Relevant bibliographies by topics / Income distribution – Northern Ireland

Academic literature on the topic 'Income distribution – Northern Ireland'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Income distribution – Northern Ireland"

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Borooah, Vani K., Patricia M. McKee, Norma Heaton, and Grainne Collins. "CATHOLIC-PROTESTANT INCOME DIFFERENCES IN NORTHERN IRELAND." Review of Income and Wealth 41, no. 1 (March 1995): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1995.tb00092.x.

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Smyth, Dermot, and Christopher C. Johnson. "Distribution of iodine in soils of Northern Ireland." Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis 11, no. 1 (February 2011): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/1467-7873/09-015.

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Peach, James, and David J. Molina. "Income distribution in Mexico's Northern border states." Journal of Borderlands Studies 17, no. 2 (September 2002): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2002.9695587.

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Mehri, Nader, Takashi Yamashita, Roberto Millar, and Phyllis Cummins. "AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF INCOME DISPARITIES BY PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS, GENDER, AND AGE." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S4—S5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.013.

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Abstract Income disparities by gender have been a persistent problem in economically-developed countries for decades, with income gaps often widening over the adult life course. We use data from the 2012 Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) to examine relationships among problem solving skills in technology-rich environments (PSTRE), income, sex, and age in Australia, Canada, England/Northern Ireland and the United States. Women age 35 to 44 in the middle-to-high (i.e., 50th - 75th percentile) income group had significantly higher PSTRE scores than their male counterparts in Australia and Canada. For the same income group, women ages 55 to 65 had significantly higher. PSTRE scores than men in Canada and England/Northern Ireland. These results suggest that women with similar skills lagged their male counterparts in income in specific sub-populations in specific countries. We provide possible explanations for these differences and conclude with implications for policy and practice.
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Morrissey, Karyn, and Cathal O'Donoghue. "The Spatial Distribution of Labour Force Participation and Market Earnings at the Sub-National Level in Ireland." Review of Economic Analysis 3, no. 1 (May 1, 2011): 80–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/rea.v3i1.1378.

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The main aim of this paper is to provide a spatial modelling framework for labour force participation and income estimation. The development of a household income distribution for Ireland had previously been hampered by the lack of disaggregated data on individual earnings. Spatial microsimulation through a process of calibration provides a method which allows one to recreate the spatial distribution LFP and household market income at the small area level. Further analysis examines the relationship between LFP, occupational type and market income at the small area level in Co. Galway Ireland.
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BLACKSHAW, R. P. "Observations on the distribution of leather jackets in Northern Ireland." Annals of Applied Biology 116, no. 1 (February 1990): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1990.tb06583.x.

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McGuinness, Seamus, and Adele Bergin. "The political economy of a Northern Ireland border poll." Cambridge Journal of Economics 44, no. 4 (March 4, 2020): 781–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/beaa007.

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Abstract Given the increased prominence of a border poll in Ireland, particularly following the outcome of the Brexit referendum, this paper provides an initial assessment of some of the issues that are likely to become central in any debate on this issue. We examine the relative income and growth position of Northern Ireland within a UK and Irish regional framework over time. We further compare, and contrast, in detail aspects of the structure of both economies on the island of Ireland in the areas of educational attainment, trade orientation and the role of Foreign Direct Investment. The paper goes on to analyse other relevant issues, such as the relative strength and weaknesses of the healthcare systems and the factors determining the potential economic cost of Irish unification. The objective of the research is to initiate an evidence-based approach to the question of a border poll and to provide an initial indication of the breadth of detail and analysis required for any debate to proceed in a meaningful manner.
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Lafong, A. C., E. Crothers, K. B. Bamford, and P. J. Rooney. "Distribution of serotypes and antibiotic resistance among pneumococci in Northern Ireland." Journal of Infection 16, no. 3 (May 1988): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-4453(88)97556-1.

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Cousens, SN, L. Linsell, PG Smith, M. Chandrakumar, JW Wilesmith, RSG Knight, M. Zeidler, G. Stewart, and RG Will. "Geographical distribution of variant CJD in the UK (excluding Northern Ireland)." Lancet 353, no. 9146 (January 1999): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(98)08062-3.

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Neville, Charlotte, and Paula Devine. "Loneliness and Social Isolation Among Older People in Northern Ireland." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 642–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2207.

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Abstract Loneliness and social isolation are increasingly recognised as being public health concernsparticularly in older people. Social isolation can be defined as the lack of social connections, whilst loneliness is a more subjective concept and relates to negative feelings about a lack of connections. This research explores the patterns of loneliness and social isolation of over 5,000 people aged 50 years or over living in Northern Ireland who participated in the first wave of the NICOLA study (Northern Ireland Cohort for the Longitudinal Study of Ageing). Data were obtained by computer-assisted personal interviews and self-completion questionnaires. We focused on loneliness and social interaction, in relation to key demographic and socio-economic variables including age, gender and marital status. Key findings were that loneliness patterns varied according to gender, age, income, health and living circumstances. Future waves of NICOLA will help to longitudinally explore the effects of transition on loneliness and social isolation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Income distribution – Northern Ireland"

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Vize, S. J. "The distribution and biodiversity of maerl beds in Northern Ireland." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426912.

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Feore, Sarah Mary. "The distribution and abundance of the badger Meles meles L in Northern Ireland." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296825.

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Dingerkus, S. K. "The distribution and ecology of the Irish hare Lepus timidus hibernicus in Northern Ireland." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388049.

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Teangana, Donncha O. "The distribution and ecology of the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) and grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) in Northern Ireland." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300993.

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Gabriel, Flávio Braga de Almeida. "A recente evolução da distribuição da renda na Região Norte do Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-21032014-152931/.

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal avaliar o comportamento da distribuição da renda domiciliar per capita na Região Norte do Brasil de 2004 a 2012. Como objetivos complementares, buscou-se: expor o debate existente na literatura recente sobre distribuição de renda no Brasil; determinar as causas imediatas de eventuais diferenças da distribuição da RDPC da Região Norte com base no grau de progressividade das parcelas da renda; analisar o efeito-composição e o efeitoconcentração da variação do índice de Gini das parcelas da RDPC, de 2004 a 2012. Para atingir esses objetivos utilizou-se, como metodologia, o cálculo dos Índices de Gini, Mehran e Piesch e suas respectivas decomposições considerando parcelas da renda. Como base de dados, foram utilizados os microdados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) para o período analisado. Como resultados, os índices de desigualdade da RDPC da Região Norte apresentaram comportamento diferente aos do Brasil e aos da maioria das demais Regiões oficiais, sendo parecidos aos que a Região Centro-Oeste (em especial o DF) apresentou. O índice de Gini da RDPC dos Estados da Região Norte tiveram comportamento não homogêneo no período analisado. A parcela da RDPC formada pela renda de militar e funcionário público da Região Norte se destacou por ter o maior grau de progressividade negativo em comparação ao do Brasil e do Distrito Federal, enquanto que a parcela \"outros rendimentos\" teve o maior grau de progressividade positivo, sendo responsável por 56,7% da mudança do índice de Gini de 2004 a 2012. Tanto o Brasil quanto a Região Norte registram aumento da escolaridade média. Porém, enquanto que no Brasil a dispersão da escolaridade diminui, na Região Norte aumenta, o que aumenta a dispersão dos rendimentos e, por sua vez, a desigualdade da renda.
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the distribution of the per capita household income (PCHI) in Northern Brazil from 2004 to 2012. As complementary objectives, we sought to: expose the existing debate in the recent literature on income distribution in Brazil; determine immediate causes of eventual differences of the PCHI in Northern Brazil based on the degree of progressivity of the income components; assess the effect-composition and effect-concentration of the variation of Gini index for the components of PCHI from 2004 to 2012. In order to achieve these goals the methodology was based on the calculations of Gini, Mehran and Piesch indices and their respective decompositions considering income components. Microdata of the National Research for Sample of Domiciles (PNAD) were used as the database for the analyzed period. Results showed that the inequality indices of the PCHI of the Northern region had a behavior different from the ones of Brazil and most of the other official regions, being similar to those of the Midwest region (in particular, Federal District). The Gini index of PCHI of Northern region states had a non-homogenous behavior in the analyzed period. The PCHI component formed by the military and civil servant household income in the Northern region had the highest negative degree of progressivity compared to the ones of Brazil and Federal District; while the \"other incomes\" component had the highest positive degree of progressivity, being responsible for 56.7% of the change in the Gini index from 2004 to 2012. Both Brazil and the Northern region have shown increase of average schooling. However, while schooling dispersion decreases in Brazil, it increases in the Northern region, which intensifies income dispersion and, consequently, income inequality.
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O'DONNELL, Nuala. "Earning inequality in Ireland and Northern Ireland." Doctoral thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5022.

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Defence date: 15 October 1999
Examining board: Prof. Andrea Ichino, EUI ; Prof. John Micklewright, EUI and UNICEF, Florence ; Prof. Brian Nolan, ESRI, Dublin ; Prof. Robert Waldmann, University of Perugia
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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Books on the topic "Income distribution – Northern Ireland"

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Agency, Combat Poverty, ed. The distribution of income in Ireland. Dublin: Oak Tree Press in asociation with Combat Poverty Agency, 2000.

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Madden, David. Sources of income inequality in Ireland. Dublin: University College Dublin, Department of Economics, 1996.

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T, Whelan Christopher, and Economic and Social Research Institute., eds. Monitoring poverty trends in Ireland: Results from the 2001 Living in Ireland survey. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 2003.

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1953-, Nolan Brian, and Economic and Social Research Institute., eds. Monitoring poverty trends in Ireland: Results from the 2000 Living in Ireland survey. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 2002.

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Tim, Callan, ed. Poverty, income and welfare in Ireland. Denver, CO: iAcademic Books, 2001.

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Callan, Tim. Income distribution and redistribution: Ireland in comparative perspective. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 1990.

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Nolan, Brian. Low pay in Ireland. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 1992.

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Nolan, Brian. Low pay in Ireland. Denver: iAcademic Books, 2000.

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Smith, Alan. Distribution of the lignite deposits in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, 1985.

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Callan, Tim. Poverty, income, and welfare in Ireland. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Income distribution – Northern Ireland"

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Breen, Richard, Damian F. Hannan, David B. Rottman, and Christopher T. Whelan. "The State and the Distribution and Redistribution of Income." In Understanding Contemporary Ireland, 70–100. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20464-9_4.

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Nolan, Brian. "Measuring and Targeting Poverty in Ireland." In Reporting on Income Distribution and Poverty, 161–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05254-9_9.

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Nolan, Brian, Tim Callan, and Bertrand Maitre. "Country case study—Ireland." In The Great Recession and the Distribution of Household Income, 113–29. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671021.003.0004.

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"10. The Distribution of Income in India’s Northern Wheat Region." In Research and Productivity in Asian Agriculture, 233–64. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501734328-011.

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O'Donoghue, Cathal. "Decomposing Changes in Inequality Over Time." In Practical Microsimulation Modelling, 191–212. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852872.003.0008.

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Microsimulation models are often used to consider counterfactual situations and answering ‘what if’ questions. However, these methods typically decompose all changes that occur at a given time, but do not separately isolate the impact of individual components. Simulation-based methods have been developed that can be used to simulate counterfactual incomes if one or more component is changed. This chapter moves beyond Oaxaca–Blinder work, which decomposes differences in individual wages, to decompose the full household-income distribution and its components. Counterfactual income-generating processes (wages, employment, etc.) are simulated to assess the impact of alternative situations, such as the degree of inequality, using income-generating processes from another time period (or country). This chapter utilizes, as a case study, Ireland, a developed country that experienced one of the highest sustained growth periods in recent decades. The chapter describes the estimation of simulation using an income-generation model, and then describes the Shapley-value decomposition. We use the microsimulation framework to understand changes in inequality, as the distribution of purchasing power associated with disposable income changed non-uniformly in terms of demography, labour market, market income, and public policy using an Oaxaca–Blinder–Bourguignon decomposition.
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Keating, Michael. "Social Union." In State and Nation in the United Kingdom, 153–69. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841371.003.0009.

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Unionists have defended the United Kingdom as a social or ‘sharing’ union in which resources are distributed according to need. It is true that income support payments and pensions are largely reserved and distributed across the union according to the same criteria. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are net beneficiaries. On the other hand, welfare has been detached from older understandings of social citizenship and ideas of the deserving and undeserving poor (strivers and skivers) have returned. Spending on devolved matters including health, education and social services is not equalized across the union. Instead, the Barnett Formula, based on historic spending levels and population-based adjustments, is used. Contrary to the claims of many unionists, there is no needs assessment underlying it, apart from a safeguard provision for Wales. The claim that the UK is a sharing union thus needs to be qualified.
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Sheridan, Alison. "From Picardie to Pickering and Pencraig Hill? New information on the ‘Carinated Bowl Neolithic’ in northern Britain." In Going Over: The Mesolithic-Neolithic Transition in North-West Europe. British Academy, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264140.003.0023.

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This chapter highlights the considerable and growing body of evidence for Neolithic activity, reliably dated to between c. 3950/3900 and 3700 cal bc in northern Britain (especially Scotland), which is associated with the use of pottery in the ‘Carinated Bowl’ ceramic tradition. The distribution of this type of pottery extends far beyond the area under review, to encompass much of Britain and much of Ireland. It is argued that the appearance of the Carinated Bowl-associated Neolithic package (and indeed that of other strands of Neolithization) is best explained in terms of the arrival of small farming groups from the Continent. An acculturationist, gradualist position on the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition simply fails to account for the evidence to hand. And even though many writers have highlighted the difficulties of pinpointing an area of origin for our hypothetical Continental ‘Carinated Bowl settlers’, it is argued that the search is neither fruitless nor hopeless.
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Baldwin, Peter. "Lumping and Splitting." In The Narcissism of Minor Differences. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391206.003.0016.

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It Is Often Said That America is an economically more unequal society than Europe, with greater stratification between rich and poor. On average, the United States is a wealthier society than most European countries. The median American income—that earned by the recipient at the center of the income distribution—is higher than equivalent figures for all European nations other than Luxembourg (figure 189). Americans also earn higher per capita incomes, adjusted for purchasing power variations, than any Europeans other than the Norwegians. That is, of course, easily compatible with widespread poverty and inequality. If incomes are distributed unequally, a high average could hide disproportionate wealth at the top and bitter poverty at the bottom. Americans do appear to tolerate a higher degree of inequality than Europeans. True, proportionately fewer Americans believe that income differences are necessary as an incentive than do Germans, Spaniards, or the Portuguese. Fewer Americans consider it fair that the rich buy better health care and education than do the British. But a smaller proportion of Americans than any Europeans rejects existing income differences as too large. And Americans do not agree, as many Europeans do, that the government should act to narrow income inequality. On a number of measures, high inequality does, in fact, appear to hold true for the United States—though rarely as starkly as is oft en presumed. For one thing, more billionaires per capita live in America than in any European country except Switzerland, with over twice that rate (figure 190). The American market is not inherently bloodier than the European. By itself, it does not produce more inequality than across the Atlantic. Pretax income inequalities in the United States lie within the European range. But after taxes and transfers, American inequalities appear starker. One measure of this defines poverty as 60% of the national median income. By this standard, the United States has a larger percentage of poor citizens than any European country, though the figures are broadly comparable to those of the UK, Ireland, Spain, and Greece (figure 191).
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"No. 3642. Agreement between Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Finland for the Reciprocal Exemption from Income Tax in Certain Cases of Profits or Gains arising through an Agency. Signed at London, February 21st, 1935." In United Nations Treaty Series, 526. UN, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/79aa9be2-en-fr.

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"No. 17938. Convention between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Swiss Confederation for the avoidance of double taxation with respect to taxes on income. Signed at London on 8 December 1977." In United Nations Treaty Series, 416–20. UN, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/a74412df-en-fr.

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Conference papers on the topic "Income distribution – Northern Ireland"

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Bagchi, Arijit, Robert Best, D. John Morrow, Jonathan Pollock, Ian Bailie, and Andrew Cupples. "System Service Provision Capabilities of Storage Devices Connected to a MV Distribution Network: A Northern Ireland Case Study." In 2020 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgt45199.2020.9087783.

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DUBRA, Vytautas. "SOME PECULIARITIES OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF LAND-BASED INORGANIC NUTRIENTS IN THE COASTAL PART OF THE BALTIC SEA." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.070.

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The Baltic Sea is a semi-enclosed sea with remarkable cyclonic circulation. The most attention must be paid to the local-scale factors playing the significant role in the overall figures. Fresh water inflow takes the majority of the mass budget income thus enabling local streams. The bathymetry of the Lithuanian Baltic zone is lowering gradually towards the open sea and has no significant deeps or depths. As the little exception there is a deeper basin, which stretches from the Curonian Spit until it reaches the approaches of the Southern Gotland Deep. The long-term investigations of spatial seasonal distribution of inorganic nutrients (nitrite, nitrate and orthophosphate) resulted to some regularities depending on prevailing wind scale duration and force. The results obtained during the experiment showed the complicacy of field structure. Extremely heterogeneous patterns of nutrients are formed when northern or eastern winds or breezes are prevailing. After the other wind directions significant decrease of heterogeneity was observed. Assessment showed that Curonian Lagoon water entering the Baltic Sea is enriched with dissolved inorganic nitrogen 6 times more and dissolved inorganic phosphorus concentration is higher by 2 times in comparison to the open sea values in winter.
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Shobeiri, Sanaz. "Age-Gender Inclusiveness in City Centres – A comparative study of Tehran and Belfast." In SPACE International Conferences April 2021. SPACE Studies Publications, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51596/cbp2021.xwng8060.

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Extended Abstract and [has] the potential to stimulate local and regional economies” (p.3). A city centre or town centre has been recognised as the beating heart and public legacy of an urban fabric either in a small town, medium-sized city, metropolis or megalopolis. Within this spectrum of scales, city centres’ scopes significantly vary in the global context while considering the physical as well as the intangible and the spiritual features. Concerns such as the overall dimensions, skyline, density and compactness, variety of functions and their distribution, comfort, safety, accessibility, resilience, inclusiveness, vibrancy and conviviality, and the dialectics of modernity and traditionalism are only some examples that elucidate the existing complexities of city centres in a city of any scale (overall dimension) (for further details see for instance Behzadfar, 2007; Gehl, 20210; Gehl and Svarre, 2013; Hambleton, 2015; Lacey et al., 2013; Madanipour, 2010; Roberts, 2013). Regardless of the issue of the context, Gehl (2010) define city centres as interconnected with new concepts such as “better city space, more city life” and “lively and attractive hub for the inhabitants” (pp. 13–15). Roberts (2006) explains the notion of a city centre or town centre as a space “in which human interaction and therefore creativity could flourish”. According to her, the point can realise by creating or revitalising 24-hour city policies that can omit the “‘lagerlout’ phenomenon, whereby drunken youths dominated largely empty town centres after dark” (pp. 333–334). De Certeau (1984) explains that a city and subsequently a city centre is where “the ordinary man, a common hero [is] a ubiquitous character, walking in countless thousands on the streets” (p. V). Paumier (2004) depicts a city centre particularly a successful and a vibrant one as “the focus of business, culture, entertainment … to seek and discover… to see and be seen, to meet, learn and enjoy [which] facilitates a wonderful human chemistry … for entertainment and tourism These few examples represent a wide range of physical, mental and spiritual concerns that need to be applied in the current and future design and planning of city centres. The term ‘concern’, here, refers to the opportunities and potentials as well as the problems and challenges. On the one hand, we —the academics and professionals in the fields associated with urbanism— are dealing with theoretical works and planning documents such as short-to-long term masterplans, development plans and agendas. On the other hand, we are facing complicated tangible issues such as financial matters of economic growth or crisis, tourism, and adding or removing business districts/sections. Beyond all ‘on-paper’ or ‘on-desk’ schemes and economic status, a city centre is experienced and explored by many citizens and tourists on an everyday basis. This research aims to understand the city centre from the eyes of an ordinary user —or as explained by De Certeau (1984), from the visions of a “common hero”. In a comparative study and considering the scale indicator, the size of one city centre might even exceed the whole size of another city. However, within all these varieties and differences, some principal functions perform as the in-common formative core of city centres worldwide. This investigation has selected eight similar categories of these functions to simultaneously investigate two different case study cities of Tehran and Belfast. This mainly includes: 1) an identity-based historical element; 2) shopping; 3) religious buildings; 4) residential area; 5) network of squares and streets; 6) connection with natural structures; 7) administrative and official Buildings; and 8) recreational and non-reactional retail units. This would thus elaborate on if/how the dissimilarities of contexts manifest themselves in similarities and differences of in-common functions in the current city centres. With a focus on the age-gender indicator, this investigation studies the sociocultural aspect of inclusiveness and how it could be reflected in future design and planning programmes of the case study cities. In short, the aim is to explore the design and planning guidelines and strategies —both identical and divergent— for Tehran and Belfast to move towards sociocultural inclusiveness and sustainability. In this research, due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, the studies of the current situation of inclusiveness in Belfast city centre have remained as incomplete. Thus, this presentation would like to perform either as an opening of a platform for potential investigations about Belfast case study city or as an invitation for future collaborations with the researcher for comparative studies about age-gender inclusiveness in city centres worldwide. In short, this research tries to investigate the current situation by identifying unrecognised opportunities and how they can be applied in future short-to-long plans as well as by appreciating the neglected problems and proposing design-planning solutions to achieve age-gender inclusiveness. The applied methodology mainly includes the direct appraisal within a 1-year timespan of September 2019 – September 2020 to cover all seasonal and festive effects. Later, however, in order to consider the role of the COVID-19 Pandemic, the direct appraisal was extended until January 2021. The complementary method to the direct appraisal is the photography to fast freeze the moments of the ordinary scenes of the life of the case study city centres (John Paul and Caponigro Arts, 2014; Langmann and Pick, 2018). The simultaneous study of the captured images would thus contribute to better analyse the age-gender inclusiveness in the non-interfered status of Tehran and Belfast. Acknowledgement This investigation is based on the researcher’s finding through ongoing two-year postdoctoral research (2019 – 2021) as a part of the Government Authorised Exchange Scheme between Fulmen Engineering Company in Tehran, Iran and Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland. The postdoctoral research title is “The role of age and gender in designing inclusive city centres – A comparative study of different-scale cities: Tehran and Belfast” in School of Natural and Built Environment of the Queen’s University of Belfast and is advised by Dr Neil Galway in the Department of Planning. This works is financially supported by Fulmen Company as a sabbatical scheme for eligible company’s senior-level staff. Keywords: Age-gender, Inclusiveness, Sociocultural, City Centre, Urban Heritage, Tehran, Belfast
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Reports on the topic "Income distribution – Northern Ireland"

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Nolan, Brian, Brenda Gannon, Richard Layte, Dorothy Watson, Christopher T. Whelan, and James Williams. Monitoring Poverty Trends in Ireland: Results from the 2000 Living in Ireland survey. ESRI, July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/prs45.

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This study is the latest in a series monitoring the evolution of poverty, based on data gathered by The ESRI in the Living in Ireland Surveys since 1994. These have allowed progress towards achieving the targets set out in the National Anti Poverty Strategy since 1997 to be assessed. The present study provides an updated picture using results from the 2000 round of the Living in Ireland survey. The numbers interviewed in the 2000 Living in Ireland survey were enhanced substantially, to compensate for attrition in the panel survey since it commenced in 1994. Individual interviews were conducted with 8,056 respondents. Relative income poverty lines do not on their own provide a satisfactory measure of exclusion due to lack of resources, but do nonetheless produce important key indicators of medium to long-term background trends. The numbers falling below relative income poverty lines were most often higher in 2000 than in 1997 or 1994. The income gap for those falling below these thresholds also increased. By contrast, the percentage of persons falling below income lines indexed only to prices (rather than average income) since 1994 or 1997 fell sharply, reflecting the pronounced real income growth throughout the distribution between then and 2000. This contrast points to the fundamental factors at work over this highly unusual period: unemployment fell very sharply and substantial real income growth was seen throughout the distribution, including social welfare payments, but these lagged behind income from work and property so social welfare recipients were more likely to fall below thresholds linked to average income. The study shows an increasing probability of falling below key relative income thresholds for single person households, those affected by illness or disability, and for those who are aged 65 or over - many of whom rely on social welfare support. Those in households where the reference person is unemployed still face a relatively high risk of falling below the income thresholds but continue to decline as a proportion of all those below the lines. Women face a higher risk of falling below those lines than men, but this gap was marked among the elderly. The study shows a marked decline in deprivation levels across different household types. As a result consistent poverty, that is the numbers both below relative income poverty lines and experiencing basic deprivation, also declined sharply. Those living in households comprising one adult with children continue to face a particularly high risk of consistent poverty, followed by those in families with two adults and four or more children. The percentage of adults in households below 70 per cent of median income and experiencing basic deprivation was seen to have fallen from 9 per cent in 1997 to about 4 per cent, while the percentage of children in such households fell from 15 per cent to 8 per cent. Women aged 65 or over faced a significantly higher risk of consistent poverty than men of that age. Up to 2000, the set of eight basic deprivation items included in the measure of consistent poverty were unchanged, so it was important to assess whether they were still capturing what would be widely seen as generalised deprivation. Factor analysis suggested that the structuring of deprivation items into the different dimensions has remained remarkably stable over time. Combining low income with the original set of basic deprivation indicators did still appear to identify a set of households experiencing generalised deprivation as a result of prolonged constraints in terms of command over resources, and distinguished from those experiencing other types of deprivation. However, on its own this does not tell the whole story - like purely relative income measures - nor does it necessarily remain the most appropriate set of indicators looking forward. Finally, it is argued that it would now be appropriate to expand the range of monitoring tools to include alternative poverty measures incorporating income and deprivation. Levels of deprivation for some of the items included in the original basic set were so low by 2000 that further progress will be difficult to capture empirically. This represents a remarkable achievement in a short space of time, but poverty is invariably reconstituted in terms of new and emerging social needs in a context of higher societal living standards and expectations. An alternative set of basic deprivation indicators and measure of consistent poverty is presented, which would be more likely to capture key trends over the next number of years. This has implications for the approach adopted in monitoring the National Anti-Poverty Strategy. Monitoring over the period to 2007 should take a broader focus than the consistent poverty measure as constructed to date, with attention also paid to both relative income and to consistent poverty with the amended set of indicators identified here.
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Redmond, Paul, Karina Doorley, and Seamus McGuinness. The impact of a change in the National Minimum Wage on the distribution of hourly wages and household income in Ireland. ESRI, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/rs86.pdf.

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