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Journal articles on the topic 'Inclined loading'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Sha, Ling, Guo Cai Wang, and Yang Yang. "Study on the Settlement Characteristics of Inclined Single Pile Subjected to Inclined Loadings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.52.

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Inclined angles of piles and applied loadings have serious effect on the pile’s bearing capacity and settlement. In order to reveal this effect, this paper uses the nonlinear finite element software Adina 8.2 and analyzes the settlement characteristics and the influence factors on the settlement of inclined pile subjected to inclined loadings. From the analysis, it can be seen that: at given pile-soil physical properties, the settlement of inclined angle of the pile is smaller than that of the pile installed vertically subjected to vertical loadings; it is not good for larger inclined angle of inclined pile when the pile subjected to inclined loadings and the pile top settlement is always smallest when the inclined angle of the loadings agrees with that of the pile; The location of the horizontal stress balance point is related to the factors, such as loading value, pile inclined angle, et al., when subjected to vertical loadings. The conclusions obtained can have some reference value for the design and construction of inclined pile that subjected to inclined loadings.

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2

Vöth, Stefan. "Inclined Rope Reeving Systems." E3S Web of Conferences 278 (2021): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127801010.

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Main part of crane systems in general and hoisting systems especially are rope-reeving systems. They are used to reduce the loading on the rope itself and on the following parts in the hoist drive. In order to transfer the performance required the reduced loading has to be compensated by higher speeds. General standard are reeving systems with just vertical rope orientation. They have advantages, as they are not difficult to plan, to build and to operate. On the other hand, they comprise disadvantages as well. One main disadvantage of vertical rope orientation is the tendency to load sway.

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3

Bang, S., K. D. Jones, K. O. Kim, Y. S. Kim, and Y. Cho. "Inclined loading capacity of suction piles in sand." Ocean Engineering 38, no. 7 (May 2011): 915–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2010.10.019.

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4

Huang, Yiren, Shili Ma, Liquan Xie, and Wencai Huang. "Experiments on loading capability of Inclined Suction Foundation." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 768 (March 31, 2020): 032004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/768/3/032004.

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5

Murff, J. D. "Plastic collapse of long piles under inclined loading." International Journal for Numerical and Analytical methods in Geomechanics 11, no. 2 (March 1987): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610110207.

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6

Shlyannikov, V. N., and A. V. Tumanov. "An inclined surface crack subject to biaxial loading." International Journal of Solids and Structures 48, no. 11-12 (June 2011): 1778–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2011.02.024.

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7

Dial, Kenneth P., and Brandon E. Jackson. "When hatchlings outperform adults: locomotor development in Australian brush turkeys ( Alectura lathami , Galliformes)." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1712 (November 3, 2010): 1610–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1984.

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Within Galliformes, megapods (brush turkey, malleefowl, scrubfowl) exhibit unique forms of parental care and growth. Hatchlings receive no post-hatching parental care and exhibit the most exaggerated precocial development of all extant birds, hatching with fully developed, flight-capable forelimbs. Rather than flying up to safety, young birds preferentially employ wing-assisted incline running. Newly hatched Australian brush turkeys ( Alectura lathami ) are extraordinarily proficient at negotiating all textured inclined surfaces and can flap-walk up inclines exceeding the vertical. Yet, as brush turkeys grow, their forelimb-dependent locomotor performance declines. In an attempt to elucidate how hatchlings perform so well, we analysed hindlimb forces and forelimb kinematics. We measured ground reaction forces (GRFs) for animals spanning the entire growth range (110–2000 g) as they ascended a variably positioned inclined ramp that housed a forceplate. These data are compared with a similar dataset for a chukar partridge ( Alectoris chukar ) that exhibit a growth strategy typical of most other Galliformes and that demonstrate improved incline performance with increasing age. The brush turkeys' ontogenetic decline in incline running performance is accompanied by loss of traction at steep angles, reduced GRFs and increased wing-loading. We hypothesize that Australian brush turkeys, in contrast to other Galliformes, develop from forelimb-dominated young that exploit a variable terrain (e.g. mound nests, boulders, embankments, cliffs, bushes and trees) into hindlimb-dominated adults dependent on size and running speed to avoid predation.

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8

Qi, Yong, Fang Wang, and Xiao Feng Liu. "Seismic Performance of Inclined-Column Transfer Structure of Frame-Supported Short-Leg Shearwall with Varied Ratio of Short-Leg Shearwall Section Height to Thickness." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 2047–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.2047.

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Three inclined-column transfer floor structures of frame-supported short-leg shearwall are tested under vertical loading and horizontal cyclic loading to analyze the influence of leg-thickness ratio (LTR) on the seismic performance of inclined column-shaped transfer floors. The failure process and patters, bearing capacity, hysteretic characteristics, stiffness degradation, deformation and ductility are analyzed in detail. The test results show that the force characteristic of inclined column-shaped transfer floor structure is similar to a simple truss, and leg-thickness ratio of the top short-leg shearwall has important implications to the transfer beam performance; if the design is reasonable, the inclined column-shaped transfer floor structure has a good ductility, multi-channel seismic line of defense and better seismic performance.

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9

Cui, L., A. H.-D. Cheng, and Y. Abousleiman. "Poroelastic Solution for an Inclined Borehole." Journal of Applied Mechanics 64, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2787291.

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The analytical solution for an infinitely long borehole in an isotropic, poroelastic medium, inclined to the far-field principal stresses, is presented. The solution utilizes a loading decomposition scheme which leads to three fundamental problems: a poroelastic plane-strain, an elastic uni-axial, and an elastic antiplane shear problem.

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10

Meyerhof, G. G. "Behaviour of pile foundations under special loading conditions: 1994 R.M. Hardy keynote address." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 32, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 204–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t95-024.

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Previous analyses of the ultimate resistance and displacements of rigid piles under lateral loads and moments have been extended to the general case of eccentric and inclined loads on flexible piles by using the concept of effective embedment depths of equivalent rigid piles. Recent research on the behaviour of large model tests on instrumented rigid and flexible piles under eccentric and inclined loads in sand, clay, and layered soil is summarized. Reasonable agreement is found between observed and predicted behaviour. The proposed method of analysis is also supported by comparison with the results of many field case records of single piles and large pile groups under lateral loads indifferent types of soils. Key words : bearing capacity, displacement, eccentric loads, inclined loads, layered soil, pile.

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11

Dong, Tian Wen, and Ying Ren Zheng. "Experiment of single screw piles under inclined cyclic pulling loading." Geomechanics and Engineering 8, no. 6 (June 25, 2015): 801–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.8.6.801.

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12

Tu, Shan-Tung, and Shu-Ho Dai. "The fatigue growth of inclined surface cracks under biaxial loading." International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 41, no. 2 (January 1990): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-0161(90)90037-i.

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13

Dhari, Rahul Singh, Zia Javanbakht, and Wayne Hall. "On the inclined static loading of honeycomb re-entrant auxetics." Composite Structures 273 (October 2021): 114289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114289.

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14

Guo, Lin, Yuan Fang, Tingyu Wu, Jun Wang, Hongxu Jin, and Li Shi. "Cyclic Behavior of Sand under Traffic Loading with ‘Inclined’ Consolidation." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 1621–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-0892-1.

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15

Fedoskina, Olena, Valerii Fedoskin, and Anastasiia Loginova. "The issue of loading the material in a vibro-impact grinder." E3S Web of Conferences 109 (2019): 00024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910900024.

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The article discusses the basic principles of force loading of a material in a vibro-impact grinder with a vertical and inclined working chamber. It is shown that in a grinder with a vertical working chamber the control of the material loading is limited by the presence of a relationship between the vertical and rotational oscillations of the jaws. Vibro-impact grinder with an inclined working chamber represents a new class of machines. A mathematical model of the process of interaction of the jaw with a piece of material when moving it in the working chamber is presented. Equations and graphical dependencies are obtained, which determine the phase angle of the moment of clamping the piece in the working chamber. The modes of power loading of the material in the working chamber were analyzed.

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16

Lubarda, Vlado. "A pileup of screw dislocations against an inclined bimetallic interface." Theoretical and Applied Mechanics 44, no. 2 (2017): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tam170504007l.

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Pileups of screw dislocations against an inclined bimetallic interface are considered. It is assumed that differently oriented pileups are either under the same remote uniform loading, or under the same resolved shear stress along the pileup direction for any orientation of the interface. The distributions of dislocations and the lengths of pileups are substantially different for differently oriented interfaces, particularly in the case of the same remote loading. The interface stresses are also strongly depended on the pileup orientation. The maximum stress can be higher for a pileup along an inclined direction than along the direction orthogonal to the interface. The back stress behind a pileup is evaluated and discussed.

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17

Li, Qing Fen, Gui Ying Qi, Sheng Yuan Yan, and Friedrich G. Buchholz. "Computational Fracture Analyses of a Compact Tension Shear (CTS) Specimen with an Inclined Crack Plane." Key Engineering Materials 385-387 (July 2008): 741–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.385-387.741.

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In this paper some results of 3D-finite element analyses of a modified CTS-specimen with an inclined crack plane are presented. It will be shown, that through the inclination of the crack plane, even under pure tension loading of the specimen, a superposition of all fracture modes I, II and III can be generated along the straight crack front of the inclined crack plane. Furthermore, mixed-mode I, II and III loading conditions can also be generated if this modified CTS-specimen is subject to an in-plane tension/shear loading. The computational fracture analysis is based on the calculation of separated energy release rates GI, GII and GIII along the crack front by the numerically highly effective modified virtual crack closure integral(MVCCI)-method and for the finite element(FE)-modelling the commercially available FE-code ANSYS is utilized.

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18

Qi, Gui Ying, Friedrich G. Buchholz, Sheng Yuan Yan, and Qing Fen Li. "Computational Fracture Analyses of a Compact Tension Shear (CTS) Specimen with an Inclined Crack Front." Key Engineering Materials 417-418 (October 2009): 629–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.417-418.629.

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In this paper some results of 3D-finite element analyses of a modified CTS-specimen(MCTS) with an inclined crack front are presented. It will be shown, that through the inclination of the crack front, even under pure in-plane shear loading of the specimen, mixed-mode II and III loading conditions can be generated along the straight inclined crack front. Furthermore a superposition of all fracture modes I, II and III can be generated, if this MCTS-specimen is subject to an in-plane tension/shear loading. The computational fracture analysis is based on the calculation of separated energy release rates GI, GII and GIII along the crack front by the numerically highly effective modified virtual crack closure integral(MVCCI)-method and for the finite element(FE)-modelling the commercially available FE-code ANSYS is utilized.

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19

Poulin, Sanne, and Allan Larsen. "Drag loading of circular cylinders inclined in the along-wind direction." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 95, no. 9-11 (October 2007): 1350–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2007.02.011.

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20

Lee, Kwok Lun, Ai Kah Soh, and Peng Fei He. "Fatigue failure of ferroelectric ceramics subjected to cyclic inclined electric loading." Scripta Materialia 49, no. 9 (November 2003): 849–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(03)00445-7.

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21

HIRAI, Tatsuya, Masato NAGANAWA, Katsuhiko MURASE, and Hitoshi WADA. "314 Collapse of Thin-Walled circler Tubes for Inclined Dynamic Loading." Proceedings of Conference of Tokai Branch 2001.50 (2001): 153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetokai.2001.50.153.

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22

HIRAI, Tatsuya, Katsuhiko MURASE, and Hitoshi WADA. "Plastic Collapse of Thin-Walled circler Tubes for Impact Inclined Loading." Proceedings of Conference of Tokai Branch 2002.51 (2002): 325–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetokai.2002.51.325.

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23

Zhao, L., C. Gaudin, C. D. O’Loughlin, J. P. Hambleton, M. J. Cassidy, and M. Herduin. "Drained Capacity of a Suction Caisson in Sand under Inclined Loading." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 145, no. 2 (February 2019): 04018107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001996.

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24

Berto, F., and Reza H. Afshar. "Inclined Hole Under Different Loading Conditions: A Review of Recent Results." Strength of Materials 48, no. 5 (September 2016): 668–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11223-016-9810-z.

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25

Strozzi, A., A. Baldini, and M. Nascimbeni. "Maximum Equivalent Stress in a Pin-Loaded Lug Subject to Inclined Loading." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 41, no. 4 (May 1, 2006): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247jsa150.

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The elastic maximum equivalent stress in a pin-loaded, straight- or taper-shanked, round-ended lug subject to inclined loading is investigated using the finite element and the boundary element methods, and, partly, photoelasticity. The influence of the load direction, of the ratio between the bore diameter and lug width, and of the shank taper angle are particularly addressed. In addition, the effects of the axial length of the lug trunk and, partially, of the initial clearance between the lug bore and pin are numerically examined in the presence of a loading variously inclined to the lug axis. An interpolating expression for the maximum equivalent stress as a function of the ratio between the bore diameter and lug width, taper angle, and load inclination angle is proposed.

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26

Georgiadis, M., and R. Butterfield. "Displacements of footings on sand under eccentric and inclined loads." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 25, no. 2 (May 1, 1988): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t88-024.

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Results of an investigation of the response of footings on sand, under eccentric and inclined loads, are presented. Apparatus was constructed that could simultaneously apply loads to footings at any eccentricity and inclination, without imposing restraints on the footing displacements. The experimental results are interpreted, compared with published data, and a method for predicting vertical and horizontal displacements and rotations of loaded footings on sand developed. At low load levels the analysis generates the elastic half-space solution, which is then augmented to provide the complete nonlinear response of the footing. In addition, interaction diagrams between the vertical loads, horizontal loads, and moments that cause failure of the footing are presented. Key words: footing, sands, eccentric loading, inclined loading, displacement, rotation, bearing capacity.

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27

Azlan, Mohd Azwir, and Al Emran Ismail. "Effect of Mechanical Mismatch on the Stress Intensity Factors of Inclined Cracks under Mode I Tension Loading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.129.

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This paper presents numerical analysis of stress intensity factors (SIFs) of inclined cracks due to mechanical mismatches. According to literature survey, tremendous amounts of SIFs can be found elsewhere. However, the SIFs for inclined cracks are difficult to obtain especially when mechanical mismatch at the crack interface are considered. ANSYS finite element program is used to model the cracks embedded in plain strain plates. The cracks are oriented at the interface between two different materials and subjected to mode I tension loading. It is showed that when mechanical mismatches are introduced the mode I SIFs reduced and on the other hand mode II SIFs increased. When the cracks are inclined, the mode I SIFs diverged but it is not for mode II SIFs and gradually increased when compared with the normal cracks.

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28

Xu, Y. G., W. Tiu, and Y. Z. Xu. "Numerical Simulation of Crack Tip Behavior under Fatigue Loading." Key Engineering Materials 525-526 (November 2012): 517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.525-526.517.

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Fatigue damage is a localized phenomenon controlled by the near-tip crack behavior. This paper presents an application of a dislocation distribution technique to the simulation of crack tip behavior under fatigue loading. A centre-cracked tension specimen under uni-axial fatigue loading is used in the study. Crack opening and plastic deformation around the crack tip are simulated by distributions of dislocation dipoles in crack plane and four inclined planes ahead of the crack tip. Climb dislocation dipole is used to model the opening and closing of the crack while glide dislocation dipole is used to simulate the backward and forward slip in the inclined planes during loading and unloading of the fatigue cycle. Stress field around the crack tip is obtained by the superposition of the contributions of the applied external load and the distributed dislocation dipoles. Correct boundary conditions of the model are achieved by employing a quadratic programming technique to minimize a properly constructed non-negative object function. It is found that the simulated crack closure variations under the constant amplitude fatigue load agree well with the result of a previously developed modified strip yield model with an appropriate constraint factor.

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29

Yan, Xiangqiao, and Weisheng Lei. "Fatigue Growth Analysis of an Inclined Crack Under Uniaxial Cyclic Loading in Materials With Different Yield Strengths in Tension and Compression." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 116, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2904270.

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In the present paper, an improved strain-energy-density criterion presented recently for the commonly used fracture criterion, the minimum strain-energy-density criterion, is extended to the case of cyclic loading to predict mixed-mode fatigue crack growth in materials with different yield strengths in tension and compression. The analysis of the mixed-mode fatigue crack growth process is very complex. For the purpose of more precisely predicting the mixed mode fatigue crack growth process, we developed a numerical scheme in which the improved fatigue crack growth criterion is combined with the displacement discontinuity method, a boundary element method. In the fatigue crack growth analysis of an inclined crack under uniaxial cyclic loading, the stress intensity factors for each increment of the crack growth are calculated by means of the displacement discontinuity method. Fatigue growth analysis of an inclined crack under uniaxial cyclic loading in materials with different yield strengths in tension and compression is carried out.

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30

Jessu, Kashi, Anthony Spearing, and Mostafa Sharifzadeh. "Laboratory and Numerical Investigation on Strength Performance of Inclined Pillars." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 21, 2018): 3229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113229.

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Pillars play a critical role in an underground mine, as an inadequate pillar design could lead to pillar failure, which may result in catastrophic damage, while an over-designed pillar would lead to ore loss, causing economic loss. Pillar design is dictated by the inclination of the ore body. Depending on the orientation of the pillars, loading can be axial (compression) in horizontal pillars and oblique (compression as well as shear loading) in inclined pillars. Empirical and numerical approaches are the two most commonly used methods for pillar design. Current empirical approaches are mostly based on horizontal pillars, and the inclination of the pillars in the dataset is not taken into consideration. Laboratory and numerical studies were conducted with different width-to-height ratios and at different inclinations to understand the reduction in strength due to inclined loading and to observe the failure mechanisms. The specimens’ strength reduced consistently over all the width-to-height ratios at a given inclination. The strength reduction factors for gypsum were found to be 0.78 and 0.56, and for sandstone were 0.71 and 0.43 at 10° and 20° inclinations, respectively. The strength reduction factors from numerical models were found to be 0.94 for 10° inclination, 0.87 for 20° inclination, 0.78 for 30° inclination, and 0.67 for 40° inclination, and a fitting equation was proposed for the strength reduction factor with respect to inclination. The achieved results could be used at preliminary design stages and can be verified during real mining practice.

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31

Xie, Yunyue, Hongtian Xiao, and Zhongqi Quentin Yue. "Elastic Fields of a Nonhomogeneous Half-Space Subject to an Inclined Circular Load." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (August 24, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1402839.

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The paper examines the elastic fields of displacements and stresses for a nonhomogeneous elastic half-space where the elastic parameters have a linear variation over a finite depth beyond which it is constant. The circular loading area is subjected to a uniform inclined load. The numerical method is developed by applying the fundamental solution of a layered elastic solid and integrating numerically it over the loading area. As a result, only the loading area needs to be discretized in using the proposed numerical method. Numerical examples of calculation of displacements are conducted, and excellent agreement with the existing closed-form solutions is obtained. The results obtained are used to understand the elastic fields induced by different types of loads in a nonhomogeneous medium.

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32

Mirsayapov, Ilshat Talgatovich. "STRESS-STRAIN STATE IN EMBEDMENT OF REINFORCEMENT IN CASE OF REPEATED LOADINGS." Vestnik MGSU, no. 5 (May 2016): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2016.5.28-38.

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The author offer transforming the diagram of ideal elastic-plastic deformations for the description of the stress-strain state of embedment of reinforcement behind a critical inclined crack at repeatedly repeating loadings. The endurance limit of the adhesion between concrete and reinforcement and its corresponding displacements in case of repeated loadings are accepted as the main indicators. This adhesion law is the most appropriate for the description of physical and mechanical phenomena in the contact zone in case of cyclic loading, because it simply and reliably describes the adhesion mechanism and the nature of the deformation, and greatly simplifies the endurance calculations compared to the standard adhesion law. On the basis of this diagram the author obtained the equations for the description of the distribution of pressures and displacements after cyclic loading with account for the development of deformations of cyclic creep of the concrete under the studs of reinforcement.

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33

Náhlík, Luboš, Pavel Pokorný, Martin Ševčík, and Pavel Hutař. "Influence of Initial Inclined Surface Crack on Estimated Residual Fatigue Lifetime of Railway Axle." Journal of Multiscale Modelling 07, no. 04 (November 30, 2016): 1640007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1756973716400072.

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Railway axles are subjected to cyclic loading which can lead to fatigue failure. For safe operation of railway axles a damage tolerance approach taking into account a possible defect on railway axle surface is often required. The contribution deals with an estimation of residual fatigue lifetime of railway axle with initial inclined surface crack. 3D numerical model of inclined semi-elliptical surface crack in railway axle was developed and its curved propagation through the axle was simulated by finite element method. Presence of press-fitted wheel in the vicinity of initial crack was taken into account. A typical loading spectrum of railway axle was considered and residual fatigue lifetime was estimated by NASGRO approach. Material properties of typical axle steel EA4T were considered in numerical calculations and lifetime estimation.

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34

Zhou, Wei, Yi Mei Nie, Shu Jing Li, and Hai Yan Liang. "The Importance of the Solids Loading on Confirming the Dielectric Nanosize Dependence of BaTiO3Powders by Slurry Method." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/120983.

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The dielectric nanosize dependence of BaTiO3powders was investigated by the slurry method, where two series of BaTiO3slurries with 10 vol% and 30 vol% solids loadings were prepared as model samples. Applying the Bruggeman-Hanai equation, the high-frequency limiting permittivity (εh) of the slurries was extracted from the dielectric spectra. Theεhof the 10 vol% slurry showed abnormal size independence in the range from 100 nm to 700 nm, and theεhof the 30 vol% slurry exhibited good agreement with the previous prediction. Through analysing quantitatively the response ofεhto the changing permittivity of the powders under different solids loading, it was found that theεhof the slurry with lower solids loading is more inclined to be interfered by the systematic and random errors. Furthermore, a high permittivity value was found in the BaTiO3powders with 50 nm particle size.

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35

Fu, Yong, Xiying Zhang, Yuping Li, Hai Gu, Jie Sun, Yong Liu, and Fook Hou Lee. "Holding capacity of dynamically installed anchors in normally consolidated clay under inclined loading." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 54, no. 9 (September 2017): 1257–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0537.

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This paper describes a design framework for inclined tensile loading capacity (holding capacity) of dynamically installed anchors in soft clay. Centrifuge model test and numerical results indicate that, while ultimate inclined holding capacity increases with a loading angle smaller than 45° (to the vertical at anchor padeye), anchor failure is controlled predominantly by the ultimate vertical holding capacity, which can be predicted using the American Petroleum Institute method put forth in 2007 with interface friction ratio of 0.25–0.34 and 0.60–0.82 for short- and long-term conditions, respectively. For a loading angle larger than about 65°, anchor failure is controlled largely by the ultimate horizontal holding capacity. It is proposed herein that the ultimate lateral holding capacity can be estimated by generalizing Broms’ method put forth in 1964 for lateral anchor capacity to variable cross section; thereby allowing anchor geometry to be considered in a rational manner. Good agreement can be obtained between the estimated ultimate horizontal holding capacity and that computed using the finite element method by using a lateral resistance of 10.5su, where su is the undrained shear strength. For a loading angle between 45° and 65°, there is significant interaction between vertical and horizontal failure modes. This allows a normalized horizontal–vertical interaction curve to be defined by fitting data from this and previous studies.

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36

Yoda, M. "Subcritical Crack Growth of Glass Under Combined Modes I and II Loading." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 110, no. 3 (July 1, 1988): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3226040.

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The glass plate specimens with inclined cracks introduced by Vickers microhardness indentation were subjected to sustained bend stress in water. Subcritical crack growth behaviors were investigated under combined Modes I and II loading. The crack velocity dc/dt can be described as a function of coplanar energy release rate G. The experimental results show that the dc/dt which is initially high decreases and thereafter increases with G. The crack velocity data are found to be influenced by the residual stress and the presence of a lateral crack. Inclined cracks in the increasing region tend to show the crack velocity higher than would be expected from the Mode I results of β = 90 deg on the basis of G as the β between the loading axis and the crack plane decreases. The dc/dt-G curves in this region have a steeper portion at low velocities and thereafter tend to a shallower portion.

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37

Bhagat, R. K., V. K. Singh, P. C. Gope, and A. K. Chaudhary. "Evaluation of stress intensity factor of multiple inclined cracks under biaxial loading." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 6, no. 22 (September 30, 2012): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.22.01.

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Nobile, L., A. Piva, and E. Viola. "On the inclined crack problem in an orthotropic medium under biaxial loading." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 71, no. 4-6 (March 2004): 529–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-7944(03)00051-1.

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Baazouzi, Messaoud, Djamel Benmeddour, Abdelhak Mabrouki, and Mekki Mellas. "2D Numerical Analysis of Shallow Foundation Rested Near Slope under Inclined Loading." Procedia Engineering 143 (2016): 623–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.086.

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Landjobo Pagou, Arnold, Guoqing Han, Long Peng, Oumaima Dehdah, Virginie Gueyap Kamdem, Fatai Abimbola, Seth Anom Mccarthy, Hippolyte Fritz Tchomche, Iryna Harmash, and Zhuldyz Kanturina. "Liquid loading prediction and identification model for vertical and inclined gas wells." Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 84 (December 2020): 103641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2020.103641.

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Wang, Chungang, Yaochun Zhang, and Zhuangnan Zhang. "Experiments on channel columns with inclined simple edge stiffeners under compression loading." Frontiers of Architecture and Civil Engineering in China 1, no. 3 (July 2007): 312–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11709-007-0041-z.

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AHMAD, F., and M. K. PARK. "The characteristics of an inclined crack in anisotropic paperboard under biaxial loading." Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures 36, no. 6 (January 11, 2013): 526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ffe.12022.

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Shlyannikov, V. N. "Fatigue crack paths for inclined cracks and surface flaws under biaxial loading." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 77, no. 11 (July 2010): 1772–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2010.02.028.

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Hjiaj, Mohammed, Andrei V. Lyamin, and Scott W. Sloan. "Bearing capacity of a cohesive-frictional soil under non-eccentric inclined loading." Computers and Geotechnics 31, no. 6 (September 2004): 491–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2004.06.001.

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Chue, Ching-Hwei, Li-Chung Chang, and Jang-Shing Tsai. "Bonded repair of a plate with inclined central crack under biaxial loading." Composite Structures 28, no. 1 (January 1994): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-8223(94)90004-3.

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Jeon, Youngtaek, Shin-Ki Hong, and Myungchin Kim. "Effect of Filler Concentration on Tracking Resistance of ATH-Filled Silicone Rubber Nanocomposites." Energies 12, no. 12 (June 22, 2019): 2401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122401.

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It is necessary for polymeric materials to have superior tracking resistance against various stress conditions for outdoor applications. In this study, the effect of nano-sized alumina tri-hydrate (ATH) particles on the tracking resistance of silicone rubber (SiR) is studied. Specimens with filler loadings of 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 wt % are used for performance characterization. From the inclined plane test (IPT) results, apparent improvement in tracking resistance was achieved by mixing 3 wt % of nano-sized fillers, compared to unfilled specimens. ATH/SiR nanocomposites with 5 wt % loading showed comparable tracking performance to SiO2/SiR microcomposites with 20 wt % loading. For detailed analysis, measurements of surface contact angle (SCA) and surface leakage current, and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed. As the nano-ATH filler concentration increased, both thermal stability and leakage current characteristics were improved. Such results agreed with the tracking resistance performance by showing that thermal decomposition and surface charge transport is inhibited in ATH/SiR nanocomposites. Furthermore, performance improvement in nanocomposites was achieved, even at low filler loadings, compared to microcomposites. Meanwhile, the change in SCA was found to be rather limited, regardless of filler loading and filler size.

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Qu, Sen, Shengnan Liu, Muk Chen Ong, Shuzheng Sun, and Huilong Ren. "Numerical Simulation of Breaking Wave Loading on Standing Circular Cylinders with Different Transverse Inclined Angles." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (February 16, 2020): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041347.

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The purpose of this paper is to numerically simulate the breaking wave past a standing cylinder with different transverse inclined angles. The numerical simulations are carried out by solving the Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) equations with the k − ω S S T turbulence model. The air–water interface is captured using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method. The convergence studies on the grid and time-step are performed by examining the total horizontal breaking wave forces on the vertical cylinder. The present numerical results have been validated with the published experimental data. A good agreement is obtained between the present numerical results and the experimental data in terms of the surface elevation and the horizontal breaking wave force. Moreover, the total horizontal breaking wave force is decomposed into low-order and high-order wave forces through Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). It is observed that the free surface elevations in front of the cylinder and the normalized high-order wave force have a minimum value when the transverse inclined angle of the cylinder is 45°. The secondary load causing the higher-harmonic ringing motion of structures is not observed when the cylinder is placed with the transverse inclined angles of 30° and 45°.

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Zhou, De-quan, Chen-xi Feng, Liu-xi Li, Yi Zhou, and Qin Zhu. "Reinforcement Effect of Inclined Prestressed Concrete Pipe Piles on an Inclined Soft Foundation." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (August 20, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5275903.

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The embankment slope is vulnerable to slip and collapse, when prestressed concrete pipe (PCP) piles are used to reinforce the inclined soft foundation to bear the load of the embankment. Accordingly, this study puts forward new programs for strengthening embankment foundation with inclined, rather than vertical, PCP piles. Based on an actual engineering accident with embankment slope collapse, this study establishes a finite element model, accompanied by analysis of engineering characteristics and reinforcement effects of the foundation. The main conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) when a pile-supported foundation is used to strengthen the inclined soft foundation, PCP piles in the lower part of the embankment are subjected to bending moments, with their maximum value appearing in the upper part of the PCP pile at the embankment slope foot. During the embankment filling, the maximum pile bending moment may reach the ultimate bending load, resulting in bending failure accompanied with large lateral displacement and even slope collapse. The maximum horizontal displacement of the foundation is located at the foot of the embankment slope. (2) Reinforcement using inclined PCP piles contributes to smaller maximum pile body bending moments than that using vertical PCP piles and loading berms, and such contribution is enhanced when the inclination angle of PCP piles in the lower part of the slope gets larger. Therefore, inclined PCP piles with high angles are optimum in improving the overall stability of the foundation. (3) Compared with vertical PCP piles, inclined PCP piles contribute to smaller horizontal displacement and vertical settlement in foundation reinforcement, which means better reinforcement effects. Moreover, as the inclination angle of PCP piles increases, the maximum displacement decreases rapidly, associated with greatly enhanced lateral stability.

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Piven, Mykhailo. "Experimental Studies Of The Specific Load Distribution Of The Mixture Over The Area Of The Inclined Tray." National Interagency Scientific and Technical Collection of Works. Design, Production and Exploitation of Agricultural Machines, no. 50 (2020): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32515/2414-3820.2020.50.78-87.

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The regularities of specific loading distribution of loose mixture on the area of a working surface of the inclined tray are established in the work. The studies were performed on the experimental setup consisting of a storage hopper and inclined flat trays of different lengths. The material of the study was a grain mixture of winter wheat variety "Myronivska 30". The magnitude of the load was determined using a receiving device, which allowed to obtain the specific load distribution on the width and length of the tray and over time. The specific loading of the tray is uneven in the area of the working surface: the central section is overloaded, and the wall is underloaded. The largest deviations of the specific load at the inlet of the tray, but with length they decrease, approaching a uniform distribution. The specific load profile across the width of the tray is asymmetric and has a local extremum. As the tray length increases, at the certain initial speed and angle, the specific load decreases and the mixture flow slows down. With a constant supply of material from the hopper, there is a gradual accumulation of the mixture in the tray, compaction and growth of the layer, which leads to complete cessation of flow. Uneven loading of the tray occurs due to uneven supply of material from the storage hopper, in which the movement begins. The initial feed varies across the width of the tray and over time, and the nature of the specific load profile formed at the entrance to the tray is preserved for almost its entire length. The movement of the mixture flow in the inclined tray is non-stationary, the specific load varies significantly over the entire surface area and largely depends on the initial conditions of movement. The obtained regularities of specific loading on the working surface area of the tray can be used in the calculation of the modes of loose mixtures movement and substantiation of the equipment parameters for loading the working bodies of machines.

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Zhu, Zhao Qing, and Wei Ming Gong. "On-Site In-Suit Test Research of Horizontal Bearing Capacity on Inclined Steel Pipe Piles." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 1594–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.1594.

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The in-situ tests of horizontal bearing capacity on inclined steel pipe piles were conducted in the sea near Shanghai. Based on the field experiment with the lateral unidirectional and single cycle loading test method, this document presents the horizontal displacement and bearing capacity on the inclined steel pipe piles with negative and positive inclination angles. And the horizontal bearing capacity of the steel pipe pile with positive inclination angle is larger than the one with negative inclination angle. And the tests results can be provided for similar engineering reference.

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