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Journal articles on the topic 'Income distribution – Northern Ireland'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Borooah, Vani K., Patricia M. McKee, Norma Heaton, and Grainne Collins. "CATHOLIC-PROTESTANT INCOME DIFFERENCES IN NORTHERN IRELAND." Review of Income and Wealth 41, no. 1 (March 1995): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1995.tb00092.x.

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2

Smyth, Dermot, and Christopher C. Johnson. "Distribution of iodine in soils of Northern Ireland." Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis 11, no. 1 (February 2011): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/1467-7873/09-015.

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3

Peach, James, and David J. Molina. "Income distribution in Mexico's Northern border states." Journal of Borderlands Studies 17, no. 2 (September 2002): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2002.9695587.

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4

Mehri, Nader, Takashi Yamashita, Roberto Millar, and Phyllis Cummins. "AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF INCOME DISPARITIES BY PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS, GENDER, AND AGE." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S4—S5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.013.

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Abstract Income disparities by gender have been a persistent problem in economically-developed countries for decades, with income gaps often widening over the adult life course. We use data from the 2012 Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) to examine relationships among problem solving skills in technology-rich environments (PSTRE), income, sex, and age in Australia, Canada, England/Northern Ireland and the United States. Women age 35 to 44 in the middle-to-high (i.e., 50th - 75th percentile) income group had significantly higher PSTRE scores than their male counterparts in Australia and Canada. For the same income group, women ages 55 to 65 had significantly higher. PSTRE scores than men in Canada and England/Northern Ireland. These results suggest that women with similar skills lagged their male counterparts in income in specific sub-populations in specific countries. We provide possible explanations for these differences and conclude with implications for policy and practice.

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5

Morrissey, Karyn, and Cathal O'Donoghue. "The Spatial Distribution of Labour Force Participation and Market Earnings at the Sub-National Level in Ireland." Review of Economic Analysis 3, no. 1 (May 1, 2011): 80–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/rea.v3i1.1378.

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The main aim of this paper is to provide a spatial modelling framework for labour force participation and income estimation. The development of a household income distribution for Ireland had previously been hampered by the lack of disaggregated data on individual earnings. Spatial microsimulation through a process of calibration provides a method which allows one to recreate the spatial distribution LFP and household market income at the small area level. Further analysis examines the relationship between LFP, occupational type and market income at the small area level in Co. Galway Ireland.

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6

BLACKSHAW, R. P. "Observations on the distribution of leather jackets in Northern Ireland." Annals of Applied Biology 116, no. 1 (February 1990): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1990.tb06583.x.

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7

McGuinness, Seamus, and Adele Bergin. "The political economy of a Northern Ireland border poll." Cambridge Journal of Economics 44, no. 4 (March 4, 2020): 781–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/beaa007.

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Abstract Given the increased prominence of a border poll in Ireland, particularly following the outcome of the Brexit referendum, this paper provides an initial assessment of some of the issues that are likely to become central in any debate on this issue. We examine the relative income and growth position of Northern Ireland within a UK and Irish regional framework over time. We further compare, and contrast, in detail aspects of the structure of both economies on the island of Ireland in the areas of educational attainment, trade orientation and the role of Foreign Direct Investment. The paper goes on to analyse other relevant issues, such as the relative strength and weaknesses of the healthcare systems and the factors determining the potential economic cost of Irish unification. The objective of the research is to initiate an evidence-based approach to the question of a border poll and to provide an initial indication of the breadth of detail and analysis required for any debate to proceed in a meaningful manner.

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8

Lafong, A. C., E. Crothers, K. B. Bamford, and P. J. Rooney. "Distribution of serotypes and antibiotic resistance among pneumococci in Northern Ireland." Journal of Infection 16, no. 3 (May 1988): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-4453(88)97556-1.

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9

Cousens, SN, L. Linsell, PG Smith, M. Chandrakumar, JW Wilesmith, RSG Knight, M. Zeidler, G. Stewart, and RG Will. "Geographical distribution of variant CJD in the UK (excluding Northern Ireland)." Lancet 353, no. 9146 (January 1999): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(98)08062-3.

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10

Neville, Charlotte, and Paula Devine. "Loneliness and Social Isolation Among Older People in Northern Ireland." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 642–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2207.

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Abstract Loneliness and social isolation are increasingly recognised as being public health concernsparticularly in older people. Social isolation can be defined as the lack of social connections, whilst loneliness is a more subjective concept and relates to negative feelings about a lack of connections. This research explores the patterns of loneliness and social isolation of over 5,000 people aged 50 years or over living in Northern Ireland who participated in the first wave of the NICOLA study (Northern Ireland Cohort for the Longitudinal Study of Ageing). Data were obtained by computer-assisted personal interviews and self-completion questionnaires. We focused on loneliness and social interaction, in relation to key demographic and socio-economic variables including age, gender and marital status. Key findings were that loneliness patterns varied according to gender, age, income, health and living circumstances. Future waves of NICOLA will help to longitudinally explore the effects of transition on loneliness and social isolation.

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11

Griffin, Eve, Brendan Bonner, Christina B. Dillon, Denise O’Hagan, and Paul Corcoran. "The association between self-harm and area-level characteristics in Northern Ireland: an ecological study." European Journal of Public Health 29, no. 5 (March 8, 2019): 948–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz021.

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Abstract Background Factors contributing to suicidal behaviour are complex and multi-faceted. This study took an ecological approach to examine the association between area-level factors and rates of self-harm in Northern Ireland. Methods Data on self-harm presentations to emergency departments (EDs) were obtained from the Northern Ireland Self-harm Registry. The study included residents of Northern Ireland aged 16–64 years. Deprivation was measured using the Northern Ireland Multiple Deprivation Measure 2017. Population density and social fragmentation were calculated using measures from the 2011 census. Associations between area-level factors and self-harm rates were explored using negative binomial regression. Results Between 2013 and 2015, 14 477 individuals aged 16–64 years presented to EDs in Northern Ireland following self-harm. The rate of self-harm was 472 per 100 000 and was higher for male residents (478 vs. 467). Self-harm rates were highest in urban areas—680 per 100 000 in Belfast City and 751 per 100 000 in Derry City. Rates of self-harm in Northern Ireland were more than four times higher in the most deprived areas. A positive association with rates of self-harm held for the deprivation domains of employment, crime, education, health and income. There was a moderate association with population density. Some gender differences emerged, with associations with male rates of self-harm more pronounced. Conclusion These findings indicate that self-harm rates are highest for those residing in highly deprived areas, where unemployment, crime and low level of education are challenges. Community interventions tailored to meet the needs of specific areas may be effective in reducing suicidal behaviour.

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12

Gladkova, Ekaterina. "Farming Intensification and Environmental Justice in Northern Ireland." Critical Criminology 28, no. 3 (February 1, 2020): 445–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10612-020-09488-3.

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Abstract Going for Growth, an industry-led strategy to expand the agri-food sector, was adopted by the Northern Irish government in 2013 in order to encourage farming intensification in Northern Ireland. This approach, however, threatens an already fragile natural environment and has already had detrimental consequences for human health and well-being. This article employs an environmental justice perspective to scrutinize farming intensification in a community affected by this phenomenon. Based on findings from semi-structured interviews with local residents, the article describes their exposure to environmental risks as a result of farming intensification. The uneven distribution of environmental burdens is also coupled with limited opportunities for the local residents to engage in environmental decision-making and to be recognized as active agents of change. The article concludes that farming intensification in Northern Ireland is marked by procedural environmental injustice and should be addressed by downscaling levels of production and reforming decision-making processes.

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13

Nolan, Brian, John Bradley, and Connell Fanning. "Aggregate Supply, Aggregate Demand and Income Distribution in Ireland: A Macrosectoral Analysis." Economica 52, no. 208 (November 1985): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2553900.

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14

McEvoy, Kieran, Karen McElrath, and Kathryn Higgins. "Does Ulster Still Say No? Drugs, Politics, and Propaganda in Northern Ireland Contemporary Issues concerning Illicit Drug Use in the British Isles." Journal of Drug Issues 28, no. 1 (January 1998): 127–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269802800108.

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Considerable emphasis has been placed in Northern Ireland as elsewhere upon providing an estimate of the prevalence and pattern of drug misuse, yet despite the importance of this information, a less than adequate picture has emerged. In this paper, divided into three sections, we attempt to layout and explore the assemblage of factors influencing drug misuse in Northern Ireland and subsequently our knowledge of it. In the first section we endeavor to demonstrate that drug use, distribution, and policy cannot be examined in isolation from the politics and practices of the protagonists to the conflict in Northern Ireland. In the second we critically review existing data on drug misuse ranging from the various public health and law enforcement indicators through to the limited emprical research avaliable. The final section makes urgent calls for quality research in Northern Ireland that would be instrumental in influencing effective drug policy and practice.

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15

Portig, A. A., R. G. Mathers, W. I. Montgomery, and R. N. Govier. "The distribution and utilisation of Zostera species in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland." Aquatic Botany 47, no. 3-4 (March 1994): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(94)90061-2.

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16

Taylor, K., R. Hudson, and G. Horne. "Buzzard breeding distribution and abundance in Britain and Northern Ireland in 1983." Bird Study 35, no. 2 (July 1988): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00063658809480387.

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17

Muldoon, Orla T., and Ciara Downes. "Social identification and post-traumatic stress symptoms in post-conflict Northern Ireland." British Journal of Psychiatry 191, no. 2 (August 2007): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.022038.

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BackgroundUnderstanding of the psychological impact of politically motivated violence is poor.AimsTo examine the prevalence of post-traumatic symptoms subsequent to the ‘troubles' in Northern Ireland.MethodA telephone survey of 3000 adults, representative of the population in Northern Ireland and the border counties of the Irish Republic, examined exposure to political violence, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and national identity.ResultsTen per cent of respondents had symptoms suggestive of clinical PTSD. These people were most likely to come from low-income groups, rate national identity as relatively unimportant and have higher overall experience of the ‘troubles' than other respondents.ConclusionsDirect experience of violence and poverty increase the risk of PTSD, whereas strong national identification appears to reduce this risk.

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18

Horgan, Goretti. "‘They are not looking at the cost of living’: a study of income adequacy in Northern Ireland." Benefits: A Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 15, no. 1 (February 2007): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51952/vwdw4734.

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This article argues that the UK government has failed in its duty to guarantee ‘an adequate income and resources to live in human dignity’ (EC, 2002, p 27) for all. The evidence provided is qualitative, from a study of mothers and young people in the most disadvantaged parts of Northern Ireland. Mothers, particularly those on benefits, found it very difficult to provide food and warmth. They also indicated that income adequacy had an impact on their ability to ensure the best education for their children.

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19

Magorrian, B. H., M. Service, and W. Clarke. "An Acoustic Bottom Classification Survey of Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 75, no. 4 (November 1995): 987–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400038315.

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As part of an investigation into the impact of commercial trawling on the benthos of Strangford Lough a map of the distribution of the benthic communities in the Lough was required. To provide this an acoustic bottom classification survey of the Lough was carried out using a commercially available system, RoxAnn. RoxAnn processes the information from a conventional echo-sounder to determine the nature of different substrata. Underwater cameras were used to obtain ground truth data to compare with the RoxAnn data. Used in conjunction, the two surveys provided valuable information on the different bottom substrata and associated epibenthic communities present in the Lough.

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20

ZAHEER, K., C. C. FLEMING, and S. J. TURNER. "Distribution and frequency of occurrence of potato cyst nematode pathotypes in Northern Ireland." Plant Pathology 42, no. 4 (August 1993): 609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1993.tb01541.x.

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21

Whelan, Christopher T., Brian Nolan, and Bertrand Maître. "The Great Recession and the changing intergenerational distribution of economic stress across income classes in Ireland: A comparative perspective." Irish Journal of Sociology 25, no. 2 (July 7, 2016): 105–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0791603516657346.

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In this paper we seek to bridge the gap between recent analysis relating to the distributional consequences of the Great Recession across the income distribution and more specific concerns relating to inter-generational outcomes. In Ireland in 2008 there was a clear age gradient in relation to economic stress. Over time the gradient became sharper with the relative position of younger groups deteriorating. The increased salience of age group differentiation in Ireland involved two components. The first related to variability in increases in stress across the age spectrum that was common across income class categories. In that respect children and the older middle age group suffered most. The second involves changes in the additional effects of poverty. While the variable impact of poverty increased the differentials between the elderly and all other groups, it reduced the degree of differentiation between the non-elderly groups. It is not possible to understand the impact of the Great Recession in Ireland by focusing only on changing relativities in relation to social class, unless one allows for the fact that the changing impact of life course stage varied across income classes and the scale of absolute increases in economic stress levels for the non-elderly groups experienced across all income classes. That the Irish pattern of change was not an inevitable outcome of the economic crisis is illustrated by the fact that in Iceland a similar starting point produced a quite different set of changes. Greece, on the other hand, provides an example of the emergence of significant age related differentiation where the pre-recession period was characterised by their absence. Clearly policy choices not only affect life course differentiation but the extent to which operates in a uniform or variable fashion across income classes.

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22

Doebler, Stefanie, and Nina Glasgow. "Relationships Between Deprivation and the Self-Reported Health of Older People in Northern Ireland." Journal of Aging and Health 29, no. 4 (March 31, 2016): 594–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898264316641079.

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Objective: There are few studies on relationships between deprivation and the self-reported health of people aged above 64 years, and no studies fully representative of Northern Ireland’s older population. This article addresses this gap. Method: Deprivation of older people as reported in the 2001 and 2011 Censuses and the relationship with self-reported health are analyzed over a 10-year span using multilevel modeling. The data are from the Northern Ireland Longitudinal Study (NILS) linked to 2001-2011 Census returns. Deprivation measures include housing tenure; property value; access to a car; and educational, employment, and area-level income deprivation. Results: Older people suffering deprivation face a significant health disadvantage over a 10-year time span. Discussion: This health disadvantage is stronger in men than in women, likely due to conservative gender roles that are prevalent among Northern Ireland’s older population, leading to psychological distress especially among deprived men. The analysis found strongly significant area-level effects, aggravating the health impact of deprivation.

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BERGSTRÖM, STIG M., WARREN D. HUFF, and DENNIS R. KOLATA. "The Lower Silurian Osmundsberg K-bentonite. Part I: stratigraphic position, distribution, and palaeogeographic significance." Geological Magazine 135, no. 1 (January 1998): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756897007887.

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A large number of Lower Silurian (Llandovery) K-bentonite beds have been recorded from northwestern Europe, particularly in Baltoscandia and the British Isles, but previous attempts to trace single beds regionally have yielded inconclusive results. The present study suggests that based on its unusual thickness, stratigraphic position and trace element geochemistry, one Telychian ash bed, the Osmundsberg K-bentonite, can be recognized at many localities in Estonia, Sweden and Norway and probably also in Scotland and Northern Ireland. This bed, which is up to 115 cm thick, is in the lower–middle turriculatus Zone. The stratigraphic position, thickness variation and geographic distribution of the Osmundsberg K-bentonite are illustrated by means of 12 selected Llandovery successions in Sweden, Estonia, Norway, Denmark, Scotland and Northern Ireland. In Baltoscandia, the Osmundsberg K-bentonite shows a trend of general thickness increase in a western direction suggesting that its source area was located in the northern Iapetus region between Baltica and Laurentia. Because large-magnitude ash falls like the one that produced the Osmundsberg K-bentonite last at most a few weeks, such an ash bed may be used as a unique time-plane for a variety of regional geological and palaeontological studies.

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Esmonde, T. G., and R. G. Will. "Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Scotland and Northern Ireland 1980–1989." Scottish Medical Journal 37, no. 6 (December 1992): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693309203700607.

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The epidemiological and clinical features of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease have never before been studied in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Case records for those dying with this diagnosis were obtained for the period 1980–89. Over the ten year period, 25 definite or probable cases were identified, giving an annual incidence of 0.37 cases/million. There were more cases in the second half of the decade, and this was most likely due to increased ascertainment. One pair of cases occurred in close proximity to each other. Sex distribution showed an excess of males (male female ratio = 1.8: 1). Mean age at onset was 65.2 years, and mean duration of disease was 5.3 months. The presenting symptoms and clinical features were similar to those noted in previous studies of other populations. There was no excess of cases in occupations linked to food, farming, or medical/paramedical work.

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25

Fox, M., R. Christley, C. Lupo, H. Moore, M. Service, and K. Campbell. "Preventing and mitigating farmed bivalve disease: a Northern Ireland case study." Aquaculture International 28, no. 6 (August 26, 2020): 2397–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-020-00597-y.

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Abstract Shellfish production forms a large proportion of marine aquaculture production in Northern Ireland (NI). Diseases represent a serious threat to the maintenance and growth of shellfish cultivation with severe consequences to production output and profitability. In Northern Ireland, production generally benefits from a good health status with the absence of notifiable diseases, except for localised cases of Bonamia ostreae, Marteilia refringens and ostreid herpes virus. In this paper, we qualitatively explore that the prevalence, risk, impact, mitigation and experience shellfish farmers in this region have in relation to disease. Sixteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with stakeholders within the sector. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, and Nvivo 12 was used to facilitate an inductive thematic analysis. Our results highlighted that the industry has varying attitudes and experiences with disease. At present-day temperatures, disease is not an issue and this provides vast market opportunities for the region. However, disease outbreaks have led to detrimental consequences to financial income, production output and reputation in the past, whilst control and mitigation remain reactive. It is imperative proactive disease prevention and control that are employed and enforced to sustain NI’s reputation as a healthy shellfish region, particularly under increasing global temperatures and intensified production systems. A cultural shift to disease appreciation, risk analysis and surveillance through research, education, training and collaboration is essential. This study highlights the importance of providing a bottom-up communication platform with the stakeholders directly involved in shellfish culture and management, the value of cross sector engagement and the need to improve knowledge transfer between science the sector.

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Spyreli, Eleni, Michelle McKinley, Jayne Woodside, and Colette Kelly. "Food Decisions of Low-Income Families in the Era of COVID-19: A Qualitative Exploration." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab029_051.

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Abstract Objectives The first lockdown enforced in the United Kingdom to limit the spread of COVID-19 had serious financial consequences for some lower-income households, which were already at risk of suboptimal food choices. Particularly in Northern Ireland, where 10% of the population live in food insecure households, the pandemic has potentially further exacerbated the nutritional challenges experienced by low-income families. This paper aimed to explore the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on food-related decisions as experienced by economically disadvantaged families in Northern Ireland, UK. Methods A qualitative study collected data through online individual interviews. Participation was open to parents of children 2–17 years old who self-identified as living on a tight budget in urban and rural areas of Northern Ireland. A sampling matrix enabled equal representation of single- and two-parent households, as well as younger (<12 y) and older children (>12 y). Photovoice and participatory mapping techniques were employed to capture participant data. A thematic approach was utilised for data analysis. Results A total of 12 interviews were conducted. Five distinct themes were found, reflecting families’ food-related decisions that were affected by the COVID-19 lockdown: 1) food planning; 2) food purchasing; 3) meal preparation; 4) eating and feeding behaviours and 5) eating food prepared outside the house. Changes included an increase in home food preparation, but also in unhealthy snacking. Fear of being exposed to carriers of the virus led to infrequent food shopping and greater reliance on supermarket home deliveries. Long waiting times in-between food shops encouraged food planning but were also a barrier to providing daily fresh foods including fruit and vegetables to their families. Financial constraints were exacerbated during lockdown and led to a search for new ways to budget when food shopping. Food donations from the community and the government were important to maintain food security, particularly in single-parent families. Conclusions This study highlights that the COVID-19 lockdown influenced a broad range of dietary decisions of economically disadvantaged families and offers an insight into the nutritional challenges they experienced. Funding Sources The work was completed with financial support from internal funds of Queens University Belfast.

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27

French, Declan, and Donal McKillop. "The impact of debt and financial stress on health in Northern Irish households." Journal of European Social Policy 27, no. 5 (September 17, 2017): 458–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928717717657.

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We analyse data collected from a survey of Northern Irish low-income households experiencing varying degrees of financial hardship and examine how debt affects health and health-related behaviours. Our results indicate that the subjective experience of feeling financially stressed has a robust relationship with most aspects of health, including ability to self-care, problems performing usual activities, pain problems and psychological health. In contrast, the size of the debt, the type of debt or the number of different lenders does not add any extra explanatory power. Additionally, our results indicate that the pathway from financial difficulties to worse health runs through worse diets and increased consumption of cigarettes and drugs. This research is timely as household debt burdens will soon surpass the high levels seen at the time of the financial crisis and the introduction of welfare reform in Northern Ireland will put additional strain on low-income households.

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Farren, Aodan, Paulo Prodöhl, Peter Laming, and Neil Reid. "Distribution of the common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) and landscape favourability for the species in Northern Ireland." Amphibia-Reptilia 31, no. 3 (2010): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853810791769428.

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AbstractThe common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) is Ireland's only native reptile, forming a key part of the island's biodiversity. However, there is a general paucity of distributional and abundance data for the species. In this study, we collated incidental records for common lizard sightings to define the distribution of the species in Northern Ireland. Maximum entropy modelling was employed to describe species-habitat associations. The resulting predicted landscape favourability was used to evaluate the current status of the species based on the distribution of its maximum potential range in relation to the degree of fragmentation of remaining suitable habitat. In common with previous studies in the Republic of Ireland, sightings were highly clustered indicating under-recording, observer bias, and fragmentation of suitable habitat. A total of 98 records were collated from 1905 to 2009. The species was recorded in 63 (ca. 34%) of 186 × 10 km Northern Irish grid squares. Lizard occurrence was strongly and positively associated with landscapes dominated by heathland, bog and coastal habitats. The single best approximating model correctly classified the presence of lizards in 84.2% of cases. Upland heath, lowland raised bog and sand dune systems are all subject to Habitat Action Plans in Northern Ireland and are threatened by conversion to agriculture, afforestation, invasive species encroachment and infrastructural development. Consequently, remaining common lizard populations are likely to be small, isolated and highly fragmented. Establishment of an ecological network to preserve connectivity of remaining heath and bog will not only benefit remaining common lizard populations but biodiversity in general.

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29

Robert, Ch. "Hydrothermal alteration processes of the Tertiary lavas of Northern Ireland." Mineralogical Magazine 65, no. 4 (August 2001): 543–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/002646101750377560.

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AbstractThe alteration mineralogy of two outcrops of basaltic lavas in northeast Ireland is studied with respect to the hydrothermal alteration history of basalts. Evidence for contact between basaltic flows and palaeorivers or palaeolakes is reported in both outcrops, which belong to two different formations: the Lower Basaltic Formation (LBF) and the Inter Basaltic Formation (Causeway Tholeiite Member, CTM). The secondary minerals consist of layer silicates (chlorite-smectite, C-S, di- and trioctahedral smectites), zeolites, calcite and silica minerals and there is a repetition of the sequence of alteration mineralogy in each formation. The mineralogy of phyllosilicates from the LBF (C-S) corresponds to hotter conditions of alteration than those of CTM (di/trioctahedral smectites), while the zeolite mineralogy is controlled by the fluid composition. In consequence, the mineralogy and the distribution of alteration minerals suggest that the crystallization of phyllosilicates and zeolites did not develop during burial of lavas a long time after the eruption, but reflects thermal gradients driven by lava heat flow and marked by local perturbation caused by regional water flow through the aquifer zone in the lava during the last cooling of each lava sequence.

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30

Platten, M., M. McLoughlin, and A. Shinn. "Distribution and identification of gyrodactylid species in fish farms and rivers of Northern Ireland." Veterinary Record 135, no. 17 (October 22, 1994): 411–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.135.17.411.

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31

PARNELL, JOHN, MARTIN BARON, and ADRIAN BOYCE. "Controls on kaolinite and dickite distribution, Highland Boundary Fault Zone, Scotland and Northern Ireland." Journal of the Geological Society 157, no. 3 (May 2000): 635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs.157.3.635.

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32

"Phytophthora lateralis. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.April (August 1, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20123172044.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Phytophthora lateralis Tucker & Milbrath. Oomycota: Peronosporales. Hosts: Port Orford cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) and other Chamaecyparis species. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (France; Ireland; Netherlands; and England and Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland, UK), Asia (Taiwan) and North America (British Columbia, Canada, and California, Florida, Oregon and Washington, USA).

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33

"Synchytrium endobioticum. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 7) (August 1, 1998). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20066500001.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Percival Fungi: Chytridiomycota: Chytridiales Hosts: Potato (Solanum tuberosum). Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Mainland France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Mainland Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Central Russia Russia, Northern Russia, Southern Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, England and Wales, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (Fed. Rep.), ASIA, Armenia, Bhutan, India, Sikkim, West Bengal, Nepal, AFRICA, Algeria, South Africa, Tunisia, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Newfoundland, Mexico, USA, Maryland, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, SOUTH AMERICA, Bolivia, Chile, Falkland Islands, Peru, Uruguay, OCEANIA, New Zealand.

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34

"Phialophora cinerescens. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 1) (August 1, 1996). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20056500711.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Phialophora cinerescens (Wollenw.) J.F.H. Beyma. Hosts: Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Ontario, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Mainland Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Russia (European), Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Channel Islands, England and Wales, Northern Ireland, Scotland, USA, Colorado, Oregon, Yugoslavia (former).

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35

"Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.October (August 1, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20133421493.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus Queloz et al. Ascomycota: Leotiomycetes: Helotiales. Hosts: common ash (Fraxinus excelsior), narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Aland Islands, Mainland Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Central Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Channel Islands, England and Wales, Northern Ireland, Scotland), Asia (Japan).

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36

"Ramularia collo-cygni. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.April (August 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20103096731.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Ramularia collo-cygni B. Sutton & J.M. Waller. Ascomycota: Capnodiales. Hosts: American mannagrass (Glyceria grandis), barley (Hordeum vulgare), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) and triticale (Triticum × Secale). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Lithuania, Norway, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, England and Wales, Northern Ireland, Scotland), North America (Mexico, USA, Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Wisconsin, Wyoming), South America (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Uruguay), Oceania (New Zealand).

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37

Boulton, Jack. "Frontier Wars: Violence and Space in Belfast, Northern Ireland." University of Western Ontario Journal of Anthropology 22, no. 1 (July 2, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/uwoja.v22i1.8951.

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Belfast seems well known as a violent city; it has experienced a long history of turmoil related to the British invasion and subsequent division based on ethnicity as seen through religion. Although the profile of the city has improved, meaning rising tourism and income, the Belfast Agreement of 1998, as well as divisions between ethnicities continues to haunt the city despite an apparent end to violence, fighting and paramilitary activity. This paper explores the relationship between violence and space as exemplified in Belfast through the ‘peacelines’ which stand in interface zones between Catholic and Protestant residential areas. As well as being physical barriers, the peacelines are also symbolic of segregation as it manifests itself in other ways; through the ways in which people move through space and the ways in which bodies and identity are reflections of the city. The process of gentrification is also explored in the context of Belfast, with recent literature suggesting that class conflict exists alongside ethnic conflict.

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38

"Phytophthora richardiae. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 4) (August 1, 1991). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20046500171.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Phytophthora richardiae Buisman. Hosts: Arum (calla) lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia, Phillipines, Europe, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Netherlands, UK, England, Wales, Northern Ireland, North America, USA, California, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Massachussetts, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, WA.

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39

"Globodera pallida. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 1) (August 1, 1999). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20066500777.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Globodera pallida (Stone) Behrens Nematoda: Tylenchida: Heteroderidae Hosts: Potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Lycopersicon spp.), aubergine (Solanum melongena). Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Mainland France, Germany, Greece, Crete, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Mainland Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Mainland Portugal, Romania, Spain, Canary Islands, Mainland Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Channel Islands, England and Wales, Northern Ireland, Scotland, ASIA, Cyprus, India, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Pakistan, AFRICA, Algeria, Tunisia, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Newfoundland, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Panama, SOUTH AMERICA, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Falkland Islands, Peru, Venezuela, OCEANIA, New Zealand.

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40

"Globodera rostochiensis. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 1) (August 1, 1999). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20066500778.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber) Behrens Nematoda: Tylenchida: Heteroderidae Hosts: Potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Lycopersicon spp.), aubergine (Solanum melongena). Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Mainland France, Germany, Greece, Crete, Mainland Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Mainland Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Madeira, Mainland Portugal, Romania, Central Russia Russia, Eastern, Russian Far East, Northern Russia, Southern Russia, Western Siberia, Slovakia, Spain, Canary Islands, Mainland Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Channel Islands, England and Wales, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Ukraine, ASIA, Armenia, Cyprus, India, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Israel, Japan, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, AFRICA, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tunisia, Zimbabwe, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, British Columbia, Newfoundland, Mexico, USA, Delaware, New York, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Costa Rica, Panama, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, OCEANIA, Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island.

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41

"Phytophthora infestans mating type A2. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 1) (August 1, 1996). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20056500728.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary mating type A2. Hosts: Potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and others. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Canada, British Columbia, Egypt, Estonia, France, Mainland France, Germany, India, Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, West Bengal, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Korea Republic, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Russia (European), Russian Far East, Siberia, Switzerland, UK, England and Wales, Northern Ireland, Scotland, USA, Florida, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Texas, Washington.

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42

"Seiridium cardinale. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.April (August 1, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20143156820.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Seiridium cardinale (Wagener) Sutton & Gibson. Sordariomycetes: Xylariales: Amphisphaeriaceae. Hosts: Monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa) and Mediterranean cypress (C. sempervirens). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Croatia, Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Crete, Irish Republic, Italy, Montenegro, Portugal, Serbia, Spain, UK, England, Wales, Northern Ireland), Asia (Republic of Georgia, Israel, Japan, Syria and Turkey), Africa (Algeria, Morocco, South Africa and Tunisia), North America (Canada, British Columbia, Manitoba, USA, Alaska, California and Oregon), Central America and Caribbean (Costa Rica), South America (Argentina and Chile) and Oceania (Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia and New Zealand).

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43

"Phoma exigua var. foveata. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 1) (August 1, 1996). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20056500727.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Phoma exigua var. foveata (Foister) Boerema. Hosts: Potato (Solanum tuberosum). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Australia, New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Madhya Pradesh, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Mainland Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, UK, Channel Islands, England and Wales, Northern Ireland, Scotland, USA, Yemen, Yugoslavia (former).

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44

"Chrysomyxa abietis. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 1) (August 1, 1989). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20056500615.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Chrysomyxa abietis (Wallr.) Unger. Hosts: spruce (Picea spp.). Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Japan, USSR, Kazakh SSR, Kirgiz SSR, EUROPE, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, USSR, Latvia, Lithuania,? widespread in European, Russia.

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45

Lagdon, Susan, Julie-Ann Jordan, Paula Devine, Mark A. Tully, Cherie Armour, and Ciaran Shannon. "Public Understanding of Coercive Control in Northern Ireland." Journal of Family Violence, January 10, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10896-021-00355-5.

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AbstractCoercive control is characterised by negative behaviours which intimidate, threaten, and humiliate a person or restrict a person’s liberty. In addition to being a known risk factor for experiencing other forms of violence, research has linked coercive control to symptoms of psychological distress and suicidality. In the UK, coercive and controlling behaviours within intimate and familial relationships have been legislated as offending behaviours. However, there still exists a lack of international evidence on wider public knowledge and understanding of coercive control. The Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey (NILT) is an annual cross-sectional representative survey of social policy topics. Participants are adults aged 18 years or over. Concerning coercive control, respondents were presented with two relationship scenarios: obvious and less obvious coercive control. Following each scenario, respondents indicated their level of agreement to ten statements covering attitudes towards coercive control, victims of coercive control, talking about coercive control, and whether coercive control is a crime. Respondents indicated whether they had heard of the term ‘coercive control’. Predictors of coercive control awareness were assessed using multinomial logistic regression. Mixed analysis of variance assessed if agreement levels to the ten statements varied by type of coercive control and victim gender. Most respondents said that they had heard of the term coercive control and knew what it meant. Those who had not heard of coercive control at all were more likely to be on a lower income, less qualified and younger, when compared to those who said they knew what the term meant. Significant interactions between coercive control type and victim gender were evident for all ten statements. While most respondents are aware of the term coercive control, a significant number have not and are therefore unlikely to recognise the signs of this type of abuse.

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46

"Armillaria ostoyae. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.April (August 1, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20093074263.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink. Basidiomycota: Agaricales. Hosts: Many tree species. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France (Mainland France), Germany, Greece (Mainland Greece), Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal (Madeira), Romania, Russia (Far East), Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain (Mainland Spain), Sweden, Switzerland, UK (England and Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland)), Asia (China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Menggu), India (Jammu and Kashmir), Japan, (Hokkaido, Honshu), Korea Republic, Turkey), North America (Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan), Greenland, Mexico and USA (Colorado, Idaho, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin)).

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47

"Phytophthora fragariae. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 5) (August 1, 1986). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20056500062.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Phytophthora fragariae Hickman. Hosts: Strawberry (Fragaria) 0012-396X. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Japan, Lebanon, Taiwan, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia (Southern Australia), New Zealand, EUROPE, Austria, Britain & Northern Ireland, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, France, Irish Republic, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, USSR (Krasnodar), (Leningrad), NORTH AMERICA, Canada (British Columbia, Nova Scotia, NB), (Alta, Ontario), Mexico, USA.

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48

"Arabis mosaic nepovirus. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 1) (August 1, 1997). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20066500731.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Arabis mosaic nepovirus Viruses: Comoviridae: Nepovirus Hosts: Many crops and wild plants including strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa[Fragaria ananassa]), hop (Humulus lupulus), Vitis spp., raspberry (Rubus idaeus), Rheum spp., Sambucus nigra. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Mainland France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Mainland Italy, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Central Russia Russian Far East, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, England and Wales, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (Fed. Rep.), ASIA, Cyprus, Japan, Kazakhstan, Turkey, AFRICA, South Africa, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, OCEANIA, Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, New Zealand.

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49

"Synchytrium endobioticum. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.October (August 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20153399804.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Percival. Chytridiomycota: Chytridiales: Synchytriaceae. Host: potato (Solanum tuberosum). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, Germany, Irish Republic, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Central Russia, Northern Russia, Serbia, Southern Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, England and Wales, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Ukraine), Asia (Armenia, Bhutan, China, Guizhou, Republic of Georgia, India, Sikkim, West Bengal, Nepal and Turkey), Africa (South Africa and Tunisia), North America (Canada, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, USA, Maryland, Pennsylvania and West Virginia), South America (Bolivia, Falkland Islands and Peru) and Oceania (New Zealand).

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50

"Sirococcus tsugae. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, April (August 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20203227943.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Sirococcus tsugae Castl., Farr & Stanosz (Sordariomycetes: Diaporthales). Hosts: Cedrus atlantica, C. deodara, Tsuga canadensis, T. heterophylla and T. mertensiana. Information on the geographical distribution in Europe (Belgium, Germany, UK, England and Wales, Northern Ireland, Scotland) and North America (Canada, British Columbia, USA, Alaska, Connecticut, Georgia, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia) is also given.

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