Journal articles on the topic 'Income and welfare dependency'
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1
Xu, Yuebin, and Ludovico Carraro. "Minimum income programme and welfare dependency in China." International Journal of Social Welfare 26, no. 2 (November 22, 2016): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12247.
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Cheng, Tyrone Chiwai. "Welfare “Recidivism” among Former Welfare Recipients." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 84, no. 1 (January 2003): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.74.
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With welfare reform soundly launched and its effects already praised, it is time to examine its impact on former welfare recipients. A typology of adaptation to welfare—comprising dependency, supplementation, self-reliance, and autonomy—was developed based on former welfare recipients' financial status and employment status. An examination was also made of ways in which welfare recipients changed from more independent modes of adaptation (autonomy and self-reliance) to less independent modes (supplementation and dependency). Using longitudinal data extracted from a U. S. Department of Labor survey, event history analysis was applied to investigate changes in adaptation mode and factors contributing to these changes, among former welfare recipients across a period of 1 8 years. The investigation found that return to welfare was uncommon. Furthermore, the results show that nonpoor former recipients most often joined the ranks of the working poor because of welfare reform, ethnicity, education level, occupational skills, family income, housing subsidy, child care, and prior experience in welfare use. Some nonpoor former recipients who spent long spells in welfare returned to welfare because they suffered income reductions and needed food stamps. Working poor former recipients were likely to become nonpoor if they were married and had no need for child care or food stamps. Working poor White, single mothers with little work experience and little child support were likely to return to welfare and become further dependent on it.
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Ahlquist, John S., John R. Hamman, and Bradley M. Jones. "Dependency Status and Demand for Social Insurance: Evidence from Experiments and Surveys." Political Science Research and Methods 5, no. 1 (November 6, 2015): 31–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2015.58.
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Current thinking on the origins and size of the welfare state often ignores household relations in which people may depend on others for income or have dependents themselves. The influence of “dependency status” on individuals’ political preferences is unknown. We report results from a laboratory experiment designed to estimate the effect of dependency on preferences for policies that insure against labor market risk. Results indicate that (1) willingness to vote in favor of a social insurance policy is highly responsive to unemployment risk, (2) symmetric, mutual dependence is unrelated to support for insurance, but (3) asymmetric dependence (being dependent on someone else) increases support for social insurance. We connect our lab results to observational survey data and find similar relationships.
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NOBLE, MICHAEL, SIN YI CHEUNG, and GEORGE SMITH. "Origins and Destinations – Social Security Claimant Dynamics." Journal of Social Policy 27, no. 3 (July 1998): 351–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279498005327.
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This article briefly reviews American and British literature on welfare dynamics and examines the concepts of welfare dependency and ‘dependency culture’ with particular reference to lone parents. Using UK benefit data sets, the welfare dynamics of lone mothers are examined to explore the extent to which they inform the debates. Evidence from Housing Benefits data show that even over a relatively short time period, there is significant turnover in the benefits-dependent lone parent population with movement in and out of income support as well as movement into other family structures. Younger lone parents and owner-occupiers tend to leave the data set while older lone parents and council tenants are most likely to stay. Some owner-occupier lone parents may be relatively well off and on income support for a relatively short time between separation and a financial settlement being reached. They may also represent a more highly educated and highly skilled group with easier access to the labour market than renters. Any policy moves paralleling those in the United States to time limit benefit will disproportionately affect older lone parents.
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Kim, Jina B. "Cripping the Welfare Queen." Social Text 39, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 79–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01642472-9034390.
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Abstract Drawing together feminist- and queer-of-color critique with disability theory, this essay offers a literary-cultural reframing of the welfare queen in light of critical discourses of disability. It does so by taking up the discourse of dependency that casts racialized, low-income, and disabled populations as drains on the state, reframing this discourse as a potential site of coalition among antiracist, anticapitalist, and feminist disability politics. Whereas antiwelfare policy cast independence as a national ideal, this analysis of the welfare mother elaborates a version of disability and women-of-color feminism that not only takes dependency as a given but also mines the figure of the welfare mother for its transformative potential. To imagine the welfare mother as a site for reenvisioning dependency, this essay draws on the “ruptural possibilities” of minority literary texts, to use Roderick A. Ferguson’s coinage, and places Sapphire's 1996 novel Push in conversation with Jesmyn Ward's 2011 novel Salvage the Bones. Both novels depict young Black mothers grappling with the disabling context of public infrastructural abandonment, in which the basic support systems for maintaining life—schools, hospitals, social services—have become increasingly compromised. As such, these novels enable an elaboration of a critical disability politic centered on welfare queen mythology and its attendant structures of state neglect, one that overwrites the punitive logics of public resource distribution. This disability politic, which the author terms crip-of-color critique, foregrounds the utility of disability studies for feminist-of-color theories of gendered and sexual state regulation and ushers racialized reproduction and state violence to the forefront of disability analysis.
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ACHDUT, NETTA, and HAYA STIER. "Welfare-use Accumulation and Chronic Dependency in Israel: The Role of Structural Factors." Journal of Social Policy 49, no. 1 (December 19, 2018): 81–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279418000843.
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AbstractContemporary welfare policies in many Western countries limit public assistance for the long-term unemployed and spur rapid movement into the labour market. These policies have substantially changed the trade-offs of employment and welfare-use behaviour, making employment far more attractive than welfare dependency. Despite this new reality, many welfare recipients circulate in and out of the welfare system and the low-wage labour market or become disconnected from both work and welfare. Drawing on longitudinal administrative data of single Israeli mothers who received Income Support Benefit in 2003, this study focuses on the role of structural factors, including local labour market conditions and local availability of subsidised child-care, in explaining the intensity of welfare receipt over a 51-month period. The results indicate notable diversity in welfare-use accumulation. Some mothers were classified as short- to mid-termer recipients while others showed a much more intensive use, and about a third were classified as chronically dependent. Local labour market conditions and their change over time played an important part in explaining welfare accumulation, while local child-care availability had no effect. Implications for policy are discussed.
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Greenberg, David H., Victoria Deitch, and Gayle Hamilton. "A Synthesis of Random Assignment Benefit-Cost Studies of Welfare-to-Work Programs." Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 1, no. 1 (July 14, 2010): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/2152-2812.1005.
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AbstractOver the past two decades, federal and state policymakers have dramatically reshaped the nation’s system of cash welfare assistance for low-income families. During this period, there has been considerable variation from state to state in approaches to welfare reform, which are often collectively referred to as “welfare-to-work programs.” This article synthesizes an extraordinary body of evidence: results from 28 benefit-cost studies of welfare-to-work programs based on random assignment evaluation designs. Each of the 28 programs can be viewed as a test of one of six types of welfare reform approaches: mandatory work experience programs, mandatory job-search-first programs, mandatory education-first programs, mandatory mixed-initial-activity programs, earnings supplement programs, and time-limit-mix programs. After describing how benefit-cost studies of welfare-to-work programs are conducted and considering some limitations of these studies, the synthesis addresses such questions as: Which welfare reform program approaches yield a positive return on investments made, from the perspective of program participants and from the perspective of government budgets, and the perspective of society as a whole? Which approaches make program participants better off financially? In which approaches do benefits exceed costs from the government’s point of view? The last two of these questions coincide with the trade-off between reducing dependency on government benefits and ensuring adequate incomes for low-income families. Because the benefit-cost studies examined program effects from the distinct perspectives of government budgets and participants’ incomes separately, they address this trade-off directly. The article thus uses benefit-cost findings to aid in assessing the often complex trade-offs associated with balancing the desire to ensure the poor of adequate incomes and yet encourage self-sufficiency.
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CORRIGAN, OWEN. "Migrants, Welfare Systems and Social Citizenship in Ireland and Britain: Users or Abusers?" Journal of Social Policy 39, no. 3 (November 26, 2009): 415–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279409990468.
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AbstractPublic discourse on migrant interactions with state welfare systems has often assumed exploitative motivations on the part of migrants, with charges of welfare tourism a recurring theme among segments of the political spectrum. Academic research has also tended to characterise migrant welfare utilisation in simple dichotomous terms where migrants are either ‘welfare dependent’ or not. This article argues for the analytic utility of disaggregating the concept of welfare utilisation into distinct component parts, denoting usage, participation and dependency with regard to state-provided cash welfare benefits. Using EU survey data, these distinct components of welfare utilisation among migrants are assessed in comparative cross-national context, comparing welfare and labour market outcomes for similar cohorts of migrants faced with dissimilar incentive structures. The results have direct implications for policy-makers, and for migrant experiences of social citizenship, in so far as they show little support for the moral hazard view of migrant interactions with welfare systems. Migrants in Ireland's relatively more generous welfare system are seen to have no greater likelihood of welfare dependency, and in fact show a lower usage of welfare (as a proportion of total income) than similar migrants in Britain, controlling for characteristics. Intriguingly, however, the likelihood of forming a partial labour market attachment is seen to respond to increasing levels of welfare usage in Ireland, but not in Britain, suggesting that migrants may be taking an active role in how they define their position in the work-welfare nexus in response to welfare system incentives.
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Cujbă, Vadim. "Marginalization risks of remittance dependant population of the Republic of Moldova." Homo et Societas 3 (2018): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25436104hs.18.003.12304.
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This article emphasizes the importance of remittances on Moldovan income and economic growth. As a result of the increase in the flow of migrants, remittances have become an important factor in the country‘s GDP (in 2017, 20.6% of GDP). According to the Household Budget Survey the income from remittances directly affects the welfare of Moldovan households. In this study, the dependency of marginalized categories of the population (families with many children, elderly people and rural population) on the remittances of Moldovan migrants is analyzed. In rural areas, remittances account for more than 20% of the average disposable income.
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FISHER, MONICA. "Household welfare and forest dependence in Southern Malawi." Environment and Development Economics 9, no. 2 (April 2, 2004): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x03001219.
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This paper examines the role forests play in alleviating poverty in rural Malawi. Data from three villages in southern Malawi indicate high levels of forest dependence. Gini decomposition shows that access to forest income reduced measured income inequality at the study sites. Tobit analysis of the determinants of reliance on low-return and high-return forest activities indicates that asset-poor households are more reliant on forest activities compared with the better off; reliance on high-return activities is conditioned also by availability of adult male labor and location. Taken together, the study's findings suggest that forests prevent poverty by supplementing income, and may also help to improve the living standards of households that are able to enter into high-return forest occupations. Policy implications are discussed.
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Pla, Jésica Lorena, and Emilio Jorge Ayos. "Social class and income distribution." Civitas: revista de Ciências Sociais 22 (October 4, 2022): e42115. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1984-7289.2022.1.42115.
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This paper aims to analyse the relationship between household income sources and household economic welfare over a medium-term period spanning different political-economic cycles in Argentina. It bases on the convergence between social class studies and welfare regimes analysis. We used a quantitative methodological strategy based on microdata from the Permanent Household Survey (EPH for its acronym in Spanish) of the National Institute of Statistics and Census (Indec for its acronym in Spanish), Argentina. The class scheme known as EGP/Casmin was constructed. The income sources for the different years were harmonised into labour and non-labour sources, differentiating the latter between market income and welfare income. The relationship between social class and income sources was analysed descriptively. A decomposition analysis by income sources and social class of the Gini economic inequality index was applied at the household level. Among the main conclusions of the paper, the strong dependence of households of all social classes on labour income for their social reproduction is highlighted, even in periods of strong dynamism in the field of social policies, such as the governments framed within the “progressive turn” or “pink tide”.
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K., Mwera Dorothy, Dr Wilfred Nyangena, and Dr Kamau Gathiaka. "NGONG FOREST DEPENDENCE AND HOUSEHOLD WELFARE." American Journal of Environment Studies 1, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ajes.256.
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Purpose: This study attempted to examine the economic contribution made by Ngong forest to rural households that surround it.Methodology: The study area that the sample was drawn from was the Kibiko Holding Ground with a population of 1,025 and 199 households. The study population was 199 households as households were the study unit. A sample size of 55 households was identified through systematic random sampling. Results: indicated that the forest resources that are mostly extracted by the households are firewood, followed by honey, poles, vegetables and finally medicinal herbs. Study results also revealed that only the count of livestock and the quintile income mattered in the extraction of forest resources. The rest of the socioeconomic factors (gender, literacy, years of education, age, family size, family composition, sickness shocks) did not matter for forest resource extraction.Conclusion and Recommendation: The study concluded that poorer households are more resource dependent than the rich. In addition, forest income contributes significantly towards household welfare. Hence, an effort to balance between environmental concerns and sustainable livelihoods should ensure that families living in the area are paid an equivalent KES 5,309 per month to alleviate their suffering in case they were to be translocated to other non forest areas.
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Bennett, Fran. "Social Policy Digest." Journal of Social Policy 25, no. 2 (April 1996): 249–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400000337.
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A new chief executive of the Benefits Agency, and a new chairperson of the Social Security Advisory Committee, have been appointed. In its response to the Social Security Committee's recent report on social security expenditure, the government revealed that by 1992/3, 30 per cent of individuals were living in households receiving at least one means-tested benefit. In November 1994, there were 5.7 million income support claimants, with just under 1 million partners and 3.2 million other dependants; almost 1.7 million claimants had one or more deductions from their weekly income support (25:1/97, 1.7; 24:3/95, 1.3). In May 1994, more than 3 million people had been claiming income support for more than two years (24:2/94, 1.1). An Institute of Economic Affairs (EEA) report claimed that recent governments' tax and benefit policies have played a central role in increasing welfare dependency.
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Arcos, Estela, Ximena Sanchez, Maria Cecilia Toffoletto, Margarita Baeza, Patricia Gazmuri, Luz Angélica Muñoz, and Antonia Vollrath. "Social protection systems in vulnerable families: their importance for the public health." Revista de Saúde Pública 48, no. 3 (June 2014): 398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-8910.2014048005131.
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OBJECTIVE To analyze the effectiveness of the Chilean System of Childhood Welfare in transferring benefits to socially vulnerable families. METHODS A cross-sectional study with a sample of 132 families from the Metropolitan Region, Chile, stratified according to degree of social vulnerability, between September 2011 and January 2012. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with mothers of the studied families in public health facilities or their households. The variables studied were family structure, psychosocial risk in the family context and integrated benefits from the welfare system in families that fulfill the necessary requirements for transfer of benefits. Descriptive statistics to measure location and dispersion were calculated. A binary logistic regression, which accounts for the sample size of the study, was carried out. RESULTS The groups were homogenous regarding family size, the presence of biological father in the household, the number of relatives living in the same dwelling, income generation capacity and the rate of dependency and psychosocial risk (p ≥ 0.05). The transfer of benefits was low in all three groups of the sample (≤ 23.0%). The benefit with the best coverage in the system was the Single Family Subsidy, whose transfer was associated with the size of the family, the presence of relatives in the dwelling, the absence of the father in the household, a high rate of dependency and a high income generation capacity (p ≤ 0.10). CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of benefit transfer was poor, especially in families that were extremely socially vulnerable. Further explanatory studies of benefit transfers to the vulnerable population, of differing intensity and duration, are required in order to reduce health disparities and inequalities.
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Aguila, Emma, Jaqueline L. Angel, and Kyriakos Markides. "OLD AND FORGOTTEN? CARE FOR ELDERS IN MEXICO AND THE U.S." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S64—S65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.249.
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Abstract The United States and Mexico differ greatly in the organization and financing of their old-age welfare states. They also differ politically and organizationally in government response at all levels to the needs of low-income and frail citizens. While both countries are aging rapidly, Mexico faces more serious challenges in old-age support that arise from a less developed old-age welfare state and economy. For Mexico, financial support and medical care for older low-income citizens are universal rights, however, limited fiscal resources for a large low-income population create inevitable competition among the old and the young alike. Although the United States has a more developed economy and well-developed Social Security and health care financing systems for the elderly, older Mexican-origin individuals in the U.S. do not necessarily benefit fully from these programs. These institutional and financial problems to aging are compounded in both countries by longer life spans, smaller families, as well as changing gender roles and cultural norms. In this interdisciplinary panel, the authors of five papers deal with the following topics: (1) an analysis of old age health and dependency conditions, the supply of aging and disability services, and related norms and policies, including the role of the government and the private sector; (2) a binational comparison of federal safety net programs for low-income elderly in U.S. and Mexico; (3) when strangers become family: the role of civil society in addressing the needs of aging populations; and (4) unmet needs for dementia care for Latinos in the Hispanic-EPESE.
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Weale, Albert. "Citizenship in Europe and the Logic of Two-Level Political Contracts." German Law Journal 15, no. 5 (August 1, 2014): 867–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200019180.
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How are we to understand the state of citizenship in Europe twenty years after the implementation of the Maastricht Treaty? When answering this question, I focus particularly onsocial citizenship. Social citizenship may be understood as a form of political relationship among citizens extending to each collective protection against the financial risks associated with the life cycle, including dependency when young, ill heath, accidents, and the vulnerabilities of old age. Collective protection against these financial risks takes the form of social rights within the welfare state, including rights to income protection, access to health care, and the provision of education. Within the most economically developed European states, securing these rights has since 1945 been seen as central to the democratic legitimacy of these states, as well as an aspirational standard for democratizing societies seeking to achieve “the concrete substance civilised life” and the associated “general reduction of risk and insecurity”1 at all levels that the welfare state provides.
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Bäckman, Olof, and Åke Bergmark. "Escaping welfare? Social assistance dynamics in Sweden." Journal of European Social Policy 21, no. 5 (December 2011): 486–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928711418855.
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The article analyses temporal patterns in social assistance receipt in Sweden in the 2000s by looking at which circumstances facilitate versus reduce the possibilities of a person ceasing to be a recipient of social assistance. The analysis is guided by the following questions: What conditions lead people to terminate periods of social assistance receipt? Which factors are central to exits with different subsequent income patterns? How do these explain the different situations of recipients prior to termination? We focus particularly on income maintenance prior to spells of social assistance. We use event history data on monthly social assistance take-up covering the total adult Swedish population for the years 2002–2004. We adopt a gamma mixture model to control for unobserved heterogeneity. The results suggest that previous experience of both employment and social assistance receipt are important determinants for all types of exits from social assistance recipiency. A negative duration dependence is found also when unobserved heterogeneity is controlled for.
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Hidayat, D. C., Surati, Sylviani, N. Sakuntaladewi, K. Ariawan, and S. Ekawati. "Customary Forest Utilization: The Determinants of Indigenous (Adat) Community’s Economic Welfare." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 940, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/940/1/012094.
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Abstract Customary forest utilization to improve the indigenous (adat) community welfare must be in line with local wisdom and preserving ecological function, even though they are no longer part of the state forest. In term of sustainable customary forest management, knowledge related to customary forest utilization and community welfare is getting significant to be study object. The paper aims to identify and analyse the determinants of indigenous community’s income. It was conducted in indigenous community of Kasepuhan Karang, Banten in 2018. Data collection was taken by purposive sampling, processed by ordinal logistic correlation and descriptive analysis. The results show the indigenous community has high level of dependence on the forest through on and off farm. From the respondents, the average income from forest use is below the regional minimum wage. While from the partial test results, it is concluded the land owned area and the livelihood type have a significant positive effect on the income level. Therefore, land distribution should be well managed due to conservation issue and livelihoods diversification to increase income level. Nonetheless, formal education level undetermined on income level. Informal education, capacity building of the community regarding to sustainable customary forest management needs to be organized.
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Hardana, Ali, and Jafar Nasution. "Pengaruh Rasio Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah terhadap Indeks Pembangunan Manusia." Global Financial Accounting Journal 6, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37253/gfa.v6i1.6452.
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Purpose - Local governments with great authority in the current era of autonomy must be able to use the allocation to the maximum for the welfare of the community. The appropriate local government fiscal policy through the Regional Revenue and Spending Budget (APBD) is expected to increase the human development index to improve the welfare of the community. This research was conducted to find out how much influence the local government financial ratios have on the human development index, the ratio used is the ratio of the degree of decentralization, the ratio of regional financial dependence, the ratio of regional financial independence, the ratio of the effectiveness of local own revenue and the ratio of the effectiveness of the local tax.
Research Method - The type of data from this research is quantitative descriptive using primary and secondary data. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regressions. Findings - The results of this research are that there is a very strong relationship between the degree of decentralization, the ratio of regional financial dependency, the ratio of regional financial independence, the ratio of the effectiveness of local own-source revenue, and the ratio of the effectiveness of local taxes and simultaneously affect the human development index.
Implication – There is a very strong relationship between the degree of decentralization, the ratio of regional financial dependence, the ratio of regional financial independence, the effectiveness ratio of regional original income and the effectiveness of regional taxes and have a simultaneous (together) effect on the human development index.
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Wang, Binyan, Mark W. Rosenberg, Shijun Wang, Peifeng Yang, and Junfeng Tian. "Multilevel and Spatially Heterogeneous Factors Influencing Poor Households’ Income in a Frontier Minority Area in Northeast China." Complexity 2021 (September 24, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8834422.
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Increasing the income of poor rural households is essential for the realization of China’s goal of sustainable development, which entails inclusive and equitable development and reducing the developmental gap between urban and rural areas. We conducted a case study of Wangqing County, a frontier minority area in Northeast China to examine spatial patterns and income differentials among poor rural households in this area. We quantified existing associations between household-level and environmental-level characteristics and income by applying hierarchical linear models. We subsequently applied Geographically Weighted Regression to analyze the spatial heterogeneity of the environmental-level variables and develop an understanding of the interaction mechanism of influencing factors. The results revealed that the distribution of villages, where income levels were similar, showed significant spatial agglomeration characteristics. Our findings also provide empirical evidence that household- and village-level characteristics together determine the income of poor households, but that household-level characteristics determine destitution to a greater extent than environmental characteristics. More specifically, the sex, health condition, and labor capacity of the household head, household size, the dependency ratio, social welfare, and off-farm work are significantly associated with household income. At the environmental level, arable land, the distance to the county center, and the average altitude had spatially heterogeneous impacts that varied in direction and intensity. This systematic study provides a more comprehensive and integrated understanding of the factors influencing the income of poor households in a frontier minority area in Northeast China.
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Olushola Arowolo, Aisha, Mure Agbonlahor, Peter Okuneye, and Jubril Soaga. "Assessing the distributional impact of community forest income." International Journal of Social Economics 41, no. 11 (November 4, 2014): 1101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-07-2013-0156.
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Purpose – Emerging evidence revealed a high rate of dependence of marginal people on forest resources in developing countries for both subsistence use and cash income. The purpose of this paper is to examine the rural livelihoods welfare dimensions of community forest income in south-western Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach – Forest activities and income pattern data were collected from 160 rural households’ selected using multistage sampling approach. Descriptive statistics and Gini decomposition technique were used to analyse the data. Findings – The result shows that forest income accounts for about 38.2 per cent of total household income and was the first ranked source of income in the study area. The Gini decomposition analysis showed that access to forest income is income inequality reducing in the study area. The study findings suggests that household welfare in rural Nigeria could be improved through policies and programmes that can stimulate sustainable access to forest resources and assist households to earn income from alternative sources such as agriculture. Originality/value – The result of the study helped provide information on the uses and benefits of community forests as it affects the well-being of rural people. Also, it provides the benchmark for policy makers, government agencies and NGO's involved in rural livelihood outcome of forest communities.
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Tarasuk, Valerie, Naomi Dachner, and Rachel Loopstra. "Food banks, welfare, and food insecurity in Canada." British Food Journal 116, no. 9 (August 26, 2014): 1405–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-02-2014-0077.
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Purpose – Similar to the recent emergence of food banks in other affluent nations, the genesis and ultimate entrenchment of food banks in Canada has been tightly intertwined with the dismantling of the welfare state. Through an examination of Canadian data, the authors elucidate the implications of entrenching voluntary, extra-governmental, charitable food assistance programs as an adjunct to publicly funded social assistance programs. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Publicly available food bank reports, population health survey data, and the results of a study of low-income families in Toronto are reviewed to examine the food security status of social assistance recipients and their use of food banks. Findings – In 2012, 70 percent of households in Canada who were reliant on social assistance were food insecure. Social assistance recipients comprise at least half of food bank clientele and have done so for as long as this information has been tracked, but the assistance provided by food banks appears insufficient to alter households’ food insecurity. Although food banks currently distribute over 200 million pounds of food annually, the scale of their operations pales in comparison to the food needs of those who seek their help. Originality/value – In the 30 years since food banks began in Canada, there has been considerable research into this response, as well as extensive population monitoring of food insecurity. Canada provides an informative case study of an affluent country's long-term dependency on charitable food assistance and the impact this has on the food insecurity of those reliant on social assistance programs.
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Thakuriah, Piyushimita (Vonu), P. S. Sriraj, Siim Sööt, Yihua Liao, and Joost Gideon Berman. "Activity and Travel Changes of Users of Job Access Transportation Service." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1927, no. 1 (January 2005): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192700107.
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The Job Access and Reverse Commute (JARC) program of the FTA provides funding to improve the access to and from jobs for welfare recipients and low-income individuals. The objective of the study was to develop a comprehensive profile of JARC service riders on several economic, social, perceptual, and travel-related indicators on the basis of a data set that was collected by the authors from riders of fixed-route and demand-responsive services in 23 locations across the country that were funded by this program. The economic indicators considered include incomes of riders, full-and part-time work status, employment tenure, reported changes in employment status (transitioning from unemployment to employment), and changes in wages incurred after using the service. Social indicators include vehicle ownership, driver's license, and educational attainment. Where possible, JARC service riders were compared with a national sample of automobile and transit users; the data for these measures were obtained from the decennial census. Two measures of perceived service dependency that indicate the importance of the service to the riders are discussed. In addition, a profile of travel-related changes incurred by riders as a result of service use is developed, including changes in mode of travel and travel times. Many of these indicators are differentiated on the basis of type of area and type of service. This analysis brings a user perspective into the discussion about low-income employment transportation services and highlights the diversity of impacts that job access transportation is having on the work and nonwork activities of low-income riders.
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Babatunde, R. O., A. E. Omoniwa, A. O. Adekunle, and G. T. Oyeleke. "Effect of Food Expenditure on Farming Households’ Welfare in Osun State, Nigeria." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 52, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cerce-2019-0009.
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Abstract Food and nutrition security remain Africa’s most fundamental challenge for human welfare and economic growth. In this study, recent survey data from Osun State, Nigeria, was used to examine the effect of food expenditure on farming households’ welfare in Nigeria. Logistic and OLS regression models were the analytical tools used. Food Insecurity Gap (FIG) and Squared Food Insecurity Gap (SFIG) were used to capture the severity of food insecurity among the households. The results showed that, all households sampled consume rice, beans, vegetable, fish and oil as basic food items, while only 32% of them consume potatoes. The regression results showed that the household size, per capita income, dependency ratio and age were the highly significant factors influencing food expenditure. However, the coping strategy that was mostly adopted by the farmers in the study area was to cut down on the numbers of food items consumed. Therefore, it was recommended that farm mechanization should be encouraged for optimal land use and productivity. In all, promoting agricultural policies with appropriate price incentives that focus on intensification, diversification and resource-stabilizing innovations will create more wealth for all categories of farming households and this in turn will ensure food security, especially in an era of economic deregulation.
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WALKER, ROBERT. "DOES WORK WORK?" Journal of Social Policy 27, no. 4 (October 1998): 533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279498005418.
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Alan Deacon (ed.), From Welfare to Work, IEA Health & Welfare Unit, 1997, 155 pp., £8.00 paper.Karen Gardiner, Bridges from Benefit, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York, 1997, 60 pp., £11.95 paper.Alex Bryson, Reuben Ford and Michael White, Making Work Pay, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York, 1997, 89 pp., £11.95 paper.Jane Millar, Steven Webb and Martin Kemp, Combining Work and Welfare, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York, 1997, 59 pp., £11.95 paper.For the new Labour government, employment is the key to the reform of welfare. While the same could be said of the first post-war Labour government, the words have a rather different meaning. It is true that Gordon Brown, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, has alluded to the concept of full employment that Keynes, Beveridge and, latterly, Attlee's government foresaw was essential to fund the development of the Welfare State. But the strategy that Brown set out in his first two budgets has a more narrow focus. Employment is to provide a route out of dependency, a mechanism for social inclusion, that enables expenditure on social security to be diverted to investment in education and health that is likely to attract a greater political dividend. More specifically, in his 1997 budget he used income generated from a windfall tax on the privatised utilities to fund the New Deal, a programme of counselling and work experience schemes with a large element of compulsion (Table 1), and supported this with a National Child Care Strategy and a commitment to introduce a minimum wage. He complemented these moves in his 1998 budget by increasing Child Benefit and announcing a Working Families Tax Credit, and one for disabled persons to replace Family Credit and Disability Working Allowance and also a Childcare Tax Credit.
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Pérez, Ana, and Mercedes Prieto-Alaiz. "Measuring the Dependence Among Dimensions of Welfare: A Study Based on Spearman’s Footrule and Gini’s Gamma." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 24, Suppl. 1 (December 2016): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488516400055.
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Welfare is multidimensional as it involves not only income, but also education, health or labour. The composite indicators of welfare are usually based on somehow aggregating the information across dimensions and individuals. However, this approach ignores the relationship between the dimensions being aggregated. To face this goal, in this paper, we analyse the multivariate dependence between the dimensions included in the Human Development Index (HDI), namely income, health and schooling, through three copula-based measures of multivariate association: Spearman’s footrule, Gini’s gamma and Spearman’s rho. We discuss their properties and prove new results on Spearman’s footrule. The copula approach focuses on the positions of the individuals across dimensions, rather than the values that the variables attain for such individuals. Thus, it allows for more general types of dependence than the linear correlation. We base our study on data from 1980 till 2014 for the countries included in the 2015 Human Development Report. We find out that though the overall HDI has increased over this period, the dependence between its dimensions remains high and nearly unchanged, so the richest countries also tend to be the best ranked in both health and education.
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Kristo, Kristo, and Yunita Sopiana. "Analisis Dampak Sektor Pariwisata terhadap Kesejahteraan Pedagang di Kota Banjarmasin." JIEP: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 3, no. 2 (November 17, 2020): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jiep.v3i2.2556.
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This study was conducted to (1) analyze the impact of the tourism sector on the welfare of traders in the tourist area of the Siring Sungai Martapura Park in the City of Banjarmasin (2) to analyze the differences in the welfare level of traders who utilize the tourism sector before and after the development of tourism in the tourism area of the Siring River Martapura Park Banjarmasin City. In this study, Respondents were 38 people, namely traders who are still active around the Siring Sungai Martapura Park in Banjarmasin City. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. In this study, data collection methods were interviews in the form of cake, observation, documentation, and literature study. The results of this study prove the positive impact of the tourism sector on the welfare of traders around the Banjarmasin tourist attraction used in this study, namely the Siring Sungai Martapura Park Banjarmasin City viewed from the tourism sector which gives an impact on increasing income before and after the development of tourism, education level, the level of health, and living conditions that indicate merchants who have increased welfare before and after utilizing the tourism sector. The resulting negative impact is the dependence on the existing tourism sector because it depends on tourist visits. The tourism sector is used as an indicator in the study. This is a tourist visit while public welfare indicators are income, expenditure, health, education, and living conditions.
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Kulagina, Elena. "New Policy of Welfare States: Preparing Background for Analysis of Social Situation of People with Disabilities." Sociologicheskaja nauka i social'naja praktika 8, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2020.8.4.7660.
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The article examines the implementation of new social security and employment policy in welfare states (social-democratic, conservative corporate and neoliberal regimes) in order to take a new look at the disability policy in Russia. Basing on the analysis of international research and OECD statistic data of 30 years the article explores the shifting trends in social policy, the new rights / responsibilities rule approaches and the reasons for restricting the state interference. The author investigates into the approaches in social security which define the conditions of receiving social assistance (controlling the ‚passive‘ measures, assigning responsibility for self-sufficiency and switching to ‚active‘ measures for the working age population) and describes the shifts in redistribution of wealth and social relations. The author analyzes the measures aiming at increasing opportunities and subduing the dependency culture in employment as well as demonstrates how these measures influence labour relations, salary and social security of employees. The reasons for growing poverty, inequality in income, wage and social security of the disadvantaged population groups are unveiled. The factors promoting redistribution and reinforcement of social unity and common wealth, as well as anti-crisis regulation are determined.
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Irfany, Iqbal, Peter John McMahon, Jenny-Ann Toribio, Kim-Yen Phan-Thien, Muhamad Amin Rifai, Sigit Yusdiyanto, Grant Vinning, David I. Guest, Merrilyn Walton, and Nunung Nuryartono. "Determinants of diversification by cocoa smallholders in Sulawesi." International Journal of Social Economics 47, no. 10 (September 3, 2020): 1243–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-02-2020-0106.
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PurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate determinants of four diversification practises by cocoa smallholders in West Sulawesi, Indonesia: (1) growing other crops, (2) keeping livestock, (3) off-farm work for wages (4) off-farm self-employment, and the impact of diversification on welfare of community members.Design/methodology/approachHousehold interviews (n = 116) conducted in two subdistricts (Anreapi and Mapilli) of Polewali-Mandar District, West Sulawesi, provided quantitative data on household characteristics, crop and livestock production, income sources, expenditure and credit access. Two villages per subdistrict were included in the study, each producing cocoa as the main crop but differing in their proximity to a market town. Logistic regression was applied to identify determinants of diversification by households. Multiple linear regression (MLR) models evaluated the impact of diversification practices and other explanatory variables on two proxies of welfare (or household wealth): per capita value of durable assets (household assets other than land or livestock) and per capita expenditure for each household.FindingsMean per capita cocoa production in the sample was low (51 kg dry beans/annum). The mean dependency ratio (proportion of household occupants age <18 and >64) was 35%, with an average of five occupants per household. Household heads were predominantly male (95%), averaging 46 yo and 7 years of formal education. Most households (72%) depended on loans, but only 24% accessed formal loans. Significant determinants of diversification practices were access to formal credit for self-employment and subdistrict for livestock, with Mapilli subdistrict households more likely to keep livestock. Household predictors in the MLR accounted for 28% variation of the dependent, per capita value of durable goods. Off-farm self-employment and raising livestock significantly improved welfare, but growing other crops or off-farm work for wages had little effect. Other household variables demonstrated to have significant positive effects on welfare were education of the household head, proximity to a market town and land area per household.Research limitations/implicationsThe study was restricted to a relatively small sample size (n = 116). Studies including panel data or larger numbers of households could enable the identification of further determinants of diversification.Practical implicationsThe study demonstrates that diversification has the potential to improve rural livelihoods, but that obstacles, especially formal credit access, may deter poorer households from diversifying their income sources.Social implicationsPrograms and policies that facilitate access to formal finance by smallholders could encourage diversification into small business and improve livelihoods in cocoa-dependent communities.Originality/valueIn the light of the decline in cocoa farm productivity in West Sulawesi, the study demonstrates the potential benefits, as well as limitations, of income diversification by smallholders.
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AKEEREBARI, TOPBIE JOSEPH, and FIBERESIMA IBIWARI. "PETROLEUM RESOURCE AND ECONOMIC WELFARE OF FIVE SELECTED LOWER-MIDDLE INCOME OF OIL PRODUCING COUNTRIES (i.e. NIGERIA, PAKISTAN, INDONESIA, EGYPT, INDIA)." International Journal of Economic Policy 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijecop.767.
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Purpose – Economic welfare is one of the macroeconomic goals every country seeks to achieve, be it developed, least-developed or developing one. Some countries with abundant natural resources still suffer from achieving this goal. Based on this reason, this study was carried out to empirically look into the relationship between petroleum resource as measured by oil rent, and official exchange rate, and economic welfare as measured by gross domestic product per capita of five-selected lower-middle-income of oil producing countries (i.e. Nigeria, Pakistan, Indonesia, Egypt and India), using annual time-series data sourced from World Bank for the periods 2010-2020.
Design/methodology/approach – This objective was achieved with the utilization of static panel data method coupled with other linear models such as; Pooled OLS, Fixed effects, and Random effects models.
Findings – The results of the findings of Pooled OLS revealed that petroleum resource as measured by oil rent and official exchange rate had significant bearings on economic welfare as measured by gross domestic product per capita by 103.3 per cent and 0.14 per cent respectively on the average. The result further displayed that fixed effects model was an appropriate model to explain the significant fixed effects oil rent and official exchange rate had on improving gross domestic product per capita, when choice was made between Pooled OLS and fixed effects model. More so, the result further demonstrated that random effects model was the best model to explain the random effects oil rent and official exchange rate had on contributing positively to the gross domestic product per capita, when choice was made between fixed effects and random effects models. Finally, Panel Diagnostic residual test results showed that the series were normally distributed, hence the presence of cross-section dependence was not found in the model.
Conclusion/Policy Implication – The study concluded that for these five-oil producing countries to achieve their economic welfare, they must adopt mixed effects model as portrayed by the findings of this study for policy inference. As this is geared towards enabling these countries to achieve policies that are aimed at pegging their exchange rate to the value of dollars, and increasing the value of crude oil production, so as to improve their economic welfares.
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Sidhu, Jasjit Kaur, Kirtan Rana, Poonam Khanna, and Tarundeep Singh. "Pattern and Extent of Utilization of Social Welfare Schemes by the Elderly in Northern India: An Observational Study." Asian Journal of Social Science Studies 5, no. 3 (October 11, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v5i3.789.
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Background: With the increase in the elderly population in India, state and central government have initiated many schemes for the welfare of the elderly. The current study ascertained the pattern and extent of utilization of social welfare services by the elderly in the rural area of Punjab, a north Indian state.Results: Out of 400 participants, most (72%) of the respondents were females. About 99.5% had an awareness about and 91% were utilizing at least one social welfare scheme. A statistically significant difference was found between the utilization of schemes for availing healthcare services and medicines (p=0.001) and fulfilling basic needs (p=0.01) among rural and urban participants. A significant difference was seen in the number of schemes utilized with economic dependence, source of income, and social class (p<0.05). Lack of knowledge for a scheme was the most common reason for the non-utilization of schemes.Conclusion: The study concluded that the utilization of social welfare schemes can be increased by making them elderly-friendly.
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Muchiri, Steve. "Impact of Free/Subsidized Secondary School Education on the Likelihood of Teenage Motherhood." Demography 58, no. 4 (July 5, 2021): 1401–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9357498.
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Abstract Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa, including Kenya, have introduced free/subsidized secondary education. This paper examines the role of these free/subsidized education policies on teenage motherhood. To identify the causal effect, I exploit the timing of a national reform in Kenya that eliminated/subsidized secondary school fees using a difference-in-difference estimation design. Using the 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), I estimate that the likelihood of teenage motherhood decreased by approximately 5 percentage points after the policy's implementation. This study reiterates that the teenage period is crucial in terms of developing human capital through formal schooling. In most developing countries, parents often determine and fund human capital, which makes household wealth/income a critical factor in human capital accumulation and its intergenerational process. I also highlight positive externalities from educational-centered policies, such as long-term economic growth, poverty reduction, and reduction of social welfare dependency.
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O'Flynn, David. "Approaching employment." Psychiatric Bulletin 25, no. 5 (May 2001): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.25.5.169.
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Most people with severe mental illness (SMI) may now live in the community, but few have jobs and many are socially isolated. Unemployment rates for people with serious mental health problems range from 60% to nearly 100%, and are particularly high if people have additional disadvantages in the labour market – being a member of an ethnic minority, having poor educational and employment history or possessing a criminal record. Unemployment is a cause of poverty, physical and mental ill health and is a cost to the community. Paid employment is central to human health and offers financial, psychological and social benefits to people with mental health problems: an income not derived from benefits, social contacts, a social role other than that of psychiatric patient, psychological recovery and possibly symptom reduction. These psychosocial and health gains may follow from any work – paid employment, low paid or unpaid work, training or education. Many mental health service users want jobs and alternatives to welfare dependency and traditional day centres. The Government wants to improve health and to reduce welfare spending and social exclusion. For deinstitutionalisation to achieve social integration and employment as well as relocation there is a need for a range of actions; public psycho-education, political reform and development and research of modern alternatives to sheltered work and industrial therapy.
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Handayani, Milda, Rycha Kuwara Sari, and Ari Sulistyowati. "ANALISIS KEMANDIRIAN DAN KEMAMPUAN KEUANGAN DAERAH TERHADAP KEMISKINAN DI KABUPATEN BOGOR." Aliansi : Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis 16, no. 1 (July 21, 2021): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46975/aliansi.v16i1.81.
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The regional government holds the mandate of the central government in implementing regional autonomy and has a role in resource management which in turn can improve the welfare of the community. To be able to improve the welfare of the community, one measure can use an analysis of regional financial independence and regional financial capacity by assessing the original regional income compared to total regional income and the balance fund. And see the effect on the percentage of poor. The results obtained, the regional financial independence of Bogor Regency is still in the range of 0% - 25% so that it is categorized as very low, while the regional financial capacity is at 24.07% or it can be said that it is sufficient. Meanwhile, the results of multiple linear regressions for regional financial independence and regional financial capacity have an influence on the percentage of poor people. The expected result is that Bogor Regency can do more to increase its base of tax and retribution revenues so as to minimize budget dependence from the central government and local governments.
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Pakkana, Mukhaer, and Lincolin Arsyad. "Microfinance Institutions and Empowerment of Women in Rural Area: A Case in Tangerang." Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi 6, no. 1 (February 15, 2017): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v6i1.4637.
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The purpose of this study is to discover the performance of the financial independence, the members’ welfare, and accessibility of microfinance institutions to the rural areas in the Tangerang District. To measure the financial dependence is using financial ratios. Measuring levels of performance of the members’ welfare and accessibility using Chi-Square. The results found that, first, the level of welfare of members. The coastal areas have a higher loan value than other regions. Expenditure and income of members, industrial areas have high levels of spending and revenues higher than other regions. The performance of a range to members based on a group basis. Second, the performance of financial independence, categorized as "Healthy". The coastal area is 86.40, the area around the industrial area is 85.71 and agricultural area is 83,73. Third, the level of non-performing loans, the coastal area is 0.03, the industrial area is 0,26, and the agricultural area is 0.19.DOI: 10.15408/sjie.v6i1.4637
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Wijayanto, Dian Daru, and Sucihatiningsih Dian Wisika Prajanti. "Analisis Tingkat Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Nelayan Buruh di Kecamatan Bonang Kabupaten Demak." Indicators : Journal of Economic and Business 1, no. 1 (May 20, 2020): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.47729/indicators.v1i1.46.
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This study was purposed to analyse fishermen welfare level in Kecamatan Bonang Kabupaten Demak viewed in terms of income and expense, environmental condition and residence facility, and efforts taken to solve fishermen society obstacles in order to improve their prosperity. This was included in qualitative study. Data was collected through observation, questionnaire, and interview techniques and analysed using interactive model qualitative approach. According to study result, it was found that more than a half of fishermen quantity in Kecamatan Bonang was classified as Unprosperous Family. Low level of fishermen welfare was caused by working dependence of natural condition and state of mind and lifestyle that lack of improvement wish. Some efforts taken to improve people welfare in Kecamatan Bonang were as follows: distributing Bantuan Langsung Mandiri (BLM) and fishing equipment aid, building fishermen group cooperation with banking institution, improving fishermen resource quality, improving fishermen participation to develop fishery business, improving fishery and marine infrastructure, and maintaining marine environment.
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Kaschowitz, Judith. "Health of migrant care-givers across Europe: what is the role of origin and welfare state context?" Ageing and Society 40, no. 5 (December 5, 2018): 1084–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x18001599.
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AbstractAcross Europe a rising number of migrants are reaching higher ages. As old age is related to care dependency, care-giving within migrant families is becoming more important. To date, little research has focused on health outcomes for migrant care-givers. Theories and empirical evidence suggest differences in the relationship of care-giving and health between migrants and non-migrants due to differences in support, income, norms and values. Furthermore, across Europe the degree of formal care supply and the obligation to provide informal care vary considerably and presumably lead to different health outcomes of care-giving in different countries. Based on data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (Waves 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6) and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (Waves 2–6), this paper studies the relationship between informal care-giving inside the household and health for migrant and non-migrant care-givers across Europe and analyses changes in health. In most countries migrant care-givers are in worse self-perceived and mental health compared to non-migrant care-givers. When controlling for important influences no differences in the relationship between health and care-giving for migrants and non-migrants can be found. Moreover, care-giving deteriorates mental health irrespective of origin. The country models showed that for non-migrants care-giving is most detrimental in Southern welfare states whereas for migrants care-giving is also burdening in Nordic welfare states.
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Fergusson, David M., Joseph M. Boden, and L. John Horwood. "Recurrence of major depression in adolescence and early adulthood, and later mental health, educational and economic outcomes." British Journal of Psychiatry 191, no. 4 (October 2007): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.036079.
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BackgroundIt is unclear how the recurrence of major depression in adolescence affects later life outcomes.AimsTo examine the associations between the frequency of major depression at ages 16–21 and later outcomes, both before and after controlling for potentially confounding factors.MethodData were gathered from a 25-year longitudinal study of a birth cohort of New Zealand children (n=982). Outcome measures included DSM–IV symptom criteria for major depression and anxiety disorders, suicidal ideation and attempted suicide, achieving university degree or other tertiary education qualification, welfare dependence and unemployment, and income at ages 21–25 years.ResultsThere were significant (P<0.05) associations between the frequency of depression at ages 16–21 years and all outcome measures. After adjustment for confounding factors, the association between frequency of depression and all mental health outcomes, and welfare dependence and unemployment, remained significant (P<0.05).ConclusionsThe frequency of depression in adolescence and young adulthood is associated with adverse mental health and economic outcomes in early adulthood.
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Wang, Shen-cheng, Kin-sun Chan, and Ke-qing Han. "Impacts of social welfare system on the employment status of low-income groups in urban China." Public Administration and Policy 22, no. 2 (December 2, 2019): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pap-09-2019-0020.
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Purpose Aiding employment is an important poverty reduction strategy in many countries’ social welfare systems, as this strategy can help empower the recipients with a better living standard, development and social inclusion. The purpose of this paper is to identify the most significant individual and systematic variables for the employment status of low-income groups in urban China. Design/methodology/approach The data of this study are drawn from “Social Policy Support System for Poverty-stricken Families in Urban and Rural China 2015” report. The Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People’s Republic of China appointed and funded the Institute of Social Science Survey (ISSS) at Peking University to deliver the related project and organize a research team to write the report. Multiple binary logistic regression analysis is adopted to identify both individual and systematic factors that affect the employment status among low-income groups in urban China. Findings According to the results of the binary logistic regression model, individual factors, including: gender; householder status; education; and self-rated health status, play a significant role in determining the employment status of low-income groups in urban China. Clearly, the impacts of individual factors are more influential to marginal families than to families entitled to receive Basic Living Allowance. In contrast, compared with marginal families, systematic factors are more influential to families entitled to receive Basic Living Allowance. Originality/value This study highlights the importance of precise poverty reduction strategy and the issue of “welfare dependence” among low-income groups in urban China. Policy recommendations derived from the findings are hence given, including: the promotion of family-friendly policies; the introduction of a smart healthcare system; the establishment of a Basic Living Allowance adjustment mechanism; and the provision of related social services.
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Lehmann, Jennifer. "Editorial." Children Australia 38, no. 2 (May 29, 2013): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2013.1.
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No doubt the mid-year will see academic staff scurrying to complete Semester 1 teaching and marking, and those of you working in the field will be well into the swing of the year and facing a variety of funding issues as the new financial year emerges. The last few years have been difficult in terms of funding for health and community service programmes and, while the focus has been on enquiries into child abuse, mental health assessment of young children, the acute lack of affordable housing and pressures on single parents raising children, the Australian atmosphere, in general, is one of restraint and pulling back from funding of welfare services. This comes at a time when Australia has enjoyed much better financial well-being than many other countries in the world and, ironically, there appears to have been a drop in what the Government refers to as welfare dependency. However, as the population is continuing to increase and we are continuing to experience the economic losses associated with severe weather events and climate change, it seems we are also, as a nation, less inclined to be generous to those who experience ongoing disadvantage. The gap, according to Nicholas Biddle and Maxine Montaigne (2012) of the Australian National University, is not as great as that in the USA ‒ hardly something we would want to emulate‒ but is still increasing. While on average Australians have experienced an increase in income since the 2006 Census, this is not evenly distributed between states, regions and suburbs. We know that loss of a stable and sufficient income, as in the event of loss of employment, has major impacts on the well-being of family members and this was the message reiterated at the ‘Securing the Future’ Conference held last November. Clearly, we have a long way to go before our services will be able to truly address structural disadvantage.
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Mandal, Umesh K. "Logit Analysis of Violence Against Women in Marginalized Communities, Eastern Tarai Region of Nepal." Tribhuvan University Journal 27, no. 1-2 (December 30, 2010): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v27i1-2.26401.
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Violence against women is the foremost concern of local- international communities at present. Despite formulating several legal provisions, laws, acts and rules, various forms of violence as physical, sexual and psychological were yet not reduced substantially from parochial value based society. Such violence reduction strategy must be based on proper understanding about responsible factors and their nature, intensity and strength. Thus, it is desirable to identify each individual factor/cause and measure their strengths and make prediction so that they would signify some guidelines for formulation of eradication strategy and welfare development program. With this in mind, present paper examines nineteen individual variables associated with demographic, economic and socio cultural, based on hundred households sampled from study area. Maximum likelihood log it analysis tool was used. Difference at age of marriage, size of cultivated land, occupation of husband and wife, food sufficiency, economic dependency of female, educational status of woman, and marriage frequency of a husband were identified as determining factors contributing to the incidence of violence. Amongst, illiteracy, economic dependency, food deficiency and primary occupation of husband are identified as prime determinants based on measured strength in descending order respectively. The study shows the husbands of illiterate women involve in remarriage and such illiterate women suffer the incidence of violence. The following are ensuring education, providing income-generative employment, making food sufficiency, re-orientation of husband for women’s right, main streaming of single woman, awareness of employment providers, strengthening foreign migration policy recommendations for eliminating the violence against women.
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Zamazii, Oksana, Olha Dupliak, Karpenko Vitalii, Oksana Proskurovych, and Andrii Mazarchuk. "Place of Environmental Management in Ukraine in the System of Modeling Management of Sustainable Development of the Region." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 17 (April 15, 2021): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2021.17.26.
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The level of dependence of the ecological state and its management in the Khmelnytsky region of Ukraine on the welfare of the population of this region is analyzed. The relationship between the level of income of the population of the region and the level of motivation of the same population in the sorting of buildings using a systematic approach within the ecological and economic system. The shift of consumption by the population of the region from the non-food sector to the food sector causes not only a change in parity in the triangle "man - business entity - nature", but also proves the lack of public interest in sorting household waste. This level of social responsibility and motivation of the region's population will indicate non-compliance with the goals of sustainable development of the region. The model of dependence of need for sorting of waste on the level of income of the population offered by us in article confirms it. The forecast of income growth of the population of Khmelnytsky region makes it possible to make assumptions about the growing interest of the population in sorting household waste, which will ultimately contribute to the sustainable development of the region
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Litheko, Olebogeng, Lochner Marais, Joris Hoekstra, Jan Cloete, and Molefi Lenka. "Black middle-income housing and asset building in Mangaung, South Africa." Urbani izziv Supplement, no. 30 (February 17, 2019): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5379/urbani-izziv-en-2019-30-supplement-009.
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Asset-building policies are used worldwide to reduce state welfare commitments. In the Global South, including South Africa, asset-based housing development is thought to help reduce poverty. This study investigated asset building and homeownership in a sample of South Africa’s emerging black middle class. Interviews with 244 black middle-class households in Mangaung revealed asset value creation and heavy dependence on mortgage finance. Levels of mortgage default were low, although households with recently secured mortgages struggled to pay them off. We found little evidence that property-owning is helping these households to move out of poverty. Their ability to afford mortgage loans appeared to be directly related to their own efforts and human capital. Very few had considered downsizing as an option, possibly because ownership of a house has social value, for passing on to the next generation. Asset building was still in its early stages and, because these households had been denied equal opportunities and barred from homeownership by the apartheid regime, very few intergenerational transfers had yet occurred.
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Haq, Rashida. "Shocks as a Source of Vulnerability: An Empirical Investigation from Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 54, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 245–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v54i3pp.245-272.
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The objective of this paper is to investigate the incidence of different types of shocks in rural Pakistan and identify the household characteristics that are associated with this phenomenon. It is observed that one-third of households experience an adverse shock, be it natural/agricultural, economic, social or relating to health. The natural/agricultural shocks have major share in the total burden of shocks while the households‘ coping mechanism is overwhelmingly informal and largely asset-based. The poorest of the households adopt behaviour-based strategies like reducing food consumption, employ child labour, work more hours etc. Overall, households of with less educated heads, high dependency ratio, large household size, low welfare ratio, farm household, ownership of land and residing in south Punjab or Sindh are more vulnerable to suffer shocks, particularly of income. Vulnerability in terms of a decline in consumption is observed for households who are hit by natural/agricultural or health shocks. For all these reasons, a gradual shift from traditional emergency relief measures towards ex-ante actions to reduce and mitigate hazard impacts should be encouraged along with non- exploitative credit and more effective safety nets. JEL Classification: C21, C25, I32 Keywords: Shocks, Vulnerability, Poverty
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Suadi, Suadi. "DARI PETANI MENJADI NELAYAN: KAJIAN HISTORIS PERIKANAN TANGKAP PANTAI SELATAN YOGYAKARTA." Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada 4, no. 1 (January 26, 2002): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jfs.8869.
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The aims of this research were to know the history and development of fisheries activity and its contribution to coastal community welfare at South Coast of Yogyakarta Special Territory Province. To examine these issues the research was conducted by combined survey and descriptive analytic methods. Fisheries in area could be categorized as new activity and historically community does not have a high dependency on marine capture fisheries. Fishers were farmers who become fisherman due to several reasons such as limitation of land and lack of other job opportunity. Since the activity began in the end of 1970’s at Baron, marine capture fisheries have altered income sources, improve community houses, and attracted young people as well as provide productivity activity for rural women. In the recent time, marine capture fishery has dispersed to all of Yogyakarta South Coastal area at 19 fish-landing places with vary intensity of resources exploitation. Marine capture fisheries are still limited in the coastal zone. Although CPUE tend to increase, the activity should be extended to province management zone and ZEEI. The integrated policy and management are needed to solve these problems and to avoid the tragedy of the commons.
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Easton-Calabria, Evan. "Warriors of Self-reliance: The Instrumentalization of Afghan Refugees in Pakistan." Journal of Refugee Studies 33, no. 1 (October 18, 2019): 143–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez062.
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Abstract In striking contrast to most other refugee groups, Afghan refugees in Pakistan during the 1980s have primarily been understood as a successfully self-reliant population. However, little work has hitherto focused on the international assistance programmes that sought to support their everyday self-reliance. Drawing on extensive archival research, this article presents four phases of self-reliance assistance for Afghan refugees in Pakistan between 1979 and 1995, which correspond to shifts in broader economic trends from Keynesian economics to neoliberalism. At different times the practice of self-reliance assistance promoted large-scale collective employment, individual income-generation, protection for vulnerable populations unable to succeed in the market-based economy, and finally morphed into a form of self-governance through the ‘Afghanization’ of NGOs after the Cold War. These stages of self-reliance assistance encompass periods of humanitarian focus on so-called ‘refugee dependency syndrome’ and self-reliance as psycho-social support, holding parallels to the practice and discourse of contemporaneous Anglophone Western welfare systems. This article illuminates another chapter in the history of refugee self-reliance, and demonstrates the dynamism of self-reliance as both a concept and a practice.
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Godara, Dr Rajinder, and Bal krishan. "An Economics Analysis: Trend & Performance of Agriculture Production in Haryana." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 6 (July 11, 2020): 1184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jun924.
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The Agriculture sector is the mainstay role of Indian’s Economy & livelihood through the generate of employment in the agriculture sector. With the passage of time the Agriculture & Allied Sector is continuously declining because of a cause of land fragmented day by day. Due to the land fragmented but ours’ dependency on the industrial sector as well as the services sector. In the agriculture sector in 2017-18 of the workforce, 50 percent of people engagement depends on the agriculture sector. Further agriculture sector contribution 17-18 percent of the total GDP (Gross domestic product) of national income. In Haryana state agriculture contribution is about 14.5 percent to its gross domestic product (GDP) while providing employment 51 percent of the workforce engaged in agriculture. Further, about 75% of the area is irrigated, through tube Wells and an extensive system of canals. About 2/3rd of the State has assured irrigation, most suited for a rice-wheat production system, whereas rain-fed lands around 1/5th are most suited for rapeseed & mustard, pearl millet, cluster bean cultivation, agro-forestry, and arid-horticulture. Methodology Statistical Techniques and Tools: The secondary data published from Haryana statistical Abstract, Economic The survey, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, published Research papers in the journal, and agriculture reports and so on. To compute the growth behavior of trends and performance of agriculture production in Haryana farm area, yield, production and income, the exponential function will be fitted. Review of Literature, Problem increasing the productivity in Haryana. Improved agriculture Productivity
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Roberts, Joanne. "Luxury international business: a critical review and agenda for research." critical perspectives on international business 15, no. 2/3 (May 7, 2019): 219–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-02-2019-0018.
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Purpose Through a critical review of the impact of luxury international business, this study aims to contribute to an understanding of business activities that depend on an unequal distribution of income and wealth. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on a wide range of academic and practitioner literature, this study adopts a critical luxury studies approach to provide an assessment of the economic and social impact of luxury international business. Findings Luxury is an increasingly important sector of the economy, which contributes to the welfare of increasing numbers of people across the world. Alongside its dependence on an unequal distribution of income and wealth and the negative aspects to which this gives rise, luxury business generates significant benefits to the economy and society through promoting economic growth, innovation, cultural enrichment, improved quality of the built environment and environmentally sustainable business practices. Nevertheless, an appropriate level of regulation and taxation on the excesses of contemporary luxury consumption could improve the welfare of all. Hence, luxury international business warrants investigation by critical scholars who recognize the complexity of the benefits and dark sides arising from luxury. Research limitations/implications This study draws on an extensive review of academic and practitioner literature. However, primary research is required to investigate further the key issues identified. Social implications Through an exploration of the impact of the production and consumption of luxury, this study reveals how luxury businesses serving the super-rich can contribute to the welfare of society whilst also giving rise to negative outcomes. Originality/value By adopting a critical luxury studies approach, this study offers an original contribution to the field of international business and introduces avenues for future critical international business research.
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Hughes, James. "A Strategic Opening for a Basic Income Guarantee in the Global Crisis Being Created by AI, Robots, Desktop Manufacturing and BioMedicine." Journal of Ethics and Emerging Technologies 24, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.55613/jeet.v24i1.12.
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Robotics and artificial intelligence are beginning to fundamentally change the relative profitability and productivity of investments in capital versus human labor, creating technological unemployment at all levels of the workforce, from the North to the developing world. As robotics and expert systems become cheaper and more capable the percentage of the population that can find employment will also fall, stressing economies already trying to curtail "entitlements" and adopt austerity. Two additional technology-driven trends will exacerbate the structural unemployment crisis in the coming decades, desktop manufacturing and anti-aging medicine. Desktop manufacturing threatens to disintermediate the half of all workers involved in translating ideas into products in the hands of consumers, while anti-aging therapies will increase the old age dependency ratio of retirees to tax-paying workers. Policies that are being proposed to protect or create employment will have only a temporary moderating effect on job loss. Over time these policies, which will impose raise costs, lower the quality of goods and services, and lower competitiveness, will become fiscally impossible and lose political support. In order to enjoy the benefits of technological innovation and longer, healthier lives we will need to combine policies that control the pace of replacing paid human labor with a universal basic income guarantee (BIG) provided through taxation and the public ownership of wealth. The intensifying debate over the reform of "entitlements" will be the strategic opening for a campaign for BIG to replace disability and unemployment insurance, Social Security, and other elements of the welfare state.
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Islam, M. A., Angrej Ali, and A. M. Ansari. "THE DEPENDENCE OF TRIBAL LIVELIHOODS ON FOREST FRUITS IN RURAL JHARKHAND, INDIA." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 8, no. 5 (October 25, 2020): 576–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2020.8(5).576.585.
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This paper explores the diversity, extraction, consumption and livelihood contribution of forest fruits among tribes in Bundu block of Ranchi district, Jharkhand. A multi-stage random sampling technique was employed to draw a sample of 164 households from 9 selected villages for field surveys. Data were collected through a structured interview, non-participant observation, key informant interview, focus group discussion, and market assessment. Simple descriptive statistics viz., frequency (f), percentage (%), mean (x), and range were applied to analyze the data. Results of the study revealed that 31 forest fruits harvested from 26 trees and 5 shrubs belonging to 28 genera and 21 families and consumed as ripe fruit (24) followed by pickle (9), vegetable (4), oilseed (3), roasted/boiled seed (3), drink (2), dehydrated unripe slices (1), fruit aril (1), fruit leather (1), kernel (1), sauce (1), soar product (1) and vinegar (1). Total extraction of forest fruits was 19312.60 kg/year, of which 70.37% was sold for cash income and the rest 29.63% were consumed for subsistence. Sale of forest fruits accrued an annual income of ₹ 246685.00 which contributed 3.90% of the total household annual income. Forest fruits constitute a key source of food, nutrition, subsistence, cash income and safety nets. Overharvesting of forest fruits to mitigate livelihood stress is likely to deplete their availability which would greatly affect the tribal welfare and food security. To promote forest fruit’s conservation, forest management should be harmonized with tribal development, poverty alleviation, food security, and livelihood sustainability strategies and thus, some additional policies will be required.