Journal articles: 'Inclusions'

1

Cernea, Aurelian. "Variational inclusions for a Sturm-Liouville type differential inclusion." Mathematica Bohemica 135, no. 2 (2010): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21136/mb.2010.140694.

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2

Wang, Yan, Qing Xiao Li, Shuo Ming Wang, and Peng Long Han. "Study of Inclusion’s Source and Character in Different T[O] Content." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.187.

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Inclusion’s source and character in different T[ content are studied in the paper, molten slag and refractory material that leave in steel are also calculated. Inclusion in steel are principally come from deoxidation, accompany with the decrease of T[ content, influence of molten slag and refractory materials to inclusions are getting more and more serials. Inclusions which come from molten slag and refractory material are 88.9%, 24.6% and 18.1% defenetly. Great influence on non steady large inclusions in T[ steel, when the mold level fluctuation is large, almost 100% of inclusions in steel have slag inclusion of covering slag. When tundish liquid level fluctuation is large, about 30%~60% inclusions in steel have tundish slag.

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3

Katzberg, H. D., and D. G. Munoz. "Tubuloreticular inclusions in inclusion body myositis." Clinical Neuropathology 29, no. 07 (July 1, 2010): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/npp29262.

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4

Uchikado, Hirotake, Ang Li, Wen-Lang Lin, and Dennis W. Dickson. "Heterogeneous inclusions in neurofilament inclusion disease." Neuropathology 26, no. 5 (October 2006): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1789.2006.00709.x.

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5

Cannarsa, Piermarco, Francesco Marino, and Peter Wolenski. "The dual arc inclusion with differential inclusions." Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 79 (March 2013): 176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.na.2012.11.021.

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6

Yao, Gang, Guifeng Wang, Lihai Tan, Yinfeng Zhang, Ruizhi Wang, and Xiaohan Yang. "Fracture Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Mortar Containing Different Inclusions." Applied Sciences 14, no. 8 (April 9, 2024): 3166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14083166.

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To study the influence of inclusions on the fracture evolution and mechanical properties of mortar structures, a series of uniaxial compression tests for mortar samples containing cylinder inclusions of varying mechanical properties were conducted. The digital image correlation (DIC) technique was employed for the analysis of deformation characteristics. In addition, failure modes for each sample were determined using self-documenting code. The result shows that inclusions filled in holes significantly influence the mechanical properties and failure characteristics of mortar structures as they can change the stress distribution and cracking process. Cracks are typically initiated at the boundaries of the inclusions but will only extend into the inclusion if it is less robust than the surrounding matrix. Sample strength increases significantly with an increase in sample strength when the inclusion’s strength does not surpass that of the surrounding material. Once the inclusion’s strength exceeds that of the surrounding matrix, the strength of the specimen remains relatively unchanged.

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7

Huang, Y., and K. X. Hu. "A Generalized Self-Consistent Mechanics Method for Solids Containing Elliptical Inclusions." Journal of Applied Mechanics 62, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 566–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2895982.

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The determination of the effective moduli for a material containing elliptical inclusions is the objective of this paper. This is done by incorporating an inclusion/matrix/composite model into a general energy equivalence framework. Through the evaluation of the average strain in each individual inclusion, the current approach can handle the inclusion’s orientation dependency in a straightforward manner. The case of an in-plane isotropic distribution of elliptical inclusions is addressed in detail. For the case of reinforcements, or hard inclusions, the effect of the inclusion aspect ratio on in-plane effective moduli is small if the aspect ratio is larger than 0.5. For aspect ratios less than 0.3, the effective moduli increase dramatically, which implies that flat reinforcements are much more effective than traditional cylindrical reinforcements. It is also established that the generalized self-consistent method predicts a stronger dependence of effective moduli on the inclusion aspect ratio than does the Mori-Tanaka method, especially for shear moduli.

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8

Liu, Liping, Richard D. James, and Perry H. Leo. "Periodic Inclusion—Matrix Microstructures with Constant Field Inclusions." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 38, no. 4 (February 21, 2007): 781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-006-9019-z.

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9

Fathallah, Mohammed, Frederic Fotiadu, and Carlos Jaime. "Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes. MM2 Calculations Reproducing Bimodal Inclusions." Journal of Organic Chemistry 59, no. 6 (March 1994): 1288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00085a015.

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10

Xue, Zhengliang, Yuqing Weng, and Zhengbang Li. "Zero Inclusion Steel and its Oxide Inclusions Characteristics." steel research international 76, no. 10 (October 2005): 735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.200506089.

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11

Kang, Jian, Yan-Chong Yu, Jin-Ling Zhang, Chao Chen, and She-Bin Wang. "Effect of rare earth on inclusion evolution in industrial production of HRB500E steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 2 (2021): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021022.

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The effect of rare earth (RE) on inclusion in HRB500E steel was studied based on plant trials. The results showed that S decreased by 47.6% after 0.0059% RE treatment. In samples without RE treatment, the inclusions change from Al2O3-MnO to ellipsoidal Al2O3-MnO-CaO complex inclusion, and the size of such inclusions is ≤ 2 µm and isolated strip MnS inclusion with the size of ≥ 2 µm. With RE treatment, Al2O3-MnO-CaO inclusions are transformed into spherical or ellipsoidal REAlO3 and REAlO3-MnS. The size of such inclusions is ≈ 1.5 µm and single MnS inclusions were not found. The number density and size of inclusions changed significantly after RE treatment. Thermodynamic calculations show that the Gibbs free energy of RE inclusions is more negative and more stable. The transformation model of inclusions is established to illustrate the modification of inclusions during the smelting process.

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12

Zhou, Xiao Lei, Zhe Shi, and Gui Fang Zhang. "The Evolution of Non-Metallic Inclusions in IF Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 696 (November 2014): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.696.62.

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At present, China's IF steel production has get a certain scale. But IF steel production is still in the primary stage of development. Therefore, the process control of inclusions in IF steel have become a pressing matter of the moment. This has important theoretical value and practical significance for further development of IF steel production in China. According to the size, the inclusions can be divided into super micro inclusions, micro inclusions and micro inclusions in the steel. According to the deformation capacity, inclusions can be divided into plastic inclusions, semi plastic inclusion and brittle inclusion.

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13

Suchland, Robert J., Daniel D. Rockey, Sara K. Weeks, Damir T. Alzhanov, and Walter E. Stamm. "Development of Secondary Inclusions in Cells Infected by Chlamydia trachomatis." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 7 (July 2005): 3954–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.7.3954-3962.2005.

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ABSTRACT The chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that occupy a nonacidified vacuole (the inclusion) during their entire developmental cycle. These bacteria produce a set of proteins (Inc proteins) that localize to the surface of the inclusion within infected cells. Chlamydia trachomatis IncA is also commonly found in long fibers that extend away from the inclusion. We used standard and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy to demonstrate that these fibers extend to newly developed inclusions, termed secondary inclusions, within infected cells. Secondary inclusions observed at early time points postinfection were devoid of chlamydial reticulate bodies. Later in the developmental cycle, secondary inclusions containing variable numbers of reticulate bodies were common. Reticulate bodies were also observed within the IncA-laden fibers connecting primary and secondary inclusions. Quantitative differences in secondary inclusion formation were found among clinical isolates, and these differences were associated with serovar. Isolates of serovar G consistently produced secondary inclusions at the highest frequency (P < 0.0001). Similar quantitative studies demonstrated that secondary inclusion formation was associated with segregation of inclusions to daughter cells following cytokinesis. We conclude that the production of secondary inclusions via IncA-laden fibers allows chlamydiae to generate an expanded intracellular niche in which they can grow and may provide a means for continuous infection within progeny cells following cell division.

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14

Li, Yutang, Linzhu Wang, Junqi Li, Shufeng Yang, Chaoyi Chen, Changrong Li, and Xiang Li. "Effect of Mg treatment on distribution of inclusions in Fe-O-Al-Mg melt." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 3 (2021): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021030.

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This study aims to investigate the effect of Mg treatment on the homogenized distribution of inclusions. Deoxidized experiments with Al (0.05%Al) and Al-Mg (0.05%Al + 0.03%Mg) were carried out at 1873 K respectively and the degree of homogeneity in inclusion dispersion, area density, average size and inter-surface distance of inclusions were studied. The attractive capillary force acts on inclusions was analyzed by in-situ observation by confocal laser scanning microscopy and Kralchevsky-Paunov model. The results show that the proportion of inclusions with inter-surface distance at the range of 10–100 µm is up to 60% after Al-Mg deoxidized 1800 s. Compared with Al2O3 inclusion, the area density of MgAl2O4 inclusions is generally more homogeneous. The in-situ observed results indicate that the inclusions in the steel deoxidized by Al are easy to aggregate and small size Al2O3 inclusions tend to gather around large size Al2O3 inclusions, while the inclusions in the steel deoxidized by Al-Mg tend to distribute more homogeneously. Moreover, the calculated results suggest that the attractive capillary force is larger between inclusions with larger size. The attractive capillary force is larger when the value of smaller size inclusions R1 is gradually close to the value of larger size inclusions R2. The relationship between attractive capillary force and the degree of homogeneity in inclusion dispersion is discussed based on Kralchevsky-Paunov model.

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15

Mura, Toshio. "Inclusion Problems." Applied Mechanics Reviews 41, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3151875.

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The present review on inclusion problems emphasizes papers published after 1982. Materials associated with inclusions are composite materials, precipitated or transformed alloys, porous media, and polycrystals. The inclusion problems deal with the following subjects of these materials: (1) average elastic moduli and average thermal properties; (2) nonelastic constitutive equations; (3) behavior of inclusions including nucleation, growth, and collapse of voids; (4) cracks and inclusions including the transformation toughening, crack growth through composites and stress intensity factors; (5) sliding and debonding inclusions; and (6) dynamic effects of inclusions.

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16

Zhao, Ding Guo, Shu Huan Wang, and Ming Jian Guo. "Analysis of Inclusion Microstructure in Material Engineering of Steel." Advanced Materials Research 568 (September 2012): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.568.324.

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The sample of oxide inclusion was obtained in the different stage of steelmaking for the 65 steel. The microstructure was observed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze the composition and type of inclusions. It was shown that the microscopic inclusions in the high carbon steel were mainly massive and cluster Al2O3, spherical and slope silicate inclusion, calcium-aluminates inclusions and sulphide complex inclusions. The measures including raw material requirement, improving of the converter, LF refining and continuous casting operations were put forward to decrease inclusion.

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17

Mosaheb, Sabrina, Julian R. Thorpe, Lida Hashemzadeh-Bonehi, Eileen H. Bigio, Marla Gearing, and Nigel J. Cairns. "Neuronal intranuclear inclusions are ultrastructurally and immunologically distinct from cytoplasmic inclusions of neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease." Acta Neuropathologica 110, no. 4 (July 16, 2005): 360–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-005-1057-x.

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18

Maftouh, B., M. Khazana, and S. Alami. "Multiple dental retentions: literature review." International Journal of Dental Research 9, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijdr.v9i1.31976.

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Multiple dental inclusions are a relatively rare pathology. They are often part of complex dysmorphoses which require an interrogatory, clinical and radiological examination. The most frequent etiologies of inclusion are local. However, the presence of multiple inclusions can also be correlated with genetic syndromes or metabolic or hormonal pathologies, as well as idiopathic etiologies. There are as many therapeutic approaches as there are forms of inclusions; therapeutic abstention, extraction followed by prosthetic restoration or surgical-orthodontic treatment. Developing a treatment sequence, determining the appropriate anchorage, and biomechanical planning can be a challenge. The aim of our work is to establish an up-to-date state of knowledge regarding the epidemiology, etiological factors and appropriate treatment strategies for multiple dental inclusions.Â Â Â

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19

Yuan, Hua, Zhou Li, Guo Qing Zhang, Wen Yong Xu, and Na Liu. "Evaluation of Inclusions in P/M Superalloy." Materials Science Forum 747-748 (February 2013): 513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.747-748.513.

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The non-metallic inclusions in master alloy, P/M superalloy and HIP powder billet were studied in this paper. The results show that the amount of inclusions in master alloy is higher than that of the superalloy powers. The EB-button analysis shows that the main non-metallic inclusions in both the master alloy and the HIP powder billet is Al2O3.The amount of the inclusion in master alloy is about 0.166cm2/kg and the size of most inclusions is in the range of 100μm to 200μm, while the maximum inclusion size reaches 400μm.In the P/M superalloy billet, the content of inclusion is only 0.01cm2/kg and the size of most inclusions is less than 50 μm.

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20

Bai, Guojun, Jichun Yang, and Wenjing Liang. "Evaluation and Analysis of the Influence of Rare-Earth Ce on Inclusions in Heavy Rail Steel." Metals 13, no. 3 (March 19, 2023): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13030614.

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The effect of rare-earth Ce on the evolution behaviour of inclusions in heavy rail steel was studied. The addition of Ce can significantly reduce the number and size of class A, B, D, and Ds inclusions in the heavy rail steel smelting process. According to the statistical analysis of the size of inclusions in steel, the number and size of A and B inclusions in steel tend to decrease significantly, while D and Ds inclusions disappear. Ce splits the aluminium inclusion into several small-sized inclusions and improves the morphology of the large-size aluminium inclusion, thereby making aggregation and growth difficult while facilitating easy floating and removal. Because the addition of Ce reduces the concentration of S element in steel, MnS inclusions are difficult to grow. The decrease in the number and size of core inclusions required for MnS growth leads to a corresponding decrease in the number and size of MnS inclusions. Meanwhile, the S element also easily gathers on the surface of CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–CeO inclusions, forming composite inclusions that are more easily removed, thus reducing the quantity and size of MnS inclusions.

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21

Gu, Chao, Junhe Lian, Yanping Bao, Wei Xiao, and Sebastian Münstermann. "Numerical Study of the Effect of Inclusions on the Residual Stress Distribution in High-Strength Martensitic Steels During Cooling." Applied Sciences 9, no. 3 (January 29, 2019): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9030455.

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In high-strength martensitic steels, the inclusions significantly affect the material performance especially in terms of fatigue properties. In this study, a numerical procedure to investigate the effect of the inclusions types and shapes on the residual stresses during the cooling process of the martensitic steels is applied systematically based on the scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) results of different types of inclusions. The results show that the maximum residual stress around the interface between Mg-Al-O inclusion and the matrix is the largest, followed by TiN, Al-Ca-O-S, and MnS when the inclusions are assumed as perfect spheres for simplicity. However, these results are proved to be 28.0 to 48.0% inaccurate compared to the results considering actual shapes of inclusions. Furthermore, the convex shape of inclusion will lead to stress concentration in the matrix while the concave shape of inclusion will lead to stress concentration in the inclusion. The residual stress increases with the increase of inclusion edge angle. The increase rate is the largest for TiN inclusions on the concave angle, which leads to extreme stress concentration inside TiN inclusion.

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22

Wang, Yao, Hong Li, and Luo Fang Guo. "Numerical Simulation on Collision and Aggregation Process of Al₂O₃ Inclusions with Different Morphology Characteristics." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.233.

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In this paper, firstly, the morphology characteristics of aggregated Al2O3 inclusion were quantitatively described by fractal dimension and hydrodynamic radius. Then, a general collision-agglomeration model was established to describe the collision and agglomeration process of Al2O3 inclusions with different morphology characteristics. The results showed that: in the collision and agglomeration process of Al2O3 inclusions with different morphology characteristics, the number density of monomer inclusion decreases with time, but that of new aggregated inclusions, firstly increases to the maximum value, then decreases sharply; the smaller the fractal dimension of new aggregated inclusion, the more rapid decrease of number density of monomer inclusion and the larger agglomeration rate of new aggregated inclusions. so in order to accelerate the removal rate of micro inclusion particles, it is a viable way that keeping the fractal dimension of new aggregated inclusions at an appropriate value, not too small.

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23

Gubenko, S. I. "Relaxation Processes near Inclusions and at Inclusion/Matrix Interfaces." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2021, no. 5 (May 2021): 611–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029521050074.

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24

Kimber, T. E., P. C. Blumbergs, J. P. Rice, J. F. Hallpike, R. Edis, P. D. Thompson, and G. Suthers. "Familial neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease with ubiquitin positive inclusions." Journal of the Neurological Sciences 160, no. 1 (September 1998): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-510x(98)00169-5.

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25

Takahashi, J., T. Fukuda, J. Tanaka, M. Minamitani, H. Fujigasaki, and T. Uchihara. "Neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease with polyglutamine-immunoreactive inclusions." Acta Neuropathologica 99, no. 5 (May 30, 2000): 589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010051166.

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26

Zhang, Mei Jie, Xiao Long Lin, Hua Zhi Gu, Hong Xi Zhu, Cheng Ji Deng, and Zhan Wu Xin. "Field Synergy Analysis for Inclusion Removal in the Continuous Casting Tundish." Materials Science Forum 704-705 (December 2011): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.704-705.16.

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The field synergy principle has been successfully used for optimization design of heat transfer exchanger. In this subject, the field synergy between the molten steel flow field and the inclusion concentration distribution is analyzed based on the mass transfer equations and removal mechanisms of inclusions. Then, inclusions removals of different particle sizes are numerically calculated for a two-strand tundish. The results show the large particle size inclusions are removed mainly by Stokes floatation and the removal efficiency has no obvious relationship on flow field. The small size inclusions removal efficiency is influenced by the synergy between the velocity vectors and the inclusion concentration gradients. So, changing the flow field mainly promotes the removal efficiency of small size inclusions. For the selected two-strand tundish, flow controls should be set for removing those inclusions which particle sizes are less than 100μm,. When the inclusion particle size is less than 10μm, the overall maximum removal efficiency is no more than 25%. So some new metallurgy techniques should be developed to improve the removal efficiency of small size inclusions. Keywords: Continuous tundish; Inclusion removal; Field synergy

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27

Gubenko, S. I., E. V. Parusov, and O. V. Parusov. "The shape change and redistribution of non-metallic inclusions in steels during working by pressure." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy 37 (2023): 407–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2023-37-407-433.

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Peculiarities of the shape change and redistribution of non-metallic inclusions of various types during working by pressure of steels (rolling, forging, drawing) were investigated. The concept of plastic deformation of inclusions is considered from the standpoint of physical mesomechanics of heterophase alloys. It is shown that non-metallic inclusions contribute to the localization of plastic deformation, which is accompanied by the interaction of non-metallic inclusions and the steel matrix, which determines their common plastic change in shape and redistribution of inclusions in the steel matrix. The peculiarities of these processes under different types and temperature regimes of working by pressure, which determines the nature of stresses near the inclusions and the plastic flow of the steel matrix, have been established. It is shown that the temperature regime of pressure treatment determines the possibility of relaxation processes in the steel matrix near the inclusions and the level of plasticity of the inclusions themselves and the inclusion-matrix interphase boundaries. The influence of the temperature regime of hot deformation of sheet steels and wire rod on the nature of shape change and the deformability of plastic inclusions and their destruction (brittle or ductile), as well as the plasticity of the steel matrix, frictional forces at the inclusion-matrix boundaries, and the plasticity of the latter during hot rolling were established. It is shown that when considering the plastic behavior of non-metallic inclusions in a plastic steel matrix, the behavior of the inclusion-matrix interphase boundaries under different deformation conditions is of great importance. Peculiarities of the dynamic character of the joint deformation of the inclusion-matrix system, which is associated with the development of competing processes at the interphase boundaries of the inclusion-matrix: interphase friction and slipping, have been studied. The features of hot and cold slipping occurring at different deformation temperatures are discussed. It is shown that the mechanisms of each of the mentioned processes depend on the temperature regime of the deformation, the level of plasticity of the inclusions and the steel matrix. The influence of the method of cold deformation (rolling and drawing) on the shape change of plastic inclusions and the redistribution of non-deformable inclusions in the steel matrix was established. The processes that determine the level of plasticity of non-metallic inclusions and inclusion-matrix boundaries and significantly affect the nature of the shape change of inclusions and their redistribution in the steel matrix in the process of the working by pressure of steels, which affect their technological plasticity at different temperatures and methods of deformation, are considered.

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28

Liu, Yang, Rensheng Chu, Xin Li, Ning Hao, and Weihua Wang. "Simulation of the effect of continuous casting tundish filter on removing inclusions in steel." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2680, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2680/1/012012.

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Abstract The control of inclusions in clean steel production is one of the key processes and a key factor determining the quality of high-end steel materials. The inhomogeneous hydrodynamic equations have been numerically solved to obtain a transient and multiphase field inside the caster tundish with filter to predict the inclusion movement track and percentage of inclusion removal during continuous casting process. The simulation result is validated with the samples taken during casting continuous process in X steelworks. The method of bulk-sample-electrolysis is taken to analyze the percentage of inclusion removal of the samples. The results imply: the inclusions through the filter are influenced on velocity and separated from liquid steel with high turbulence. Thus the inclusions’ residence time in tundish is prolonged, which causes the probability of inclusion removal increasing. The fluctuations on percentage of inclusion removal are found when the diameter of inclusions is less than 80μm. However, the fluctuation is not so severely for the inclusions of more than 100μm. The percentage of inclusion in tundish as 100 tones remaining in ladle is larger than that as 200 tones remaining in ladle. The percentage of inclusion removal is proportional to time. The filter can reduce the irregular inclusions to improve the quality of product.

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29

Burja, J., F. Tehovnik, M. Godec, J. Medved, B. Podgornik, and R. Barbic. "Effect of electroslag remelting on the non-metallic inclusions in H11 tool steel." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 54, no. 1 (2018): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb160623053b.

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We have studied the effect of electroslag remelting on the content and composition of non-metallic inclusions. It was found that a decrease in the non-metallic inclusion content occurred during the electroslag remelting. A change in the chemical composition of the non-metallic inclusions was observed, while the aluminum and calcium contents were increased. The complexity of the inclusions also increased, as there were fewer single-phase inclusions after the electroslag remelting process. Based on the results and a thermodynamic assessment of the formation of the non-metallic inclusions, a mechanism for inclusion behavior during electroslag remelting has been proposed.

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30

Xiao, Bu Qing, Sheng Fu Li, Xiao Tao Tian, and Jian Xing Wang. "Study of Micro-Inclusion of Grade 45 Steel." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 1869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.1869.

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According to the production process of grade 45 steel(120tBOF→slag refining→ CC), some system analysis are introduced to research on the type composition and quantity of micro-inclusions, and the effect of slag washing production process on the cleanliness of casting slab is evaluated. The results of the study show that: The content of T[O] is 48.75ppm in normal slab, The content of T[O] is 56.2ppm in head slab, The content of T[O] is 49.2ppm in compound casting slab.The main types of micro-inclusion in slab are MnS inclusion and Al2O3 inclusion. The quality of micro-inclusions is 14.32/mm2 in the normal slab, the quality of micro-inclusions is 17.68 /mm2 in the head slab, the quality of micro-inclusions is 27.94 /mm2 in the compound casting. In the normal slab, the average total volume ratio of micro-inclusions is 0.0458%. The particle size of micro-inclusions is smaller. The particle size of less than 10μm in micro-inclusions is the largest and is about 80%.

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31

Engevik, Amy C., Izumi Kaji, Meagan M. Postema, James J. Faust, Anne R. Meyer, Janice A. Williams, Gillian N. Fitz, Matthew J. Tyska, Jean M. Wilson, and James R. Goldenring. "Loss of myosin Vb promotes apical bulk endocytosis in neonatal enterocytes." Journal of Cell Biology 218, no. 11 (September 27, 2019): 3647–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201902063.

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In patients with inactivating mutations in myosin Vb (Myo5B), enterocytes show large inclusions lined by microvilli. The origin of inclusions in small-intestinal enterocytes in microvillus inclusion disease is currently unclear. We postulated that inclusions in Myo5b KO mouse enterocytes form through invagination of the apical brush border membrane. 70-kD FITC-dextran added apically to Myo5b KO intestinal explants accumulated in intracellular inclusions. Live imaging of Myo5b KO–derived enteroids confirmed the formation of inclusions from the apical membrane. Treatment of intestinal explants and enteroids with Dyngo resulted in accumulation of inclusions at the apical membrane. Inclusions in Myo5b KO enterocytes contained VAMP4 and Pacsin 2 (Syndapin 2). Myo5b;Pacsin 2 double-KO mice showed a significant decrease in inclusion formation. Our results suggest that apical bulk endocytosis in Myo5b KO enterocytes resembles activity-dependent bulk endocytosis, the primary mechanism for synaptic vesicle uptake during intense neuronal stimulation. Thus, apical bulk endocytosis mediates the formation of inclusions in neonatal Myo5b KO enterocytes.

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32

Yang, Wen-Sheng, Shuai Liu, Shao-Wei Han, Jia-Wei Wang, Jing Guo, Yan Yan, and Han-Jie Guo. "Characteristics and Transformation Mechanism of Nonmetallic Inclusions in 304 Stainless Steel during Heat Treatment at 1250 °C." Materials 13, no. 23 (November 27, 2020): 5396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235396.

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Evolutions of two typical types of nonmetallic inclusions, i.e., inclusions based on CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 and MnO-SiO2-Al2O3 of 304 stainless steel were investigated in laboratory-scale experiments under isothermal heat treatment at 1250 °C for 0, 30, 60 and 120 min. Results show inclusion population density increases at the first stage and then decreases while their average size decreases and then increases. Moreover, almost no Cr2O3 content within the inclusion before the heat treatment, but Cr2O3 content increases gradually along with increasing heat treatment time. Furthermore, the increasing of Cr2O3 content in the inclusions would increase their melting points and reduce their plasticities. The experimental results and thermodynamic analysis indicate that there are three steps for inclusion evolution during the heat treatment process, in which Ostwald ripening plays an important role in inclusion evolution, i.e., inclusions grow by absorbing the newly formed small-size MnO-Cr2O3 inclusions.

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33

Lorenz, Thomas. "Mutational inclusions: Differential inclusions in metric spaces." Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B 14, no. 2 (2010): 629–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/dcdsb.2010.14.629.

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34

Tong, Ke, Shao Hua Li, Yan Ping Zeng, Qiang Liu, and Xin Li Han. "The Micro-Mechanical Behavior of Inclusions under Tensile Load in X80 Pipeline Steel." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 915–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.915.

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In-situ tensile tests with specially designed SEM were conducted to trace the entire process of crack initiation and propagation till fracture in X80 pipeline steel. The mode of crack initiation induced by inclusions under tensile load was investigated. The results show that: (1) All the inclusions crazed and fracture was the typical tensile fracture, which indicates that the inclusions have little effect on the tensile properties of the X80 material under tensile load. (2) When the size of inclusion is larger than the critical size, crack initiated at inclusion/matrix interface first, and could easily propagate into matrix，but the long crack cannot form. When the size of inclusion is smaller than the critical size, cracks first formed in the inside of inclusions but not propagate into matrix. (3) If the area of cross section of round inclusion is less than 100μm2, crack initiated firstly in the inside of inclusion. If the area of cross section of round inclusion is larger than 100μm2, crack initiated firstly at the inclusion/matrix interface. For the rectangle inclusion, when its area of cross section is below 150μm2, cracks usually initiate in the center of inclusions.

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Mott, Jason, Roy E. Barnewall, and Yasuko Rikihisa. "Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis Agent and Ehrlichia chaffeensis Reside in Different Cytoplasmic Compartments in HL-60 Cells." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 1368–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.3.1368-1378.1999.

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ABSTRACT The human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) agent resides and multiplies exclusively in cytoplasmic vacuoles of granulocytes. Double immunofluorescence labeling was used to characterize the nature of the HGE agent replicative inclusions and to compare them with inclusions containing the human monocytic ehrlichia, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, in HL-60 cells. Although both Ehrlichiaspp. can coinfect HL-60 cells, they resided in separate inclusions. Inclusions of both Ehrlichia spp. were not labeled with either anti-lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 or anti-CD63. Accumulation of myeloperoxidase-positive granules were seen around HGE agent inclusions but not around E. chaffeensis inclusions. 3-(2,4-Dinitroanilino)-3′-amino-N-methyldipropylamine and acridine orange were not localized to either inclusion type. Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase was not colocalized with HGE agent inclusions but was weakly colocalized with E. chaffeensisinclusions. E. chaffeensis inclusions were labeled with the transferrin receptor, early endosomal antigen 1, and rab5, but HGE agent inclusions were not. Some HGE agent and E. chaffeensis inclusions colocalized with major histocompatibility complex class I and II antigens. These two inclusions were not labeled for annexins I, II, IV, and VI; α-adaptin; clathrin heavy chain; or β-coatomer protein. Vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 colocalized to both inclusions. The cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor was not colocalized with either inclusion type. Endogenously synthesized sphingomyelin, from C6-NBD-ceramide, was not incorporated into either inclusion type. Brefeldin A did not affect the growth of either Ehrlichia sp. in HL-60 cells. These results suggest that the HGE agent resides in inclusions which are neither early nor late endosomes and does not fuse with lysosomes or Golgi-derived vesicles, while E. chaffeensis resides in an early endosomal compartment which accumulates the transferrin receptor.

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Chen, Liangjun, Weiqing Chen, Yang Hu, Zhaoping Chen, Yingtie Xu, and Wei Yan. "Effects of K2CO3 Addition on Inclusions in High-Carbon Steel for Saw Wire." High Temperature Materials and Processes 37, no. 8 (August 28, 2018): 701–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2017-0030.

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AbstractIn order to avoid the formation of crack initiation sites, inclusions in high-carbon steel for saw wire are strictly required to have excellent deformability. However, it is hard to achieve this goal with only conventional inclusion softening art, such as Si-Mn deoxidation and low basicity top slag refining. Therefore, a new method should be put forward to enhance the deformability of inclusions. Low melting temperature inclusions are widely considered to have good deformability, hence, adding K (potassium) into inclusions may become a potential new method to better enhance the deformability of inclusions due to the pronounced effect of K2O on lowering the melting temperature of inclusions. In the present study, the influences of Fe/K2CO3 (weight ratio), K2CO3 addition amount and reaction time on inclusions were investigated by using a graphite tube resistance furnace. Through this study, a solution to adding K into inclusions effectively by K2CO3 addition was developed and the melting temperature of inclusions was significantly reduced. In addition, the reaction mechanism between K2CO3/slag/steel/inclusion was deduced and the relation between deformability and crystallinity of inclusions was also briefly discussed.

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Zhang, Lihui, Erkang Liu, Weijie Xing, Zhaojiang Xue, Wenjie Fan, Yunsong Zhao, Yushi Luo, Changchun Ge, and Min Xia. "The Formation Mechanism of Oxide Inclusions in a High-Aluminum Ni-Based Superalloy during the Vacuum Induction Remelting Process." Metals 14, no. 6 (May 30, 2024): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14060654.

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Oxide inclusions in Ni-based superalloys play a crucial role in determining their mechanical properties, oxidation resistance, and corrosion resistance at high temperatures. In this paper, the source and formation mechanism of different types of oxide inclusions in a high-aluminum Ni-based superalloy were systematically studied. An automatic field emission scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer and a self-designed superalloy inclusion analysis standard was utilized to quantitatively reveal the oxide inclusion characteristics of the high-aluminum Ni-based superalloy prepared via vacuum induction melting (VIM) and vacuum induction remelting (VIR) processes. The experimental results indicate that the typical oxide inclusions in the Ni-based superalloy before the VIR process are irregular MgO·Al2O3 inclusions with sizes of less than 2 μm. After the VIR process, the typical oxide inclusions in the Ni-based superalloy are also MgO·Al2O3 inclusions. However, these oxide inclusions can be classified into three categories: (i) endogenous irregular MgO·Al2O3 inclusions, less than 4.3 μm in size, inherited from the master alloy; (ii) several hundred-micron film-like MgO·Al2O3 inclusions generated as interface reaction products between the MgO crucible and melts; and (iii) millimeter-scale MgO·Al2O3 inclusions and several tens of microns of MgO inclusions from the exfoliation of the MgO crucible matrix.

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Liu, Yang, Jing Li, Jinpeng Ge, and Dingli Zheng. "Effect of Acid Slag Treatment on the Inclusions in GCr15 Bearing Steel." High Temperature Materials and Processes 38, no. 2019 (February 25, 2019): 760–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2019-0024.

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AbstractBy laboratory slag/steel reaction equilibrim experiments, the viriation of oxygen content, inclusion compositions and inclusion sizes were studied. The effect of acid slag treatment on the transition mechanisms of D-type inclusions and the precipitation of TiN inclusions in GCr15 bearing steel were explored. The obtained results showed that the dominant inclusions in steel were plastic and smaller Al2O3-SiO2-MnO. The melting point were lower than 1400°C treated by the acid refining slag of 35.1%CaO-15%Al2O3-43.9%SiO2-6%MgO and there was no TiN found. The evolution of MgO·Al2O3 inclusions is: MgO·Al2O3→ MgO·Al2O3·SiO2·MnO→ Al2O3·SiO2·MnO. Mg and Al from MgO·Al2O3 inclusions were displaced by [Si] and [Mn] in steel liquid , and formation of plastic Al2O3-SiO2-MnO inclusions finally, whose compositions distribution were uniform. Mg and Si, Mn were complementary in inclusions as to the spatial distribution.

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39

Anderson, Alan J. "Microthermometric behavior of crystal-rich inclusions in spodumene under confining pressure." Canadian Mineralogist 57, no. 6 (November 30, 2019): 853–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.1900013.

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Abstract A hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (HDAC) was used to observe the microthermometric behavior of solid + liquid + vapor inclusions in spodumene from the Tanco pegmatite, Manitoba, under confining pressure. At 25 °C, these inclusions commonly contain a carbonate mineral (zabuyelite, rarely calcite or nahcolite), quartz, a phyllosilicate (cookeite), and an aqueous carbonic fluid phase. Heating spodumene-hosted inclusions to temperatures between 600 and 680 °C in a HDAC resulted in total or partial dissolution of the contained solid phases, followed by homoepitaxial growth of new spodumene on the inclusion walls, which reduced the inclusion volume by up to 31%. At room temperature, the homogenized inclusions contain only an aqueous fluid phase, CO2 liquid, and CO2 vapor. Inclusions that failed to homogenize at 680 °C, or leaked during heating, contain partially dissolved minerals with or without an aqueous carbonic fluid. The volume of spodumene formed within an inclusion during experimental re-heating, as determined by the difference in inclusion size before and after total dissolution of the contained solid phases, was used to estimate the volume of zabuyelite, quartz/cristobalite, and cookeite produced by the reaction The relative volumes of the calculated reaction products approximate the proportions of zabuyelite, quartz/cristobalite, and cookeite in inclusions prior to heating. The absence of silicate glass in the quenched homogenized inclusions indicates that they do not represent the crystallized products of an entrapped hydrous silicate melt that wetted the surface of spodumene during its growth. Large changes in inclusion volume and composition during experimental re-heating shows that the inclusions are neither isochoric nor isoplethic systems and as such are unsuitable for estimating the P-T conditions of trapping. Readers should therefore exercise caution when using thermobaric estimates of pegmatite crystallization inferred from microthermometric measurements of presumably primary melt inclusions in spodumene.

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Anisimova, Maria, and Igor Sevostianov. "Dependence of the Effective Diffusion Coefficient of a Matrix Composite on the Size of Inhomogeneities." Applied Mechanics and Materials 756 (April 2015): 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.756.389.

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The present paper focuses on calculation of the effective diffusion coefficient of a matrix composite with spherical inclusions. We address the problem of the effective diffusion coefficient dependence on the size of the inhomogeneities. In this work, the basic idea of replacing an inhomogeneous inclusion by an equivalent homogeneous one is formulated. The diffusivity contribution tensor, that characterizes the inclusion’s contribution to the overall process of diffusion, is derived in the course of analysis. It is shown that the effect of the interphase reduces the “apparent” volume fraction of inclusions. The thickness of the interphase zone is identified as the parameter of dominant importance among all the characteristics of the interphase.

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Yu, Y. C., S. H. Zhang, and S. B. Wang. "Effects of Cerium on the Inclusions and Pitting Corrosion Behavior of 434 Ferritic Stainless Steel." High Temperature Materials and Processes 37, no. 9-10 (October 25, 2018): 807–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2017-0094.

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AbstractThe effects of Ce addition on the inclusions and the pitting corrosion behavior of ferritic stainless steel were investigated. The results showed that Ce2O3·SiO2 and Ce2O2S inclusions were mainly found in 434 ferritic stainless steel containing 0.011% or 0.023 wt% Ce, which is the most appropriate addition of Ce that could contribute to produce the dispersive and fine rare earth inclusions. According to the thermodynamic analysis, Ce inclusions could be produced by rare earth elements combining with oxygen, sulfur, or preexisting SiO2. While the kinetic analysis and mechanism for formation of inclusions suggested that the area ratio of the pure SiO2 inclusion decreased with Ce increasing, and the difference of [Ce] concentration between the original inclusion interface and the SiO2 solid unreacted nuclear interface is the main reason to cause the different process of inclusion modification. Meanwhile, when the content of Ce was 0.011% or 0.023%, the resistance to pitting corrosion increased with the interface areas between the inclusions and the steel matrix decreasing. However, the excessive Ce addition resulted in the increase of size and quantity of inclusions, which would reduce the resistance to pitting corrosion.

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42

Wang, Yong, Wei Wang, Joo Hyun Park, and Wangzhong Mu. "Effect of hafnium and molybdenum addition on inclusion characteristics in Co-based dual-phase high-entropy alloys." International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials 31, no. 7 (May 28, 2024): 1639–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2831-x.

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AbstractSpecific grades of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) can provide opportunities for optimizing properties toward high-temperature applications. In this work, the Co-based HEA with a chemical composition of Co47.5Cr30Fe7.5Mn7.5Ni7.5 (at%) was chosen. The refractory metallic elements hafnium (Hf) and molybdenum (Mo) were added in small amounts (1.5at%) because of their well-known positive effects on high-temperature properties. Inclusion characteristics were comprehensively explored by using a two-dimensional cross-sectional method and extracted by using a three-dimensional electrolytic extraction method. The results revealed that the addition of Hf can reduce Al2O3 inclusions and lead to the formation of more stable Hf-rich inclusions as the main phase. Mo addition cannot influence the inclusion type but could influence the inclusion characteristics by affecting the physical parameters of the HEA melt. The calculated coagulation coefficient and collision rate of Al2O3 inclusions were higher than those of HfO2 inclusions, but the inclusion amount played a larger role in the agglomeration behavior of HfO2 and Al2O3 inclusions. The impurity level and active elements in HEAs were the crucial factors affecting inclusion formation.

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Yin, Yanbin, and Jiongming Zhang. "Finite Element Analysis on Inclusion Migration during Hot-Rolling Process of Ultralow Carbon Steel." Processes 11, no. 3 (March 18, 2023): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11030934.

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Slivers on the surface of rolled plates, which are serious defects for interstitial-free (IF) steel, occur mainly as a result of inclusions in continuous casting (CC) slabs. It is, therefore, important to study inclusions in CC slabs in terms of their migration towards the surface during hot rolling. To investigate inclusion migration during the hot rolling of ultralow carbon steel, a 3D numerical model was constructed using the finite element method. The positions of the inclusions in the surface layer of an IF steel slab (50 mm) were tracked during hot rolling using a node-tracking method. Furthermore, the study analyzed the effects of scarfing on inclusion migration during hot rolling and inclusion distribution in a hot-rolled plate. During the hot-rolling process, inclusions in the wide faces of the intermediate slab gradually migrated to the surface of the intermediate slab. Owing to a thickness reduction, accumulation areas of inclusions were finally generated at the edge of the hot-rolled plate; these areas may lead to sliver defects. The scarfing of the slab did not affect the distribution of inclusions in the hot-rolled plate; however, it may have reduced the inclusion content in the outermost layers of the hot-rolled plate. The inclusions were mainly located within 1 mm underneath the hot-rolled plate. Moreover, the inclusions near the inner arc of the CC slab were concentrated within 1.5 mm of the upper plate surface. Using galvanostatic electrolysis, the number of large inclusions in samples prepared from a hot-rolled plate obtained from a plant was measured. The measurements agreed well with the numerical model predictions, which validated the FE model in the current work.

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44

Liu, Chengsong, and Bryan Webler. "Evolution of non-metallic inclusions during heat treatment." Metallurgical Research & Technology 117, no. 4 (2020): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2020040.

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Isothermal heat treatment can not only modify steel microstructure, but also non-metallic inclusions. In this work, heat treatment experiments were conducted between 1373 and 1573 K (1100 and 1300 °C) to study the evolution of inclusion composition, morphology, and size distribution. Results showed that during the heat treatment at 1473 and 1573 K (1200 and 1300 °C), two main kinds of inclusions initially in the steel, CaS and MgO–Al2O3–CaO–CaS, gradually transformed to (Ca, Mn)S and MgO–Al2O3–(Ca, Mn)S inclusions, and some MgO–Al2O3–CaO inclusions also transformed to MgO–Al2O3–(Ca, Mn)S. At the lowest temperature studied, 1373 K (1100 °C), little change was observed. No significant changes in number density and area fraction of the measured inclusions were observed, while the average size of inclusions increased after the heat treatment. The extent of transformation of CaS, MgO–Al2O3–CaO–CaS and MgO–Al2O3–CaO inclusions increased with decreasing inclusion size and higher temperature.

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45

Kim, H., and Y.-D. Lee. "Effect of Microalloy Elements on Corrosion Resistance of High-Chromium-Containing Ferritic Stainless Steels in Chloride Solutions." Corrosion 57, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3290381.

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Abstract The effects of inclusions on corrosion resistance of high-Cr-containing ferritic steels were studied using electrochemical tests (anodic polarization and electrochemical noise [EN]) and a ferric chloride (FeCl3) test in chloride solution. For this purpose, the inclusion type and size in the matrix was controlled by the selective addition of alloying elements, their contents, and pickling treatment. Large inclusions such as titanium nitride (TiN), though chemically stable, caused surface cracks at the inclusion/matrix interface during mechanical treatments and decreased pitting corrosion resistance. Soluble inclusions located at the interface were preferentially attacked to form crevices even if the inclusions were as small as a submicron. Meanwhile, submicron inclusions such as Nb, C, or N did not affect pitting corrosion resistance. Unlike the chemical compositions and shape of inclusion, the surface area covered by inclusions did not affect pitting corrosion resistance. Hence, the main factor affecting corrosion resistance was the presence of a crevice, whether it was formed by dissolution or mechanical damage, and not the number of inclusions. EN testing revealed that the experimental alloys deoxidized by Si were more resistant to initial pitting corrosion resistance than those deoxidized by Al, though many steel manufacturers deoxidize stainless steels by Al. The discrepancy was attributed to the difference of the chemical stability and the feasability of crack formation depending on inclusion.

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Godon, Julie, Pascal Antoine, Jean Bernard Vogt, and Jérémie Bouquerel. "Influence of steel cleanliness on drawability of fine filaments with high tensile strength." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 5 (2019): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2019025.

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The aim of the current study is to clarify the influence of steel cleanliness on the fracture during wet wire drawing of high strength high carbon very fine filaments. Methodologies for inclusion identification and for inclusion count were developed. Ninety percent of the fractured filaments were associated with an inclusion which was SiO2, or SiO2-CaO or SiO2-MgO. The fracture of the wires resulted from debonding of the inclusion from the matrix. Inclusion density assessed from total oxygen content in the wire was successfully and reliably obtained. Inclusions exhibited a wide range of sizes but mostly around 6 μm. The inclusion density did not appear as the only parameter that affects the fracture occurrence. An important effect of size and of chemical composition of the inclusions was found. A critical size of inclusions for fracture was observed but it depends on the chemical composition of inclusions.

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47

Wang, Linzhu, Junqi Li, Shufeng Yang, Chaoyi Chen, Huixin Jin, Xiang Li, Changling Zhuang, and Jiantao Ju. "Industrial experiment study on inclusion evolution in 95CrMo Steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 5 (2019): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2019015.

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In order to clarify the evolution mechanism of inclusions in 95CrMo, the industrial experiments were conducted. The composition, morphology and size of inclusions during refining and solidifying processes were analyzed by SEM-EDS detection and thermodynamic calculations. The inclusion evolution during refining process in molten 95CrMo steel can be concluded as: Al2O3 → Al2O3-MgO-CaO/CaS → Al2O3-MgO-SiO2-CaO-CaS, which is affected by slag-metal reaction and corrosion of refractory. The change of inclusion size during refining was analyzed based on their collision and floatation behavior. The composition of inclusions in billets indicate that there were mainly five types of inclusions, including spinel with sharp angle, spherical oxide inclusion composed of Al2O3, MgO, SiO2 and CaO, oxide-sulfide inclusion with single phase, inclusion with duplex phase, and MnS inclusion. The type of inclusions affects their size. The thermodynamic results indicate that most complex oxides formed in molten steel and no spinel generated during cooling process. CaS formed in the molten steel after tundish metallurgy and there were still some CaS precipitated in solid steel. MnS precipitated after steel solidification. The calculated results based on FACTSAGE 7.1 are in agreement with experimental results on the whole.

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Hou, Qing Lin, Jing Li, Rui Ming Yin, Lin Zhang Chen, Lu Li, and Fu Bao Ji. "Study on Gas-Liquid Inclusions in Quartz Sand under Microwave Field." Advanced Materials Research 581-582 (October 2012): 689–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.581-582.689.

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The impurities and gas-liquid inclusions in quartz sand, which are from our country and UNIMIN Corporation respectively, were analyzed by Inductive Coupling Plasma Emission Spectrograph（ICP-AES）and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results showed that the biggest difference between them was the content of gas-liquid inclusions. Thus, in order to improve the quality of our country high purity quartz sand, development of new technology to remove gas-liquid inclusions has been imperative. Method for removal of gas-liquid inclusions, using microwave radiation, was studied in this project. Meanwhile, the change of microscopic morphology of gas-liquid inclusion was observed by polarizing microscope. And the change of water content in gas-liquid inclusion was investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Our results showed that micro-crack could be produced on the surface of gas-liquid inclusion under microwave treatment. The results also showed that new water molecules and liquid inclusions could be generated in the process. Furthermore, these liquid inclusions could be removed and H2O could be reduced by HF acid leaching.

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Wang, Xiao Feng, Xiao Ming Zhou, Jie Yang, Jin Wen Zou, and Wu Xiang Wang. "Detection and Deformation Mechanism of Non-Metallic Inclusions in FGH96 Alloy Isothermal Forging Disk." Materials Science Forum 747-748 (February 2013): 526–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.747-748.526.

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According to the defects of powder metallurgy superalloy, especially the influence and damage of inclusions on properties of disk, the deviation between nondestructive testing and metallographic testing of inclusions in FGH96 alloy isothermal forging disk was investigated. Meanwhile, the types and deformation mechanism of inclusions were studied. The results showed that the buried depth tested by metallographic detection was less 67-180μm than nondestructive testing. The size of inclusions with metallographic detection was less about 18-50μm than nondestructive testing. The major types of inclusions in practical disk were Al2O3 and Al2O3-SiO2, the inclusions run through several grains, no matter Al2O3 or Al2O3-SiO2. The Al2O3 inclusion and matrix was purely mechanical bonding, but the Al2O3-SiO2 had reaction zone. There was remarkable effect of extrusion process on crushing and dispersing Al2O3 inclusion, but which was unremarkable for Al2O3-SiO2.

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Croft, Cara L., Marshall S. Goodwin, Daniel H. Ryu, Christian B. Lessard, Giancarlo Tejeda, Marc Marrero, Ava R. Vause, et al. "Photodynamic studies reveal rapid formation and appreciable turnover of tau inclusions." Acta Neuropathologica 141, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 359–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-021-02264-9.

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AbstractAccumulation of the tau protein in fibrillar intracellular aggregates is a defining feature of multiple neurodegenerative diseases collectively referred to as tauopathies. Despite intensive study of tau, there is limited information on the formation and clearance dynamics of tau inclusions. Using rAAV vectors to mediate expression of Dendra2-tagged human wild-type, P301L and pro-aggregant P301L/S320F tau proteins, with and without the addition of exogenous tau fibrillar seeds, we evaluated tau inclusion dynamics in organotypic brain slice culture (BSC) models using long-term optical pulse labeling methodology. Our studies reveal that tau inclusions typically form in 12–96 h in tauopathy BSC models. Unexpectedly, we demonstrate appreciable turnover of tau within inclusions with an average half-life of ~ 1 week when inclusions are newly formed. When BSCs with inclusions are aged in culture for extended periods, tau inclusions continue to turnover, but their half-lives increase to ~ 2 weeks and ~ 3 weeks after 1 and 2 months in culture, respectively. Individual tau inclusions can be long-lived structures that can persist for months in these BSC models and for even longer in the human brain. However, our data indicate that tau inclusions, are not ‘tombstones’, but dynamic structures with appreciable turnover. Understanding the cellular processes mediating this inclusion turnover may lead to new therapeutic strategies that could reverse pathological tau inclusion formation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Inclusions'

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