Academic literature on the topic 'Incineration – Waste disposal'
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Journal articles on the topic "Incineration – Waste disposal"
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O'Brien, Joanna S., John J. Todd, and Lorne K. Kriwoken. "Incineration of waste at Casey Station, Australian Antarctic Territory." Polar Record 40, no. 3 (July 2004): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224740400347x.
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The Australian Antarctic Division manages four permanent stations in the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic. At each station a municipal waste incinerator is used to dispose of putrescible waste, wood, paper, cardboard, and plastics. Incineration significantly reduces the volume of waste but this combustion also emits toxic compounds. This study examined the waste incineration stream at Casey Station, Australian Antarctic Territory. The waste stream was sorted, burnt, and the incinerator emissions monitored. Twelve chemical compounds in gaseous emissions and heavy metals in the ash were measured. Results indicate that emissions of carbon monoxide are higher than one might expect from a small incinerator, and hydrocarbon emissions from the incinerator exceed combined hydrocarbon emissions from other sources on station. Arsenic and copper concentrations in ash, which is returned to Australia for disposal, exceed limits for hazardous waste disposal and so treatment would be required. Recommendations are provided on controlling source material in order to reduce or eliminate toxic emissions and undertaking incinerator maintenance to optimise combustion.
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Nikku, Markku, Mingxiu Zhan, Kari Myöhänen, Jouni Ritvanen, and Xiaodong Li. "Three-Dimensional Modeling of a Chinese Circulating Fluidized Bed Incinerator Firing Municipal Solid Waste." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 47, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 393–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2021.393.
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Currently waste incineration is a widely used method of waste management in China. Effective incineration requires understanding and tools to analyze the incineration process leading to good incinerator performance and efficiency as well as lower emissions. In this work, a Chinese circulating fluidized bed (CFB) incinerator firing municipal solid waste (MSW) and coal is modeled with a three-dimensional CFB furnace model to evaluate the incineration process. First, the modeling results are verified with measurement data from the incinerator. Then, the furnace model is applied in the simulation of a case with more dry MSW without coal. The objective of the research is to provide insight and increase understanding of the MSW incineration process. The simulation case of MSW with the lower moisture content highlights the possible reductions of fossil carbon emissions associated with the utilization of coal. To achieve this, a moderate reduction in the moisture content of MSW is required. A comparison between the MSW and coal versus only the MSW shows minor differences in the performance of the incinerator. Utilization of modeling in incinerator studies can aid in development of more efficient CFB incinerators, improving the waste management and reducing the utilization of fossil coal.
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Zhang, Bin, Jinjie He, Chengming Hu, and Wei Chen. "Experimental and Numerical Simulation Study on Co-Incineration of Solid and Liquid Wastes for Green Production of Pesticides." Processes 7, no. 10 (September 23, 2019): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7100649.
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A large amount of solid and liquid waste is produced in pesticide production. It is necessary to adopt appropriate disposal processes to reduce pollutant emissions. A co-incineration scheme for mixing multi-component wastes in a rotary kiln was proposed for waste disposal from pesticide production. According to the daily output of solid and liquid wastes, the proportion of mixing was determined. An experiment of the co-incineration of solid and liquid wastes was established. Experimental results showed that the mixed waste could be completely disposed at 850 °C, and the residence time in the kiln exceeded 1 h. A model method for mixture and diesel oil-assisted combustion was proposed. Numerical simulation was performed to predict the granular motion and reveal the combustion interactions of the co-incineration of mixed wastes in the rotary kiln. Simulation results reproduced movements, such as rolling and cascading, and obtained the optimum rotational speed and diesel oil flow for the rotary kiln incineration operation. The simulation showed that the temperature in the kiln was maintained at 850 °C, and the mass fraction of CO and O2 at the outlet reached the standard for the complete combustion of the waste. Finally, the rotary kiln incineration and flue gas treatment processes were successfully applied in engineering for green production of pesticides.
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Shin, I. K. C. "The Situation and the Problems of Hazardous Waste Treatment in Germany." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1992): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0383.
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Yearly 4 900 000 tons of hazardous waste are generated in West Germany. The Germany Waste Disposal Act regulates not only the import and the export, but also the transit of wastes. Also avoidance of waste generation and recycling of wastes are emphasized by the act. To reduce waste amounts the collected wastes are treated preliminarily by chemical, physical and biological methods. 740 000 tons of hazardous waste are combusted annually in 27 incineration plants. 18 additional incineration plants are planned. Disposal of diluted acids in the North Sea was completely stopped by the end of 1989. Chlorinated hydrocarbons were burned on a German incineration ship. This was stopped in 1989. The most usual disposal process is the sanitary landfill. Rainfall results in water and soil pollution caused by leachates. A roof above the landfill could eliminate the generation of leachates. The safest disposal is the deep underground deposition in salt domes.
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Bok, Young Jin, Sung Ho Tae, and Rakh Yun Kim. "Analysis of CO2 Emission in the Waste Disposal Process Based on Computation of Construction Waste." Advanced Materials Research 1025-1026 (September 2014): 1079–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1025-1026.1079.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze CO2 emission based on computation of construction waste which occurs during new constructions. To accomplish the purpose, Basic unit data of existing construction wastes was analyzed and basic unit of construction wastes generated during new constructions was proposed. In addition, basic unit of CO2 in the disposal process of construction waste established as the national LCI DB of Korea was applied to analyze CO2 emission during the disposal process of waste (landfill, incineration, recycling) generated during new constructions. As a result, flammable materials showed relatively high emission of 17.75kg-CO2/kg and 2.40kg-CO2/kg for the landfill process and recycling process, and inflammable materials had high emission of 0.74kg-CO2/kg for the incineration process. As a result of analysis for each waste, emission was found to be in decreasing order of landfill and recycling processes for concrete, recycling, landfill and incineration processes for metals, incineration, recycling and landfill processes for wood and flammable materials, and landfill, recycling and incineration processes for inflammable materials.
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Cain, P., and M. R. Neiva. "The Incineration of Hazardous Liquid Wastes Generated by the Petrochemical Complex at Camaçari, Brazil." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0389.
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CETREL - Central de Tratamento de Efluentes Líquidos S/A, is responsible for the treatment of the majority of the industrial, wastes generated by more than fifty industries forming the Petrochemical Complex at Camaçari. The hazardous wastes that cannot be handled by the central biological station have up to this year been stored in variuos types of “containers,” from large tanks, to barrels or disposal trenches. To meet the requirements of an expanding Complex generating organic-chloride wastes, and to meet more rigorous environment standards, CETREL is implanting a unit for the incineration of hazardous liquid residuals. The plant, intended to start processing wastes in October of this year, will serve principally four companies; CPC, NITROCLOR, SILINOR and QUIMIFINA, which produce liquid chlorinated hydrocarbon residues mixed with nitrogen and silicon compounds. The incinerator will have a nominal capacity of 10,000 t/year of residue and is designed to treat wastes such as PCBs, BHC, and other pesticides. Residence time in the afterburner is greater than two seconds at. 1450°C, which permits a destruction and removal efficiency of 99.9999%. With respect to hazardous solid wastes CETREL is presently defining the requirements of the Petrochemical Complex and the surrounding industries to determine the capacity and type of incinerating unit that is most suitable. This paper presents CETREL's experience which led to the definition and construction of a multipurpose liquid waste incinerator and why it is now planning to build a solid waste incinerator within the next three years.
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Bridle, T. R., P. L. Côté, T. W. Constable, and J. L. Fraser. "Evaluation of Heavy Metal Leachability from Solid Wastes." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 5-6 (May 1, 1987): 1029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0280.
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Future management options for residual inorganic solid wastes are likely to include land disposal. While the environmental ramifications of this option are now better understood, additional data is required to permit a thorough assessment of contaminant leachability from solid wastes. As part of this data gathering exercise, Environment Canada's Wastewater Technology Centre has been actively researching and developing test methods designed to measure intrinsic waste properties that affect contaminant leachability, such as metal solubilities and speciation. Based on this approach the leachability of heavy metals from sewage sludge, char and ash, municipal solid waste ashes, hazardous waste incinerator fly ashes, power plant ashes and a solidified synthetic waste were assessed. The results indicate that incineration of sewage sludge produces a benign ash with most of the metals speciated as insoluble oxides or silicates. By contrast, incineration of municipal solid waste or hazardous wastes produces fly ashes exhibiting significant metal leachability. Environmentally sensitive metals such as Cd, Zn, Ni and Cu in these fly ashes were readily leachable and probably speciated as water soluble chloride salts. The intrinsic properties approach appears to be an effective method of assessing waste leachability.
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Veriansyah, Bambang, Benedictus Prabowo, and Jae-Duck Kim. "Supercritical Water Oxidation for Toxic Organic Wastewater Disposal." ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2006): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.50152.
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The destruction of toxic organic wastewaters from munitions demilitarization and complex industrial chemicals clearly becomes an overwhelming problem if left to conventional treatment processes. Two options, incineration and supercritical water oxidation (SCWO), exist for the complete destruction of toxic organic wastewaters. Incinerator, on the one hand, has associated problems such as very high cost and public resentment; SCWO, on the other hand, has proven to be a very promising method for the treatment of various types of wastewaters with its extremely efficient organic waste destruction of 99.99% with none of the emissions associated with incineration. In this review, the concepts of SCWO, the results of and present perspectives on its applications, as well as the industrial status of SCWO are critically examined and discussed.
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Spisak, Jan, Dusan Nascak, and Daniela Cuchtova. "Conception Of Innovated System For Waste Disposal." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 5 (February 28, 2016): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n5p35.
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Every year wastes are becoming a bigger problem which every individual or government must take note and solve it on the fly. If certain energy standards are fulfilled, the waste recovery in incineration plants or similar technological devices is possible. This measure should lead to more efficient waste combustion and its energy recovery. In our conditions, this can be achieved so that the heat generated during combustion will be also used to generate electricity respectively thermal energy. For a more efficient and optimal waste treatment was proposed a three-stage combustion system concept.
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Gu, An Qi, Guo Qing Shi, and Yu Qi Lou. "From the Perspective of Social Stratification: Social Assessment Research on Waste Incineration BOT Projects." Applied Mechanics and Materials 675-677 (October 2014): 746–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.675-677.746.
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With acceleration of urbanization, BOT project on waste incineration in China has been developing rapidly in recent years. Starting from present situation of waste disposal, and combining generating electricity through refuse incineration in a city, this paper analyzes content and characteristics of social risk assessment on waste incineration project and further draws the frame of social risk assessment on waste incineration BOT project. Accordingly, put forward risk response suggestions on generating electricity project through refuse incineration of urban solid waste.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Incineration – Waste disposal"
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Nasserzadeh, Sharifi Vida. "Optimization study of incineration in a incinerator with a vertical radiation shaft." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1990. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1810/.
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An extensive series of experimental tests were carried out at the Sheffield municipal solid waste incinerator plant (30 MW) from September 1988 to July 1989 to investigate the influence of the design and operating parameters on the performance of the incinerator which burns domestic and commercial wastes (500 ton/day). The following measurements were made around the plant: temperature measurements, pressure measurements, flue gas composition analysis and determination of physical and chemical properties of Sheffield refuse. Several other miscellaneous measurements were also made to monitor the effect of variation of operating parameters on the performance characteristics of the incinerator. A combustion model of Essenhigh type was then employed to model the combustion processes inside the solid refuse bed on top of the travelling grate. In addition a mathematical model of the finite difference type (FLUENT) was used to predict the three dimensional reacting flows (gaseous phase) within the incinerator geometry. Experimental measurements of gas composition, temperature and exit velocity were compared with model predictions. Modelling results were generally in good agreement with measurements. As a result of the test data and the mathematical modelling of the whole process, suggestions for design improvements for the Sheffield municipal solid waste incinerator were made which will substantially increase the efficiency, reduce emissions of pollutants and reduce the maintenance costs at the plant. These are: a) replacing the existing secondary air system with secondary air nozzles and the use of more secondary air (up to 20 % of total air) in order to generate turbulence in the high intensity combustion zone where it is most needed and b) introducing a baffle into the main stream inside the radiation shaft in order to lower the gas temperatures entering the precipitator and to remove the existing recirculation zone in the shaft.
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Priprem, Sommai. "Black liquor disposal by vortex incineration : a computational approach." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1990. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843750/.
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The important role of black liquor in the pulp and paper industry has, been addressed and a review of conventional and potential alternative technologies has been made. Black liquor combustion properties and its combustion within a conventional recovery boiler, the principle of vortex combustion, and methods of computational fluid dynamics were summarized. In order to use the commercially available computational fluid dynamics package, PHOENICS, to simulate black liquor combustion in a vortex combustor, the black liquor combustion process was simplified and modelled and additional software programs were developed and attached to the commercial package. The developed module is capable of tracking trajectory paths of black liquor particles during combustion. A 250 kW vortex combustor was used for some experimental work. The combustor was first tested with natural gas and kerosene. The - combustion conditions were satisfied and their characteristics were presented. Atomization was the main technical problem in the combustion of black liquor. However, the environmental problem was also severe. The results were presented and discussed. Improvements of the system and further studied were suggested. Selection of a suitable turbulence model was made by comparing experimental data with the simulations from various turbulence models. Prandtl mixing length model gave closer predictions than k-? and k-1 model and therefore, it was used for the entire simulations. Simulations of natural gas combustion in a vortex combustor were made to establish skill and confidence in using the package, PHOENICS, to deal with combustion process. A series of black liquor combustion models were performed afterward using the particle tracking module developed. This led to the suggestion of a potential suitable geometry of a vortex combustor for black liquor incineration. The results were presented and discussed. Further simulation studies are also suggested.
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Lam, Hon-keung. "The role of incineration in the future for solid waste treatment in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21301785.
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Eggimann, Manuel. "Geochemical aspects of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash and implications for disposal /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://www.zb.unibe.ch/download/eldiss/08eggimann_m.pdf.
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Wang, Tian Fei. "Incineration characteristics of coal fired industrial wastes in grate and fluidised bed combustors." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310466.
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Wang, Chen. "Hazardous air pollutants from the waste incineration industry : formation mechanisms, distribution characteristics, and potential environmental risks." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2020. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/807.
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In this study, the formation mechanisms, distribution characteristics, and potential environmental risks of hazardous air pollutants from industrial-scale waste incineration processes were investigated. First, to clarify the dominant formation mechanism of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in a hazardous waste (HW) incinerator, three tests were designed by adding different precursors in phenol-containing raw materials. With the addition of p-dichlorobenzene, PCDD/F levels at the quenching tower outlet were ten times higher than levels observed at the inlet. This indicates that the quenching tower failed to suppress the formation of PCDD/Fs and surface-mediated precursor reaction is the dominant formation mechanism in low-temperature stages. Besides, adsoprtive memory effect in air pollution control devices (APCDs) also led to high PCDD/F emissions. These findings suggest that to control PCDD/F emissions, strict regulation of chlorine contents in feed materials and frequent cleaning of APCDs are necessary. Meanwhile, single particles and solid residues were collected from the same HW incinerator. Morphologies and elemental compositions of particles in flue gas and indoor air were characterized by transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (TEM-EDS). Eight types of single particles were classified, as organic, soot, K-rich, S-rich, Na-rich, Fe-rich, mineral and fly ash particles. The heavy metal partitioning behavior study suggested that Hg, Cd and Pb were mainly enriched in fly ash through evaporation, condensation, and adsorption; while Cr, Cu, Mn, and Ni were mostly remained in the bottom ash due to their low volatilities. In addition, the study also investigated environmental behaviors of certain characteristic pollutants. Thrity-two soil samples surrounding a cement plant co- processing HW were collected and analyzed for the presence of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 12 heavy metals. Ten samples were selected for PCDD/Fs analysis. The highest concentration of PCDD/Fs occurred 1200 meters downwind from the cement plant. Levels of ∑16 PAHs ranged from 130.6 to 1134.3 μg/kg in soil. Source identification analysis suggested that the cement plant was the most likely source of PAH contamination. The concentrations of Cd and Hg were on average two times and six times higher than background values, respectively. Both incremental lifetime cancer risk model (ILCR) for PAHs and potential ecological risk index (RI) for heavy metals indicate potential risks to the population and the environment surrounding the cement plant. Last, to identify whether waste incineration is a major source for airborne environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), tree leaf samples were collected from 120 sites surrounding four waste incinerators and one urban area. EPFR concentrations on leaves ranged from 7.5 × 10 16 to 4.5 × 10 19 spins/g. For the 10 N.D. samples, they were all collected from areas inaccessible by vehicles. Although previous work has linked atmospheric EPFRs to waste incineration, the evidence in this study suggests that vehicle emissions, especially from heavy-duty vehicles, are the main sources. According to our estimation, over 90% of the EPFRs deposited on tree leaves might be attributed to automotive exhaust emissions, as a synergistic effect of primary exhausts and degradation of aromatic compounds in road dust
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Maldonado, Alameda Alex. "Alkali-activated binders based on municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672107.
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Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is the most widely used solution in those countries where landfilling areas are limited. Incineration allows reducing the total volume of waste (up to 90%) and generating energy resulting from combustion. The main by-product generated in waste-to-energy plants is known as incineration bottom ash (IBA), which is a heterogeneous mixture of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, ceramics, and glass. IBA is classified as a non- hazardous material due to its composition rich in calcium oxide, silica, and iron. IBA composition and morphology are very similar to natural siliceous aggregates after an ageing treatment where the weathered bottom ash (WBA) is obtained. This maturation process makes feasible the WBA valorisation as a secondary aggregate in the field of construction and civil engineering. Moreover, the high percentage of glass and aluminium found in the WBA would allow its valorisation as a precursor in the alkali-activated binders (AABs) formulation. The main goal of this PhD thesis was the scientific and technological development of new AABs based on the alkali activation of WBA (AA-WBA binders), to reduce the use of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in building and civil engineering fields. In this sense, this aim is related to the use of more sustainable cement-based materials, which promote the circular economy and zero-waste principle through the valorisation of WBA. The potential of WBA as a precursor in the AA-WBA binders’ formulation was evaluated along with the PhD thesis through different studies that can be classified into four blocks. The first block was based on the evaluation of the WBA potential as a precursor in AABs based on its particle size. This study demonstrated the variability in the reactive SiO2 and Al2O3 availability as a function of the particle size. The potential of the entire fraction (EF) and the 8-30-mm fraction highlighted the possible use of them as precursors in the AABs formulation. The second block of this thesis was focused on the study of AA-WBA binders using the WBA as a sole precursor. Mixtures of sodium silicate (WG) and NaOH (2M, 4M, 6M, and 8M) were used as alkaline activator solutions to assess the effect of the NaOH concentration on the final properties. It was demonstrated the possibility of developing AA-WBA. The influence of alkaline activator solution concentration on the final properties of the AA-WBA was evidenced, obtaining better mechanical performance with the use of the WG/NaOH 6M solution. The results revealed the enhancement in the mechanical properties when the 8-30-mm fraction was used. However, the environmental results revealed
arsenic and antimony leaching values that require further research to validate the environmental feasibility of AA-WBA. In the third block, the 8-30-mm fraction was mixed with other precursors with greater availability of Al2O3 (metakaolin and PAVAL®). The main purpose was to improve the mechanical properties and the heavy metal stabilisation effect of the AA- WBA obtained in the second block. In both cases, mechanical performance was improved due to the inclusion of Al2O3. However, the environmental properties continued to show leaching values that did not ensure the environmental viability of the AA-WBA binders. Finally, the fourth block of the thesis was focused on carrying out an environmental and ecotoxicological assessment to validate the use of AA-WBA binders as construction material. The results showed a medium-low level of ecotoxicity in the AA-WBA formulated with the 8-30-mm fraction, similar to the binders activated with MK (AA-MK).El principal subproducte generat durant la incineració de residus sòlids urbans es coneix com a cendra de fons. La seva composició és molt similars als agregats silícics naturals després d’un tractament d’envelliment on s’obté la cendra de fons madurada (weathered bottom ash; WBA segons les sigles angleses). El seu alt contingut en vidre i alumini el converteixen en un potencial candidat com a precursor en la fabricació d’aglutinants activats alcalinament (alkali-activated binders, AABs segons les sigles angleses). L’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi doctoral va consistir en el desenvolupament de AABs mitjançant l’activació alcalina de WBA (aglutinants AA-WBA). El potencial de la WBA i els aglutinants AA-WBA es va avaluar mitjançant diferents estudis que es poden classificar en quatre blocs. Al primer bloc es va avaluar el potencial de WBA com a precursor en funció de la seva mida de partícula. Aquest estudi va demostrar el potencial de la fracció sencera i de la fracció 8-30 mm. El segon bloc es va centrar en l’estudi d’aglutinants AA-WBA que utilitzaven el WBA com a únic precursor. Es va evidenciar la influència de la concentració de la solució activadora alcalina en les propietats finals dels aglutinants AA-WBA. Els resultats van revelar la millora de les propietats mecàniques quan es va utilitzar la fracció 8-30 mm. No obstant, els resultats ambientals van revelar valors de lixiviació d'arsènic i antimoni que requerien la validació a nivell ambiental dels aglutinants. Al tercer bloc, la fracció 8-30 mm es va barrejar amb altres precursors rics en d’Al2O3 (metakaolin i PAVAL®) per millorar les propietats mecàniques i l’estabilització de metalls pesants dels aglutinants obtinguts al segon bloc. En ambdós casos, es va millorar el rendiment mecànic, tot i que les propietats ambientals van continuar mostrant valors de lixiviació que no asseguraven la viabilitat ambiental dels aglutinants AA-WBA. Finalment, al quart bloc es va realitzar una avaluació ambiental i ecotoxicològica per validar l’ús d’aglutinants AA-WBA com a material de construcció. Els resultats van mostrar un nivell mitjà-baix d’ecotoxicitat a l’AA-WBA formulat amb la fracció de 8 a 30 mm, similar als aglutinants activats amb MK (AA-MK).
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Raila, Emilia Mmbando. "Climate Change Implications for Health-Care Waste Incineration Trends during Emergency Situations." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/242.
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Healthcare waste (HCW) incineration practices in the global South countries are among the major sources of black carbon (BC) emissions or smoke. This study analyzes HCW incineration trends during emergency situations and smoke from HCW incineration processes in Haiti. The study was prompted by the current arguments about the climate change and the growing health effects associated with BC emissions. The conceptual framework was based on both adverse health effects from BC emissions exposure and climate change potential of BC emissions. Therefore, the goal was to determine whether cardboard HCW sharps containers emit lower BC emissions to the atmosphere during the incineration process, relative to the plastic sharps containers, and the pattern of emergency HCW incineration before and after the 2010 earthquake and cholera emergencies in Haiti. This was an observational study conducted with secondary data on HCW incinerated weights from January 2009 to December 2013 and primary data on average smoke densities. Linear regression analysis of the pattern of HCW incinerated weights revealed a relatively linear pattern (R2 = 0.164) with fluctuating scenarios (peak sharp rise in 2012). Independent samples t-tests demonstrated significantly lower smoke emission during the incineration processes of cardboard sharps HCW containers as compared to plastic containers (95 % CI, p = 0.003). Implications for positive social change include provision of quantitative evidence of the benefits of cardboard sharps HCW containers in reducing smoke during incineration activities, potential data for policy formulation, suggestions for review of existing HCW guidelines, and additional research on potential health impacts of emergency HCW disposal and BC emissions.
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Bojor, Olire Innocent. "Evaluation of an alternative organic waste disposal system in Chevron-Escravos : a case study / O.I. Bojor." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2586.
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Martins, Benedito Luiz. "Gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos: análise documental e estudo comparativo entre aterro sanitário e incineração para geração de energia." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152554.
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O exponencial crescimento populacional e a crescente urbanização, agravado pelo desenvolvimento econômico da sociedade, tem como resultado o crescimento da geração de resíduos sólidos urbanos e também a necessidade cada vez maior de energia. As formas de destinação e disposição de resíduos impactam negativamente o meio ambiente. No entanto, os resíduos podem ser utilizados para recuperação de energia, a qual pode ser adicionada à matriz do país. A realização da gestão integrada dos resíduos sólidos, com base na Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, apresenta também condições para o Brasil atuar de forma responsável e com mais sustentabilidade, através de uso de instrumentos como a logística reversa e a responsabilidade compartilhada, o que pode permitir a composição gradual da hierarquia da boa gestão dos resíduos sólidos: não gerar, reusar, reciclar, destinar e dispor. O objetivo desta tese é realizar um estudo sobre um projeto regional com 39 municípios para análise comparativa para destinação dos rejeitos dos resíduos sólidos urbanos em um incinerador e disposição em um aterro sanitário com captação do biogás, considerando a possibilidade de recuperação energética em ambos os sistemas. Em complemento objetiva-se a elaboração de uma análise documental sobre o tema resíduos sólidos com abordagem de critérios que possam ser comparados entre os dois sistemas, especificamente: emissão de gases de efeito estufa, ocupação de área física de terra, impactos negativos ao meio ambiente e hierarquia dos sistemas na gestão de resíduos sólidos. Para realização deste estudo foram adotadas as seguintes metodologias: análise documental sobre os resíduos sólidos; caracterização gravimétrica das frações de resíduos sólidos produzidas na região; cálculo de captação do biogás com recuperação energética utilizando a equação elabora pelo IPCC - International Panel on Climate Change, com distribuição triangular da produção do metano gerado ao longo dos anos pela degradação lenta e rápida dos resíduos; e recuperação de energia em sistema de incineração adotando-se o valor de 500 kWh por tonelada de resíduo sólido incinerada. Assumiu-se o período de 15 anos de disposição de resíduos sólidos em aterro sanitário, mas com captação do biogás no período de 30 anos, e funcionamento do sistema de incineração pelo período de 30 anos, como forma de comparação da recuperação energética em igual período entre ambos os sistemas. Os resultados mostraram que ambos os sistemas podem produzir energia, mas o sistema de incineração tem eficiência maior em 3,2 vezes. O sistema de aterro sanitário ocupa área física de terra 18 vezes maior e emite gases de efeito estufa 2,9 vezes mais que o sistema de incineração. Ambos os sistemas causam impactos ambientais negativos, e na análise da hierarquia para a gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos a destinação de resíduos sólidos em incinerador é estabelecida como a penúltima opção, enquanto que a disposição em aterro sanitário é a última opção. A conclusão do estudo é que a incineração leva vantagem sobre o aterro sanitário na gestão de resíduos sólidos, porque gera mais energia elétrica, emite menos gases de efeito estufa, utiliza menos área física de terra e, por ser um sistema fechado e estanque apresenta melhores condições para mitigação dos impactos ambientais negativos.
The exponential population growth and increasing urbanization, aggravated by the economic development of society, results in the growth of urban solid waste generation and also the increasing need for energy. The destination and disposal of solid waste cause negative impacts in the environment. However, solid waste can be used for energy recovery, which can be added to the country matrix. The implementation of integrated solid waste management, based on the National Solid Waste Policy, also presents conditions for Brazil to act in a responsible and more sustainable way, through the use of instruments such as reverse logistics and shared responsibility, which may allow the gradual composition of the hierarchy of ideal solid waste management: not generate, reuse, recycle, destine and dispose. The objective of this thesis is to realize a study on a regional project with 39 municipalities for comparative analysis for the destination of waste from urban solid waste in an incinerator and disposal in a landfill with biogas capture, considering the possibility of energy recovery in both systems. In addition, the objective of this paper is to elaborate a documentary analysis on the subject of solid waste, with approach to criteria that can be compared between the two systems, specifically: greenhouse gas emissions, occupation of the physical area of land, negative impacts on the environment and hierarchy of systems in solid waste management. In order to carry out this study, the following methodologies were adopted: documentary analysis on solid waste; gravimetric characterization of solid waste fractions produced in the region; calculation of biogas capture with energy recovery using the equation elaborated by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), with a triangular distribution of the methane production generated over the years by the slow and rapid degradation of the wastes; and energy recovery in the incineration system, adopting the value of 500 kWh per ton of solid waste incinerated. It was adopted the period of 15 years for disposal of solid waste in landfill, but with biogas collection over a period of 30 years, and operation of the incineration system for a period of 30 years was used as a way of comparing the energy recovery in the same period between both systems. The results showed that both systems can produce energy, but the incineration system has a higher efficiency by 3,2 times. The landfill system occupies an area of land that is 18 times larger and emits greenhouse gases 2,9 times more than the incineration system. Both systems cause negative environmental impacts, and in the analysis of the hierarchy for the management of municipal solid waste the destination of solid waste in incinerator is established as the penultimate option, while landfill disposal is the last option. The conclusion of the study is that incineration takes advantage of the landfill in solid waste management because it generates more electricity, emits less greenhouse gases, uses less physical land area and, because it is a closed system, it has better conditions to mitigate negative environmental impacts.
Books on the topic "Incineration – Waste disposal"
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Brunner, Calvin R. Medical waste disposal. Reston, VA: Incinerator Consultants Inc., 1996.
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Scott, P. The co-disposal of municipal solid waste incineration residues. London: Department of the Environment, 1993.
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Scott, P. The co-disposal of municipal solid waste incineration residues. London: Department of the Environment, 1993.
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Group, Scotland Environment and Rural Affairs Dept Environment. Waste Incineration (Scotland) Regulations 2003: Practical guidance. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive Environment Group, 2005.
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Company, McIlvaine. Waste burning projects and people. Northbrook, Ill: The McIlvaine Company, 1987.
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Commission, Oslo. Dumping and incineration at sea. London: Oslo andParis Commissions, 1992.
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Eberg, Jan. Waste policy and learning: Policy dynamics of waste management and waste incineration in the Netherlands and Bavaria. [Delft, The Netherlands: Uitgeverij Eburon, 1997.
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Review of closure plans for the baseline incineration chemical agent disposal facilities. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2010.
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Rahn, Thomas. Garbage incineration: Lessons from Europe and the United States : a report for the Pollution Probe Foundation. Ontario: The Pollution Probe Foundation, 1987.
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Stanczyk, Martin H. Resource recovery from municipal solid waste. [Pittsburgh, Pa.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Incineration – Waste disposal"
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Hasselriis, Floyd. "Ash Disposal." In Medical Waste Incineration and Pollution Prevention, 142–54. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3536-2_7.
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Bratley, B. Victor. "A Contextual Approach to the Waste Disposal System: the Case of Incineration." In Environmental Futures, 169–84. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27265-5_11.
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Mutezo, Gamuchirai, Jean Mulopo, and Dumisani Chirambo. "Climate Change Adaptation: Opportunities for Increased Material Recycling Facilities in African Cities." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 849–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_61.
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AbstractAfrica’s urban morphology is expected to develop at a steady rate between 2020 and 2050. Population growth, rising urbanization rates, growing energy consumption, and industrialization are only a few of the reasons causing these changes. Likewise, waste production is projected to rise from 125 million tons in 2012 to 244 million tons annually by 2025. Around 60.0% and 80.0% of African waste is made up of organic material, which is a viable methane source. Fly tipping, free disposal, landfilling, and incineration have been used as a large-scale waste treatment system in most African cities. However, with the anticipated morphological changes, these solutions are no longer viable in the future due to lack of airspace, availability of urban land for new landfill sites, and concerns over carbon emissions. This chapter discusses the potential for improved adoption of material recycling facilities (MRF) in urban environments as an incentive to support waste diversion from landfills, decentralize waste separation activities, and increase the transformation of waste materials into valuable raw materials. A case study is discussed for Ethiopia, Ghana, and South Africa with the goal of explaining current processes, urban planning initiatives required for greater implementation, and how they can be interpreted as adaptation initiatives.
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Vivek, J. M., Richa Singh, Rahul S. Sutar, and Shyam R. Asolekar. "Characterization and Disposal of Ashes from Biomedical Waste Incinerator." In Advances in Waste Management, 421–35. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0215-2_30.
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James, Jay Z. "An Inverted-Pile Incinerator for Waste Disposal and Energy Production." In Appropriate Waste Management for Developing Countries, 643–55. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2457-7_46.
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Ghodrat, Maryam, and Bijan Samali. "Thermodynamic Analysis of Incineration Treatment of Waste Disposable Syringes in an EAF Steelmaking Process." In Energy Technology 2018, 77–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72362-4_7.
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"Waste Incineration." In Waste Treatment and Disposal, 245–323. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470012668.ch5.
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Farraji, Hossein, Nastaein Qamaruz Zaman, and Parsa Mohajeri. "Waste Disposal." In Waste Management, 829–59. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1210-4.ch038.
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Through the human municipality growing and industrialization process, productions of municipal solid waste have been growing in parallel line. The properties and composition of municipal solid waste as the main solid waste produced by human has cultural, regional, social habits and behavior, beside the economic condition, influences the properties and compositions of waste disposal, which contains process that start after collecting and transporting MSW to landfill site. After site selection, the process of recycling, waste composting and incineration will be assessed as intermediate disposal methods. Our final goal in waste disposal focused on environmental protection. This chapter will have a review on recycling merits and as effective ecofriendly methods for disposing municipal solid waste (MSW) for saving greenhouse gases (GHGs). Incineration as a commercial waste disposal will also be reviewed. Making decision about waste disposal is a multi-criteria issue because of MSW mixture, climacteric of area, cultural and economic condition, technical support, and environmental impact.
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Farraji, Hossein, Nastaein Qamaruz Zaman, and Parsa Mohajeri. "Waste Disposal." In Sustainable Infrastructure, 659–90. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0948-7.ch031.
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Through the human municipality growing and industrialization process, productions of municipal solid waste have been growing in parallel line. The properties and composition of municipal solid waste as the main solid waste produced by human has cultural, regional, social habits and behavior, beside the economic condition, influences the properties and compositions of waste disposal, which contains process that start after collecting and transporting MSW to landfill site. After site selection, the process of recycling, waste composting and incineration will be assessed as intermediate disposal methods. Our final goal in waste disposal focused on environmental protection. This chapter will have a review on recycling merits and as effective ecofriendly methods for disposing municipal solid waste (MSW) for saving greenhouse gases (GHGs). Incineration as a commercial waste disposal will also be reviewed. Making decision about waste disposal is a multi-criteria issue because of MSW mixture, climacteric of area, cultural and economic condition, technical support, and environmental impact.
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Chua, Huang Shen, and Mohammed J. K. Bashir. "Waste Management Practice in Malaysia and Future Challenges." In Handbook of Research on Resource Management for Pollution and Waste Treatment, 531–49. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0369-0.ch022.
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Malaysia current waste management systems are not able to solve the disposal rates. The reduction of waste through 3Rs programme (reduce, reuse, and recycle) is in precontemplation stage. The municipal solid waste (MSW) condition is mixed and wet. The landfill and Thermal Treatment Plant (incineration) are the current practices for the MSW disposal. Landfill created leachate while incineration released unhealthy gases. Incineration failed due to the improper management and high cost of the operation. Torrefaction is needed before it goes to the incineration to improve the high heating value (HHV). The MSW pyrolysis and gasification are able to convert into valuable products (bio-oil, biochar, combustible gases). Combustible gases can be used to feedback into the incinerator. The heat of the incinerator can be performed waste to energy (WTE), which is able to convert into electricity as a Feed-in-Tariff (FiT).
Conference papers on the topic "Incineration – Waste disposal"
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Shu, Abraham. "Technical Challenges and Abatements of a Mass Burn Waste-to-Energy Plant Co-Incinerating Municipal Solid Waste and Industrial Waste." In 12th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec12-2226.
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The application of mass burn waste-to-energy (WTE) plants is becoming more popular in Asia, not just for proper disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) like most plants in the western world do but stretched by many Asian plants to co-incinerate non-hazardous industrial waste (IW) in order to maximize the use of the plant facilities, hence to save costs from building facilities specifically for treating IW. As the plants are designed with conventional considerations practiced in the western world and the original designs are not oriented towards co-incinerating large percentages of IW, plant operators frequently face challenges such as unstable combustion quality, frequent boiler tube rupture amplified by co-incineration, inadequacy of the conventional control systems and other facilities to handle the co-incineration application. One co-incineration WTE plant in Taiwan is used as an example to illustrate the significance of these challenges, some measures taken to abate the problems and the cost impacts. Suggestions are also provided for technical management of co-incineration plants.
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Broadbent, Craig, Helen Cassidy, and Anders Stenmark. "Incineration of Contaminated Oil From Sellafield." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16246.
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Studsvik have been incinerating Low Level Waste (LLW) at its licensed facility in Sweden since the mid-1970s. This process not only enables the volume of waste to be significantly reduced but also produces an inert residue suitable for final disposal. The facility has historically incinerated only solid dry LLW, however in 2008 an authorisation was obtained to permit the routine incineration of LLW contaminated oil at the facility. Prior to obtaining the authorisation to incinerate oils and other organic liquids — both from clean-up activities on the Studsvik site and on a commercial basis — a development program was established. The primary aims of this were to identify the optimum process set-up for the incinerator and also to demonstrate to the regulatory authorities that the appropriate environmental and radiological parameters would be maintained throughout the new process. The final phase of the development program was to incinerate a larger campaign of contaminated oil from the nuclear industry. A suitable accumulation of oil was identified on the Sellafield site in Cumbria and a commercial contract was established to incinerate approximately 40 tonnes of oil from the site. The inventory of oil chosen for the trial incineration represented a significant challenge to the incineration facility as it had been generated from various facilities on-site and had degraded significantly following years of storage. In order to transport the contaminated oil from the Sellafield site in the UK to the Studsvik facility in Sweden several challenges had to be overcome. These included characterisation, packaging and international transportation (under a Transfrontier Shipment (TFS) authorisation) for one of the first transports of liquid radioactive wastes outside the UK. The incineration commenced in late 2007 and was successfully completed in early 2008. The total volume reduction achieved was greater than 97%, with the resultant ash packaged and returned to the UK (for ultimate disposal at the UK LLW Repository) in November 2008.
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Park, Sang Kyu, Jong Seon Jeon, Youn Hwa Kim, Jae Min Lee, and Gi Won Lee. "Exposure Dose Evaluation of Worker at Radioactive Waste Incineration Facility on KAERI." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40205.
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An incineration treatment of inflammable radioactive wastes leads to have a reduction effect of disposal cost and also to contribute an enhancement of safety at a disposal site by taking the advantage of stabilization of the wastes which is accomplished by converting organic materials into inorganic materials. As it was required for an incineration technology, KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute) has developed a pilot incineration process and then constructed a demonstration incineration facility having based on the operating experiences of the pilot process. In this study, worker exposure doses were evaluated to confirm safety of workers before the demonstration incineration facility will commence a commercial.
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Robertson, Daniel, Stephen Burnley, and Rod Barratt. "The Immobilisation of Flue Gas Treatment Residues Through the Use of a Single Staged Wash and Crystalline Matrix Encapsulation (CME) Treatment Process." In 11th North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec11-1679.
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All incineration and other thermal treatment technologies produce flue gas treatment residues (FGTR) that require specialised treatment and disposal. In the United Kingdom the FGTR arising from municipal solid waste incineration is classified as a hazardous (special) waste. This is primarily due to the irritant properties of chloride, but also due to the content of heavy metals. These wastes must be handled, transported & disposed of in accordance with the Special Waste Regulations 1996 and are disposed into highly engineered landfill sites, which isolate the material from the environment. The low levels of trace elements in the FGTR mean that the recycling of the metallic elements is not economic. Control through stabilisation and encapsulation in a crystalline matrix converts the FGTR primary form from a powder into solid block form. The use of a novel metal matrix encapsulation (MME) process allows low level engineering processes to be employed, increasing a range of reuse options combined with long-term improved storage.
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Lee, Seong W., Shijun Zhu, Yun Liu, Jian Hua, Levi Limpscomb, and Melvin McLaughlin. "The Efficient Biomass Waste Incineration Using Advanced FBC Technology." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-116.
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A Swirling Fluidized Bed Cambustor (SFBC) hot model with the exhaust gas cleaning equipment was carefully designed and fabricated in this paper. The systematic airflow test was conducted to check the air subsystem connection leaking, control valve, the flow rate and pressure. The air subsystem is adjusted and updated based on the result of the system test. Series fuel combustion experiments were conducted at the different biomass fuels. The overall heat transfer rate and combustion efficiency were calculated. The swirling fluidized bed combustion system burned low heat value biomass (chicken litter) at the relatively high combustion efficiency with low NOx and SOx emissions. The overall heat recovery efficiency is about 45–65%. The combustion efficiency can reach 92% while the sawdust was burned in this waste disposal system. The results indicate that the swirling fluidized bed combustion waste disposal system has a prospect in burning the extra chicken litter in the chicken farm communities with very low emission.
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Tian, Lifang, Mingfen Wen, and Jing Chen. "Treatment and Disposal of the Radioactive Graphite Waste." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29985.
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A large number of nuclear reactors with graphite as moderator and reflector material are facing to be decommissioned now or later, and the radioactive graphite waste is a large part of the involved wastes. In addition, high temperature gas-cooled reactors being developed rapidly use a large quantity of graphite material (up to 95%) in the nuclear fuel elements, besides graphite material as their moderator and reflector material in the reactor cores. Therefore, it is very critical to manage these graphite wastes from the decommissioned and being decommissioned reactors. The part with low-level radioactive contamination that could not be reused now, may be disposed of as solid waste to reduce its volume, and the possibility of its being retrieved and reused in the future with advanced technology should be considered. The other graphite waste with high-level radioactive contamination requires much more consideration. Due to several factors, such as its large quantity, a lack of available disposal sites and public acceptance, it may not be disposed of directly in the repository any more. An option may be the transformation of the high-level radioactive graphite waste into low-level radioactive waste through physical and chemical processes. The current technologies involve, e.g., thermal treatment to release 36Cl, capture of the 14C from the gases of incineration of carbon material and decomposition of carbon dioxide into solid carbon. After these treatments the carbon material might be decontaminated and separated as low-level radioactive waste and a small amount of residual high-level waste could be disposed of ultimately. In order to achieve a sustainable development of graphite material, the maximum utility and the minimal disposal of radioactive graphite should be considered in the management of radioactive graphite waste. It is urgent to explore new technologies for decontaminating and recycling radioactive graphite.
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Arvelakis, S., F. J. Frandsen, M. Pomeroy, and K. Dam-Johansen. "A Study on the Chemistry of Ash Fractions From MSW Incineration." In 13th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec13-3150.
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In this work, a methodology for analysis and characterization of different ash fractions (bottom ash, 2–3rd pass ash, super-heater ash, economizer ash and filter ash) generated from the incineration of MSW in a grate firing plant is presented. The methodology is shown to provide detailed information regarding the chemical composition and the main characteristics of the generated fly and bottom ash that could provide valuable information concerning the handling of ash-related problems, (slagging, fouling, corrosion), and also ash disposal problems. Comparison of the results obtained with results from corrosion studies with MSW ash showed that the sampling point and the sampling procedure significantly affect the results obtained.
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Cassidy, Helen. "Oil Immobilization Program at Sellafield: An Innovative Approach." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7065.
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Non-standard wastes — those defined as being both hazardous waste under the United Kingdom Hazardous Waste Regulations 2005 [1] and radioactive under the Radioactive Substances Act 1993 [2] — pose particular, unique challenges for radioactive waste management organizations [3]. Treatment and disposal routes for such wastes are limited, in some cases non existent, and generally not cost effective. A non-standard waste of particular concern in the United Kingdom, and indeed on the Sellafield site, is that of radiologically contaminated waste oil. The optioning process for treatment of bulk contaminated waste oil on the Sellafield site has assessed a range of options including incineration, chemical decontamination, physical decontamination and immobilization. Immobilization has proved to be a potentially useful option for oil wastestreams that fail to meet waste acceptance criteria for incineration facilities. Experimental development work has been undertaken at Sellafield during 2006 to test the suitability of an innovative technology for the solidification of waste oil with a cross section of wastestreams from the site. These trials have demonstrated that this polymer system is able to successfully immobilize a range of aged, chemically and physically diverse contaminated oil wastestreams and thus provide a potential solution to the disposal problem posed by this wastestream.
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Lee, D. G., Y. J. Cho, H. C. Yang, K. W. Lee, and C. H. Jung. "Experimental Investigation on the Volume Reduction of Irradiated Graphite Arising From the Decommissioning of KRR-2." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7138.
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Graphite has been used as a moderator and reflector of neutrons in more than 100 nuclear power plants as well as many experimental reactors and plutonium production reactors in various countries. Most of the older graphite moderated reactors are already shut down and are awaiting decommissioning planning and preparation. The graphite waste has different characteristics than other decommissioning waste due to its physical and chemical properties and also because of the presence of tritium and carbon-14. Therefore radioactive graphite dismantling, handling, conditioning and disposal are a common part of the decommissioning activities. A volume reduction of the waste is needed to reduce disposal cost of radioactive waste. However the existing processing technologies are based mostly on the isolation of radioactive graphite from the environment, they are not able to provide for a significant volume reduction. For this reason, the high-temperature thermal treatment process such as an incineration or a pyrolysis is considered as promising technologies, since it provides a substantial volume reduction. Currently, the fluidized bed incineration is considered as efficient technology for the treatment of radioactive graphite waste. In this study, the fluidized bed incineration condition and the radioisotopes behavior were experimentally investigated by using irradiated graphite waste which has arisen from the decommissioning of Korean Research Reactor 2 (KRR-2).
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Wang, Hua, Fang He, Jianhang Hu, and Guirong Bao. "Experimental Research on Harmless Technology of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration With Direct Gasification and Ash Melting." In ASME 2005 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pwr2005-50337.
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A novel harmless MSW disposal, incineration technology with direct gasification and ash melting was developed, with experimental investigation. The technological process can be represented as: the pretreated MSW was put into an incinerator and incinerated in a molten bath under reduction atmosphere at a temperature range from 1300°C to 1500°C. In order to maintain the stability of the combustion process, it is needed to blast combustion-supporting coal powder from the bottom of the incinerator. Combustible gases were leaded and burned completely in a secondary swirled combustion chamber, and the heat was recycled and come into utilization. In some cases, molten slag and alloy were discharged from a same slag notch, and then they were quenched and separated each other. In other cases, melted slag and alloy were discharged from two different notches, and quenched in their own quenching pool. In both the former and the later case, the alloy was recycled and the melted slag can be used as construction materials in the same way. Experimental results form an industrial-scale pilot plant show that the investments of capital construction and running cost of this incineration system are only 65–85 percent of those of the similar types incinerator developed by western countries. It is necessary to point that 99.8 percent of dioxins involved in primary MSW were decomposed, and the dioxins content in exhausted gases and melted slag were lower than 0.01ng-TEQ/Nm3 and 0.0012ng-TEQ/g respectively.
Reports on the topic "Incineration – Waste disposal"
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Melanie, Haupt, and Hellweg Stefanie. Synthesis of the NRP 70 joint project “Waste management to support the energy turnaround (wastEturn)”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2020.2.en.
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A great deal of energy can be sourced both directly and indirectly from waste. For example, municipal waste with an energy content of around 60 petajoules is incinerated in Switzerland every year. The energy recovered directly from this waste covers around 4 % of the Swiss energy demand. However, the greatest potential offered by waste management lies in the recovery of secondary raw materials during the recycling process, thus indirectly avoiding the energy-intensive production of primary raw materials. In order to optimise the contribution to the energy turnaround made by waste management, as a first step, improvements need to be made with respect to the transparent documentation of material and cash flows, in particular. On the basis of this, prioritisation according to the energy efficiency of various recycling and disposal channels is required. Paper and cardboard as well as plastic have been identified as the waste fractions with the greatest potential for improvement. In the case of paper and cardboard, the large quantities involved result in considerable impact. With the exception of PET drinks bottles, plastic waste is often not separately collected and therefore offers substantial improvement potential. Significant optimisation potential has also been identified with regard to the energy efficiency of incineration plants. To allow municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plants to use the heat they generate more effectively, however, consumers of the recovered steam and heat need to be located close by. A decisive success factor when transitioning towards an energy-efficient waste management system will be the cooperation between the many stakeholders of the federally organised sector. On the one hand, the sector needs to be increasingly organised along the value chains. On the other hand, however, there is also a need to utilise the freedom that comes with federal diversity in order to test different solutions.