District and comes to the conclusion that in 2013 the poverty level in the region was lower than in the Republic of Dagestan.
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Härdle, Wolfgang, and Jeffrey D. Hart. "A Bootstrap Test for Positive Definiteness of Income Effect Matrices." Econometric Theory 8, no. 2 (June 1992): 276–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266466600012809.

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Positive definiteness of income effect matrices provides a sufficient condition for the law of demand to hold. Given cross section household expenditure data, empirical evidence for the law of demand can be obtained by estimating such matrices. Härdle, Hildenbrand, and Jerison used the bootstrap method to simulate the distribution of the smallest eigenvalue of random matrices and to test their positive definiteness. Here, theoretical aspects of this bootstrap test of positive definiteness are considered. The asymptotic distribution of the smallest eigenvalue , of the matrix estimate is obtained. This theory applies generally to symmetric, asymptotically normal random matrices. A bootstrap approximation to the distribution of is shown to converge in probability to the asymptotic distribution of . The bootstrap test is illustrated using British family expenditure survey data.
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Nor Fatimah, Che Sulaiman, Mohd Fahmee Ab-Hamid, and Abdul Rahim Ridzuan. "Inclusive Growth: Comprehensive Dimension of Income Distribution." Economy of Region 17, no. 1 (March 2021): 301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-1-23.

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The article aims to solve the problem of unequal income distribution in Malaysia. Income inequality did not change significantly since 1990. Inclusive growth is an alternative way that can help the government overcome the unequal distribution of income. However, there are no measurements or detailed studies conducted in Malaysia. Moreover, the country’s distribution policy for the 2016–2030 period focuses on inclusive economic growth. Based on the above gaps, we constructed the Malaysia Inclusive Index and estimated the income distribution using this new composite index. To construct the index, we applied the Z-score method. We obtained data for this study from the World Development Indicator, Economic Planning Unit, Department of Statistics, Malaysia and annual reports from various ministries. The main research findings show yearon-year growth from 1990 to 2016, indicating that economic growth in Malaysia is increasingly inclusive. Therefore, to achieve inclusive and equitable economic growth in distribution, the government is advised to consider not only fiscal aspects, but also holistic components comprised of education, health, housing and employment of the B40 group (lower class). Simultaneously, the M40 group (middle class) should not be left out. Income distribution factors and the Malaysia Inclusive Index (MII) determinants such as investment, inflation, education and national income should be considered when developing national distribution policies, as these factors are crucial for inclusive growth in Malaysia
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ČERMÁKOVÁ, Klára, Eduard HROMADA, Eduardo Aguiar Henrique FILHO, and Tomáš KRULICKÝ. "The Effects of Homeownership on Wealth Distribution." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 14, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 68–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/ejis.2022.05.

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Within the broader context of new dimensions of poverty such as housing poverty, energy poverty, etc., this article describes dependencies between household income, real estate ownership and socio-economic trends. We argue that income is not the principal determinant for home ownership rate, but rather recent lifestyle changes can better explain the homeownership decreasing trend in developed economies. Job mobility, family formation determinants and demographical trends seem to find well-supported basis in literature and data. Using data for the US states we have proved that the decreasing rate of home ownership may be explained by social aspects of changing lifestyle such as increasing share of population moving from rural areas to cities, age of marriage, divorce rate, career-oriented lifestyle, rather than by the frequently cited price-income ratio. We have also observed a short-term correlation between financing availability and homeownership rate, but we conclude that property prices would adjust to lose monetary policy without any long-term effect on homeownership rate. It results that government or monetary policies aimed to cushion the housing unavailability (recently increasing value of price-income) ratio may distort the housing market. We propose a new insight in the housing availability discussion.
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Gulu-zade, Elmir, Dmitriy Bugayko, and Farida Alekperova. "Formation and distribution income of the enterprise." Electronic Scientific Journal Intellectualization of Logistics and Supply Chain Management #1 2020 1, no. 15 (October 2022): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46783/smart-scm/2022-15-1.

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Regardless of the profile of the enterprise, in the process of activity, the formation of its income always occurs. It is this aspect of the activity that is most important for all stakeholders - the owners of the enterprise, employees, the state, since the successful formation and proper distribution of income allows all participants in production activities to ultimately achieve their financial goals - primarily increasing welfare and quality of life, making a profit. Income is the primary incentive to create new or develop existing enterprises. The opportunity to make a profit encourages people to look for more efficient ways to combine resources, to invent new products that may be in demand, to apply organizational and technical innovations that promise to increase production efficiency. Working profitably, each enterprise contributes to the economic development of society, contributes to the creation and enhancement of social wealth and the growth of the well-being of the people. Regardless of the profile of the enterprise, in the process of activity, the formation of its income always occurs. Income is the primary incentive to create new or develop existing enterprises. The opportunity to make a profit encourages people to look for more efficient ways to combine resources, to invent new products that may be in demand, to apply organizational and technical innovations that promise to increase production efficiency. Working profitably, each enterprise contributes to the economic development of society, contributes to the creation and enhancement of social wealth and the growth of the well-being of the people. An important task of every enterprise is to obtain large incomes, at the lowest cost, by saving in spending money and increasing the efficiency of their use. This means that all expenses are covered by the corresponding income. In this regard, the role of special knowledge in the field of economic analysis and planning increases: income, search for reserves to increase profits and profitability.
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Balan, Aliona. "Income Inequality in the Republic of Moldova: Trends and Ways of Reducing it." Economica, no. 4(118) (January 2022): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/econ.2021.118.032.

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Population inequality in terms of well-being is an integral part of any society. Under market conditions, the problem of inequality in income distribution is particularly acute, as income and wealth inequality are closely linked to people’s quality of life and stability in society. As a result, it is necessary to promote active economic and social policies aimed at reducing disparities, inequality in the distribution of wealth and income. The paper analyzes some aspects of income inequality in the Republic of Moldova, the trends that have manifested themselves over the last decade, as well as the factors that have influenced these trends. Based on the identified problems, some ways of reducing this phenomenon in the Republic of Moldova were formulate
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Income distribution – Social aspects"

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Lee, Sungho 1950. "Cross-Country Analysis of Income Inequality." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501122/.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the cross-country relationship between income inequality and selected socioeconomic variables reflecting the level of economic development. The first chapter introduces some theoretical approaches to income distribution and poses problems regarding income inequalities across countries. The second chapter surveys cross-country studies of income inequalities conducted by previous researchers. The third chapter covers statistical methodology. Chapter four analyzes statistical results of multiple regression. The final chapter is intended for summary, conclusion, and recommendations.
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Tin, Yiu-kei, and 田耀基. "A study of birth weight and income inequality in Hong Kong using multilevel modeling." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31971234.

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Schoff, Staci Leigh. "Economic Inequality's Correlation with Political Inequality and Inequality of Opportunity and the Implications for Social Justice Theory." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/980.

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In 2004 the American Political Science Association ("APSA") published research exploring whether the rising income inequality in the United States had an effect on political equality. Although the APSA found tremendous evidence of a correlation between income and political power, the APSA nonetheless concluded that the issue could not be conclusively determined without further analysis. The intent of this thesis is to argue the position that economic inequality is heavily implicated in both political equality and equality of opportunity, and to propose a political theory that directly addresses - rather than evades - this issue. A conclusion drawn in this paper is that it is necessary in liberal capitalist environments to place constraints on individual economic liberty for the sake of maintaining some degree of economic equality. I show in this paper that this conclusion is consistent with both the liberal tradition and American political culture. This paper accepts - rather than circumvents - the fundamental principle that income inequality is inevitable in a capitalist democracy as is the ability of money to purchase positions, power and assorted privileges. Therefore, it should be the goal of social justice theory to ensure the gap between the richest and poorest be allowed to be great enough to respect individual choice and responsibility, but not great enough to dampen the opportunities available to those born into the bottom of the economic scale or to permit those born into the top of the economic ladder to exert oppressive power over the rest. In the final chapter I propose four methods of narrowing economic inequality. These include a minimum standard, minimum wage and income tax reform, a tax and cap on wealth and an absolute inheritance cap. These four methods of limiting economic inequality are directed at narrowing, if not eliminating political inequality and inequality of opportunity.
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Gwaindepi, Abel. "The developmental state, social policy and social compacts: a comparative policy analysis of the South African case." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013278.

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The history of economic thought is ‘flooded’ with neo-classical accounts despite the fact that neoclassical economics did not occupy history alone. This has caused the discourses on ‘lost alternatives’ to be relegated as the deterministic ‘straight line’ neo-classical historical discourses are elevated. Globally hegemonic neo-classical discourse aided this phenomenon as it served to subordinate any counterhegemonic local discursive processes towards alternatives. This study is premised on the theme of non-neoclassical ‘lost alternatives’ using the post-apartheid South Africa as a case study. Emerging from the apartheid regime, the impetus towards non-neoclassical redistributive policies was strong in South Africa but this did not gain traction as the ANC’s ‘growth through redistribution’ was replaced by globally hegemonic discourse which favoured ‘redistribution through growth’. This thesis postulates the idea of two waves of ‘internal’ discursive formations; capturing the transition to democracy up to 1996 as the first wave and the period from 2005 to about 2009 as the second wave. The developmental state paradigm (DSP) emerged as the central heterodox paradigm with ideas such as industrial policy, welfare, and social dialogue/compacts being main elements. The DSP was expressly chosen in the early 1990s, the first period of strong internal discursive formation, but faded as neo-classical policies, epitomised through GEAR, dominated the policy space. The DSP discourse gained vitality in the second wave of internal discursive formation (2005-2009) and it was associated with the subsequent Zuma’s administration. The study illustrates that the DSP has failed to be fully developed into a practical framework but remained only at rhetorical level with the phrase ‘developmental state’ inserted into government policy documents and documents of ANC as a ruling party. The thesis further illustrates that the DSP fared well ideologically because of its inclination to the ideology of ‘developmentalism’ tended to trump any socialist inclined policies such as a generous welfare regime. The thesis rebuts the notion of the DSP in South Africa which has only been amorphously developed with the phrase ‘developmental state’ becoming a mere buzzword. The thesis argues that the DSP in the 21st century is much more complex and the growing ‘tertiarisation’ of the economy makes the Social Democratic Paradigm SDP’s capability centric approach much more relevant for South Africa. The study goes further to argue that a (SDP) is much more suitable alternative for addressing South African colonial/apartheid legacies and consolidation of democracy.
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Kofi, Ampofo-Twumasi. "Distribution of income among South African population groups." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52240.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The primary objective of this study was to verify the extent to which income distribution among the population groups in South Africa has changed since the 199! population census. These were the findings: It was established in this study that, at October 1996 the income share of Whites had dropped from 71.2 percent (1970) to 51.9 percent. The White population constitute 12.6 percent of South Africa population in 1996 but they received more than 50 percent of personal income in the country. At October 1996 the per capita income of Whites was 8.8 times that of Africans, 4.5 times that of Coloureds and 2.3 times that of Indians. The study found that income disparities between the population groups have narrowed, but there are a lot left to be done to remove income inequalities in the country. The study found that the income which accrued to each population group was not uniformly distributed within the group. In all population groups, the poorest 40%, and the next 41-70% household income classes suffered losses in household income shares between 1991 and 1996. In all population groups it was the richest 10% households who received the lion's share of income which accrued to the group, between 1991 and 1996. The study further found a shift in African employees from elementary occupations to artisan and machine operators. Between 1995 and 1999 the proportion of Coloureds in elementary jobs declined in favour of artisans, machine operators, managers and professionals. Indians and Whites had the smallest proportion of their workforce engaged in elementary occupations Only 5.4 percent of Africans aged 20 and above were found to possess degrees, diplomas and certificates in 1999, compared to 6.5 percent Coloureds, 14.3 percent Indians, 31.5 percent Whites. As high as 15.5 percent of Africans had not received any formal education at October 1999 compared to 7.9 percent Coloureds, 3.5 percent Indians and 0.3 percent Whites. Unemployment in all population groups has increased since the 1996 South African population census.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die primêre doelwit van hierdie studie was om die verandering in die omvang van die inkomsteverdeling tussen die bevolkingsgroepe sedert die 1991 bevolkingsopname te bevestig. Daar is bevind dat die inkomste aandeel van Blankes vanaf 71.2 persent in 1970 na 51.9 persent in 1996 afgeneem het. Die Blanke bevolking het 12.6 persent van die Suid-Afrikaanse bevolking in 1996 uitgemaak, maar hulle ontvang meer as 50 persent van persoonlike inkomste in die land. In Oktober 1996 was die per capita inkomste van Blankes 8.8 keer meer as dié van Swart Suid-Afrikaners en 6.8 keer meer as dié van Kleurlinge. Die studie het gevind dat inkomsteverskille tussen die bevolkingsgroepe verminder het, maar dat daar nog groot inkomste ongelykhede is. Die studie het verder bevind dat die verdeling van inkomste binne elke bevolkingsgroep ongelyk verdeel is. Tussen 1991 en 1996 het in alle bevolkingsgroepe, die armste 40%, en die volgende 41-70% huishoudelike inkomsteklasse 'n daling in hul aandeel van huishoudelike inkomste ondervind. In alle bevolkingsgroepe was dit die rykste 10% huishoudings wat die grootste aandeel aan inkomste ontvang het tussen 1991 en 1996. Die studie het ook gevind dat daar 'n verskuiwing van swart Suid-Afrikaanse werknemers van elementêre beroepe na ambagsmanne en masjienoperateurs plaasgevind het. Tussen 1995 en 1999 het die verhouding van anderskleuriges in elementêre beroepe afgeneem ten gunste van ambagsmanne, masjienoperateurs, bestuurders en professionele beroepe. Asiate en Blankes het die kleinste verhouding van hulle werksmag in elementêre beroepe gehad. In 1999 was slegs 5.4 persent van swart Suid-Afrikaners, ouderdom 20 en ouer, in besit van grade, diplomas en sertifikate, in vergelyking met 6.5 persent Kleurlinge, 14.3 persent Asiate en 31.5 persent Blankes. Tot en met Oktober 1999 het 15.5 persent van swart Suid-Afrikaners geen formele opleiding ontvang in vergelyking met 7.9% Kleurlinge, 3.5% Asiate en 0.3% Blankes. Werkloosheid het sedert 1996 in alle bevolkingsgroepe toegeneem sedert die 1996 Suid-Afrikaanse bevolkingsopname.
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Stowell, Nicholas Paul. "Democratization, Political Performance, and Income Distribution in Argentina and Brazil." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3157.

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This research examines the effects of democratization and political performance on the functional distribution of income in Argentina and Brazil from the end of their authoritarian periods to the present. The existing literature tends to focus on the impacts of democratization and political performance on the economic growth of the country as a whole or on changes to per capita income. This analysis focuses on the equality of economic development in less developed countries because growth is not necessarily distributed equally and poverty and inequality are both endemic to many less developed countries and also negatively impact development as a whole as well as the consolidation of democracy. To examine the effects of democratization and political performance on the shape of economic development, this thesis utilizes the Polity IV index as a measure of democracy, Relative Political Extraction as a proxy for political performance, and labor's share of national income as a measure of income inequality. Theoretically, a more democratic regime should enact policies that allow for a more equitable distribution of income because democratization increases popular representation and makes the provision of public goods preferable to the provision of private goods. Similarly, a regime with higher political capacity should be better equipped to enact whatever policies and development strategies it chooses, thereby reducing income inequality if the regime deems equitable development a priority. The main finding of this research is that political performance has had a significant impact on the shape of economic development in Argentina and Brazil, whereas the effect of democratization on the shape of development is less clear. A stronger, more effectively performing government will be better able to deliver equitable development regardless of its level of democracy than will a poorly performing government of any type.
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Fry, Vanessa. "Social policy and income distribution : some evidence using micro data." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334072.

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張騰達 and Tant-tat Hyman Cheung. "Cross-country income differences, corruption, and misallocation of talents." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39633986.

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López-Aguilera, Estela. "Understanding the evolution of poverty and income distribution in Mexico, 1992-2008." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/6936/.

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This thesis documents and investigates the evolution of poverty and inequality in Mexico between 1992 and 2008. It applies best practice techniques and in doing so, aims to reconcile the differences that emerge between studies that use the same data. It also investigates and identifies some of the underlying processes and factors driving high levels of poverty and inequality; mapping these on to periods of crisis, reform and recovery and also to changes in the underlying population characteristics (e.g. education). The thesis adopts a microeconomic approach that uses household survey micro-data, available for every other year since 1992 and representative at a national and rural/urban level. This research aims to answer the following questions: 1) How sensitive are poverty and inequality measures in Mexico to the use of different methodologies. 2) How have poverty and income inequality evolved between 1992 and 2008, specifically, is it possible to arrive at robust results regarding the changes observed in poverty and income inequality in the period of study? And 3) what are the underlying processes behind the levels and trends in income inequality? Using sensitivity analysis we show that in the Mexican case, poverty and inequality measures are highly sensitive to some methodological choices (e.g. economies of scale) but less sensitive to others such as the choice of poverty line. We obtain robust results regarding the evolution of poverty and income distribution in Mexico between 1992-2008, which show that periods of crisis have had a very negative impact on the majority of the population. Finally, our results suggest that education is the most important factor driving the levels and changes of inequality in Mexico, accounting for 20 percent of the total inequality observed. Moreover, it seems that changes in the returns, rather than the distribution of education, appear to be behind these changes.
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Meiring, Natalie. "Factors impacting Tablet PC usage in low-income communities." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/4642.

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The purpose of this research was to identify factors that impact on tablet PC usage in low-income communities. In order to determine and identify these factors a main research question and sub-research questions were formulated. The primary research question of this study was "What factors impact on tablet PC usage in low-income communities?" This main research question was answered by creating three sub-research questions followed by triangulating the results from these questions. The first sub-research question was aimed at determining whether prior exposure to touch screen technology impacts the user experience. In order to reach this objective an extensive literature review was conducted on the tablet PC landscape in South Africa. This literature review, coupled with the case study helped answer this first research question. The second sub-research question was concerned with determining whether existing user experience guidelines are relevant to South African users. A thorough literature review was conducted on user experience guidelines and related studies. This literature review, together with the results from the case study helped answer this second research question. The third sub-research question involved identifying specific factors which help improve the user experience of tablet PC users in a specific context. This research question was addressed in the case study. Each sub-research question provided results which were analysed in order to answer the main research question. The factors which impact on tablet PC usage were thus identified and recommendations were proposed.
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Books on the topic "Income distribution – Social aspects"

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Andrés, Solimano, ed. Social inequality: Values, growth, and the state. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998.

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Heng, Quan, ed. Shou ru fen pei yu she hui he xie. Shanghai: Shanghai she hui ke xue yuan chu ban she, 2006.

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Gîthînji, Mwangi wa. Ten millionaires and ten million beggars: A study of income distribution and development in Kenya. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000.

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Growth with inequality: An international comparison on income distribution. Singapore: World Scientific Pub. Co., 2012.

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Antes que seja tarde: Ainda é tempo de um Brasil menos desigual. Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks, 2002.

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Sam, Cole, ed. Stacking the chips: Information technology and the distribution of income. London: Pinter, 1985.

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Večerník, Jiří. Communist and transitory income distribution and social structure in the Czech Republic. Helsinki: UNU/WIDER, 1999.

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Kwŏn, Hyŏg-yong. Pulp'yŏngdŭng kwa sahoe t'onghap ŭi chŏngch'i kyŏngje: The political economy of inequality and social integration. Sŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi: Han'guk Kyŏngje Sinmun i, 2017.

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Basic income for all: A Christian social policy. Bramcote, Nottingham: Grove Books, 1988.

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Shea, John. Does parents' money matter? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Income distribution – Social aspects"

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Wales, Jenny. "Income Distribution." In Investigating Social Issues, 128–51. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21063-3_8.

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Davey, Joseph Dillon. "Income Distribution and Social Justice." In The Shrinking American Middle Class, 11–23. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137295071_2.

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Tikhomirov, Vladimir. "Social Development and Income Distribution." In The Political Economy of Post-Soviet Russia, 167–224. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230289062_5.

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Schwabish, Jonathan A., Timothy M. Smeeding, and Lars Osberg. "Income Distribution and Social Expenditures." In The Distributional Effects of Government Spending and Taxation, 247–88. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230378605_9.

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Joshua, John. "The Distribution of Income." In China's Economic Growth: Towards Sustainable Economic Development and Social Justice, 77–93. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59435-8_4.

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Van Lear, William. "Stagnation, Employment, and Income Distribution." In The Social Effects of Economic Thinking, 71–88. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137494016_5.

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Tokumaru, Natsuka. "Income Sharing Between Workers and Investors: Economic Experiments on Functional Income Distribution." In Social Preference, Institution, and Distribution, 73–102. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0137-6_4.

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Sawhill, Isabel V. "Income Inequality and the Underclass." In Aspects of Distribution of Wealth and Income, 194–98. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23429-5_11.

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Le Grand, Julian, Carol Propper, and Ray Robinson. "The Distribution of Income and Wealth." In The Economics of Social Problems, 183–205. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21930-8_9.

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Krugman, Paul, and Robin Wells. "»Taxes, Social Insurance, and Income Distribution." In Economics, 493–518. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-91968-0_22.

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Conference papers on the topic "Income distribution – Social aspects"

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Uygur, Ercan. "Savings and Incomes of Households and Inclusive Growth." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01446.

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This paper has three aims. The first is to explore the savings behavior of different income groups of households, with an emphasis on those with low incomes. This is achieved by going through the Household Budget Surveys (HBS) in some developing and developed countries. The HBSs reveal that the majority of poor sections of the societies do not save or have negative savings. The second aim of the paper is to explain the economic and social aspects of the savings behaviour of income groups, particularly those with low incomes. The paper explains that the “no saving/dissaving” behaviour of the low income groups and the resultant factors create economic and social problems. In this context, the paper also dwells on wealth distribution and issues of inclusive growth. The third aim of this paper is to examine policies implemented to encourage savings in general and savings of the low income groups in particular. To this end, policies pursued in some developing and developed countries are evaluated with reference to inclusive growth.
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KALINOWSKI, Sławomir, and Barbara KIEŁBASA. "RISK OF POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.044.

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This paper addresses the poverty risk issues in the context of sustainable development of rural areas. Empirical materials included in this paper are based on EU-SILC (European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions) partial studies, and provide a reference point for comparing the EU income distribution and social integration statistics. Poverty reduction and counteracting social exclusion are among the key Millennium Development Goals. According to studies, one in four inhabitants of EU rural areas is at risk of poverty or social exclusion. While the highest shares of at-risk population are recorded in Bulgaria (54.8%) and Romania (50.8%), the levels reported by Poland and Lithuania are also above the EU average (by 4.5 and 9.2 percentage points, respectively). At the other end of the spectrum, the risk rate in the Netherlands and Czech Republic is 12.8%. For the households, income is a factor underpinning their economic safety and, thus, their confidence. The amount of incomes affects the objective poverty levels measured with a parametric method. In the EU, persons earning no more than 60% of the national median income are assumed to be at risk of poverty. Therefore, the risk of poverty affects nearly every fifth inhabitant of EU rural areas. Poverty and social exclusion are multidimensional aspects which result in unmet needs in multiple areas: healthcare, education, housing, culture and leisure. While triggering some kind of feedback loop, insufficient incomes are both the cause and the effect of deprivation of needs. Also, they provide favorable conditions for an unsustainable development of rural areas.
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Carta, Giuseppe. "The challenge of the last few years: planning against poverty, microfinance." In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8152.

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The last ten years have witnessed a heightened interest in infrastructure in both developed and developing countries, with emphasis on the financial crisis in developed countries, and the recurring attention on growth and poverty reduction. An edition of the UN Report underlines the choices available to policymakers across the range of economic, social, cultural and political challenges that are needed to bridge the urban divide. The term “inequality” has many different meanings. Shortly we describe how an indicator of economic well-being is distributed over a particular population. The coefficient or index is commonly used for measuring the grade of difference in size, income, wealth, costs, etc. Gini’s Coefficient (1921). Obviously the index only considers one aspect of difference, that of the distribution of income. The effect of social services which are administered directly, as for example, the Health Service and Education, even though they are extremely important for a substantial equality of rights and opportunities, is not taken into account. As a group of eminent planning experts recognized in the Global Report on Human Settlements 2009: “Among the most significant challenges that urban planning has to address in the next few decades are increasing poverty and inequality, as well as the rapidly expanding urban sector.” Urbanization, therefore, does indeed play a positive role in overall poverty reduction, particularly where supported by well-adapted policies.
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Sadyrtdinov, Ruslan, Dmitry Rodnyansky, Tatyana Strelnikova, and Viktor Kolesnikov. "Distribution of Households by Equivalent Income." In International Conference on Trends of Technologies and Innovations in Economic and Social Studies 2017. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ttiess-17.2017.94.

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DAVID, BEN, and BENZION U. "Heterogeneous Population Economic Growth and Income Distribution." In International Conference on Advances in Economics, Social Science and Human Behaviour Study - ESSHBS 2015. Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15224/978-1-63248-041-5-66.

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Wan, Xingcheng. "An Impact Factors model of income distribution based on GINI coefficient." In 2021 International Conference of Social Computing and Digital Economy (ICSCDE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icscde54196.2021.00022.

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Fang, YANG, LIU Pan, and DENG HaiXiong. "An Empirical Study on the Regulation Effect of Individual Income Tax on Income Distribution in Underdeveloped Areas." In Proceedings of the 2019 4th International Conference on Social Sciences and Economic Development (ICSSED 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icssed-19.2019.116.

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Krkoleva, A., V. Taseska, N. Markovska, R. Taleski, and V. Borozan. "Social aspects of wider microgrids deployment." In 7th Mediterranean Conference and Exhibition on Power Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Energy Conversion (MedPower 2010). IET, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2010.0952.

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Knob, Paulo, Gabriel Wetzel Rockenbach, Claudio Rosito Jung, and Soraia Raupp Musse. "Optimal Group Distribution based on Thermal and Psycho-Social Aspects." In CASA '19: Computer Animation and Social Agents. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3328756.3328765.

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Bao, Xiangping. "Study on the Spatial Distribution of Cities Income and Poverty in Inner Mongolia." In 3rd International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccessh-18.2018.264.

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Reports on the topic "Income distribution – Social aspects"

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Suh, Jooyeoun, Changa Dorji, Valerie Mercer-Blackman, and Aimee Hampel-Milagrosa. Valuing Unpaid Care Work in Bhutan. Asian Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200065-2.

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A growing body of scholarly literature has attempted to measure and value unpaid care work in various countries, but perhaps only the government statistical agencies in the United States and the United Kingdom have seriously undertaken periodic and systematic measures of the time spent on unpaid work at the national level, and partially incorporated those values into their gross domestic product(GDP). One country that has been ahead of its time on aspects of societal welfare measurement is Bhutan, which produces the Gross National Happiness (GNH) Index. However, until the first GNH Survey, in 2008, Bhutan did not have any sense of the size and distribution of unpaid work, despite its strong societal norms about the value of volunteering and community work. This paper is the first to estimate the value of unpaid care work in Bhutan. It shows the pros and cons of various approaches and their equivalent measures of unpaid care work as a share of GDP. As with similar studies on the topic, this paper also finds that women spend more than twice as much time as men performing unpaid care work, regardless of their income, age, residency, or number of people in the household. The paper also provides recommendations for improving the measurement of unpaid care work in Bhutan.
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Tull, Kerina. Social Inclusion and Immunisation. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.025.

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The current COVID-19 epidemic is both a health and societal issue; therefore, groups historically excluded and marginalised in terms of healthcare will suffer if COVID-19 vaccines, tests, and treatments are to be delivered equitably. This rapid review is exploring the social and cultural challenges related to the roll-out, distribution, and access of COVID-19 vaccines, tests, and treatments. It highlights how these challenges impact certain marginalised groups. Case studies are taken from sub-Saharan Africa (the Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa), with some focus on South East Asia (Indonesia, India) as they have different at-risk groups. Lessons on this issue can be learned from previous pandemics and vaccine roll-out in low- and mid-income countries (LMICs). Key points to highlight include successful COVID-19 vaccine roll-out will only be achieved by ensuring effective community engagement, building local vaccine acceptability and confidence, and overcoming cultural, socio-economic, and political barriers that lead to mistrust and hinder uptake of vaccines. However, the literature notes that a lot of lessons learned about roll-out involve communication - including that the government should under-promise what it can do and then over-deliver. Any campaign must aim to create trust, and involve local communities in planning processes.
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Busso, Matías, Juanita Camacho, Julián Messina, and Guadalupe Montenegro. Social Protection and Informality in Latin America during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002865.

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Latin American governments swiftly implemented income assistance programs to sustain families' livelihoods during COVID-19 stay-at-home orders. This paper analyzes the potential coverage and generosity of these measures and assesses the suitability of current safety nets to deal with unexpected negative income shocks in 10 Latin American countries. The expansion of pre-existing programs (most notably conditional cash transfers and non-contributory pensions) during the COVID-19 crisis was generally insufficient to compensate for the inability to work among the poorest segments of the population. When COVID-19 ad hoc programs are analyzed, the coverage and replacement rates of regular labor income among households in the first quintile of the country's labor income distribution increase substantially. Yet, these programs present substantial coverage challenges among families composed of fundamentally informal workers who are non-poor, but are at a high risk of poverty. These results highlight the limitations of the fragmented nature of social protection systems in the region.
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Anderson, Kristy A., Anne M. Roux, Hillary Steinberg, Tamara Garfield, Jessica E. Rast, Paul T. Shattuck, and Lindsay L. Shea. The Intersection of National Autism Indicators Report: Autism, Health, Poverty and Racial Inequity. A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17918/nairintersection2022.

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This report examines the following two questions: 1) do income-based differences in health and health care outcomes look the same for children with and without autism? and 2) do income-based differences in health and health care outcomes look the same for BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and People of Color) children with autism and white children with autism? Examining the health and healthcare outcomes of children with autism in combination with other social characteristics offers several advantages. First, we can illuminate how demographics alone, and in combination with other social characteristics of children, are associated with differences in the rates of health and healthcare outcomes they experience. Second, it increases our understanding of the health-related experiences of social groups who are often neglected in research. Third, it provides current and comprehensive evidence on how children with autism experience relative disadvantages related to social determinants of health, which are aspects of the environment that affect health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks.
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McGinnity, Frances, Emma Quinn, Philip J. O'Connell, Emer Smyth, Helen Russell, Bertrand Maître, Merike Darmody, and Samantha Arnold. Monitoring report on integration 2016. Edited by Alan Barrett, Frances McGinnitty, and Emma Quinn. ESRI, March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/bkmnext330.

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This report examines migrant integration in Ireland in the areas of employment, education, social inclusion and active citizenship, and includes a special theme on migrant skills and competencies.The report presents a range of findings, including that a significant proportion of immigrants in Ireland are now Irish citizens, income poverty is higher among non-Irish groups than Irish, and employment rates are lower among African nationals than any other nationality grouping. The report uses indicators to measure different aspects of immigrant inclusion in Irish society, using the most recently available data.
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Nolan, Brian, Brenda Gannon, Richard Layte, Dorothy Watson, Christopher T. Whelan, and James Williams. Monitoring Poverty Trends in Ireland: Results from the 2000 Living in Ireland survey. ESRI, July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/prs45.

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This study is the latest in a series monitoring the evolution of poverty, based on data gathered by The ESRI in the Living in Ireland Surveys since 1994. These have allowed progress towards achieving the targets set out in the National Anti Poverty Strategy since 1997 to be assessed. The present study provides an updated picture using results from the 2000 round of the Living in Ireland survey. The numbers interviewed in the 2000 Living in Ireland survey were enhanced substantially, to compensate for attrition in the panel survey since it commenced in 1994. Individual interviews were conducted with 8,056 respondents. Relative income poverty lines do not on their own provide a satisfactory measure of exclusion due to lack of resources, but do nonetheless produce important key indicators of medium to long-term background trends. The numbers falling below relative income poverty lines were most often higher in 2000 than in 1997 or 1994. The income gap for those falling below these thresholds also increased. By contrast, the percentage of persons falling below income lines indexed only to prices (rather than average income) since 1994 or 1997 fell sharply, reflecting the pronounced real income growth throughout the distribution between then and 2000. This contrast points to the fundamental factors at work over this highly unusual period: unemployment fell very sharply and substantial real income growth was seen throughout the distribution, including social welfare payments, but these lagged behind income from work and property so social welfare recipients were more likely to fall below thresholds linked to average income. The study shows an increasing probability of falling below key relative income thresholds for single person households, those affected by illness or disability, and for those who are aged 65 or over - many of whom rely on social welfare support. Those in households where the reference person is unemployed still face a relatively high risk of falling below the income thresholds but continue to decline as a proportion of all those below the lines. Women face a higher risk of falling below those lines than men, but this gap was marked among the elderly. The study shows a marked decline in deprivation levels across different household types. As a result consistent poverty, that is the numbers both below relative income poverty lines and experiencing basic deprivation, also declined sharply. Those living in households comprising one adult with children continue to face a particularly high risk of consistent poverty, followed by those in families with two adults and four or more children. The percentage of adults in households below 70 per cent of median income and experiencing basic deprivation was seen to have fallen from 9 per cent in 1997 to about 4 per cent, while the percentage of children in such households fell from 15 per cent to 8 per cent. Women aged 65 or over faced a significantly higher risk of consistent poverty than men of that age. Up to 2000, the set of eight basic deprivation items included in the measure of consistent poverty were unchanged, so it was important to assess whether they were still capturing what would be widely seen as generalised deprivation. Factor analysis suggested that the structuring of deprivation items into the different dimensions has remained remarkably stable over time. Combining low income with the original set of basic deprivation indicators did still appear to identify a set of households experiencing generalised deprivation as a result of prolonged constraints in terms of command over resources, and distinguished from those experiencing other types of deprivation. However, on its own this does not tell the whole story - like purely relative income measures - nor does it necessarily remain the most appropriate set of indicators looking forward. Finally, it is argued that it would now be appropriate to expand the range of monitoring tools to include alternative poverty measures incorporating income and deprivation. Levels of deprivation for some of the items included in the original basic set were so low by 2000 that further progress will be difficult to capture empirically. This represents a remarkable achievement in a short space of time, but poverty is invariably reconstituted in terms of new and emerging social needs in a context of higher societal living standards and expectations. An alternative set of basic deprivation indicators and measure of consistent poverty is presented, which would be more likely to capture key trends over the next number of years. This has implications for the approach adopted in monitoring the National Anti-Poverty Strategy. Monitoring over the period to 2007 should take a broader focus than the consistent poverty measure as constructed to date, with attention also paid to both relative income and to consistent poverty with the amended set of indicators identified here.
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Son, Hyun H. The Distributional Impacts of Fiscal Policy: The Case of the Philippines. Asian Development Bank, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps220235-2.

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This paper examines the impacts of fiscal policies on income distribution based on two alternative social welfare functions and takes into account the case of the Philippines and its fiscal instruments. Rentals from properties, dividends from investment, and remittances from abroad were found regressive, while family sustenance activities and remittances from domestic sources were found progressive. The paper finds the direct taxes of the Philippines to be progressive, although they have limited impact on inequality reduction given the little revenues they generate.
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Schulz, Jan, Daniel Mayerhoffer, and Anna Gebhard. A Network-Based Explanation of Perceived Inequality. Otto-Friedrich-Universität, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irb-49393.

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Across income groups and countries, the public perception of economic inequality and many other macroeconomic variables such as inflation or unemployment rates is spectacularly wrong. These misperceptions have far-reaching consequences, as it is perceived inequality, not actual inequality informing redistributive preferences. The prevalence of this phenomenon is independent of social class and welfare regime, which suggests the existence of a common mechanism behind public perceptions. We propose a network-based explanation of perceived inequality building on recent advances in random geometric graph theory. The literature has identified several stylised facts on how individual perceptions respond to actual inequality and how these biases vary systematically along the income distribution. Our generating mechanism can replicate all of them simultaneously. It also produces social networks that exhibit salient features of real-world networks; namely, they cannot be statistically distinguished from small-world networks, testifying to the robustness of our approach. Our results, therefore, suggest that homophilic segregation is a promising candidate to explain inequality perceptions with strong implications for theories of consumption behaviour.
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Mushongera, Darlington, Prudence Kwenda, and Miracle Ntuli. An analysis of well-being in Gauteng province using the capability approach. Gauteng City-Region Observatory, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36634/2020.op.1.

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As countries across the globe pursue economic development, the improvement of individual and societal well-being has increasingly become an overarching goal. In the global South, in particular, high levels of poverty, inequality and deteriorating social fabrics remain significant challenges. Programmes and projects for addressing these challenges have had some, but limited, impact. This occasional paper analyses well-being in Gauteng province from a capability perspective, using a standard ‘capability approach’ consistent with Amartya Sen’s first conceptualisation, which was then operationalised by Martha Nussbaum. Earlier research on poverty and inequality in the Gauteng City-Region was mainly based on objective characteristics of well-being such as income, employment, housing and schooling. Using data from the Gauteng City-Region Observatory’s Quality of Life Survey IV for 2015/16, our capability approach provides a more holistic view of well-being by focusing on both objective and subjective aspects simultaneously. The results confirm the well-known heterogeneity in human conditions among South African demographic groups, namely that capability achievements vary across race, age, gender, income level and location. However, we observe broader (in both subjective and objective dimensions) levels of deprivation that are otherwise masked in the earlier studies. In light of these findings, the paper recommends that policies are directly targeted towards improving those capability indicators where historically disadvantaged and vulnerable groups show marked deprivation. In addition, given the spatial heterogeneities in capability achievements, we recommend localised interventions in capabilities that are lagging in certain areas of the province.
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Beuermann, Diether, Nicolas L. Bottan, Bridget Hoffmann, Jeetendra Khadan, and Diego A. Vera-Cossio. Suriname COVID-19 Survey. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003266.

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This dataset constitutes a panel follow-up to the 2016/2017 Suriname Survey of Living Conditions. It measures welfare related variables before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic including labor market outcomes, financial literacy, and food security. The survey was executed in August 2020. The Suriname COVID-19 Survey is a project of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). It collected data on critical socioeconomic topics in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic to support policymaking and help mitigate the crisis impacts on the populations welfare. The survey recontacted households interviewed in 2016/2017 by the Suriname Survey of Living Conditions (SSLC) and was conducted by phone due to the mobility restrictions and social distancing measures in place. It interviewed 1,016 households during August 2020 and gathered information about disease transmission, household finances, labor, income, remittances, spending, and social protection programs. Data and documentation of the 2016/2017 Suriname Survey of Living Conditions can be found at: https://publications.iadb.org/en/suriname-survey-living-conditions-2016-2017 The survey was designed and implemented by Sistemas Integrales. This publication describes the main methodological aspects, such as sample design, estimation procedures, topics covered by the questionnaire, field organization and quality control. It also presents the structure and codebook for the two resulting publicly available datasets.
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